During the border battles of 1941, the troops of the North Western Front, holding back the advance of the fascist German Army Group North and part of the forces of Army Group Center deep into Soviet territory, retreated to the Western Dvina by June 29. The 8th Army, cut off from the main forces, fought back to the north, to the Estonian border. In July, the 11th and 27th armies fought with the enemy, who was trying to break through to Staraya Russa and Kholm. During this period, troops of the 11th Army launched a counterattack near Soltsy; on August 12-14, formations of the 11th and 34th armies launched a counterattack against the enemy south of Staraya Russa, which played important role in the Battle of Leningrad 1941-44, in September, troops of the North-Western Front repelled the enemy offensive in the Demyansk direction. During the general offensive Soviet troops winter 1941-42 the troops of the left wing of the North-Western Front carried out the Toropetsko-Kholm operation of 1942 in January (on January 22, the troops of the left wing of the North-Western Front were transferred to the Kalinin Front), as a result of which they advanced almost 250 km and deeply covered Demyansk from the south, and from the north (together with the troops of the Kalinin Front) the Rzhev-Vyazma enemy group. The forces of the right wing of the front struck under Staraya Russa and carried out the Demyansk operation of 1942. By the end of February 1942, the old Russian and Demyansk enemy groups were separated, and the latter (6 divisions) was surrounded (the Demyansk bridgehead was liquidated in February 1943). At the end of the winter of 1942, troops of the Northwestern Front reached the river. Lovat, then during offensive battles in the area south and southeast of Staraya Russa, they eliminated the enemy’s bridgehead on the eastern bank of the river. Lovat. On November 20, 1943, the North-Western Front was disbanded, and its field control was transferred to the reserve of the Supreme Command Headquarters.
Commanders:
F. I. Kuznetsov (June - July 1941), Colonel General;
P. P. Sobennikov (July - August 1941), Major General;
P. A. Kurochkin (August 1941 - October 1942 and June - November 1943), lieutenant general, from the end of August 1943 colonel general;
S. K. Timoshenko (October 1942 - March 1943), Marshal Soviet Union;
I. S. Konev (March - June 1943), Colonel General.
Members of the Military Council:
P. A. Dibrova (June 1941), corps commissar;
V. N. Bogatkin (June 1941 - May 1943), corps commissar, since December 1942 lieutenant general;
F. E. Bokov (May - November 1943), Lieutenant General.
Chiefs of Staff:
P. S. Klenov (June 1941), lieutenant general;
N. F. Vatutin (June 1941 - May 1942), lieutenant general;
I. T. Shlemin (May - August 1942), Major General;
M. N. Sharokhin (August - October 1942), lieutenant general;
V. M. Zlobin (October 1942 - March 1943), lieutenant general;
A. N. Bogolyubov (March - November 1943), lieutenant general;
P. I. Igolkin (November 1943), Major General.
Literature:
"On the North-Western Front. 1941-1943", Moscow, 1969;
Savelyev S., “Through the years of fire”, Moscow, 1978.
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The North-Western Front is an operational association of the Soviet armed forces during the Great Patriotic War, operated in 1941-1943, created on June 22, 1941 on the basis of the Baltic Military District. Initially, the North-Western Front included the 8th, 11th, 27th armies, later also the 1st shock, 3rd shock, 4th shock armies, 22nd, 34th, 48th , 53rd, 68th armies, 1st tank army, 6th air army. Colonel General F.I. took command of the Northwestern Front. Kuznetsov, corps commissar V.N. became a member of the military council. Bogatkin (from December 1942 - Lieutenant General), chief of staff - Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin.
In a border battle in the summer of 1941, troops of the Northwestern Front confronted the German Army Group North and part of the forces of Army Group Center. Under enemy pressure, by June 29, Soviet troops retreated to the Western Dvina. Cut off from the main forces, the 8th Army retreated to the Estonian border and was included in the Northern Front. The 11th and 27th armies fought with the enemy advancing on Staraya Russa and Kholm. On July 3, 1941, Major General P. P. Sobennikov became the commander of the Northwestern Front, and on August 24, Lieutenant General P. A. Kurochkin. By the autumn of 1941, the troops of the North-Western Front gained a foothold on the Demyansk defensive line.
During the counteroffensive near Moscow, troops of the Northwestern Front in January 1942 carried out the Toropetsko-Kholm operation, as a result of which by the end of February 1942 the Old Russian and Demyansk enemy groups were separated, and six German divisions in the Demyansk area were surrounded. By the spring of 1942, the troops of the Northwestern Front reached the Lovat River. In May 1942, Major General I.T. became the new chief of staff of the front. Shlemin, in August of the same year he was replaced by Lieutenant General M.N. Sharokhin. Throughout 1942, the Northwestern Front tried to liquidate the Demyansk cauldron of the Germans, but was unsuccessful. In October 1942, there was a change of command of the Northwestern Front, Marshal S.K. became commander. Timoshenko, chief of staff - Lieutenant General V.M. Zlobin.
The Demyansk bridgehead of the Germans was liquidated only in February 1943. The Northwestern Front's attempt to go on the offensive against Staraya Russa was unsuccessful. In March 1943, the leadership of the front was again replaced, and Colonel General I.S. became the commander. Konev, and the chief of staff was Lieutenant General A.N. Bogolyubov. In May, Lieutenant General E.F. became a new member of the front’s military council. Bokov. In the summer of 1943, I.S. Konev was sent to Kursk Bulge, and Colonel General P. A. Kurochkin became the commander of the Northwestern Front. In August 1943, the front made another unsuccessful attempt to launch an offensive against Staraya Russa. On November 20, the North-Western Front was disbanded, and the First Baltic Front was created on its basis.
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h VBOA IPDYMY OE YUBEE PDOPZP TBBB CH NEUSG. vBOS RTEDUFBCHMSMB UPVPK PZPTPTSEOOKHA CHEFLBNY OEVPMSHYKHA RMPEBDLH, ABOUT YENMA LMBMY MBROIL. CHUA PDETSDH, LTPNE TENOS Y UBRPZ, UDBCHBMY O RTPTSBTLKH, LPFPTPK UMHTSYMB PVSHHLOPCHOOBS TSEMEOBS VPULB. ABOUT DOP VPULY OBMYCHBMY OENOPZP CHPDSH, LMBMY YUKHTLY Y TEYEFLH YY RTHFSHECH, ABOUT OEE MPTSYMPUSH PVNHODYTPCHBOYE. vPYULB TBNEEBMBUSH OBD LPUFTPN. chPDB CH VPULE LYREMB, Y ZPTSUYN RBTPN RTPRBTYCHBMBUSH PDETSDB. bFB RTPGEDKHTTB DMYMBUSH PDYO YUBU. OB LFP CHTENS LBTSDPNKH DBCHBMY CHEDTP ZPTSYUEK CHPDSH DMS NSCHFSHS. eUFEUFCHEOOP, VPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH CHTENEY RTYIPDYMPUSH OBZYYPN FBOGECHBFSH ABOUT IPMPDE, PUPVEOOOP JYNPK.
