1. The set of stable individual characteristics of a person, which develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, is:
a) temperament;
b) abilities;
c) character;
d) makings.
2. Character is a set of basic inclinations, according to:
a) V.N. Myasishchev;
b) A.N. Leontiev;
c) A.F. Lazursky;
d) V.D. Nebylitsyn.
3. In character, personality is manifested to a greater extent from the outside:
b) dynamic;
c) procedural;
d) structural.
4. One of the founders of modern characterology is:
a) A. Ben;
b) T. Ribot;
c) Socrates;
d) Plato.
5. One of the first works in Europe devoted to the classification of characters is:
a) the work of D. Mill and A. Bain “On the Study of Character”;
b) the work of Y. Bansen “Essays on Characterology”;
c) the work of K. Lubrueyr “Characters or morals of our time”;
d) Theophrastus’ treatise “Characters”.
6. In the 19th century. The idea of morpho-neurological conditioning of character became widely known thanks to:
a) Lavater’s physiognomy;
b) Gall's phrenology;
c) Husserl’s phenomenology;
d) Laplace determinism.
7. Since the middle of the 19th century. The study of character is carried out from the perspective of psychology:
a) experimental;
b) behavioral;
c) empirical;
d) psychoanalytic.
8. Character acts as a subject of a special scientific branch - etiology - in research:
a) D. Mill and A. Ben;
b) Y. Banzen;
c) L. Klages;
d) K. Lorenza.
9. Social character contains a set of traits that form the personality structure and the essential core of the character structure of most group members, according to:
a) W. James;
b) G. Sullivan;
c) W. Wundt;
d) L.S. Vygotsky.
10. Character acts as a subject of a special branch - characterology in research:
a) D. Mill;
b) Y. Banzen;
c) A. Ben;
11. Character as “a manifestation of a person’s will, based on truths clarified and firmly established by reason” was understood:
a) T. Ribot;
b) W. Sheldon;
c) P.F. Lesgaft;
d) A.F. Lazursky.
12. Ideas about extraversion/introversion were developed by:
a) A. Adler;
b) Z. Freud;
c) K. Jung;
d) K. Rogers.
13. Freud interpreted the nature of character traits as a manifestation of the libidinal source as:
a) dynamic;
c) personal and semantic;
d) motivational-need.
14. Character as a relatively constant form in which a person’s energy is channeled in the processes of assimilation and socialization determines:
a) E. Erickson;
b) A. Adler;
c) E. Fromm;
15. The fact that character must correspond to the somatic (bodily) constitution of a person was believed:
a) E. Fromm;
b) E. Kretschmer;
c) V. Frankl;
d) G. Eysenck.
16. Identification of character types as a result of a person’s hard work to resolve conflict situations considered:
a) in behaviorism;
b) in psychoanalysis;
c) in Gestalt psychology;
d) in cognitive psychology.
17. Accuracy, thrift, generosity are:
a) traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things;
b) traits manifested in relation to others;
c) a system of relationships between a person and himself;
d) traits manifested in activity.
18. Personality traits such as modesty and self-criticism, selfishness, characterize the attitude of the individual:
a) to people;
b) to activity;
c) to public and personal responsibility;
d) to yourself.
19. The ability to set goals on one’s own initiative and find ways to solve them characterizes a person as:
a) purposeful;
b) decisive;
c) persistent;
d) independent.
20. Integrity in relation to character is his:
b) line;
c) quality;
d) accentuation.
21. Strength in relation to character is his:
b) line;
c) quality;
d) accentuation.
22. According to W. Sheldon, isolation, fluctuations in emotions, stubbornness and poor adaptability are characteristic of:
a) schizothymic;
b) cyclothymic;
c) ixothymic;
d) psychasthenic.
23. Accentuations are such options for character development that are not characteristic of:
a) increased vulnerability;
b) decreased ability to social adaptation;
c) violation of the need-motivational sphere in the form of dominance of ambivalent states;
d) increasing the ability to socially adapt.
24. According to P.B. Gannushkin, extreme irritability with attacks of melancholy, fear, anger, stubbornness, resentment, cruelty, conflict - the main signs:
a) cycloids;
b) schizoids;
c) psychasthenics;
d) epileptoids.
25. According to P.B. Gannushkin, increased impressionability, excitability, rapid mental exhaustion, irritability, indecisiveness are characteristic of:
a) asthenics;
b) schizoids;
c) psychasthenics;
d) epileptoids.
26. Self-criticism, modesty, pride characterize:
a) the attitude of the individual to things;
b) attitude towards others;
c) a system of relationships between a person and himself;
d) features of the activity.
