Yuri Lisyansky Ivan Krusenstern
In July 1803, the sloops Nadezhda and Neva set out from Kronstadt on the first round-the-world voyage in the history of the Russian navy. These ships were commanded by young but already experienced navigators, captain-lieutenants Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. They both received their education at the Naval Noble Corps, the only naval educational institution in Russia at that time that trained naval officers. Both were released early due to the outbreak of hostilities with Sweden and received a baptism of fire in the naval battle of Gotland.
Then both were sent to England and served on English ships. Returning from England, Kruzenshtern presented two memos to Paul I, in which he persistently sought permission to organize a circumnavigation. In one of them, Krusenstern wrote that possession of Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands would be a means “to awaken Russian trade and there would be no need to pay the British, Danes and Swedes large sums for East Indian and Chinese goods.”
By the beginning of the 19th century, Russian sailors discovered and described the Bering Strait, Sakhalin, the Komandorsky, Pribilof, Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Aleutian ridge - the Near, Rat, Andreyanovsky and Fox Islands, the islands adjacent to Alaska (Kodiak and Shumaginsky). The Russians were the first Europeans to pave the way to the northwestern coast of America, to Japan, China and the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands.
The Russians were the first Europeans to establish settlements on the northwestern coast of America, near which, as in other areas of the North Pacific Ocean, they hunted sea animals. The Russian-American company continued its active activities, creating its own trading posts on the Pacific coast. The government granted the company a monopoly right to exploit the wealth of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, trade with neighboring countries, build fortifications, maintain military forces, and build a fleet. The government entrusted the company with the task of further expanding Russian possessions in the Pacific Ocean.
The development of trade, maritime and hunting in the Far Eastern waters required a detailed study of these areas of the Pacific Ocean. The Russian-American company could not complete such a task on its own: it did not have qualified sailors for this, nor ships equipped for research. Such ships could only be sent from St. Petersburg.
There was another very important reason for organizing a circumnavigation. Trade relations between the Russian-American company expanded and developed. Among the main Pacific countries, only Japan did not buy the goods of convivial merchants, despite the fact that Russia more than once offered Japan to establish trade relations with it. In 1782, the Japanese government agreed to enter into negotiations, indicating that a Russian ship could visit the port of Nagasaki for this purpose.
Kruzenshtern repeatedly addressed the Tsar with memos on organizing a circumnavigation. In 1802, another of his memos interested the Minister of Naval Affairs, Admiral N.S. Mordvinov.
The head of the Russian-American company N.P. Rezanov also became interested in Kruzenshtern’s project. He understood that a circumnavigation of the world could bring great benefits to the company; such a trip would not only solve the problem of supplying trading posts in Russian America with necessary goods, but would also raise the authority and popularity of the company in Russia and abroad.
The Tsar granted Rezanov’s petition, supported by Mordvinov and the head of the Commerce Collegium N.P. Rumyantsev. In July 1802, it was decided to send two ships on a circumnavigation of the world. The official purpose of the expedition was to deliver the Russian embassy to Tokyo, headed by N.P. Rezanov, appointed Russian Ambassador to Japan.
The circumnavigation was jointly financed by the Russian-American Company and the Russian government. The leadership of the expedition was entrusted to Krusenstern.
The preparations for the first Russian round-the-world expedition were known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders.
“Our expedition,” wrote Krusenstern, “it seemed to me that it aroused the attention of Europe. Success in the first experience of this kind was necessary: otherwise, my compatriots would, perhaps, be turned away from such an undertaking for a long time; Russia’s envious people, in all likelihood, rejoiced at such a failure.”
On the recommendation of Kruzenshtern himself, his friend Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, whom Kruzenshtern characterized as:
“... an impartial, obedient, zealous person for the common good... who had sufficient knowledge both about the seas on which we had to sail, and about marine astronomy in its current improved state.”
Despite the fact that high-quality warships had been built in Russia for a hundred years, it was decided to purchase ships for circumnavigation of the world abroad, in England, where they already had experience in building ships for long voyages. Lisyansky and Rozumov left for England. With great difficulty they managed to buy two suitable sloops with a displacement of one 450, the other 370 tons. They were very expensive, since in addition to the 17 thousand pounds sterling that the shipowners took for them, they had to pay another 5 thousand pounds sterling for repairs.
In June 1803, Lisyansky brought sloops to Russia. The larger of them was named “Nadezhda”, and the smaller one was called “Neva”.
There were also tensions between the leaders of the expedition and the maritime department on the issue of staffing the teams.
“I was advised,” wrote Kruzenshtern, “to accept several foreign sailors, but I, knowing the superior properties of the Russian ones, whom I even prefer to the English ones, did not agree to follow this advice.”
In those days, serfs were taken into the army and navy, and usually no one took into account the wishes of these people. But Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky believed that this method of manning ships going on long voyages was unacceptable, and they obtained permission to recruit crews from those willing.
There were a lot of people willing to go on a circumnavigation of the world:
“...If I could accept all the hunters who came with requests to be assigned to this journey,” wrote Kruzenshtern, “then I could staff many large ships with selected sailors of the Russian fleet.”
The officer corps was also carefully selected. Indeed, the best officers of the Russian navy went on a campaign with Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. Among the officers of the Nadezhda were such experienced sailors as senior lieutenant M. I. Ratmanov, a participant in many military campaigns in the Baltic, Black and Adriatic seas, lieutenant Pyotr Golovachev, midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who later discovered Antarctica together with M. P. Lazarev; Lieutenants Pavel Arbuzov and Pyotr Povalishin, midshipman Fyodor Kovedyaev and Vasily Verkh, later a prominent naval historian, and others served on the Neva.
Russian navigators subsequently named islands, straits, seas, bays and other geographical locations discovered by them after these people.
On July 27, 1803, the sloops went to sea. After a ten-day voyage, Nadezhda and Neva arrived in Copenhagen.
From the moment the ships set sail, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky regularly conducted meteorological and hydrological observations. Soon they noticed that as they moved south, the glow of the water increased.
The voyage to the shores of Brazil, which lasted almost two months, turned out to be very grueling. The ships sailed in tropical and equatorial latitudes. Weak, variable winds gave way to squalls, storms to calms, hot and stuffy days to cool nights.
On November 14, 1803, Russian ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet. Having climbed onto the shrouds, the sailors of both ships congratulated each other on this significant event in the history of Russian navigation with three booming “hurrays”.
Near the Brazilian island of St. Catherine, the sloops were met by the natives, who offered to guide the Nadezhda and Neva through the strait between the islands of Alvarado and Gal to their anchorage. According to La Perouse’s description, this strait was considered very dangerous for navigation, so Krusenstern and Lisyansky willingly used the services of local residents. Imagine their surprise when this information was not confirmed.
Like all of Brazil, the island of St. Catherine belonged at that time to Portugal, which widely used slave labor. The slave trade flourished on the island. Transports with blacks came here from Angola, Benguela and Mozambique (Africa).
“The maintenance of these poor slaves in terms of their food and clothing,” wrote in his “Notes” one of the participants in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, clerk of the Russian-American company N. I. Korobitsyn, “is little different from animals and, for all that, they are still oppressed by all sorts of the heaviest jobs. And they are treated almost inhumanely. The sale of these poor slaves is the same as any other animals. They are driven out into the square during the day, having almost no clothing, who have no cover all day due to the hot sun’s heat and are almost completely without food until the evening, and in the evening they are taken away from the square and locked in empty chambers similar to to prison, where they are released until the morning.”
The navigators expected to stay near the island of St. Catherine for no more than ten days, but an emergency forced them to stay here for almost five weeks. The Neva could not withstand prolonged storms. The foremast and mainmast were cracked and needed to be urgently replaced. To do this, we had to cut down two suitable trees in the forest, make masts from them and install them. Subsequently, assessing the quality of the ships that made the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, the famous Russian navigator V. M. Golovnin wrote in “Notes on the state of the Russian-American company in 1818”:
“They fully justified the Company’s trust in the English ships: at the very beginning of the voyage it was found that one of them had two masts rotten, and in the other at Cape Horn there was a leak, which spoiled part of the company’s cargo, while after two Russian military The sloops ("Diana" and "Kamchatka"), built in St. Petersburg by Russians and from everything Russian, made a similar journey and did not leak until the end, and there was not a single rotten tree in them.”
On January 24, the sloops went to sea. Now they had to go around Cape Horn, go out into the Pacific Ocean and head to the Hawaiian Islands, where their paths were to diverge: “Neva” should go to Kodiak Island for a load of furs, and “Nadezhda” should go to Japan to deliver the Russian embassy there, and then to Kamchatka, also for fur.