h UPMDBFULPN Y PZHYGETULPN PVIIPDE OE VSHMP OILBLYI RPUFEMSHOSCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK. yYOEMSH YMY RPMKHYKHVPL, RMBE-RBMBFLB, CHENEYPL CHPF Y CHUE "RTIDBOPE".
eUMY KHDBCHBMPUSH CHFYUOKHFSHUS CH VMYODBTSYL, FP URBMY CHRPCHBMLKH, RTYTSBCHYYUSH DTHZ L DTHZKH, YUFPVSH VSHMP FERMEC. yOPZDB, EUMY RPЪCHPMSMSB PVUFBOPCHLB, U CHEYUETB TBULMBDSCHBMY LPUFET, CHETOEEE, DP OBUFHRMEOYS FENOPFSCH. lPZDB YENMS RPD LPUFTPN OBZTECHBMBUSH, KHZMY TBZTEVBMY, LMBMY MBROIL Y MPTSYMYUSH, KHLTSCHCHYYUSH RMBE-RBMBFLPK. fBL VSHMP FERMEE, YUEN CH OEFPRMEOPN VMYODBCE. fHBMEFOSCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK FPTSE, LBL RTBCHYMP, OE VSHMP. iPTPYP, EUMY KHDBCHBMPUSH KHFTPN URPMPUOKHFSH YJ MHTSY YMY VPMPFB MYGP, KHFETYUSH RPMK YOYOEMY. vPMSHYOUFCHP VSHMY YUKHNBBSCH PF LPRPFPY LPUFTPC. h PVEEN, VSHF VSHM UBNSHCHN RTYNYFYCHOSCHN.
FERETSH OEULPMSHLP UMPC P ZHTPOFE, CHETOEEE, RETEDPCHPK. fBL OBSCHCHBMY RETEDOYK LTBC Y VMYTSBKYYK FSHM, RPTPUFTEMYCHBENSCHK THTSECOP-RKHMENEFOSCHN PZOEN.
h RETCHSCHK CE DEOSH NPI RTEDUFBCHMEOYS P ZHTPOFE RPMOPUFSHA RPDFCHETDYMYUSH. at TBUUCHEFPN OBYUBMUS PTSEUFPYUEOOOSCHK VPK. OBOY CHPKULB RSCHFBMYUSH BFBLLPCHBFSH RTPFPYCHOILB. FPF, EUFEUFCHEOOP, CHUENY PZOECHSHNY UTEDUFCHBNY PFTBTsBM OBIYE OBRBDEOYE. ZTPIPF LBOPOBDSCH OBYEK BTFYMMETYY Y NYOPNEFPCH UMYCHBMUS U ZTPIPFPN TBTSCHCHCH CHTBTSEULYI UOBTSDPCH Y NYO, FTEUL RKHMENEFOSHI, BCHFPNBFOSHHI Y THTSECOSCHI CHSHCHUFTEMPCH, LTYLY "HTB" !”, THZBOSH, LTYLYY UFPOSH TBOEOSCHI CHUE LFP UMYCHBMPUSH CH URMPYOPK FSTSEMSCHK ZTPIPF VPS. ьФХ "НХЪШЧЛХ" DPRPMOSMY ChPЪDKHYOSCHE VPY CH OEVE, STPUFOSHCHE VPNVETSLY YYFKHTNPCHCHE KHDBTSHCH CHTBTSEULPK BCHYBGYY. chVMYY RETEDOEZP LTBS MEU VSHM PUEOSH UIMSHOP YYVYF UOBTSDBNYY VPNVBNY. vPMSHYOUFCHP DETECHSHECH UMPNBOP YMY UTEЪBOP PULPMLBNY ABOUT TBOPK CHCHUPFE.
YENMS VSHMB YЪTSCHFB PLPRBNY, RPYUFY URMPYSH KHUESOB CHPTPOLBNY PF VPNV Y UOBTSDPCH. h CHP'DHIE RPUFPSOOP CHYUEM UNTBD PF TBTSCHCHPCH UOBTSDPCH, NYO, VPNV, RPTsBTTPCH.
TBOEOSCH, LBL RTBCHYMP, UBNY DPVYTBMYUSH DP VMYTSBKYI NEDRKHOLPCH, B LFP RPMFPTB-DCHB LYMPNEFTB, HERE RPMЪLPN, HERE ABOUT RPRKHFOPK RPCHPЪLE. uBOYFBTSH VSHMY ЪBOSFSH FPMSHLP FSTSEMSHNY TBOEOSCHNY, FENY, LFP OE refinery UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP DPRPMЪFY. rPNOA NBMSHYYYLKH NMBDYEZP MEKFEOBOFB, FBLPZP TSE, LBL Y S, LPFPTSCHK U RPTPUFTEMEOOPK OBULCHPSH ZTHDSHA, ЪBTsYNBS THLPK TBOH, VTEM CH RPMKHVEUUPOBFEMSHOPN UPUFPSOY ABOUT SUBSOIL HOLF. rPNPYUSH ENKH S OE refinery, KH NEOS VSHMB OEPFMPTSOBS VPECHBS TBVPFB, P LPFPTPK TEJUSH OJCE.
xVYFSHCHI, B YI VSHMP NOPZP, IPTPOYMY FHF CE. chRTPYUEN, ITPPOYMY UMYYLPN ZTPNLP ULBOBOP. h MHYUYEN UMKHYUBE, OBLTSCHCH RMBE-RBMBFLPK RP OEULPMSHLP YUEMPCHEL, BUSHCHRBMY CH PLPR YMY VPMSHYPK CHPTPOLE, CH LPFPTSCHI YUBUFP ABOUT DOE UFPSMB CHPDB. oETEDLP ЪBLBRSHCHBMY VE CHUSLPK RMBE-RBMBFLY, MYGPN CHOI. oETEDLP KHVYFSHCH RP OUEULPMSHLP DOEK METSBMY OEBBTSHCHFSHCHNY, VSHMP OE DP OYI.
rPNOA, CH PDOPN NEUFE VSHM TPDOIL, NEFTPCH 300–400 PF RETEDPCHPK. DETECHSHS FBN RPYUFY CHUE VSHCHMY UMPNBOSCH UOBTSDBNY Y VPNVBNY. lFP VSHMP JYNPK. UPMDBFSH VMYTSBKYI RPDTBDEMEOYK RTPVYTBMYUSH FHDB, YuFPVSH OBVTBFSH LPFEMPL CHPDSH. chTBTSEULYK UOBKRET, HLTCHCHYYUSH ZDE-FP, PYUECHYDOP ABOUT OKFTBMSHOPK FETTYFPTYY, DEMBM UCHPE YETOPE DEMP. lPZDB S RPDPYEM FKhDB, ChPЪME TPDOILB METSBMP HCE YUEFSHTE YMY RSFSH FTHRPCH. s UOBYUBMB OE RPOSM, CH YUEN DEMP, ZMPFOKHM OENOPZP Y RPIYEM DBMSHYE. pFPKDS YBZPCH 20–30, S KHUMSHCHYBM EEMUPL RKHMY Y PVETOKHMUS. rHMS DPUFBMB PYUETEDOHA CETFCHH, RPUME NEOS RPDPAYEDYHA L TPDOILH.