27. Accented characters differ from psychopathy according to the following criteria:
a) Gannushkina – Kerbikova;
b) A.E. Lichko;
c) K. Leonhard;
d) B.V. Zeigarnik.
28. Two types of psychopathy were described in the book “Clinic of Psychopathy, Their Statistics, Dynamics, Systematics”:
a B C. Zeigarnik;
b) P.B. Gannushkin;
c) A.E. Lichko;
d) K. Leonhard.
29. K. Leongard studied personality accentuations:
a) in children of primary school age;
b) in adolescents;
c) among young men;
d) in adults.
30. The concept of “place of least resistance” was introduced into scientific terminology by:
a) K. Leonhard;
b) A.E. Lichko;
c) P.B. Gannushkin;
d) B.V. Zeigarnik.
31. He divided personality accentuations into temperament accentuations and character accentuations...
a B C. Zeigarnik;
b) P.B. Gannushkin;
c) A.E. Lichko;
d) K. Leongard.
32. Excessive expression, “sharpening” of some inherent in each
a person's individual character traits are...
a) direction;
b) hardness;
c) accentuation.
d) There is no correct answer.
33. Character refers to...
a) mental processes;
b) mental states;
c) psychological properties;
d) mental formations.
34. Character is more than temperament...
a) caused by natural factors;
b) depends on social factors;
c) determined by the physique and physical strength of a person.
d) All answers are correct.
35. Character develops and manifests itself in a system of relationships...
and I - the world»;
b) “I am other people”;
c) “I am activity.”
d) All answers are correct.
36. The natural connection between individual character traits is his...
a) direction;
b) accentuation;
c) structure;
d) severity;
d) all answers are incorrect.
37. The central, core relationships of the individual, which determine the most important properties of character, are...
a) attitude towards oneself and attitude towards things;
b) attitude to work and attitude to things;
c) attitude towards other people and attitude towards work;
d) attitude towards other people and attitude towards oneself.
38. Character traits…
a) represent a random population;
b) depend on each other and form an integral organization;
c) are interconnected and depend on temperament.
d) All answers are incorrect.
39. Is it possible, based on a single observation of human behavior,
Through some of his actions, can we draw a conclusion about what character trait was manifested in this case?
a) Yes, since character is manifested in behavior.
b) No, because character reflects patterns of behavior.
c) It is possible if it is a child.
d) All answers are incorrect.
Key points in the history of teachings about character. Character is usually defined as a coherent and stable individual disposition mental life of a person as a “complete individuality”, as a special mental mechanism that ensures (realizes in) the stability of the direction of a person’s response to socially significant situations and circumstances. As a subject of a special branch - ethology - character was introduced by the English psychologists D. Mill and A. Bain ("On the Study of Character", 1861) and - characterology - by the German psychologists J. Bansen ("Essays on Characterology", 1867) and Klages ( "Principles of Characterology", 1910). But even before this, the topic of character occupied a significant place in works on psychology. At the same time, the task of classifying character types was posed more often than others. Therefore, turning specifically to attempts to classify character types, we can highlight those properties - signs that make up the content of the concept itself. Let us note the key points along this path until the time when character becomes the subject of special scientific research.
One of the first works in the history of European culture devoted to the classification of characters is the treatise of Theophrastus (“the possessor of divine speech”) “Characters”. It contained descriptions of 31 types. The type was determined on the basis of dominance in the character of a particular trait; the predominance of flattery in character gives the type of flatterer, talkativeness - talker, etc. In Theophrastus, character appears as an imprint (stamp) of certain moral vices of the environment. In the 17th century the future member of the French Academy La Bruyère publishes a study “Characters or Morals of Our Time,” placing Theophrastus’ “Characters” at the beginning of his book. It contains 1120 character sketches, distributed in chapters corresponding to the circumstances in which these characters appear: “City”, “Court”, “Nobles”, “Sovereign”, etc. For the author himself, the study had an ethical, psychological, moralizing and satirical meaning. La Bruyère points out that it reveals the root causes of vices and weaknesses, allows one to foresee what people will say and do, and teaches one not to be surprised by the bad and frivolous actions that fill their lives.
In the 18th century Lavater's Physiognomy is becoming widespread. He views character as a product of fate and the embodiment of fate, and connects it with social origin (" aristocratic character"), I am convinced of the possibility of determining the type of character by the structure and expression of the face.
In the 19th century the idea of morpho-neurological conditioning of character became widely known thanks to Gall's phrenology. Based on numerous anatomical studies and observations of different groups people, Gall came to the conclusion that the centers of mental life are not concentrated in the ventricles of the brain, as was then believed, but are localized in the cerebral convolutions. Although Gall's anatomical work had an experimental basis, the classification of mental abilities he proposed was a completely arbitrary construction.