By the evening of February 14, when the ships were in the Tierra del Fuego region, the weather worsened sharply. A fierce storm broke out. The cold south-east wind fiercely tore the gear. Heavy waves destroyed the superstructures. The people, soaked to the skin, worked tirelessly, despite the freezing cold and the stormy wind that knocked down their feet. Only by the evening of February 17, the raging ocean began to calm down.
Russian sailors passed the severe test with honor. At a ten-knot speed, the sloops sailed around the island of the States on February 19 and by eight o'clock in the morning on February 20 they left Cape Horn astern.
Soon the weather worsened sharply. The steep ocean waves made it difficult for the sloops to navigate. On February 21, the ships found themselves in a strip of thick fog and lost sight of each other. And just at this time Kruzenshtern was forced to change the route slightly.
"Nadezhda" set a course for Kamchatka in order to quickly deliver cargo there and then proceed to Japan. Lisyansky, not knowing about this decision of the head of the expedition, continued, according to the agreement, on the way to Easter Island, where a meeting was planned for both ships in case they lost each other at sea.
Setting a course for Easter Island, Lisyansky decided to go to it somewhat to the west of the path of the French navigator Marchand in order to examine the place where, according to Marchand, the island should have been located. No signs of land were found at the location indicated by the French navigator (39°20 south latitude and 98°42 west longitude).
On April 3, the Neva approached Easter Island. Not finding “Nadezhda” here, Lisyansky decided to wait for her for a few days, while starting to describe the coast of the island. Not limiting himself to studying the outlines of the coast and coastal depths, he described the nature of the island, the life and customs of its inhabitants. It should be noted that since the discovery of Easter Island in 1722, the Frenchman J. La Perouse, the Englishman J. Cook and other foreign navigators visited it. However, none of them compiled such a complete description as Lisyansky did.
On April 9, the Neva headed for the Marquesas Islands and on April 29 met at the island of Nuka Hiva with the Nadezhda, which had arrived here three days earlier.
During his stay near the island of Nuka Hiva, Krusenstern collected interesting geographical and ethnographic information about the Washington Islands, which make up the northern group of the Marquesas Islands archipelago, and mapped them.
Studying the works of various navigators, Ivan Fedorovich discovered that the Washington Islands were discovered five times. In 1791, they were discovered twice: first by the American Ingram, and then by the Frenchman Marchand. In March 1792, they were “discovered” again by the Englishman Hergest, and a few months later by the Englishman Brown. Finally, in 1793 they were “discovered” by the American Roberts. The French called them the Revolution Islands, the English - the Gergest Islands, the Americans - the Washington Islands. In addition, navigators from different countries gave each of the eight islands of the group their own names, and thus they did not have a single designation on maps. Having visited each of these islands, Kruzenshtern came to the conclusion that they should be given the names “by which they are known among natural inhabitants.” These names have survived to this day.
On May 6, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left the island of Nuka Hiva. Krusenstern took the ships to Kamchatka. The chosen course lay somewhat to the west of the usual route of ships in this area, since Kruzenshtern decided to verify the existence of the island of Ogivo-Potto, the discovery of which was announced by the same French navigator Marchand. Soon the ships reached the point indicated by Marchant and did not find any island.
At noon on May 13, Russian ships crossed the equator again, only this time from south to north. The further route to Kamchatka lay past the Hawaiian Islands. Krusenstern had to hurry in order to have time to unload in Kamchatka, reach Japan and enter Nagasaki with the accompanying monsoon, but he was extremely concerned that there was no fresh meat on the ships. An attempt to exchange meat from the inhabitants of the island of Nuku Hiva did not yield results, and the head of the expedition feared that the lack of fresh meat would lead to an outbreak of scurvy.
A two-day stay at the Sandwich Islands also turned out to be fruitless. The natives who approached the ships in their boats did not offer meat. Having made sure that the sailors of his ship were quite healthy, Kruzenshtern decided to continue sailing without stopping to replenish meat supplies. Lisyansky could not rush to leave, since the further path of the Neva to Kodiak Island, and then to Canton, was much shorter than the path of the Nadezhda, which was to follow from Kamchatka to Japan. Therefore, he decided to stay near the Hawaiian Islands.
But the most difficult trials awaited the Nadezhda crew off the Japanese coast. The ship was caught in a terrible storm.
“The wind,” Kruzenshtern recalled about this storm, “gradually intensified, strengthened at one hour in the afternoon to such an extent that with great difficulty and danger we could secure the topsails and lower sails, whose sheets and braces, although mostly new, were suddenly interrupted. The fearlessness of our sailors, who despised all dangers, was so effective at this time that the storm could not carry away a single sail. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon she finally became furious to the point that she tore all our storm staysails, under which we were the only ones left. Nothing could withstand the ferocity of the storm. No matter how much I have heard about typhons occurring off the coasts of China and Japan, I could not imagine anything like this. One must have the gift of poetry in order to vividly describe its fury.”
The wind tore all the sails. The storm carried the ship straight onto the coastal cliffs. Only the wind direction that changed at the last moment saved the ship from destruction. On September 27, 1804, Nadezhda dropped anchor in the Nagasaki roadstead.
Rezanov had to carry out the most important assignment of the Russian government here - to establish diplomatic relations with Japan. However, Rezanov's negotiations ended in vain. The Japanese even refused to accept gifts from the Russian government to the Japanese Emperor, citing the fact that:
“... in this case, the Japanese emperor should have made mutual gifts to the Russian emperor, which should have been sent to St. Petersburg with a special embassy. But this is impossible, because state laws prohibit a Japanese from leaving his fatherland.”
Despite the prohibition of the Japanese authorities, Kruzenshtern decided to walk along the western coast of Japan in order to compile a detailed description of this area.
“La Perouse alone was our predecessor on this voyage,” Krusenstern explained the meaning of his route. - ... Knowing that neither he nor any other European sailor had determined the exact position of the entire western coast of Japan, most of the coast of Korea, the entire western island of Yesso, the southeastern and northwestern coasts of Sakhalin, as well as many of the Kuril Islands, he intended I will try from these countries those that will be more convenient to choose in the present case.”
Krusenstern managed to carry out this entire extensive research plan. He mapped the western and northwestern coasts of the Japanese islands, corrected errors made by La Perouse when describing this area, and discovered and mapped many capes and bays. Kruzenshtern devoted a lot of time to studying and describing the coast of Sakhalin.
Difficult ice conditions did not allow us to continue sailing north and complete the description of Sakhalin. Kruzenshtern decided to change the route and return to this area later, when there was no more ice. He took the ship to the Kuril Islands, where four small rocky islands were discovered, barely protruding from the water.
The strong current found near them made sailing in the area, in the stormy weather and fogs common in this part of the Pacific, very dangerous. Without knowing about the existence of the islands, it was possible to fly into one of them and crash. Kruzenshtern called these islands Stone Traps and put them on the map.
Soon the Nadezhda arrived in Kamchatka, where Kruzenshtern left Rezanov and those accompanying him.
After two weeks, which were required to unload the cargo delivered from Japan, Nadezhda again entered the ocean. Her path lay to Sakhalin, the description of the coast of which Kruzenshtern sought to complete.
Having passed through a hitherto unknown strait in the Kuril ridge, called the Strait of Hope, Kruzenshtern approached Cape Terpeniya. Having completed the description of the eastern coast of Sakhalin, he headed to the southern part of Sakhalin Bay.
Observations of the specific gravity and color of the water in the bay led Krusenstern to the conclusion that somewhere in the southernmost part of the bay a large river flows into it. This was also confirmed by the fact that the water in the depths of the bay was fresh. In search of the mouth of the river, Kruzenshtern sent the ship to the shore, but the depth decreased sharply, and, fearing to run the Nadezhda aground, Kruzenshtern was forced to turn the ship back to the open sea. The honor of the discovery of the Amur, as well as the honor of the discovery of the Tatar Strait, fell to the lot of another famous Russian navigator Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky, who corrected Kruzenshtern’s mistake - who considered Sakhalin to be a peninsula.
In mid-August 1805, Nadezhda returned to Kamchatka, from where, after repairs and replenishment of supplies, it went to Canton to meet with the Neva.
While “Nadezhda” was in Japan and sailed in the area of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin, “Neva” continued to follow its route.
Remaining near the Hawaiian Islands in May 1804, Lisyansky collected information about the life, customs and crafts of the islanders. Observations and descriptions made by Lisyansky significantly expanded the meager ethnographic knowledge about these islands.