NPS ЪББДБУБ Ч ьФПФ RТИПД УПУФПСМБ Ч FPN, YuFPVSH PVEUREYUYFSH RTPCHPDOPK MYOYEK FEMEZHPOOPK UCHSY OBVMADBFEMSHOSHCHK RHOLF RPMLB U OBVMADBFEMSHOSHSHNY RHOLFBNY LPNBODYTPCH DYCHYY POPCH, LPFPTSCHE OBIPDIMYUSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP ABOUT RETEDOEN LTBE CH VBFBMSHPOBI RETCHPK MYOYY.
or LPNBODITB RPMLB OBIPDIYMUS ABOUT NPEOPK UPUOE NEFTPCH 600–800 PF RETEDOEZP LTBS. l UPUOE VSHMB RTYUFBCHMEOB UBNPDEMSHOBS MEUFOYGB, B NETSDH CHEFCHEK UDEMBOB OEVPMSHYBS RMPEBDLB YY TTSETDEK. FBN VSHCHMY KHLTERMEOSCH OEULPMSHLP MYUFPCH TSEMEB DMS ЪBEIFSH PF RHMSH Y PULPMLPCH. CHEUSH DEOSH FBN OBIPDIYMUS YMY LPNBODYT RPMLB, YMY EZP ЪBNEUFYFEMSH, THLLPCHPDYCHYE PZOEN DYCHYYPOPCH.
h RPMLKH VSHMP YUEFSHTE DYCHYYPOB, OB OR LBTSDPZP YЪ OYI YMB FEMEZHPOOBS MYOYS, LPFPTBBS RTPLMBDSHCHBMBUSH RP ENME. rPDCHEYCHBFSH ITS ABOUT DETECHS VSHMP OELPZDB, LTPNE FPZP, RPDCHEYEOOBS MYOYS YBUFP OBTKHYBMBUSH RPRBDBOYEN PULPMLPCH, B YOPZDB Y RHMSH. rP YENME PE NOPZYI NEUFBI YMP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP FEMEZHPOOSCHI MYOYK TBMYUOSCHI YUBUFEK Y RPDTBDEMEOOK. lBVEMSH CHUEY VSHM PDYOBLPCHSHCHK, Y EUMY UOBTSD YMY NYOB TCHBMY PULPMLBNY OEULPMSHLP MYOYK, FP OERTPUFP VSHMP TBBPVTBFSH, ZDE YUSHS MYOYS, PUPVEOOOP OPYUSHA. b LPNBODYT FTEVPCHBM RPUFPSOOHA UCHSSH. lTHFYFSHUS RTYIPDIMPUSH CHEUSH DEOSH, B YUBUFP Y OPIUSHA.
hЪChPD VShchM KHLPNRMELFPCHBO OE RPMOPUFSH. about LBTSDPK FPYULE CHNEUFP DCHHI-FTEY FEMEZHPOUFPCH OBIPDIYMUS, LBL RTBCHYMP, PDYO, RPUFPSOOP DOEN Y OPIUSHA, OEDEMSNY, NEUSGBNY, DETSB FEMEZHPOOHA FTHVLH X HIB. uPMDBFSH RTYURPUBVMYCHBMYUSH Y L LFPNH. l FEMEZHPOOPK FTHVLE RTYCHSSHCHBMY OEVPMSHYKHA REFMA YY YRBZBFB YMY LHULB LBVEMS Y OBDECHBMY YFKH REFMA ABOUT ZPMPCHH, FBL YuFP X NOPZYI DBTSE CHSHCHFETMYUSH CHMPUSCH CH LFPN NEUF E, HERE IS VSHMB CHETECHPULB.
FEMEZHPO OEMSHЪS VSHMP VTPUIFSH OH ABOUT NYOHFH DOEN CHUE CHTENS RETEDBCHBMYUSH LPNBODSCH Y RTYLBBOYS, B OPYUSHA YUETE LBTSDSCHE 10–15 NYOHF RTPCHETSMBUSH YURTBCHOPUFSH UCHSY. th EUMY FEMEZHPOUF ABOUT CHCHPCH OE PFCHEYUBM, ABOUT MYOYA RPUSHMBUS MYOEKOSHCHK UCHSYUF.
rPNOA, LBL-FP OPIUSHA OE PFCHEFYM FEMEZHPOYUF PDOPK YЪ FPYUEL, EZP RPЪSCHOPK VShchM “lBBOSH”. DETSKHTYM FBN PDYO UPMDBF, FBFBTYO RP OBGYPOBMSHOPUFY, ZPCHPTYCHYYK U DPCHPMSHOP ЪBNEFOSCHN BLGEOFPN. with OEULPMSHLP TB CHSHCHCHBM EZP, OP PFCHEFB OE VSHMP. CHUE FEMEZHPOUFSH OBIPDIMYUSH ABOUT DTHZYI MYOSI, RTYYMPUSH VETSBFSH UBNPNH. VETH CH THLY MYOYA Y VEZKH RP OEK CH RPYULBI RPTSHCHB. oPIUSH, FENOP, OYUEZP RPYUFY OE CHYDOP.
rTPVETSBM PLPMP LYMPNEFTB MYOYS GEMB, Y YMB POB CH OEVPMSHYPK VMYODBTSYL, ZDELE'M GO FEMEZHPOUF. vMYODBTS YNEM OEVPMSHYPE RETELTSCHFYE YY VTECHEO, CHIP CH OEZP VSHHM YUETE PFCHETUFYE CH RPFPMLE. zMHVYOB VMYODBTSB VSHMB OENOPZYN VPMSHYE NEFTB. ъBUHOKHM ZPMPCHH DSHTH Y RPЪCHBM: “lBBBOSH.” chYTSKH, NPK FEMEZHPOYUF URYF UYDS X FEMEZHPOB, RTYUMPOYYUSH URYOPK L UFEOE VMYODBTSB, CH LPFPTPN NETGBM PZPOEL LHULB ZPTECHYEZP LBVEMS. rPChFPTSA UIMSHOEEE: “LBBBOSH!”; FEMEZHPOUF PFCHEYUBEF BCFPNBFYUEULY: “lBBOSH UMAYBA.” OP DMS FPZP YUFPVSH KHUMSHCHYBFSH PFCHEF RP FEMEZHPOKH, OBDP OBTSBFSH TBZPCHPTOSCHK LMBRBO CH NYLTPFEMEZHPOOPK FTHVLE, B FBL LBL UPMDBF URBM, FP, EUFEUFCHEOOP, BY LFPP OE DEMBM, IPF S Y PE UOE PFCHYUBM ABOUT CHSHCHPCH. hYDS LFP, S LTYLOKHM UIMSHOEEE: “lBBBOSH!” uPMDBF CHDTPZOKHM, RTPUOOKHMUS, OBTSBM LMBRBO Y PFCHEFYM. pVTKHZBCH EZP LBL UMEDHEF, PFRTBCHYMUS OBBD.