Since the middle of the 19th century. The study of character is carried out from the standpoint of empirical psychology. Character is understood as a set of elements of consciousness - feelings, will, intellect, and the type of character is established based on the predominance of one or another element. For example, one of the founders of modern characterology, A. Ben, divided characters into emotional, volitional and intellectual. To a large extent, under the influence of Bain, the French psychologist T. Ribot developed his concept of character. Ribot based his definition of character types on two mental functions: feeling and will, assigning the intellect the role of only an additional factor. For the concept of character, according to Ribot, two characteristics are essential: unity and stability. Accordingly, Ribot divides all characters into two classes: sensitive and strong-willed. Each of these classes includes several subclasses. In the class of sensitive characters, they are meek, contemplative, and emotional. The class of strong-willed characters is divided into two according to the parameter of strength: mediocre active and great active.
In addition, Ribot establishes a third, additional class - apathetic characters, who are distinguished by weak activity, weak feelings, but a more active mind. This class is divided into two subclasses: the purely apathetic type (“little sensitivity, little activity, little intelligence”), the second subclass, depending on the direction of the strongly expressed mind, is again divided into practical and speculative characters. Ribot classifies mixed types as apathetic-active (“calculating”), sensitive-active, apathetic-sensual and moderate characters. From among the mentioned “pure” types, Ribot excludes “amorphous” and “unstable” characters. These are acquired characters. There is nothing innate about them, they are plastic and amenable to any influence. They are products solely of circumstances, environment, upbringing, influence of people, objects surrounding them. There are a lot of them, legion. Unstable characters are the dregs and sediments of civilization; they do not have unity and constancy and therefore cannot be included in the classification.
Among the domestic researchers of character problems of the early 20th century, we will name only one - A.F. Lazursky. He wrote the monograph "Essay on the Science of Characters." Character, according to Lazursky, is a set of basic inclinations. Character together with temperament form the core of personality. Personality, in turn, is considered by him as a complex functional unity, including the endopsyche (an innate, although changing during life, neuropsychic component) and the exopsyche (acquired, conditioned by external influences and expressing the relationship of the personality component).<...>
Operationalization definition of the concept of "character". IN In the semantic environment of the word “character,” two areas are distinguished. Within the framework of one, character acts as stability and constancy, allowing one to identify behavior and determine its belonging to a specific subject. Character is a custom, a habitual way of acting and reacting. A characteristic is a description, a highlighting of distinctive qualities, advantages and disadvantages, sometimes enshrined in a document (“he presented a brilliant characteristic”). Characteristic – characteristic exclusively of something specific (“this is characteristic of it”). To characterize someone or something - to detect them character traits, peculiarities. Character is defined as strong, strong-willed, firm, meek, weak, depending on the extent to which behavioral traits are determined by external circumstances. External forms of behavior are defined in the same way as manners (bad, good, strange). If external behavior does not express inner essence, but only copies, imitates someone, then it is defined as mannerism. If we emphasize that these manners are devoid of simplicity and naturalness, then they become affectation for us.
Within another area, character is defined as directionality and indicates the stability of orientation. Here it is close to the concept of “character”. A kind or cool disposition is the same as a kind or cool character. Parameters, on operationalization which is guided by the version of the definition formulated by us, the legitimacy of which is confirmed both by the history of the issue and the practice of its commonly used use, obviously they are: stability/instability and direction. In relation to the concept of character, resilience is naturally interpreted as strength or tolerance in relation to unfavorable external influences, as well as independence from external circumstances (the ability to overcome them). Among the many aspects of directionality, one of the most obvious is the one in which it can be assessed either as instrumental or as trans-situational. In other words, it is important to differentiate people depending on whether they react to current circumstances, using them as means (tools) to achieve their goals, sometimes replacing goals with means, or whether they tend to ignore (neglect) rapidly changing circumstances. This parameter can be designated in the same way as rigidity/flexibility, sometimes as dogmatism/skepticism (relativism).
The analysis carried out inclines us to use data first extrospective observations. Therefore, it is necessary to set scales for external observation and evaluation. Examples of statements that form a tolerance scale include the following:
1. Stays calm when everyone around you is excited. (Yes.)
2. Does not give in to provocations. (Yes.)
3. Doesn't trust rumors. (Yes.)
4. Strives to ingratiate himself with everyone. (No.)
5. Agrees with everyone. (No.)
6. Characterized by an excessive willingness to obey. (No.)
7. Knows how to insist on his own. (Yes.)
Examples of statements that form a rigidity/flexibility scale include the following:
1. Prone to formal relationships. (Yes.)
2. Avoids controversy. (Yes.)
3. Easily agrees with the suggestions of other group members. (No.)
4. Avoids meetings and group gatherings. (Yes.)
5. Inclined to cooperate. (No.)
6. Values the opinions of others. (No.)
7. Is sensitive to comments made to me by other group members. (Yes.)
Phenomenology of character accentuations. The description of the variety of character types should be supplemented by a description of the variety of character accentuations. If character as a whole is defined by us as a stable direction of response, then when character is burdened by accentuation, certain painful disorders come to the fore. Accentuations are such options for character development that are characterized by: 1) violation need-motivational spheres in the form of dominance of ambivalent states; 2) decreased ability to socially adapt; 3) increased vulnerability, sensitivity to certain types of influences that cause an inadequate response (reduced resistance).