“The people there,” wrote Lisyansky, “seem to have a great ability and taste for handicrafts; All the things they make are excellent, but the art in fabrics surpasses even the imagination. Seeing them for the first time, I could not believe that a wild person had such elegant taste. Mixing colors and excellent art in drawing with the strictest observation of proportionality would glorify every manufacturer... and especially if we take into account that such wild, rare, amazing products are produced with the simplest tools.”
Having left the Hawaiian Islands, the Neva headed to Kodiak Island, where it arrived on July 1, 1804.
Kodiak had long been awaiting the arrival of the Neva. Her help was absolutely necessary here. From the note left to Lisyansky by the company manager Baranov, and the stories of the island’s inhabitants, the commander of the Neva learned that the Russian fortified trading post on the island of Sitka - the Arkhangelsk fortress - was destroyed by the Indians.
To repel the American attack, Baranov and a group of colonists headed to the island of Sitka. In his note, he asked Lisyansky to rush to his aid. The latter immediately went to Sitka. As a result, thanks to Lisyansky’s management and the excellent military training of the Neva’s crew, the fighting was completed successfully and in a short time the sailors and officers of the ship, supported by well-aimed fire from the ship’s artillery, defeated the enemy. A new fortress was founded on the island, called Novo-Arkhangelsk.
The Neva remained in the Pacific possessions of the Russian-American company for more than a year. During this time, Lisyansky compiled a description of the islands of Kodiak and Sitka and discovered two small islands in this area, which he named after Chichagov and Cruz (an officer who took part in the Battle of Chesma).
In August 1805, the Neva, having taken on board a cargo of furs, left Sitka and headed to Canton. This time Lisyansky decided to go to the tropics by an unknown route: to a point lying at 45°30 north latitude and 145° west longitude, then west to 42° north latitude and 165° west longitude, and then descend to parallel 36°30, follow it to the 180° meridian and from there set a course for the Mariana Islands. Lisyansky intended to make new geographical discoveries in this area.
The Neva sailed across the Pacific Ocean for more than a month without encountering any signs of land. And so, late in the evening of October 3, 1805, when Lisyansky, having given the last order to the watch officer, was about to go down to the cabin, the hull of the Neva trembled: the ship ran aground on a previously unknown coral shoal. With great difficulty, the sloop was refloated, and a small uninhabited island was discovered not far from it at 26°02 48″ north latitude and 173°35 45″ east longitude.
The island and coral shoal were mapped. At the unanimous request of the crew, the island was named after the glorious commander of the Neva, Yuri Lisyansky, and the coral shoal was named after the Neva sloop. On October 11, a coral reef was discovered, which was named the Kruzenshtern Reef.
From the Kruzenshtern Reef, Lisyansky headed for Taiwan past the Mariana Islands. On November 10, when the highest island of this group, Saipan, was far behind, a storm began, which, according to Lisyansky’s description:
“...at first she began to tear the rigging, and then she laid the ship on its side, so that the leeward side was in the water right up to the masts, the yawl hanging behind the stern was broken into pieces, and a little later the waists were torn off and many things that were above were carried into the sea... "
Water began to quickly penetrate into the hold. People worked knee-deep in water. Through the incredible efforts of the crew, the ship was saved, but some of the furs were damaged.
On November 22, 1805, the Neva arrived at the Macau roadstead, where the Nadezhda was located at that time. Both ships sailed to Whampoa Bay near Canton, and there Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky successfully carried out the orders of the Russian-American Company, profitably selling furs and purchasing Chinese goods.
During their two months in China, Russian navigators collected a lot of valuable information about this country, its government structure, economy, life and morals of the Chinese people.
“The prosperity,” wrote Kruzenshtern, “and the peace of the Chinese is a false shine that deceives us. It is already fairly well known that the number of dissatisfied people has now spread throughout China. When I was in Canton in 1798, three provinces were indignant... but now many regions are in revolt, almost the entire southern part of China has armed itself against the government. The spark to universal indignation is smoldering.”
In February 1806, Nadezhda and Neva set off on a further journey through the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean around the Cape of Good Hope to Europe.
After passing through the complex labyrinth of the Malay Archipelago, the sloops entered the Sunda Strait, connecting the South China Sea with the Indian Ocean. Here they found themselves in a zone of severe storms, but thanks to the skill of their commanders, they safely passed the strait and entered the ocean.
At the beginning of April, Russian sailors saw the outlines of land in the distance - it was the coast of Africa. In mid-April, off the Cape of Good Hope, the ships lost sight of each other in the fog.
Having rounded the southern tip of Africa on April 7, Nadezhda headed to the island of St. Helena, where the ships were scheduled to meet. Here Krusenstern learned about the outbreak of war between Russia and France. This event obliged the commander of the Nadezhda to take measures in case of a meeting with French ships, especially since he left some of the ship’s guns in Kamchatka, where they were necessary to protect Russian villages from the natives. Since it was not possible to get guns on the island of St. Helena, Kruzenshtern decided to slightly change the route and return to his homeland not by the English Channel, near which French ships usually cruised, but by going around England from the north.
“This path,” Kruzenshtern wrote in his diary, “should have been longer, as was actually confirmed, but I recognized it as the most reliable due to the circumstances.”
This decision should be considered correct also because Kruzenshtern did not meet the Neva near St. Helena. Not reaching the island a little, Lisyansky decided to change the route and, without entering any harbor, go straight to England.
“Having examined the amount of food supplies,” wrote Lisyansky, “I saw that with economic use there were quite enough of them for three months, I decided to abandon my previous intention to go to the island of St. Helena, and headed my way straight to England, being sure that such a brave undertaking will bring us great honor, for not a single navigator like us has ever ventured on such a long journey without stopping somewhere to rest.”
Lisyansky brilliantly fulfilled his plan. On April 12, the Neva entered the Atlantic Ocean, crossed the Greenwich meridian on April 28, and entered the Portsmouth roadstead on June 16. Thus, for the first time in the history of world navigation, a non-stop passage from Southern China to England was completed in 142 days.
After a two-week stay, the Neva headed for its native shores. On July 22, 1806, she dropped anchor in the Kronstadt roadstead. Two weeks later, “Nadezhda” came here too. The historic voyage around the world is over.
The glory of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which spread throughout Russia and far beyond its borders, was well deserved. The results of this remarkable voyage enriched Russian science. New islands, straits, reefs, bays and capes were added to the world map, and inaccuracies in the maps of the Pacific Ocean were corrected. Russian sailors compiled a description of the coast of Japan, Sakhalin, the Kuril Ridge and many other areas along which their route lay.
But Krusenstern and Lisyansky did not limit themselves to discoveries of a purely geographical nature. They conducted comprehensive studies of ocean waters. Russian navigators managed to study various currents and discover inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The expedition collected a wealth of information about the transparency, specific gravity, density and temperature of sea water at various depths, about climate, atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in various areas of the oceans and other data that laid the foundation for a new marine science - oceanography, which studies phenomena in the World Ocean and its parts.
The rich collections collected by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, equipped with detailed descriptions, significantly enriched ethnography with information about the countries visited by Russian ships.
Upon returning to Russia, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky began preparing works for publication, in which they summarized all their observations during the three-year voyage. But in order to publish these works, they had to spend a lot of effort to overcome the bureaucracy of Admiralty officials, to overcome the hostility of the Anglomaniac nobles who served in the maritime department towards Russian sailors.
Despite all the difficulties, Krusenstern managed to publish his work at public expense in 1809-1812. Lisyansky, who completed the preparation of the work for publication almost simultaneously with Kruzenshtern, had to endure many insults and troubles until his book was published. Admiralty officials twice refused to publish it, allegedly “due to many errors against the Russian language and style.”
Offended by such a disdainful attitude towards his work for the benefit of Russian science and the fleet, Lisyansky decided not to return to naval service.
Tsarist officials failed to appreciate the work of Russian sailor explorers. However, the scientific significance of the discoveries of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was so great that despite the complexity of the political situation of that time in connection with the Patriotic War of 1812, I. F. Kruzenshtern’s work was published in almost all European countries. It was translated into French, German, English, Dutch, Italian, Danish and Swedish, and Lisyansky’s work was translated into English by the author himself. The entire civilized world was interested in the works of Russian scientists.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern remained in military service and devoted himself to scientific activities. In 1811 he was appointed inspector of classes of the Marine Corps.
In 1815, having received sick leave, Kruzenshtern began compiling the “Atlas of the South Sea” necessary for sailors. He devoted many years to this work.
The significance of the “Atlas of the South Sea” for the development of geographical science and navigation is enormous.
“Kruzenshtern,” it was stated in his biography published by the Russian Academy of Sciences, “with his usual patience and insight, began to analyze the entire enormous mass of information that had accumulated over the course of a whole century. Strictly sorting the collected materials according to the degree of their reliability, he step by step restored harmonious order in this chaos.”