pVSHYUOP CH VMYODBCE OBIPDIMPUSH DCHE-FTY FEMEZHPOOSCHI FPYULY BTFYMMETYUFSHCH, NYOPNEFUYYLY, REIPFB; Y EUMY UMKHYUBMUS RPTSCHCH ABOUT MYOY, FEMEZHPOUF PUFBCMSM FEMEZHPO ABOUT RPREYUEOYE UPUEDB Y ECBM ABOUT MYOYA. lTPNE FPZP, OBDP CE VSHMP TEYBFSH Y UCHPY MYYUOSCH TSYFEKULYE OHTSDSCH, RPFPNH OETEDLP UPMDBFSH CHSHCHTHYUBMY DTHZ DTHZB. GERMSM PDYO RP DCHE FTHVLY ABOUT ZPMPCHH, DBChBS DTHZPNH CHPNPTsOPUFSH PFMKHYUFSHUS ABOUT 5–10 NYOHF. fTHDOEE VSHMP, LPZDB FEMEZHPOUF PUFBCHBMUS PDYO. ъB UBNPCHPMSHOPE, VEЪ TBTEYEOYS, PUFBCHMEOYE UCHPEZP NEUFB TBURTBCHB NPZMB VShchFSH UBNPK TSEUFPLPK, CHRMPFSH DP TBUUFTEMB ABOUT NEUFE. ZhTPOF EUFSH ZhTPOF, FBN OELPZDB TBVYTBFSHUS, RTBCH YMY OE RTBCH, ZMBCHOPE VPECHBS TBVPFB, VPECHBS UBDBYUB.
lTPNE FEMEZHPOOSHI MYOYK Y PLPROSCHY FEMEZHPOOSHI UFBOGYK ABOUT RETEDOEN LTBE CHJCHPD PVUMKHTSYCHBM Y MYOYA CH FSHM, CH YFBV RPMLB. ee RTPFSCEOOPUFSH UPUFBCHMSMB RPTSDLB RSFY LYMPNEFTPC. хУИФШЧЧБС, УФП FEMEZHPOSCH KH OBU VSCHMY UMBVPCHBFSHCHE (hob-zh, FP EUFSH KHOIZHYYGYTPCHBOOSCHK OPUINSCHK BRRBTBF ZHPOYUEULYK), NOPZP UYM RTYIPDYMPUSH ЪBFTBUYCHBFSH DMS FPZP, YuFPVSH Y UMSHYYNPUFSH VSHMB IPTPYEK, Y MYOYS VSHMB YURTBCHOPK. b YUEN DMYOOEE MYOYS, FEN LFY RBTBNEFTSCH HIKHDIBMYUSH. PUPVEOOOP DPOINBMY RPTSHCHSHCH, CH PUOPCHOPN YЪ-ЪB BTFPVUFTEMPCH.
rPUPCHEFPCHBCHYUSH UP UCHPYNY LPNBODITBNY PFDEMEOYK, NSCH TEYYMYY FEMEZHPOOHA MYOYA ABOUT YFBV RTPMPTSYFSH ЪBOPPCHP. rTETSOSSS MYOYS YMB CHDPMSH DPTPZY, ZHE LTPNE OBYEK MYOY VSHMP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP DTHZYI. dBCE CH HUMPCHYSI, LPZDB MYOYS VSHMB GEMB, RPTUMKHYYCHBMYUSH RP YODHLGYY RETEZPCHPTSH YUKHTSYI UFBOGYK. nBTYTHF OPCHPK MYOY CHSHCHVTBMY CH PUOPCHOPN RP VPMPFBN, B ZDE OEMSHЪS, ЪBLBRSHCHBMY CH ENMA. lPOYUOP, RTYYMPUSH RPFTKhDYFSHUS Y RPNPLOKHFSH H VPMPFBI. ъBFP RPFPN, LPZDB CHShchRBM UOEZ Y KHLTSCHM OBUKH MYOYA, POB TBVPFBMB DP UBNPK CHEUOSCH VEPFLBOP. TBTSCHCHSH UOBTSDPCH Y NYO, DBTSE CHVMYY PF MYOYY, CHTEDB EK OE RTYYUYOSMY. uOBTSD YMY NYOB HIPDYMY CH VPMPFP, CHSHVTBUSHCHBS ZHPOFBO ZTSY. pUOPCHOBS NBUUB PULPMLPCH PUFBCHBMBUSH CH VPMPFE.
CHEUOPK, LPZDB BLFYCHYYTPCHBMYUSH VPECHSHCHE DEKUFCHYS, OBYB MYOYS DEKUFCHPCHBMB VEKHRTEYUOP. oETEDLP YJ DTHZYYUBUFEK RTYIPDYMY L OBN, YUFPVSH RP OBYEK MYOYY YUETE Oby YFBV RPMLB RETEDBFSH LBLPE-FP UTPYUOPE TBURPTTSEOYE CH UCHPA YUBUFSH.
pDOBTDSCH ZDE-FP CH ZHECHTBME 1943 ZPDB LPNBODYT RPMLB RTYLBYBM DBFSH UCHSSH ABOUT RETEDPCHPK OBVMADBFEMSHOSHCHK RHOLF. FBN VSHMB UDEMBOB OEVPMSHYBS YЪVKHYLB YЪ FPMUFSHI VTECHEO. ACCOUNTING POB YNEMB DCHB OBLBFB, LTPNE FPZP, UOBTHTSY UFEOSCH VSHMY KHLTERMEOSCH CHETFILBMSHOSCHNY UFPMVBNY. bFP CH LBLPK-FP UFEREOY ЪBEYEBMP PF PULPMLPCH Y RHMSH. rTBCHDB, RTSNPE RPRBDBOIE UOBTSDB LFP UPPTHTSEOYE CHTSD MY VSHCHCHDETTSBMP.
lPZDB RTPFSOHMY FEMEZHPOOHA MYOYA, NOE UFBMP YJCHEUFOP, YuFP LPNBODYT RPMLB KHRTBCHMSM PZOEN RP TBDYP. OENGSH ЪBUELMY TBDIPUFBOGYA Y ЪBVTPUBMY VMYODBC UOBTSDBNY Y NYOBNY. CHUS YENMS CHPLTHZ VMYODBTSB VSHMB YЪTSCHFB CHPTPOLBNY, VHLCHBMSHOP RETERBIBOB. xDYCHYFEMSHOP, LBL HGEMEM UBN VMYODBC CH LFPN BDH. lBL FPMSHLP RPUFBCHYMY FEMEZHPO Y KHUFBOPCHYMY UCHSSH, UTBH TSE LPNBODYT RPMLB OBYUBM KHRTBCHMSFSH PZOEN RP FEMEZHPOKH.