The following classes of accentuations can be distinguished. Asthenic, including disorders of psychasthenic, neurasthenic and sensitive types. Dysthymic, combining disorders of hyperthymic, hypothymic and cycloid types. Sociopathic, within which violations of conformal, nonconformal and paranoid kind. “Psychopathic”, including variants of schizoid, epileptoid and hysteroid disorders. Here is a brief description of them.
Psychasthenic.The dominant behavioral traits are indecision, anxious suspiciousness in the form of expectations of unfavorable events, anxiety for the well-being of one’s loved ones, a tendency to reasoning, introspection. Indecision manifests itself in long and painful hesitation when it is necessary to make an independent choice. However, when a decision is made, impatience comes to the fore, the desire to immediately implement it. As overcompensation indecision, self-confident, categorical judgments, exaggerated determination (recklessness) can be observed. Ritual actions and attention to signs become protection against constant anxiety. As a compensatory formation against anxiety in front of the new, unfamiliar, there is a pedantic tendency towards order, an unchanging regime, any violation of which provokes anxiety. Compensatory formations can also be a tendency to carefully plan upcoming activities, good awareness, and high competence.
Neurotic.In the foreground of mental appearance are such traits as increased fatigue, irritability, a tendency to hypochondria, fear, and timidity. Fatigue quickly sets in both during mental exercise and in a competitive environment under physical and emotional stress. Irritability manifests itself in sudden emotional outbursts, often arising for insignificant reasons and easily giving way to remorse and tears.
Sensitive . First of all, timidity and shyness are noted, which are easily detected in front of strangers and in unfamiliar surroundings. Difficulties in communicating with everyone except close ones, as a result of which sometimes a false impression of isolation and isolation from others arises. Excessive demands on oneself take the form of constant remorse. Striving for overcompensation takes the form of self-affirmation not in the area where abilities can be revealed, but where he feels his own weakness. A timid and shy person can put on the guise of artificial cheerfulness, swagger, and arrogance, but in an unexpected situation he quickly gives in. He often strives to occupy public positions, where timidity is compensated by the authority of the organization, and performs well the formal part of the functions entrusted to him. Situations of excessive attention from others are difficult to bear, especially ill will, ridicule, suspicion of unseemly actions.
Hypertim . Characterized by an increased need for an influx of life experiences, social recognition, familiarity, and adventurism. Does not tolerate strict discipline and strictly regulated control. Shows resourcefulness in unusual situations. He treats rules and laws lightly, sometimes cynically. Sloppy, unnecessary. Doesn't cope well with work that requires perseverance and painstakingness. They are characterized by high self-esteem and a tendency to make rosy plans for the future, which are easily forgotten and replaced by new ones.
Hypotim . They are characterized by a constantly low mood, increased anxiety, and the expectation that something unpleasant is about to happen. Glimpses of improvement in mood are accompanied by an exacerbation of anxiety: joy must be paid for with new misfortunes (“laughing leads to tears”). He often experiences feelings of guilt and inferiority: it seems that he is to blame for something, that others look down on him. Due to difficulties he falls into despair and is incapable of volitional effort. Constantly feeling unwell. After sleep, a long period of warming up is required. Characterized by motor lethargy and retardation. Objectively, it needs to create and maintain a strengthening (tonic) mode of life.
Cyclotime . Defining Feature – unmotivated sharp fluctuations in mood, which then persist for a long time (months). Everything depends on the mood in which cyclothyme is in a given period: well-being, performance, and sociability. According to the mood, the future is sometimes painted with rainbow colors, sometimes it seems gray and bleak, and the past appears sometimes as a chain of favorable events, sometimes as consisting entirely of failures and injustices, and the everyday environment seems sometimes malicious, sometimes benevolent.
Conformist.It is distinguished by a reduced need for individualization, there is low initiative, a tendency towards the banal, stereotyped, generally accepted, impersonality. Trying to always correspond to the environment, he cannot resist it. Internal discomfort occurs when something stands out from his usual environment. There is an unmotivated hostility towards those who do not follow generally accepted standards.