Kruzenshtern's "Atlas" was recognized by scientists all over the world. Since its publication, not a single ship has gone to sea without a complete set of maps from the Atlas of the South Seas.
Kruzenshtern had a huge influence on the further development of Russian geographical science and navigation. With his direct participation, the travels of Baer-Middendorff, Kotzebue, Wrangel and Litke were organized. Kruzenshtern was the first to express the idea of the need to organize an expedition to Antarctica and wrote instructions for it. At the suggestion of Kruzenshtern, F.F. Bellingshausen was appointed head of this expedition.
Over the fifteen years of leading the Naval Corps, Kruzenshtern achieved many changes in the system of education and training of cadets and midshipmen.
The enormous merits of the famous navigator were appreciated by scientists from Russia and Europe. The Russian Academy of Sciences elected him as an honorary member, the University of Dorpat awarded him the degree of honorary Doctor of Philosophy. The Academies of Paris, London and Göttingen elected him as their corresponding member.
In 1842, the scientist and navigator retired and settled near Tallinn. Four years later, the first Russian “circumstance swimmer” died.
The famous Russian navigator was not forgotten by his compatriots. Using money collected by subscription, a bronze monument was erected to him on November 6, 1869, in front of the Naval Corps building on the Neva embankment in St. Petersburg. The name of Kruzenshtern is immortalized on the world map. Named in his honor: a mountain on the northern island of New Zealand, a cape in Coronation Bay (Canada), a bay on the western coast of the Yamal Peninsula, a strait between the islands of Matua and Trap in the Kuril ridge, islands in the Tuamotu archipelago, in the Marshall archipelago, in the Radak chain and in the Bering Strait, surface rocks southwest of the Hawaiian Islands.
The trip around the world by the scientists of the Russian Empire, Lisyansky and Krusenstern, was of the greatest importance for the country and its trade routes. It ran through the waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and made it possible to study the routes of communication between the countries of the world.
Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich was born on November 8, 1770 in the family of a German judge Johann F. Krusenstern. At the age of 12, Kruzenshtern went to a church school, where he studied for 2 years, then entered the Naval Cadet Corps. There he remained until 1988, when the war with Sweden began.
After the outbreak of hostilities, Ivan Fedorovich was assigned to the ship “Mstislav”, where he fought a number of battles. After this, in 1790 he was awarded the rank of lieutenant for participation in victorious battles and excellent service. In 1993, he and Yuri Lisyansky were sent to England.
After 6 years of service in Great Britain, thanks to the experience gained there, he proposed to the emperor to sail around the world, for which he received approval.
After the expedition I.F. Krusenstern took up educational and government work. He became the director of the cadet corps, in which he studied himself. After retirement, he received the rank of general and became a distinguished member of the university in Moscow and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Also awarded many other titles. Krusenstern died in 1846.
Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich is a famous sailor and traveler, captain of the 1st rank and scientist. He was born on August 2, 1773 in the city of Nizhyn in the family of a church minister Fyodor Lisyansky.
While studying at the Naval Cadet Corps, he began to be friends with I.F. Kruzenshtern. After studying at the age of 13, he was assigned to the ship “Podrazislav”. Where he took part in many battles, and received the rank of lieutenant for numerous distinctions before his homeland. In '73 he was sent to serve in Great Britain. There he received a shell shock 4 years later and in 1997 he returned to Russia.
On March 27 of the same year, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the ship Avtroil. Then he took part in a voyage around the world, and from 1807 to 1808 he was the commander of the frigates “Conception of St. Anne” and “Emgaten”. He fought a large number of battles and retired in 1809.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky completed their trip around the world, but the latter began to describe it only after leaving military service, and personal notes were published in the form of a journal in 1812, and in 1814 they were published in the capital of Great Britain. Yu.F. died Lisyansky February 22, 1837
Preparing for a trip around the world
In 1799, ruler Paul I was presented with a plan for sailing around the world by I.F. Kruzenshtern. His goal was to organize the fur trade between the Russian Empire and China. No approval was received.
After the assassination of the ruler in 1801, the idea of such a journey was supported by the Russian-North American Company, created in 1799 to develop the territory of the Kuril Islands and Alaska. And in 1802, permission was issued, and Kruzenshtern became the head. 
During the voyage, it was planned to establish communication between Alaska and the European part of Russia. Also transport luggage to Alaska, and then furs to China for the purpose of sale. The company paid half of the travel expenses.
They decided to purchase the ships. In the UK they bought 2 reliable flagships: Nadezhda and Neva. Kruzenshtern became the captain of the first, and the second sailed under the leadership of Lisyansky. 
Preparations for the expedition were carried out carefully. As part of it, many medicines were purchased, mainly anti-scurvy drugs. The core of the team were Russian military sailors. The vessels were equipped with modern scientific instruments. The ships set sail under the Russian Navy flag - St. Andrew's banner.
History and route map
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky might not have made a trip around the world, since the idea of circumnavigating the globe appeared in the mid-18th century. from Admiral of the Navy Golovin N.F. the expedition was even planned in 1787 under the command of G.I. Mulovsky.
However, this never took place due to the death of the captain in the war with Sweden in the Battle of Öland on the ship “Mstislav”. Where young Krusenstern served as a midshipman. 
A couple of days before setting sail, the expedition route was changed. An order was received to deliver N.P. Rezanov to the Japanese Embassy. with gifts and accompanying persons. They settled on the ship "Nadezhda". It later turns out that he was given the powers of the head of the voyage. This appointment came as a surprise to its participants.
Europe and the Atlantic Ocean
The journey began in 1803 from Kronstadt Bay. After stopping in Copenhagen, both ships headed to the shores of England. Then the road lay south, to the Canaries.
The expedition arrived here in October, and a couple of weeks later the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet.
Pacific Ocean
During the voyage, there was a difficult situation on the Nadezhda due to disagreements between Rezanov and Krusenstern. The first was not satisfied with the leadership style. At the beginning of winter, the ships reached the coast of Brazil, rounding Cape Horn and ending up in the Pacific Ocean; the expedition encountered a storm and the ships dispersed.
For such a case, the commanders had an agreement on meeting places, the first was on the island. Easter, second – Fr. Nuku Hiva (in the Marquesas Islands archipelago). Krusenstern's ship was carried away from the first meta to the west, and he sent it straight to the second meeting point. "Neva" came to Fr. Easter, where she stayed for several days, and then headed to Nuku Hiva. Here the ships met. 
At this time, the conflict on the Nadezhda was intensifying, and the chamberlain insisted on changing the route, then the entire officer corps refused to obey him and completely followed Kruzenshtern’s orders. The situation could not be corrected even when Rezanov presented the emperor’s order.
From the Marquesas Islands, the ships sailed to the northwest and by the end of May they were in Hawaii, where the routes were divided: Lisyansky headed north to the island. Kodiak, and Ivan Fedorovich - to the northwest to the shores of Kamchatka.
To carry out the order and deliver the ambassador to Japan. In Petropavlovsk, Rezanov tried to punish Kruzenshtern with the help of commandant P.I. Koshelev, but the latter managed to eliminate the conflict and reconcile its participants.
In November, “Nadezhda” had already arrived at the shores of Nagasaki, having stayed there for many months, the team returned to Petropavlovsk. The path lay through the Korean Strait in the Sea of Japan and the La Perouse Strait in Okhotsk. On September 23, the ship sailed from the coast and headed into the South China Sea, and on November 8 off the coast of Macau. 
"Neva" came to the island in July 1804. Kodiak and spent more than a year there, then heading to Macau. Along the way, the ship passed by Hawaii, where they ran aground near an unknown island, which later received the name Lisyansky.
Having refloated, the ship in November bypassed the southern side of Formosa and entered the South China Sea. Here Kruzenshtern and his team were already waiting for them. A more detailed route can be seen in Fig. 1.
Fig.1. Route of the round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky.
Count Fyodor Tolstoy
Krusenstern and Lisyansky traveled around the world in the company of Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who set off with Ivan Fedorovich’s team on a voyage on the Nadezhda. It is not known for certain how he managed to end up there.
According to a relative, Marya Kamenskaya, he joined the expedition under the guise of his cousin, his namesake, Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, who abandoned the trip due to seasickness. Perhaps the count did this to avoid punishment in the Preobrazhensky Regiment.
On the way, Tolstoy was not burdened with official responsibilities and led a free life, sometimes committing unpredictable actions. He often became the instigator of quarrels with both ordinary crew members and the captain. He also made cruel jokes towards those he did not like.