PYUETEDOPK BTFOBMEF CHTBZB. yENMS TSDPN U VMYODBTSPN UFBOPCHYFUS DSHVPN PF TBTSCHCHPCH. h PUOPCHOPN POY TCHFUS CH FSHMKH OBEZP VMYODBTSB, NEFTPCH 50–70 RPЪBDY. uCHSЪSH, LPOYUOP, CHSHCHYMB YJ UFTPS. lPNBODYT RPMLB FTEVHEF VSHUFTP CHPUUFBOPCHYFSH UCHSSH, YUFPVSH RETEDBFSH LPNBODH ABOUT RPDBCHMEOYE CHTBTSEULPK VBFBTEY. lBL RPUSHMBFSH CH FBLPE RELMP UPMDBFB? b YI X NEOS CHUEZP DCHPE. chSHULPYUM PDYO YY OYI Y, NBOECHTYTHS NETSDH TBTSCHBNY, RPVETSBM RP MYOYY, DETSB EE CH THLE. CHULPTE UCHSSH CHPUUFBOPCHYMBUSH, OP VHLCHBMSHOP ABOUT UYFBOSHCH UELKHODSCH, Y CHOPCHSH PVPTCHBMBUSH. with RPOSM, YuFP UCHSYUF KHVYF YMY TBOEO FSTSEMP, EUMY OE NPTsEF CHPUUFBOPCHYFSH MYOYA.
rPUSHMBA CHFPTPZP. OBVMADBEN ULCHPSH DCHETOPK RTPEN U OBYUBMSHOILPN UCHSY RPMLB ЪB EZP YZTPK UP UNETFSHA. PYUETEDOPK TBTSCHCH, CHETOEEE, UETYS TBTSCHCHPCH, Y NPK UCHSYUF LBL RPDLPYEOOOSCHK RBDBEF ABOUT YENMA HVYF.
CHULPTE BTFOBMEF RTELTBFYMUS, OP S OBA, YuFP LFP OEOBDPMZP. CHSHCHULBLYCHBA YI VMYODBTSB, YuFP EUFSH UYMSCH VEZKH RP MYOYY, RETERTSCHZYCHBS CHPTPOLY. еУФШ РПТШЧЧ, ВШУФП ЪБИУЭБА И UPEDYOSA LPOGSH, RPDLMAYUYM BRRBTBF, UCHSSH CH UFPTPOH OR EUFSH, B CH DTHZHA OEF. VEZKH DBMSHYE, EEE RPTSHCHCH. th FHF OBYUBMUS PYUETEDOPK PZOECHPK OBMEF. with PLBBBMUS CH GEOFTE bFPZP LMPLPYUHEEEZP CHHMLBOB. DCHE-FTY UELKHOSH NETSDKH TBTSCHBNY, Y S VTPULPN CHREDED RBDBA CH CHPTPOLH. OBUYE CHFPTK LPOEG MYOYY, METSB CH ZTSY CH CHPTPOLE. ъХВБНИ УТШЧЧВА PRMEFLH LBVEMS Y UTBEYCHBA LPOGSCH. UOBTSDSCH U DYLIN CHPEN TCHHFUS CHPLTHZ, UCHYUFSF Y YMERBAFUS CHPLTHZ PULPMLY, LPNSHS ZTSY MHRSF RP URYOE. xFLOCHMUS ZPMPChPK Ch ChPTPOLH. lPOYUOP, PYUEOSH UFTBYOP, FTHDOP CHSHCHDETSBFSH UFKH VEEEOKHA RMSULH UNETFY. nBMEOSHLYK RTPNETSKHFPL, Y S VTPUBAUSH CH UCHETSHA CHPTPOLKH, ЪOBS, YuFP RP FEPTYY CHETPSFOPUFY DCHB UOBTSDB CH PDOKH CHPTPOLOKH OE RPRBDBAF. OP CHEDSH LFP FEPTYS, B POB DBMELP OE CHUEZDB UPCHRBDBEF U RTBLFYLPK.
NYOHF DEUSFSH DMYMUS PZOECHPK OBMEF, OP PO RPLBBBMUS CHEYOOPUFSH. oEVPMSHYPE ЪBFYYSHE. with MYIPTBDPYuOP YEH PVPTCHBOOSCH LPOGSH RTPCHPDB, UTBEYCHBA YI, CHYTSKH, LBL OBYUBMSHOIL UCHSY RPMLB (PO OBIPDIYMUS CHNEUFE U LPNBOYTPN RPMLB Y FERTSH CHSHRPMOSM PVSBOOPUFY DETS KHTOPZP FEMEZHPOYUFB) RPDBEF NOE OBLY THLBNY, YuFP UCHSSH EUFSH.
rPF ЪBMYCHBEF MYGP Y URYOH, IPFS ABOUT KHMYGE JNB. oEULPMSHLP NYOHF METSKH, PFDSCHYBMUS. ъOBA, YuFP ULPTP VHDEF OPCHSHCHK PZOECHPK OBMEF. OENGSH REDBOFYUOSCHK OBTPD TB OBYUBMY PVUFTEM, FP VHDHF RTDDPMTsBFSH EZP, RPLB OE RPFTEVHEFUS RETEOUFY PZPOSH ABOUT DTHZHA GEMSH. x OENGECH HYLPLPMEKLB, Y, UKDS RP CHUENKH, OEDPUFBFLB CH WABTSDBI POY OE PEKHEBAF, B H OBU TSEUFLYK MYNYF. ъБУБУБУФХА ABOUT PDOP PTHDYE CH UHFLY PFRKHULBAF PDYO UOBTSD.
RETEDPIOHCH, PFPYYEM OBBD NEFTPCH UFP, KHLTSCHMUS RPD CHSHCHPTPUEOOSCHN DETECHPN, Central House of Artists. CHULPTE CHOPCHSH OBYUBMUS PZOECHPK OBMEF, DYLBS RMSULB UNETFY. mYOYS, LPOYUOP, PRSFSH VSHMB RETEVYFB, Y CHOPCHSH MYIPTBDPYUOP YEH LPOGSCH RTPCHPDPCH. oBMEF LPOYUMUS CHOEBROP, FBL CE LBL Y OBYUBMUS. NETSDH PZOECHSHNY OBMEFBNY RTPFPYCHOIL CHUE CHTENS DETSYF LFPF KYUBUFPL RPD PVUFTEMPN, NEFPDYUEULY RPUSHMBS UBTSD UB UOBTSDPN YUETE LBTSDSCHE 20–30 ELKHOD.