Nonconformist.A pronounced need to act contrary to established rules dominates, combined with lack of will when it comes to fulfilling duties, duty, and achieving imperative goals set from outside. There is no life perspective. Social connections weakened, there is a noticeable craving for random companies that promise entertainment and an easy change of impressions. Attraction to idle pastime.
Paranoid . It is distinguished, first of all, by increased conflict potential due to the persistent desire to introduce innovations. Suspicious: perceives people who do not share his views as unscrupulous and unkind. There is rigidity of behavior. Indifference or reluctance to accept the projects proposed to him makes him even more determined to achieve his goal. Characterized by concentration, fixation on the goal, a reduced ability to understand others and empathy.
Schizoid . In the foreground of the mental appearance is alienation from others. Disinterest in understanding others and being understood by others. A schizoid is characterized by isolation, immersion in the world of internal experiences and thoughts, which are often divorced from everyday life and, as it were, opposed to it. Extravagance of behavior, hobbies, and their pretentiousness are noted, which, however, do not serve as a way to attract attention to oneself, but express indifference to the environment. The weakness of intuition and empathy emphasizes the impression of coldness and callousness. These traits may be exacerbated by rapid depletion of interest in interpersonal interactions.
Epileptoid . A characteristic feature is periods of unreasonably melancholy mood, when the epileptoid becomes hot-tempered, irritable, and prone to sadistic reactions. There is touchiness, the burden of negative emotions persists for a long time and requires release through revenge, in addition, limitedness and concentration on the once chosen range of interests are noticeable. Careful, scrupulous implementation of the established order may be accompanied by irritation when someone destroys this order. Asymmetry in interpersonal relationships is manifested in the following: he considers it his duty to give advice and teach, but does not tolerate an edifying attitude towards himself. There is a tendency towards thorough, detailed, unhurried explanations and irritation when interrupted, not allowed to finish, or rushed. Successfully copes with work that requires careful, punctual execution of instructions,
Hysteroid . The dominant feature of this type of accentuation is insatiable egocentrism: a thirst for constant attention to one’s person from others, admiration, surprise, veneration, sympathy. Does not tolerate indifferent attitude towards himself, preferring indignation or hatred towards himself. On this basis, a tendency to fantasize develops, through which the need to see and imagine oneself in an unusual light is realized. The absence of deep, sincere, lasting feelings is combined with expressive behavior, theatricality of experiences, and a tendency to show off and pose. Empathy is well developed. Without sufficient sthenicity, the ability to subjugate others, he can occupy a leading position in the group for a short time due to the ability to express emerging moods. He gives in to difficulties, especially if there is no chance to concentrate attention on himself. The psychologically dominant trait is also manifested in the appearance, which is entirely focused on attracting attention: agitation, conspicuous clothing, jewelry, loud laughter, various voice modulations. Social contacts, although extensive, are superficial and unstable; they are maintained as long as they reinforce the egocentric orientation.
(Ginetsinsky V.I. Propaedeutic course general psychology.
Study guide. – Electronic version–
cit. in Psychology in texts. Reader.
Study guide for students medical universities
/ Comp. and general editing by E.V. Osmina and T.F. Kabirova
– Izhevsk, 2003, pp. 137-140)
1 Which theories of temperament does W. Sheldon’s theory relate to?
humoral
+constitutional
behavioral
neurodynamic
2 Accentuations are such natural options for character development that
not typical:
increased vulnerability
decreased ability to socially adapt
+increasing the ability to socially adapt
disturbance of the motivational sphere with dominance of ambivalent states
3.Not high level mental activity, slowness of movements, fatigue, high emotional sensitivity is characteristic of:
sanguine
choleric
phlegmatic
+melancholic
4. Personality traits: modesty, self-criticism, selfishness, characterize the attitude of the individual:
to other people
to activities
+to yourself
to public and personal responsibility
5. Strong, balanced and agile type nervous system for P.I. Pavlov is typical for:
phlegmatic
+sanguine
choleric
melancholic
6. For the first time, a psychological description of the “portraits” of various temperaments was given by:
Aristotle
+Hippocrates
I. Kant
Plato
7. Strong, unbalanced type of nervous system behind P.I. Pavlov is typical for:
+choleric
sanguine
sanguine
phlegmatic
melancholic
8. The ability to set goals, act on one’s own initiative and find ways to solve them characterizes a person as:
decisive
+ purposeful
persistent
independent
9. Kretschmer said that isolation, emotional vulnerability, and fatigue are characteristic of:
+ asthenics
picnics
athletes
dysplastics
10. The concept of extraversion and introversion was developed:
3. Freud
+K. Jung
A. Adler
K. Rogers
11. The type of temperament that is characterized by slight vulnerability, a tendency to deep experiences, is characteristic of:
+melancholic
choleric
sanguine
phlegmatic
12. Concepts such as: self-criticism, modesty, pride characterize:
attitude to others
personality's attitude towards things
+ a system of relationships between a person and himself
features of the activity
13. The type of temperament that is distinguished by mobility, sociability and responsiveness is characteristic of:
choleric
+sanguine
choleric
phlegmatic
melancholic
14. According to E. Kretschmer, aggressiveness and lust for power characterize;
dysplasticity
picnic
asthenics
+athletics
15. Accuracy, thrift and generosity are:
traits that manifest themselves towards others
+ traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards things
system of relationships between a person and himself
traits that show attitude towards activity
16. The formal-dynamic side of behavior is characterized by:
+temperament
focus
mood
capabilities
17Is it possible to change the type of temperament
Yes
+No
It takes a lot of effort
In young years
18.NN. – a typical representative of the melancholic type of temperament. Formation of which character trait will require the least effort from him:
determination
+gullibility
initiative
impulsiveness
19. Sustainable individual characteristics personalities that develop and manifest themselves in activity and communication are:
capabilities
+character
temperament
makings
21. A. is a representative of the sanguine type of temperament. Which character trait is easier to develop in him?
+ sociability
discipline
responsiveness
hard work
22. Sensitive reaction in response to the force of external influence is an indicator of:
reactivity
+sensitivity
activity
plasticity and rigidity
23 Natural basis of temperament:
brain
+type of nervous system
dynamic stereotype
nervous processes
24 Type of temperament, which is characterized by increased impressionability and touchiness:
choleric
sanguine
phlegmatic person
+melancholic
25 Type of temperament that is characterized by hot temper and haste in action:
+choleric
sanguine
phlegmatic person
melancholic
26 What characterizes temperament:
+quick start-up
Politeness
accuracy
hard work
27 What is a character trait for a melancholic temperament:
reactivity and activity
+ emotional excitability
plasticity and rigidity
sensitivity and sensitivity
28 The doctrine of types of higher nervous activity How physiological basis temperament belongs to:
+Pavlova
Ilyin
Hippocrates
Ukhtomsky
29 A process opposite to excitation, which leads to a slowdown or delay in the conduction of impulses in the nerve centers:
+braking
dynamism
melancholy
lability
30 Character is
+ Stable personality traits that determine a person’s attitude towards people, towards himself, towards the work performed
A set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of all mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, cessation and change
Genetically determined phenomenon
The description of the variety of character types should be supplemented by a description of the variety of character accentuations. If character as a whole is defined by us as a stable direction of response, then when character is burdened by accentuation, certain painful disorders come to the fore. Accentuations are such variants of character development that are characterized by: 1) a violation of the need-motivational sphere in the form of dominance of ambivalent states, 2) a decrease in the ability to socially adapt, 3) increased vulnerability, sensitivity to certain types of influences that cause an inadequate response (reduced resistance). The following classes of accentuations can be distinguished. Asthenic, including disorders of psychasthenic, neurasthenic and sensitive types. Dysthymic, combining disorders of hyperthymic, hypothymic and cycloid types. Sociopathic, within which it is necessary to distinguish between disorders of conformal, nonconforming and paranoid types. “Psychopathic”, including variants of schizoid, epileptoid and hysterical disorders. Here is a brief description of them.
Psychasthenic. The dominant behavioral traits are indecision, anxious suspiciousness in the form of expectations of unfavorable events, anxiety for the well-being of one’s loved ones, a tendency to reasoning, introspection and soul-searching. Indecision manifests itself in long and painful hesitation when it is necessary to make an independent choice. However, when a decision is made, impatience comes to the fore, the desire to immediately implement it. As an overcompensation for indecision, self-confident, categorical judgments and exaggerated determination (recklessness) can be observed. Ritual actions and attention to signs become protection against constant anxiety. As a compensatory formation against anxiety in front of the new, unfamiliar, there is a pedantic tendency towards order, an unchanging regime, any violation of which provokes anxiety. Compensatory formations can also be a tendency to carefully plan upcoming activities, good awareness, and high competence.
Neurotic. In the foreground of mental appearance are such traits as increased fatigue, irritability, a tendency to hypochondria, fear, and timidity. Fatigue quickly sets in both during mental exercise and in a competitive environment under physical and emotional stress. Irritability manifests itself in sudden emotional outbursts, often arising for insignificant reasons and easily giving way to remorse and tears.