For example, he got the priest who accompanied the ship under the command of Lisyansky drunk, and glued his beard to the deck and sealed it with a seal. To be freed, I had to cut my beard.
Or one day, when Krusenstern was not there, the count sneaked into his cabin along with the orangutan who was on board, found the traveler’s notes there and taught the monkey how to fill paper with ink. Then he left the pet alone, and he destroyed all the papers. 
This behavior became the reason for Tolstoy’s repeated imprisonment. Ultimately, Kruzenshtern dropped him off while staying in Kamchatka. The further path is known only from the words of the count. He reached Sitka and stayed there for several months. Then he visited the Far East, the Volga region, Siberia and the Urals. His journey ended in St. Petersburg in August 1805.
Kamchatka
On July 14, 1804, Nadezhda entered Avacha Bay. At that time, no more than 200 people lived in Petropavlovsk. General Koshelev, the governor of Nizhnekamchatsk, which at that time was the capital of the peninsula, also arrived here. He assisted a crew member in repairing damage to the vessel and helped prepare for a visit to Japan.
An artist and a doctor also came ashore here. And Tolstoy was forcibly deported due to scandalous behavior. After 47 days, on August 30, the ship continued its journey and sailed towards Japan.
“Nadezhda” returned here after Japanese “captivity”. Although Kruzenshtern received a strict ban on this, he headed along the coast in the West and even plotted the route on the map. This is where his tough, battle-hardened character came into play. He felt confident at sea. Several times the ship landed on the shore, here it was possible to establish contact with the inhabitants of the local island of Hokkaido - the Ainans.
In the spring of 1805, the ship arrived in Sakhalin's Aniva Bay, where the Japanese administration was headquartered. The exploration of these places was prevented by Rezanov, who insisted on a speedy departure to Kamchatka, where he could report on the results of the embassy visit.
On June 5 of this year, the team returned to Petropavlovsk, where the ambassador went ashore and sent a report to the emperor, and he himself headed to Alaska on a ship with a merchant. Exactly a month later, Kruzenshtern resumed his journey and headed for Sakhalin. He couldn't get around it completely. At the end of August, the ship again moored at Avacha Bay, where preparations for the road to Macau took place.
Japan
Japan is a fairly isolated country where access to foreigners was prohibited and any ships in their ports were perceived as hostile. This allowed the Japanese to preserve the originality of their culture and protect the country from colonization and trade expansion.
Trade was carried out only with the merchants of the East India Company in the port of Nagasaki. For this reason, there were no accurate maps, and Kruzenshtern walked at random, photographing the shores of Japan along the way. 
On October 8, 1804, the ship arrived off the coast of Nagasaki. There were several Japanese on board who were there due to the wreck of their ships. They also acted as translators. A representative of Japan immediately arrived on the ship to obtain information about who had sailed and why. After this meeting, Krusenstern was allowed to enter the harbor with the help of a Japanese pilot.
The team had to stay here for almost six months. The Emperor of Japan did not accept Rezanov’s gifts and did not agree to enter into negotiations. All this time, the Japanese supplied the Russians with food. They also equipped them with everything they needed for the journey, but prohibited the return journey through the western shores of Japan. On April 5, 1805, the Nadezhda set sail back after the failure of its diplomatic mission.
Journey of the Neva
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky almost at the very beginning of their trip around the world separated at sea due to a storm. On July 10, 1804, "Neva" under the command of Yuri Fedorovich moored to the shores of the first permanent place of residence of Russians in America, Kodiak Island.
The ship entered the harbor from the south side, called St. Paul. This place was the administrative center. Here the team learned that the Arkhangelsk fortress, located in Sitka Bay, had been attacked by local Indians. The fortress was completely burned and the population was killed. 
Here Lisyansky received a message from the Russian ruler A.A. Baranov, who arrived to recapture the fortress, asking for help. A month later, on August 15, after repairing the damage and unloading, the ship set off for the shores of Sitka.
The journey took 5 days, and on August 20 the Neva was already in place. Together, Baranov and Lisyansky developed an operation plan, where the sailors and weapons of the ships played a major role in restoring relations with the Indians. Later, not far from the fortress, a settlement was founded - Novoarkhangelsk. And on November 10, the ship set off back to Kodiak. 
Also, 5 days later, the Neva entered the harbor of St. Paul, where it remained for the winter. Six months later, the ship, having filled its holds with food, water and furs, headed towards Sitka to load the furs that Baranov had collected.
On June 20, 1805, when the ship arrived, peace with the aborigines had already reigned in the new settlement, and houses had been rebuilt. Having loaded the prepared furs, Lisyansky sailed towards Macau on September 2.
China
On November 20, 1805, Krusenstern had already arrived in Macau, where he waited for the Neva until December 3. This is a Portuguese colony on the shores of China. They had to stay here for more than 2 months. The situation was not the most friendly; we had to adapt to local customs.
But the commanders showed their abilities and won the fight against the merchants and exchanged furs for popular European goods: tea, porcelain, etc.
Return
On January 31, 18006, “Neva” and “Nadezhda” began their journey home. It took place in the Sunda Strait, which led to the Indian Ocean on February 21. In April, the ships again dispersed near the Cape of Good Hope, but the captains had an agreement, if something happened, to meet off the coast of the island. Saint Helena.
This was the route of the first trip around the world under the leadership of Kruzenshtern and his assistant Lisyansky "Nadezhda" led by I.F. Kruzenshtern arrived on the island on May 3, 1806. Here the commander learned about the war with the French and decided, without waiting for Lisyansky, to sail north through the northern coast of England in order to avoid meeting the French fleet in the English Channel.
At this time Lisyansky Yu.F. decided to walk from the Chinese shores to the European ones without stopping at ports. There was no longer any excess cargo on the ship, and the holds were filled with provisions. "Neva" passed by the shores of the island. St. Helena and her crew were unaware of the French military activities, so they boldly headed into the English Channel and then landed off the coast of Great Britain.
After standing there for 2 weeks, on July 13, Lisyansky headed for Russia, and on August 5 he was already there. Krusenstern arrived only on August 19.
Recognition and meaning of travel
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky made a trip around the world to fulfill certain tasks, and it absolutely justified itself from an economic point of view. Thanks to the expedition, the merchants made a large profit. And its participants received recognition, fame and wrote their names into history forever. 
All participants in the trip received awards from Emperor Alexander I:
- the entire officer corps was promoted by 1 rank;
- the command was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3 thousand rubles;
- lieutenants received 1 thousand rubles each;
- midshipmen for 800 rubles. unlimited maintenance;
- lower ranks were given the opportunity to resign at will and 55-70 rubles. pension;
- all participants were awarded a medal issued especially for them.
The expedition lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806, on 2 ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern. and Lisyansky Yu.F. As a result, their works were published, describing the path. The journey was of great importance both for Russian history and its science.
Interesting facts about Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky and their joint journey
Krusenstern and Lisyansky were the greatest and most interesting personalities, and life is interesting and filled with interesting facts and incidents:
| Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich | Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich |
| He was very athletic, for example, it is known that he exercised even while traveling around the world, lifting 2 weights weighing 2 pounds. | named after Lisyansky Yu.F. Many geographical objects are named: strait, bay, peninsula, river and cape on the coast of North America and others. |
| He loved animals, and his dog, a spaniel, was always nearby while swimming. | During the expedition, he collected a unique collection consisting of items of clothing, dishes, rocks, corals and much more. Subsequently it became the property of the geographer community. |
| He was generous: during the war with Napoleon in 1812, he donated a third of his property, 1 thousand rubles. | |
| Ivan is not his real name; before training in the cadet corps, the name Adam was changed to Russian - Ivan, so as not to hurt the ears. And the patronymic was borrowed from a comrade, Yu.F. Lisyansky. | |
| Ivan Fedorovich and Yuri Fedorovich were honored to personally meet with President George Washington during a visit to Philadelphia. | |
The journey around the world by Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern became significant in the history of Russia and the world as a whole.
It forever inscribed the names of scientists and travelers in world history, and brought economic benefits and new knowledge to the country.
Article format: Svetlana Ovsyanikova
Video on the topic: Krusenstern and Lisyansky. Trip around the world
In the footsteps of the great travelers: Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky:
Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans Nikolai Nikolaevich Zubov
2. Circumnavigation of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” (1803–1806)
2. Circumnavigation of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”
The main objectives of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern - Lisyansky were: delivery of goods of the Russian-American company to the Far East and sale of furs from this company in China, delivery of an embassy to Japan, which aimed to establish trade relations with Japan, and the production of associated geographical discoveries and research.