CHUS MYOYS CH KHMBI, Y UMSHCHYINPUFSH, LPOYUOP, IHTSE. x NEOS U UPVPK, LTPNE FEMEZHPOOPZP BRRBTBFB, LBFKHYLB LBVEMS, NEFTPCH RSFSHUPF. rPOSCH, YuFP OENGSCH OE PFUFKHRYMYUSH PF LFPZP HYUBUFLB Y VHDHF CHUFY EZP PVUFTEM DBMSHYE, S ABOUT PDOPN YH KHYMPCH CHVMYY ЪPOSH PVUFTEMB RPDUPEDYOSA RTPCHPD U LBFHYLPK Y RTPLMBDSHCHBA MYOYA ЪB ЪPOPK PVUFTEMB. oEULPMSHLP TB RTYIPDYMPUSH VTPUBFSHUS CH CHPTPOLY, LPZDB OOBTSD KHZTPTSBAEE MEPHEME ABOUT NEOS. h CHPTPOLBI CHPDB, CHSHNPL CHEUSH OBULCHPSH, OP MYOYA RPDFSOKHM.
lPNBODYT RPMLB UFKHUYF RYUFPMEFPN RP RPDPVYA UFPMB YI CETDEK, FTEVHEF UCHSSH. PYUETEDOPK PZOECHPK OBMEF CHOPCHSH RETEVEYM MYOYA. th FHF RPSCHMSAUSH S U RPUMEDOYNY NEFTBNY LBVEMS ABOUT LBFKHYL. about BYUBMSHOIL UCHSY ICHBFBEF EE, MYIPTBDPYuOP RPDUPEDYOSEF RTPCHPD L FEMEZHPOKH EUFSH UCHSSH! lPNBODYT RPMLB NETSDH LPNBODBNY RPDVBDTYCHBEF NEOS PDPVTSAEIN CHZMSDPN, UCHSSH TBVPFBEF KHUFPKUYCHP. b UCHSSH ABOUT ZhTPOF LFP OETCH BTNYY, DB Y CH NYTOP CHTENS FPCE.
UOINBA UBRPZY, CHSHCHMYCHBA CHPDKH, CHSHCHTSINBA RPTFSOLY Y UOPCHB ЪB TBVPFKH, RPLB ЪБ FEMEZHPOYUFB. eEE OE RPDPYEM UPMDBF-FEMEZHPOYUF, CHCHCHBOOSCHK U GEOFTBMSHOPK UFBOGYY.
CHEUSH SOCHBTSH Y ZHECHTBMSH RTDPDPMTSBMYUSH FSTSEMSCHE VPY, ZYVMY FSCHUSYU MADEK, OP TEKHMSHFBFB RTBLFYUEULY OILBLPZP.
h OBYUBME NBTFB 1943 ZPDB S RPMKHYUM RTYLBBOYE ABOUT PTZBOYBGYA RTPCHPDOPK UCHSY CH OPCHSHCHK TBKPO. mYOYA OBDP VSHMP FSOKHFSH NOPZPLYMPNEFTPCHA, B YUEN DMYOOEE MYOYS, FEN NEOSHIE OBDETSOPUFY. u DCHHNS FEMEZHPOUFBNY RPFSOKHMY MYOYA. x LBTSDPZP RP 5–6 LBFKHOYEL LBVEMS, LBCDBS 7–8 LYMPZTBNNPC Y RP FEMEZHPOOPNH BRRBTBFH. with FPCE OBZTHYMUS OTBCHOE UP CHUENY. OBONYE VEMSHK NBULYTPCHPYuOSCHK IBMBF RETEDPCHBS TSDPN.
CHEUSH DEOSH FSOKHMY MYOYA. xUFBM DP OECHPNPTSOPUFY. EME DPVTEM DP RTPNETSKHFPYUOPK UFBOGYY FBN FEMEZHPOYUF UPPTHDIM YY CHEFCHEK EMY Y UPUOSCH YBMBY. h YBMBYE ZPTYF OEVPMSHYPK LPUFET, UEM TSDPN U LPUFTPN, OE EBNEFIM, LBL KHUOKHM. rTPUOOKHMUS, LPZDB ABOUT NOE ЪBZPTEMUS NBULIBMBF Y PVPTSZMP MYGP. rTYYMPUSH ЪBCHBMYFSHUS CH UOEZ, YuFPVSH RPFKHYYFSH FMEAEIK NBULIBMBF.
h NBTFE 1943 ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OBUFHRMEOYE CHPKUL UECHETP-'BRBDOPZP ZhTPOFB, ch FPN YUYUME Y ABOUT KHUBUFLE 1-K hDBTOPK BTNYY, LPFPTPK LPNBODPCHBM ZEOETBM lHЪOEGPCH. tBOP KHFTPN CHUEN DEKUFCHPCHBCHYYN CH RETCHPN yEMPOE OBUFHRMEOYS CHSHCHDBMY RPZPOSH.
rPNOA, LBL RETED BFBLPK UPMDBFSH UOYNBMY YYOEMY, PUFBCHBSUSH FPMSHLP CH CHBFOILBI, YUFPVSH MEZUE VSCHMP BFBLPCBFSH. h RETCHSHCHK TSE DEOSH HDBMPUSH RTPTCHBFSH PVPTPOH RTPPHYCHOILB. 1-C xDBTOBS BTNYS DEKUFCHPCHBMB ATSOEE DENSOULPZP LPFMB, OBOPUS HDBT CH TBKPOE UEM ъBMKHYUSHE, ZPDYMPChP, nBFBUPChP, X UBNPZP PUOPCHBOYS ZPTMPCHYOSCH PLTHTSEOOPK ZTHRRRYTPCH LY. hTBZ KHRPTOP UPRTPFYCHMSMUS. ъB NOPZIE NEUSGSH PVPTPPOSH PO RTYUFTEMSM LBTSDSCHK LHUFIL Y FERETSH THAN PCEUFPYUEOOOSCHK RTYGEMSHOSHCHK PZPOSH YY CHUEI CHYDPC PTTHTSYS.
h OEVE FPCE YEM STPUFOSHCHK BCHYBGYPOOSCHK VPK. pFFHDB USCHRBMYUSH OB YENMA PULPMLY PF UBNPMEFPCH, B YOPZDB Y UBNPMEFSCH RBDBMY OB YENMA.
oBUFKHRMEOYE YMP FSTSEMP, VPMSHYIE RPFETY OUMY OBUY CHPKULB, OP OBUFPKYUYCHP, KHRPTOP "RTPZTSCHBMY" CHTBTSEULHA PVPPTPOKH. chЪSFSH UEMB ъBMKHYUSHE, zPDYMPChP, nBFBUPChP. bFP HCE KHUREY. rTPFYCHOIL, YUKHCHUFCHHS, YuFP OBTECHBEF OPCHSHCHK LPFEM, OBYUBM RPUFEREOOP PFIDYFSH, CHSTBCHOYCHBS ZhTPOF. CHULPTE DENSOULIK LPFEM RETEUFBM UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH, OP PLTHTSYFSH CHTBTSEULYE ChPKULB OE HDBMPUSH. yuBUFY 1-K hDBTOPK BTNYY CHSHCHYMY OB THVETS TELY TEDSHS Y ЪDEUSH RETEYMY L PVPTPOE.
vPechshche RPTSDLY OBEZP 37-ZP ZChBTDEKULPZP BTFRPMLB TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH TBKPOE UEMB rPDDPTSHE. rPML RPDDETSYCHBM 14-K ZCHBTDEKULYK UFTEMLPCHSHCHK LPTRKHU, LPFPTSCHK CHIPDIM CH UPUFBCH 1-K hDBTOPK BTNYY.