Sensitive. First of all, timidity and shyness are noted, which are easily detected in front of strangers and in unfamiliar surroundings. Difficulties in communicating with everyone except close ones, as a result of which sometimes a false impression of isolation and isolation from others arises. Excessive demands on oneself take the form of constant remorse. The desire for overcompensation takes the form of self-affirmation not in the area where abilities can be revealed, but where he feels his own weakness. A timid and shy person can put on the guise of artificial cheerfulness, swagger, and arrogance, but in an unexpected situation he quickly gives in. He often strives to occupy public positions, where timidity is compensated by the authority of the organization, and performs well the formal part of the functions entrusted to him. Situations of excessive attention from others are difficult to bear, especially ill will, ridicule, suspicion of unseemly actions.
Hyperthym. Characterized by an increased need for an influx of life experiences, social recognition, familiarity, and adventurism. Does not tolerate strict discipline and strictly regulated control. Shows resourcefulness in unusual situations. He treats rules and laws lightly, sometimes cynically. Sloppy, unnecessary. Doesn't cope well with work that requires perseverance and painstakingness. They are characterized by high self-esteem and a tendency to make rosy plans for the future, which are easily forgotten and replaced by new ones.
Hypotim. They are characterized by a constantly low mood, increased anxiety, and the expectation that something unpleasant is about to happen. Glimpses of improvement in mood are accompanied by an exacerbation of anxiety: joy must be paid for with new misfortunes (“laughing leads to tears”). He often experiences feelings of guilt and inferiority: it seems that he is to blame for something, that others look down on him. Due to difficulties he falls into despair and is incapable of volitional effort. Constantly feeling unwell. After sleep, a long period of warming up is required. Characterized by motor lethargy and retardation. Objectively, it needs to create and maintain a strengthening (tonic) mode of life.
Cyclotime. The defining feature is unmotivated sharp fluctuations in mood, which then persist for a long time (months). Everything depends on the mood in which cyclothyme is in a given period: well-being, performance, and sociability. According to the mood, the future is sometimes painted with rainbow colors, sometimes it seems gray and bleak, and the past appears sometimes as a chain of favorable events, sometimes as consisting entirely of failures and injustices, and the everyday environment seems sometimes malicious, sometimes benevolent.
Conformist. It is distinguished by a reduced need for individualization, there is low initiative, a tendency towards the banal, stereotyped, generally accepted, and impersonality. Trying to always correspond to the environment, he cannot resist it. Internal discomfort occurs when something stands out from his usual environment. There is an unmotivated hostility towards those who do not follow generally accepted standards.
Nonconformist. A pronounced need to act contrary to established rules dominates, combined with lack of will when it comes to fulfilling duties, duty, and achieving imperative goals set from outside. There is no life perspective. Social connections are weakened, there is a noticeable craving for random companies that promise entertainment and an easy change of impressions. Attraction to idle pastime.
Paranoid. It is characterized primarily by increased conflict potential due to the persistent desire to introduce innovations. Suspicious: perceives people who do not share his views as unscrupulous and unkind. There is rigidity of behavior. Indifference or reluctance to accept the projects proposed to him makes him even more determined to achieve his goal. Characterized by concentration, fixation on a goal, a reduced ability to understand others and empathy.
Schizoid. In the foreground of the mental appearance is alienation from others. Disinterest in understanding others and being understood by others. A schizoid is characterized by isolation, immersion in the world of internal experiences and thoughts, which are often divorced from everyday life and, as it were, opposed to it. Extravagance of behavior, hobbies, and their pretentiousness are noted, which, however, do not serve as a way to attract attention to oneself, but express indifference to the environment. The weakness of intuition and empathy emphasizes the impression of coldness and callousness. These traits may be exacerbated by rapid depletion of interest in interpersonal interactions.
Epileltoid. A characteristic feature is periods of unreasonably melancholy mood, when the epileptoid becomes hot-tempered, irritable, and prone to sadistic reactions. There is touchiness, the burden of negative emotions persists for a long time and requires release through revenge, in addition, limitedness and concentration on the once chosen range of interests are noticeable. Careful, scrupulous implementation of the established order may be accompanied by irritation when someone destroys this order. Asymmetry in interpersonal relationships is manifested in the following: he considers it his duty to give advice and teach, but does not tolerate an edifying attitude towards himself. There is a tendency towards thorough, detailed, unhurried explanations and irritation when interrupted, not allowed to finish, or rushed. Successfully copes with work that requires careful, punctual execution of instructions.