For the expedition, two ships were purchased in England: one with a displacement of 450 tons, called "Nadezhda", and another with a displacement of 350 tons, called "Neva". Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern took command of the Nadezhda, and Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky took command of the Neva.
The crews of both ships, both officers and sailors, were military and recruited from volunteers. Kruzenshtern was advised to take several foreign sailors for his first circumnavigation. “But,” writes Kruzenshtern, “I, knowing the superior properties of Russian ones, which I even prefer to English ones, did not agree to follow this advice.” Kruzenshtern never repented of this. On the contrary, after crossing the equator, he noted the remarkable property of the Russian man - he can equally easily endure both the severest cold and the searing heat.
71 people set sail on the Nadezhda and 53 on the Neva. In addition, astronomer Horner, naturalists Tilesius and Langsdorf and doctor of medicine Laband took part in the expedition.
Despite the fact that Nadezhda and Neva belonged to a private Russian-American company, Alexander I allowed them to sail under a military flag.
All preparations for the expedition were carried out very carefully and lovingly. On the advice of G. A. Sarychev, the expedition was equipped with the most modern astronomical and navigation instruments, in particular chronometers and sextants.
Unexpectedly, just before setting sail, Kruzenshtern received the task of taking Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the Russian-American Company, to Japan, who was supposed to try to establish trade relations with Japan. Rezanov and his retinue boarded the Nadezhda. This task forced us to reconsider the expedition’s work plan and, as we will see later, resulted in a loss of time for the Nadezhda’s voyage to the shores of Japan and stopover in Nagasaki.
The very intention of the Russian government to establish trade relations with Japan was quite natural. After the Russians entered the Pacific Ocean, Japan became one of Russia's closest neighbors. It has already been mentioned that the Shpanberg expedition was given the task of finding sea routes to Japan, and that the ships of Shpanberg and Walton were already approaching the shores of Japan and conducting friendly barter trade with the Japanese.
It further happened that on the Aleutian island of Amchitka around 1782 a Japanese ship was wrecked and its crew was brought to Irkutsk, where they lived for almost 10 years. Catherine II ordered the Siberian governor-general to send the detained Japanese to their homeland and use this pretext to establish trade with Japan. Lieutenant Adam Kirillovich Laxman, who was elected as a representative for the negotiations of the guard, set off from Okhotsk in 1792 on the transport “Ekaterina” under the command of navigator Grigory Lovtsov and spent the winter in Nemuro harbor on the eastern tip of the island of Hokkaido. In the summer of 1793, at the request of the Japanese, Laxman moved to the port of Hakodate, from where he traveled by land for negotiations to Matsmai, the main city of Hokkaido. During the negotiations, Laxman, thanks to his diplomatic skills, achieved success. In particular, paragraph 3 of the document received by Laxman stated:
"3. The Japanese cannot enter into negotiations on trade anywhere except for the one designated port of Nagasaki, and therefore now they only give Laxman a written form with which one Russian ship can come to the said port, where there will be Japanese officials who must negotiate with the Russians on this subject " Having received this document, Laxman returned to Okhotsk in October 1793. Why this permission was not used immediately remains unknown. In any case, Nadezhda, together with Ambassador Rezanov, was supposed to enter Nagasaki.
During the stay in Copenhagen (August 5–27) and in another Danish port, Helsingor (August 27–September 3), cargo was carefully shifted on the Nadezhda and Neva and the chronometers were checked. The scientists invited to the expedition, Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, arrived in Copenhagen. On the way to Falmouth (southwestern England), during a storm, the ships separated and the Neva arrived there on September 14, and Nadezhda on September 16.
“Nadezhda” and “Neva” left Falmouth on September 26 and on October 8 anchored in Santa Cruz Bay on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), where they remained until October 15.
On November 14, 1803, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet. Of all the officers and sailors, only ship commanders who had previously sailed as volunteers in the English fleet had crossed it. Who would have thought then that seventeen years later the Russian warships “Vostok” and “Mirny”, circumnavigating the world in high southern latitudes, would discover what sailors of other nations could not - the sixth continent of the globe - Antarctica!
On December 9, the ships arrived at the island of St. Catherine (off the coast of Brazil) and stayed here until January 23, 1804, to change the foremast and mainmast on the Neva.
Having rounded Cape Horn, the ships were separated on March 12 during a storm. In this case, Kruzenshtern pre-arranged successive meeting places: Easter Island and the Marquesas Islands. However, on the way, Kruzenshtern changed his intentions, went straight to the Marquesas Islands and on April 25 anchored off the island of Nuku Hiva.
Lisyansky, unaware of such a change in route, went to Easter Island, stayed under sail from April 4 to 9 and, without waiting for Kruzenshtern, went to the island of Nuku Hiva, where he arrived on April 27.
The ships remained off the island of Nuku Hiva until May 7. During this time, a convenient anchorage, called the port of Chichagov, was found and described, and the latitudes and longitudes of several islands and points were determined.
From the island of Nuku Hiva the ships went north and on May 27 approached the Hawaiian Islands. Kruzenshtern’s plans to purchase fresh provisions from local residents were unsuccessful. Kruzenshtern stayed off the Hawaiian Islands under sail on May 27 and 28 and then, in order not to delay the completion of his task - visiting Nagasaki, he went straight to Petropavlovsk, where he arrived on July 3. Lisyansky, anchored off the island of Hawaii from May 31 to June 3, set off according to plan to Kodiak Island.
From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern set sail on August 27, sailed south along the eastern coast of Japan and then through the Van Diemen Strait (south of Kyushu Island) from the Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea. On September 26, Nadezhda anchored in Nagasaki.
Rezanov's embassy was unsuccessful. The Japanese not only did not agree to any agreement with Russia, but did not even accept gifts intended for the Japanese emperor.
On April 5, 1805, Kruzenshtern, finally leaving Nagasaki, passed through the Korea Strait, ascended the Sea of Japan, then almost unknown to Europeans, and put on the map many notable points on the western coast of Japan. The position of some points was determined astronomically.
On May 1, Kruzenshtern passed through the La Perouse Strait from the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk, carried out some hydrographic work here, and on May 23, 1805 returned to Petropavlovsk, where Rezanov’s embassy left the Nadezhda.
Circumnavigation of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the Nadezhda and Neva (1803–1806).
On September 23, 1805, “Nadezhda”, after reloading the holds and replenishing provisions, left Petropavlovsk for the return voyage to Kronstadt. She proceeded through the Bashi Strait into the South China Sea and dropped anchor in Macau on 8 November.
After stopping off the Hawaiian Islands, the Neva set off, as already mentioned, to the Aleutian Islands. On June 26, Chirikov Island opened, and on July 1, 1804, the Neva anchored in the Pavlovsk harbor of Kodiak Island.
Having fulfilled the instructions given to him, carried out some hydrographic work off the coast of Russian America and accepted the furs of the Russian-American Company, Lisyansky on August 15, 1805 left Novo-Arkhangelsk, also for Macau, as had been previously agreed with Kruzenshtern. From Russian America, he took with him three Creole boys (Russian father, Aleut mother) so that they received a special education in Russia, and then returned to Russian America.
On October 3, on the way to Canton, in the northern subtropical part of the Pacific Ocean, many birds were seen. Assuming that some unknown land was nearby, they took proper precautions. However, in the evening the Neva still ran aground on a coral shoal. At dawn we saw that the Neva was near a small island. Soon it was possible to refloat, but an oncoming squall caused the Neva to hit the rocks again. The refloating and raising of the cannons, thrown with floats into the sea to lighten the ship, detained the Neva in the area until October 7. The island was named Lisyansky Island in honor of the ship’s commander, and the reef on which the Neva sat was called the Neva Reef.
On its further journey to Canton, the Neva withstood a severe typhoon, during which it received some damage. A significant amount of fur goods were soaked and then thrown overboard.
On November 16, having rounded the island of Formosa from the south, the Neva entered the South China Sea and on November 21 dropped anchor in Macau, where at that time the Nadezhda was already moored.
The sale of furs delayed the Nadezhda and Neva, and only on January 31, 1806 did both ships leave Chinese waters. Subsequently, the ships passed through the Sunda Strait and entered the Indian Ocean on February 21.
On April 3, being almost at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather with rain, the ships separated.
As Kruzenshtern writes, “on April 26th (April 14th, Art.-N. 3.) we saw two ships, one on NW, and the other on NO. We recognized the first one as “Neva”, but as “Nadezhda” sailed worse, “Neva” soon went out of sight again, and we no longer saw her until our arrival in Kronstadt.”