CHUOB RPMOPUFSH CHUFKHRYMB CH UCHPY RTBCHB, CHUE CHPLTHZ RPLTSHMPUSH FBMPK ChPDPK, DPTPZY UFBMY OERTPIPDYNSCH. rPDChP RTDDPChPMSHUFCHYS RTELTBFYMUS. yOPZDB x-2 UVTBUSHCHBM OUEULPMSHLP NEYLPCH UHIBTEK, LPFPTSHCHE RTECHTBEBMYUSH CH LTPYECHP, DB Y DPUFBCHBMYUSH FPMSHLP FEN, LFP KHUREM OBKFY. b FBL LBL LFP RTPYUIPDYMP H FENOPE CHTENS, FP YOPZDB NEYLY RPRBDBMY L RTPPFYCHOILH. l FPNKH CE MEFUYL CHUEZDB CHSHCHVYTBM RPMSOKH CH MEUKH Y ABOUT OEE UVTBUSHCHBM UCHPK ZTH. OP HFPK VPMPFFIUFPK NEPMOO RPMSOBUSH VSHMB VPMPFPN, RTYUEN YUBUFP Zmhvplein, FSUOPK, YCE PDIO UPMDBF Hyyyh FCh FTSUKHFLE TSPUFBLE TSMBOFSH TSMBOOSHSHK NIPLL.
rTPDPCHPMSHUFCHYS CHPPVEE OILBLLPZP OE CHSHCHDBCHBMY, Y ZPMPD NHYUM PUOPCHBFEMSHOP. yOPZDB KHDBCHBMPUSH OBVTBFSH ABOUT VPMPFE LMALCHSHCH, ZTSCHY VETEIPCHHA LPTH. pDOBTDSCH LPNBODYT PFDEMEOYS UETSBOF fLBYUHL RPDUFTEMYM LBLHA-FP RFYGH, OE FP UPTPLH, OE FP CHPTPOKH. UCHBTYMY UHR, UYAYEMY EZP NYZPN. xDBYEK UYFBMPUSH, EUMY HDBCHBMPUSH OBKFY HVYFHA MPYBDSH. EE OENEDMEOOOP TBDEMSCHBMY VHLCHBMSHOP DP ICHPUFB, CHUE YMP CH RIEKH. hBTYMYYYYYUBUB FTYYYMYYUEFSHTE. ъБ БФП CHTENS U OEE CHSCHIPDYMP NOPZP REOSCH: ЪББУБУФХА LPOIOB VSHMB HCE CH ZPDBI Y, LPOYUOP, TSEUFLBS. OP ZPMPD DEMBM UCHPE DEMP. oETEDLP CHUOPK YЪ-RPD UOEZB RPSCHMSMBUSH FHYB, HVYFBS EEE PUEOSH. POB FPTSE YMB CH IPD, IPFS, LBL RTBCHYMP, VSHMB U DKHYLPN. h PVEEN RYFBOYE, PUPVEOOOP ABOUT RETEDPCHPK, VSHMP ULKHDOSHCHN Y OETEZKHMSTOSHCHN. zPMPDBFSH RTYIPDIMPUSH YUBUFP.
ъB VPY CH SOCHBTE NBTFE NEOS OBZTBDYMY PTDEOPN lTBUOPK ъCHEDSHCH. rTYLBY RPDRYUBM LPNBODYT 14-ZP ZChBTDEKULPZP UFTEMLPCHPZP LPTRHUB. chRTPYUEN, OZTBDOPK MYUF S OE CHYDEM Y OE OBBA, YuFP FBN VSHMP OBRYUBOP. s, LPOYUOP, VSHM ZPTD LFPC OBZTBDPK, NOE CHEDSH VSHMP FPMSHLP 19 MEF.
ьФПФ ьРЪПД ЖТПОФПЧПК ЦИЪой ФИ МЭФ С ПRYХ ВПМЭ РПДТПВОП.
CHEUOB 1943 ZPDB ABOUT UECHETP-ъBRBDOPN ZhTPOFE OBUFKHRIMB OEPTSIDBOOP TBOP. hCE CH NBTFE STLPE UPMOGE TBUFPRYMP UOEZ, FBMBS CHPDB ЪBMYMB CHUE CHPLTHZ ABOUT DEUSFLY, B NPTSEF, Y UPFOY LYMPNEFTCH. MEUB, RPMS, NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH VPMPPFB CHUE VSHMP ЪBMYFP CHPDK, FPMSHLP OEVPMSHYIE VHZPTLY CHPCHSCHIBMYUSH OBD OEK. TBULYUMY DPTPZY, ЪBMYFSHCH CHPDK PLPRSHCH, FTBOYEY, VMYODBTSY. URMPYOPE NPTE CHPDSH, OBULPMSHLP ICHBFBEF CHYDINPUFY.
PTHDYS OBYEK VBFBTEY TBNEUFYMYUSH ABOUT RMPFBI YI FPMUFSHI VTECHEO, VMBZP LTHZPN MEU. s U RBTPC TBCHEDYUYLPCH Y FEMEZHPOYUFPCH RPUFPSOOP OBIPDIYMUS ABOUT ROR (RETEDPCHPN OBVMADBFEMSHOPN RHOLFE) CH VBFBMSHPOE, LPFPTPNH VSHMB RTYDBOB OBYB VBFBTES. OBN RPCHEMP OBY VMYODBTSYL CHSHTSCHF ABOUT OEVPMSHYPN LPUPZPTE Y CHPDB UADB OE DPUFBEF.
bLFYCHOSHE VPECHSHCHES DEKUFCHYS RTELTBFYMYUSH OEF RPDCHPЪB VPERTYRBUPCH; CH FBLPC UYFKHBGYY OE RPCHPAEYSH. fPMSHLP YЪTEDLB, FP CH PDOPK, FP CH DTHZPK UFPTPOE, UMSCHYOSCH PFDEMSHOSHCHCHUFTEMSHCH, FP MY VPECHPE PITBOOEYE LFP-FP RPFTECHPTSYM, FP MY LBLPK ЪCHETSH YMY RFYGB RPRBMY ABOUT NHYL H.
UPMDBFSH, LBL ЪBKGSHCH KH DEDB nBBS, KHUFTBYCHBAFUS ZDE-OYVKhDSh ABOUT RPCHBMEOOPN DETECHE, VMBZP LTHZPN ICHPKOSHCHK MEU, UKHYBF ABOUT UPMOG CHCHNPLYE ЪB OPYUSH YYOEMY, RPTFSOLY, RM BE-RBMBFLY, VEЪMPVOP RPTHZYCHBSUSH ABOUT LBRTYYSH RPZPDSH. CHUE TBZPCHPTSH LTHFSFUS CHPLTHZ PDOPK FENSCH: RTYCHEHF UEZPDOS PVED YMY OEF? hCE NOPZP DOEK UYDYN ABOUT ZPMPDOPN RBKLE, IPTPYP, EUMY DBDHF RP PDOPNKH UHIBTA DB RP LTHTSLE LYRSFLB ABOUT CHEUSH DEOSH. b OBN, BTFYMMETYUFBN, EEE FTHDOEE: OBYB DYCHYYPOOBS LHIOS ZDE-FP LYMPNEFTBI CH RSFY UBDY, CH FSHCHMH, RPRTPVHK FHDB DPVETYUSH RP URMPYOPK CHPDE! l FPNH CE Y FBN CH LPFMBY PDYO LYRSFPL. NSH VETEN UKHIYN RBKLPN ABOUT OEULPMSHLP UHFPL Y RPFPN UBNY CHBTYN CH LPFEMLBY. oP HCE OEDEMY DCHE DBAF RPYUFY OYUEZP, TBCHE YFP OULPMSHLP RPDNPYUEOSCHI UHIBTEC. CHUE NSHUMY UCHPDSFUS L PDOPC: YuFP VSH RPEUFSH?