Hysteroid. The dominant feature of this type of accentuation is insatiable egocentrism: a thirst for constant attention to one’s person from others, admiration, surprise, veneration, sympathy. Does not tolerate indifferent attitude towards himself, preferring indignation or hatred towards himself. On this basis, a tendency to fantasize develops, through which the need to see and imagine oneself in an unusual light is realized. The absence of deep, sincere, lasting feelings is combined with expressive behavior, theatricality of experiences, and a tendency to show off and pose. Empathy is well developed. Without sufficient sthenicity or the ability to subjugate others, he can occupy a leading position in the group for a short time due to the ability to express emerging moods. He gives in to difficulties, especially if there is no chance to concentrate attention on himself. The psychologically dominant trait also manifests itself in appearance, which is all focused on attracting attention: agitation, conspicuous clothing, jewelry, loud laughter, various voice modulations. Social contacts, although extensive, are superficial and unstable; they are maintained as long as they reinforce the egocentric orientation.
The description of the variety of character types should be supplemented by a description of the variety of character accentuations. If character as a whole is defined by us as a stable direction of response, then when character is burdened by accentuation, certain painful disorders come to the fore. Accentuations are such variants of character development that are characterized by: 1) a violation of the need-motivational sphere in the form of dominance of ambivalent states, 2) a decrease in the ability to socially adapt, 3) increased vulnerability, sensitivity to certain types of influences that cause an inadequate response (reduced resistance). The following classes of accentuations can be distinguished. Asthenic, including disorders of psychasthenic, neurasthenic and sensitive types. Dysthymic, combining disorders of hyperthymic, hypothymic and cycloid types. Sociopathic, within which it is necessary to distinguish between disorders of conformal, nonconforming and paranoid types. “Psychopathic”, including variants of schizoid, epileptoid and hysterical disorders. Here is a brief description of them.
Psychasthenic. The dominant behavioral traits are indecision, anxious suspiciousness in the form of expectations of unfavorable events, anxiety for the well-being of one’s loved ones, a tendency to reasoning, introspection and soul-searching. Indecision manifests itself in long and painful hesitation when it is necessary to make an independent choice. However, when a decision is made, impatience comes to the fore, the desire to immediately implement it. As an overcompensation for indecision, self-confident, categorical judgments and exaggerated determination (recklessness) can be observed. Ritual actions and attention to signs become protection against constant anxiety. As a compensatory formation against anxiety in front of the new, unfamiliar, there is a pedantic tendency towards order, an unchanging regime, any violation of which provokes anxiety. Compensatory formations can also be a tendency to carefully plan upcoming activities, good awareness, and high competence.
Neurotic. In the foreground of mental appearance are such traits as increased fatigue, irritability, a tendency to hypochondria, fear, and timidity. Fatigue quickly sets in both during mental exercise and in a competitive environment under physical and emotional stress. Irritability manifests itself in sudden emotional outbursts, often arising for insignificant reasons and easily giving way to remorse and tears.
Sensitive. First of all, timidity and shyness are noted, which are easily detected in front of strangers and in unfamiliar surroundings. Difficulties in communicating with everyone except close ones, as a result of which sometimes a false impression of isolation and isolation from others arises. Excessive demands on oneself take the form of constant remorse. The desire for overcompensation takes the form of self-affirmation not in the area where abilities can be revealed, but where he feels his own weakness. A timid and shy person can put on the guise of artificial cheerfulness, swagger, and arrogance, but in an unexpected situation he quickly gives in. He often strives to occupy public positions, where timidity is compensated by the authority of the organization, and performs well the formal part of the functions entrusted to him. Situations of excessive attention from others are difficult to bear, especially ill will, ridicule, suspicion of unseemly actions.
Hyperthym. Characterized by an increased need for an influx of life experiences, social recognition, familiarity, and adventurism. Does not tolerate strict discipline and strictly regulated control. Shows resourcefulness in unusual situations. He treats rules and laws lightly, sometimes cynically. Sloppy, unnecessary. Doesn't cope well with work that requires perseverance and painstakingness. They are characterized by high self-esteem and a tendency to make rosy plans for the future, which are easily forgotten and replaced by new ones.
Study of the socio-psychological climate of small trading enterprises.
A study of the socio-psychological climate was conducted for 4 selected trading enterprises (Table 2-5). Table 2. Enterprise 1. employees Socio-psychological. climate High Average Low Unfavorable 1. 34 2. 38 3. 29 4. 40 5. 45 6. ...
Harry Stack Sullivan
Harry Stack Sullivan is the creator of a new concept known as " interpersonal theory psychiatry." Its main principle - as far as personality is concerned - is as follows: personality is "a relatively stable pattern of periodically arising interpersonal situations that characterize a person's life" (1953, p. 111 ...
conclusions
The purpose of the ascertaining experiment was to diagnose the initial level of development of auditory-verbal memory of preschool children with general speech underdevelopment. For this purpose, methods for diagnosing the auditory memory of preschoolers were selected, children were selected for experimental research, they were examined, conclusions were formulated about the initial level of performance...