Krusenstern appointed the island of St. Helena as the meeting place in case of separation, where he arrived on April 21. Here Kruzenshtern learned about the breakdown in relations between Russia and France and therefore, leaving the island on April 26, in order to avoid meeting with enemy cruisers, he chose the route to the Baltic Sea not through the English Channel, but north of the British Isles. On July 18–20, Nadezhda was anchored in Helsingor and on July 21–25 in Copenhagen. On August 7, 1806, after an absence of 1108 days, Nadezhda returned to Kronstadt. During the voyage, Nadezhda spent 445 days under sail. The longest journey from St. Helena to Helsingor lasted 83 days.
"Neva" after separation from "Nadezhda" did not go to St. Helena Island, but went straight to Portsmouth, where it stayed from June 16 to July 1. Having stopped for a short time at the Downs roadstead and in Helsingor, the Neva arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, 1806, having been away for 1090 days, of which 462 days were under sail. The longest journey was from Macau to Portsmouth, it lasted 142 days. No other Russian ship has made such a long journey under sail.
The health of the crews on both ships was excellent. During the three-year voyage on the Nadezhda, only two people died: the envoy’s cook, who suffered from tuberculosis upon entering the ship, and Lieutenant Golovachev, who shot himself for an unknown reason while staying near St. Helena Island. On the Neva, one sailor fell into the sea and drowned, three people were killed during a military skirmish near Novo-Arkhangelsk, and two sailors died from accidental diseases.
The first Russian circumnavigation of the world was marked by significant geographical results. Both ships, both in a joint voyage and in a separate one, always tried to position their courses either so as to pass along still “untrodden” paths, or so as to go to the dubious islands shown on ancient maps.
There were many such islands in the Pacific Ocean at that time. They were charted by brave sailors who used poor navigational instruments and poor methods. It is not surprising, therefore, that the same island was sometimes discovered by many sailors, but was placed under different names in different places on the map. The errors in longitude were especially large, which on old ships was determined only by dead reckoning. This is how, for example, longitudes were determined during the Bering-Chirikov voyage.
The Nadezhda and Neva had sextants and chronometers. In addition, relatively shortly before their voyage, a method was developed for determining longitude on ships based on the angular distances of the Moon from the Sun (otherwise known as the “lunar distance method”). This made it much easier to determine latitudes and longitudes at sea. Both the Nadezhda and the Neva did not miss a single opportunity to determine their coordinates. Thus, during the voyage of Nadezhda in the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk, the number of points determined astronomically was more than a hundred. Frequent determinations of the geographic coordinates of points visited or seen by expedition members are a great contribution to geographical science.
Thanks to the accuracy of their dead reckoning, based on frequent and precise determinations of latitudes and longitudes, both ships were able to determine the directions and speeds of sea currents in many areas of their voyage from the difference between the dead reckoning and observed places.
The precision of dead reckoning on the Nadezhda and Neva allowed them to “remove” many non-existent islands from the map. So, upon leaving Petropavlovsk for Canton, Kruzenshtern set up his courses with the expectation of following the paths of the English captains Clerk and Gore and inspecting the space between 33 and 37 ° N. w. along the 146° eastern meridian. Near this meridian, their maps and some others showed several dubious islands.
Lisyansky, upon leaving Kodiak for Canton, arranged his courses so as to cross the then almost unknown spaces of the Pacific Ocean and pass through the area in which the English captain Portlock noticed signs of land in 1786 and where he himself, on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to Kodiak, saw the sea otter As we have seen, Lisyansky eventually succeeded, although much further south, in discovering Lisyansky Island and the Kruzenshtern Reef.
Both ships carried out continuous and thorough meteorological and oceanological observations. On Nadezhda, in addition to the usual measurements of the temperature of the surface layer of the ocean, the Six thermometer, invented in 1782, designed to measure the highest and lowest temperatures, was first used for deep-sea research. Using this thermometer, the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean was studied in seven places. In total, deep temperatures, down to a depth of 400 m, were determined in nine places. These were the first determinations in world practice of the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean.
Particular attention was paid to observations of the state of the sea. In particular, the stripes and spots of the rough sea (suloi) created when sea currents meet were carefully described.
The glow of the sea was also noted, which at that time was not yet sufficiently explained. This phenomenon was investigated on the Nadezhda as follows: “... they took a cup, put several wooden sawdust in it, covered it with a white thin, double-folded scarf, onto which they immediately poured water drawn from the sea, and it turned out that many dots that glowed when the handkerchief was shaken; the strained water did not produce the slightest light... Doctor Langsdorff, who tested these small luminous bodies through a microscope... discovered that many... were real animals..."
It is now known that the glow is created by the smallest organisms and is divided into constant, voluntary and forced (under the influence of irritation). The latter is what we are talking about in the description of Krusenstern.
The descriptions of the nature and life of the population of the areas visited by Krusenstern and Lisyansky are very interesting. Of particular value are the descriptions of the Nukukhivs, Hawaiians, Japanese, Aleuts, American Indians and inhabitants of the northern part of Sakhalin.
Krusenstern spent only eleven days on the island of Nuku Hiva. Of course, in such a short period of time, only a cursory impression could be created about the inhabitants of this island. But, fortunately, on this island Kruzenshtern met an Englishman and a Frenchman, who lived here for several years and, by the way, were at enmity with each other. Kruzenshtern collected a lot of information from them, checking the Englishman’s stories by interviewing the Frenchman, and vice versa. In addition, the Frenchman left Nuku-Khiva on the Nadezhda and during his further voyage Kruzenshtern had the opportunity to supplement his information. All kinds of collections, sketches, maps and plans brought by both ships deserve special attention.
Kruzenshtern, during his voyage in foreign waters, described: the southern coast of the island of Nuku Hiva, the southern coast of the island of Kyushu and Van Diemen's Strait, the islands of Tsushima and Goto and a number of other islands adjacent to Japan, the northwestern coast of Honshu, the entrance to the Sangar Strait, and also the west coast of Hokkaido.
Lisyansky, while sailing in the Pacific Ocean, described Easter Island, discovered and mapped Lisyansky Island and the reefs of the Neva and Krusenstern.
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were not only brave sailors and explorers, but also excellent writers who left us descriptions of their voyages.
In 1809–1812 Kruzenshtern’s work “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” in three volumes with an appendix of an album of drawings and an atlas of maps” was published.
The books of Krusenstern and Lisyansky were translated into foreign languages and for a long time served as navigational aids for ships sailing in the Pacific Ocean. Written on the model of Sarychev’s books, in content and form they, in turn, served as a model for all books written by Russian navigators of subsequent times.
It should be emphasized once again that the voyages of “Nadezhda” and “Neva” pursued purely practical goals - scientific observations were made only along the way. Nevertheless, the observations of Krusenstern and Lisyansky would have been a credit to many purely scientific expeditions.
It is necessary to say a few words about some problems that, unfortunately, partly overshadow, from a purely maritime point of view, the brilliant first voyage of Russian sailors around the world.
The fact is that it was no coincidence that two ships were sent on this expedition. Just as when organizing the maritime expeditions of Bering - Chirikov and Billings - Sarychev, it was believed that ships, sailing together, could always help each other in case of need.
According to the instructions, separate sailing of the Nadezhda and Neva was allowed only during the Nadezhda’s visit to Japan. This was justified by the fact that Japan, according to the previous agreement, allowed only one Russian ship to enter Japan. What actually happened?
During a storm off Cape Horn, the Nadezhda and Neva separated. Kruzenshtern did not go to the prearranged meeting place in case of separation - Easter Island, but went straight to the second agreed meeting place - the Marquesas Islands, where the ships met and went on together to the Hawaiian Islands. The ships departed from the Hawaiian Islands again separately, performing various tasks. The ships met again only in Macau, from where they sailed together to the Indian Ocean. Not far from Africa, the ships again lost sight of each other during a storm. In such a case, the meeting place was set at St. Helena Island, where “Nadezhda” went. Lisyansky, carried away by the record for the duration of sailing, went straight to England. Kruzenshtern was wrong in not going to Easter Island, as was stipulated. Lisyansky was also wrong in not going to St. Helena Island. References to separations due to storms are not very convincing. Storms and fogs off the coast of Antarctica are no less frequent and strong than in the Indian Ocean, and yet the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, as we will see later, were never separated while rounding Antarctica.
This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Pirates of the British Crown by Francis Drake and William Dampier author Malakhovsky Kim VladimirovichChapter Five The Last Voyage Around the World Enter into a share with Goldney, who contributed about 4 thousand pounds. Art. into the new enterprise, there were many willing people from the most famous families of Bristol. Among them were merchants, lawyers, and the alderman of Bristol himself, Batchelor. I contributed my share and
From the book Domestic Sailors - Explorers of the Seas and Oceans author Zubov Nikolay Nikolaevich6. Golovnin’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Kamchatka” (1817–1819) In 1816, it was decided to send a military ship to the Far East with the following tasks: 1) deliver various materials and supplies to the ports of Petropavlovsk and Okhotsk, 2) survey the state of affairs of the Russian- American company
From the book Three Trips Around the World author Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich11. M. Lazarev’s circumnavigation of the world on the frigate “Cruiser” (1822–1825) and the voyage of Andrei Lazarev on the sloop “Ladoga” to Russian America (1822–1823) 36-gun frigate “Cruiser” under the command of captain 2nd rank Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev and the 20-gun sloop "Ladoga", which
From the book The First Russian Voyage Around the World author Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich13. Kotzebue’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Enterprise” (1823–1826) The sloop “Enterprise”, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue, was entrusted with the delivery of cargo to Kamchatka and cruising to protect Russian settlements in the Aleutian Islands. At the same time he
From the book Notes of a Sailor. 1803–1819 author Unkovsky Semyon Yakovlevich14. Wrangel’s circumnavigation of the world on the transport “Meek” (1825–1827) The military transport “Meek” (90 feet long) specially built for the upcoming voyage under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already completed a circumnavigation of the world
From the author's book15. Stanyukovich’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Moller” (1826–1829) Following the example of previous circumnavigations, in 1826 it was decided to send two warships from Kronstadt to protect the fisheries in Russian America and to deliver cargo to the port of Petropavlovsk. But
From the author's book16. Litke’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Senyavin” (1826–1829) The commander of the sloop “Senyavin”, which went on a joint circumnavigation with the sloop “Moller”, captain-lieutenant Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the “Kamchatka” in 1817–1819 years. Then
From the author's book17. Hagemeister’s circumnavigation of the world on the transport “Meek” (1828–1830) The military transport “Krotky”, which returned from a circumnavigation of the world in 1827, was again sent in 1828 with cargo for Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. Its commander was appointed captain-lieutenant
From the author's book19. Shants’ circumnavigation of the world on the transport “America” (1834–1836) The military transport “America”, which returned in 1833 from a circumnavigation of the world and was somewhat redesigned, on August 5, 1834, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Ivanovich Shants, again left Kronstadt with loads
From the author's book20. Junker's circumnavigation of the world on the transport "Abo" (1840–1842) The military transport "Abo" (128 feet long, with a displacement of 800 tons), under the command of Lieutenant Commander Andrei Logginovich Juncker, left Kronstadt on September 5, 1840. Going to Copenhagen, Helsingor, Portsmouth, the island
From the author's book2. Krusenstern's voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" in the Sea of Okhotsk (1805) The ship of the Russian-American company - "Nadezhda" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on July 3, 1804. Reloading and replenishing supplies
From the author's book3. Lisyansky’s voyage on the ship “Neva” in the waters of Russian America (1804–1805) The ship of the Russian-American company “Neva” under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, leaving together with the “Nadezhda” from Kronstadt on July 26, 1803, arrived to Pavlovskaya harbor island
From the author's bookM. P. LAZAREV’S CIRCUMSTANCE ON THE SUVOROV SHIP
From the author's book From the author's bookA TRIP AROUND THE WORLD IN 1803, 1804, 1805 AND 1806 ON THE SHIPS “NADEZHDA” AND “NEVA” Pre-Notice I. Both in the trip itself and in the tables attached to it, the Gregorian reckoning of time is adopted, for the reason that the calculation of all sightings were made according to
The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let us present, in chronological order, brief descriptions of the seven most significant trips around the world of our compatriots.
The first Russian trip around the world - Around the World Expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation. 
The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803, under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda". The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.
Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Kruzenshtern’s condition
In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
And now, to answer the question: “Which Russian was the first to travel around the world?”, You can answer without difficulty.
Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev
Aivazovsky’s work “Ice Mountains in Antarctica”, written based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev In 1819, after long and very careful preparation, a south polar expedition set off from Kronstadt on a long voyage, consisting of two military sloops - “Vostok” and “Mirny”. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, experienced sailors. There was a long journey ahead to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the Southern Continent.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea and covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef were discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around the South Pole, but also conducted important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just emerging at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of algae in the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical areas.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fog, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60° to 70° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Amazingly, the proof of the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as an outstanding geographical discovery. However, then scientists argued for more than a hundred years about what had been discovered. Was it a mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common cap of ice? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. The continental nature of Antarctica was finally confirmed only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy research using complex technical means.
Traveling around the world by bike
On August 10, 1913, the finish line of a round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was ridden by a 25-year-old Russian athlete, Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.
This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. Countries from almost all of Europe were included in it. Having left Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Konigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to ride a bicycle through snow-covered rocky passes that are accessible only to experienced climbers. It took a lot of effort for the cyclist to overcome the mountains. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, Serbia, Greece and Turkey. He simply had to sleep under the starry sky; often he only had water and bread for food, but he still did not stop traveling.
After crossing the Pas-de-Calais by boat, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also arrived in America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and rode the entire American continent, following the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route - Harbin.
A distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered on a bicycle. His father suggested that Onesimus make such a journey around the earth
Pankratov's trip around the world was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritzner bicycle helped him travel around the world; during the trip, Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 steering wheels, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.
Around the Earth - the first space flight
At 9 o'clock 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having flown around the globe, he returned safely to Earth 108 minutes later. There was a pilot-cosmonaut, Major, on board the ship.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.
The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger on the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the entire flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.
In orbit, Gagarin carried out simple experiments: he drank, ate, and made notes in pencil. “Putting” the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that it instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his sensations and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After successfully carrying out the planned research and completing the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the satellite ship "Vostok" made a safe landing in a given area of the Soviet Union - near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester, Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova, and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon, military personnel from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene of events. One group of military men took guard over the descent module, and the other took Gagarin to the unit’s location. From there, Gagarin reported by telephone to the commander of the air defense division:
Please convey to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief: I completed the task, landed in the given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin
Immediately after Gagarin’s landing, the burnt descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the sensitive territory of the royal OKB-1. Later it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was quite difficult - only as part of a group, with a preliminary letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly accessible, as part of the exhibition.
First circumnavigation of a submarine without surfacing
February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world voyage of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet began. Moreover, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, underwater, without surfacing even in little-studied areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of Soviet submariners had outstanding national significance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of submariners of the Great Patriotic War.
25 thousand miles were covered and the highest degree of secrecy was demonstrated; the voyage took 1.5 months
Two serial production submarines without any modifications were allocated to participate in the campaign. The K-116 missile boat of Project 675 and the second K-133 boat of Project 627A, which has torpedo armament.
In addition to its enormous political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of the scientific and technological achievements and military power of the state. The campaign showed that the entire oceans have become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific fleets. In a broader sense, we can say that at the height of the Cold War, the historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the World Ocean, and Soviet submariners were the first to do this.
The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations on a 5.5 meter long dinghy
On July 7, 1992, Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Gvozdev set off from Makhachkala on his first solo circumnavigation of the world on the yacht “Lena” (micro class, length only 5.5 meters). On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it took 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations made on an ordinary pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev went on a long-awaited trip around the world when he was 58 years old.
Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, radio, autopilot or cooker. But there was a treasured “sailor’s passport”, which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Evgeny Gvozdev cross the border in the direction he needed: subsequently Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali “guerrillas” who, at Cape Ras Hafun, robbed him completely and almost shot him.
His entire first trip around the world can be described in one word: “in spite of.” The chance of survival was too slim. Evgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: this is a world similar to a single brotherhood of good people, a world of complete selflessness, a world without obstacles to global circulation...
In a hot air balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov
Fyodor Konyukhov was the first in the world to fly around the Earth in a hot air balloon (on his first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main one of which was the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design that combined the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola equipped with the best technical instruments was attached below, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.
I thought that I had committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here
The journey took place under extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon found itself in a zone of strong turbulence with zero visibility, and there was also a cyclone with hail and strong winds. Due to difficult weather conditions, the equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually fix the problems.
During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. At moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took an adjustable wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand released the key, it fell onto the plate, making a noise, causing the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he performed this procedure regularly. It nearly exploded at a great height when different types of gas mistakenly began to mix. It’s good that I managed to cut off the flammable cylinder.
Along the entire route, air traffic controllers at various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew across the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded a thunderstorm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and returned safely to Australia, where he began his journey.
Fedor Konyukhov:
I circled the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We don’t even think about it, we people only fight. The world is so beautiful - explore it, get to know it