yOPZDB ABOUT VPMPFBI RPRBDBMBUSH LMALCHB. uPVYTBMY EE OETEDLP RP RPSU CH CHPDE, B FP Y RTPCHBMYCHBMYUSH YUHFSH MY OE U ZPMPCHPK CH MEDSOHA VPMPFOHA LHREMSH. chBTYMY YUFP-FP CHTPDE LYUEMS, DPVBCHMSS L SZPDBN LPTH PUYOSCH. rYEB CHSHCHIPDYMB LYUMBS, ZPTSHLPCHBFBS, OP CHUE TSE ZPTSYUBS Y LBL-FP HDBCHBMPUSH PVNBOKHFSH TSEMHDPL, RPUFPSOOP FTEVHAEIK UNITS. OP KHCE VPMSHYE OEDEMY RPIPDSCH ЪB LMALCHPK VSHCHMY VEJTEIKHMSHFBFOSHNY CHUE CHPLTHZ UPVTBOP.
x NEOS VSHMB CHETIPCHBS MPYBDLB, LPFPTBS UFPSMB ЪDEUSH TSE, CHVMYY VMYODBTSB, CH UREGYBMSHOP CHSTCHFPN CH LPUPZPTE ЪBZPOYUYLE. VEDOPE TSICHPFOPE, POP LBTSDSCHK TB CHUFTEYUBMP NEOS FPULMYCHSHCHN, ZPMPDOSCHN CHZMSDPN. eUMY OBN YOPZDB RETERBDBMP RP UHIBTA, FP DMS MPYBDY OE DBCHBMY OYUEZP. edYOUFCHEOOSCHN LPTPNN VSHMY VETEЪPCHSHCHE DB PUYOPCHSHCHE CHEFLY, YOPZDB LMPYUPL RPTsKHIMPC, RTPYMPZPDOEK FTBCHSHCH.
NSH VETEZMY OBUH MPYBDLKH LBL ЪООГХ ПЛБ. nPYN UPMDBFBN, PVEUYMECHYYN PF RPUFPSOOPZP OEDPEDBOYS, VSHMP HCE OE RPD UYMKH UPCHETYBFSH CHPSTSY ABOUT OBYKH LHIOA, RSFSH LYMPNEFTPC FHDB Y UFPMSHLP CE PVTBFOP, IPFS CHUE POY VSHMY OE IYMPZP DEUSFLB. mPIBDLB OBU CHSHCHTHYUBMB. ABOUT OEK NPI UPMDBFSH RP PYUETEDY LBTSDSCHE FTP UHFPL EDYMY L UFBTYOE VBFBTEY ЪB RTPCHYYEK.
lBL-FP KHFTPN DETSKHTOSHCHK FEMEZHPOUF DPMPTSYM, YUFP NEOS CHCHSCCHBAF CH YFBV RPMLB. FETSAUSH CH DPZBDLBY: ЪBUEN VSHCH NEOS, LPNBODYTB CHJCHPDB, CHSHCHCHBMY CH YFBV RPMLB, ZDE S OH TBH OE VSHCHBM? rPRPTPUYM FEMEZHPOUFB RP "UPMDBFULPNKH FEMEZTBZHKH" KHOOBFSH, CH YuEN DEMP. chULPTE FPF DPMPTSYM, YuFP NEOS CHSHCHCHCHBAF ЪB RPMKHYUEOYEN OBZTBDSCH, PTDEOB lTBUOPK ъCHEDSHCH, LPFPTSCHN S VShchM OBZTBTSDEO Ch LPOGE RTPYMPZP, 1942 ZPDB. rTYLB EUFSH RTYLB, Y IPFS OBZTBTSDBAF OE LBTSDSCHK DEOSH Y RPChPD, LPOYUOP, RTYSFOSCHK, OP DEUSFSH LYMPNEFTPC DP YFBVB Y UFPMSHLP CE PVTBFOP RP URMPYOPK CHPDE HD PCHPMSHUFCHYE NBMPRTYSFOPE.
TEYM EIBFS ABOUT UCHPEK MPIBDLE. rPYYEM DPMPTSYFSH LPNBODYTH VBFBMSHPOB P RPMKHYUEOOPN RTYLBBOYY. FPF UPPVEIM NOE, YuFP EZP FPCE CHSHCHCHCHBAF Y RP FPK CE RTYYUYOYE. rPBDTBCHYMY DTHZ DTHZB. lPNVBF RTEDMPTSYM EIBFSH CHNEUFE, OBIY YFBVSH TBURPMBZBMYUSH OEDBMELP DTHZ PF DTHZB. oEDBMELP PF OBIYEZP ror RTPIPDIMB ZTEKDYTPCHBOOBS DPTPZB, TPCHOPK UFTEMPK RTPTEUBCHYBS MEU: H PDOKH UFPTPOH TBKGEOFT rPDDPTSHE oPChZPTPDULPK PVMBUFY, FBN RTPPFYCHOIL, CH DTHZHA UFPTPOH CH OBUY FSHHM. EDEN RP PVPYUYOE DPTPZY, URTBCHB ZMHVPLYK LACEF, DPCHETIKH OBRPMOEOOSCHK FBMPK CHPDPK. NOPZIE KHUBUFLY DPTPZY FPCE ЪБМИФШЧПДПК. CHRETEDY EDEF LPNVBF, ЪB OIN EZP LPOPCHPD, RPЪBDY S ABOUT UCHPEK MPIBDLE.
fYYYOB, RTYZTECHBEF STLPE UPMOGE, TPVLP PTSYCHBEF RTYTPDB, LPE-ZDE CHSHZMSDSCHCHBEF JEMEOBS FTBCHLB. EDEN YBZPN, OBUY MPYBDY CHTSD MY CH UPUFPSOYY RETEKFY ABOUT TSHUSH. dB Y OBDP CHOINBFEMSHOP UNPFTEFSH CHREDED RPD OPZY, CHEDSH NSCH CHVMYY RETEDPCHPK, Y NYOOSHCH RPMS ЪDEUSH OE TEDLPUFSH, FEN VPMEE ABOUT DPTPZE. dPTPZB RKHUFSCHOOB, OILBLPZP DCHYTSEOYS. EDEN, LBL ZPCHPTYFUS, LPRShchFP Ch LPRShchFP, YOPZDB RETEVTBUSHCHBENUS UMPCHBNY.
rTPEYBMY LYMPNEFTB FTY. chDTHZ CHREDEDY ZHPOFBO CHPDSH, ZTSY, DSHNB. with OE KHUREM PUPOBFSH, YuFP RTPYPYMP, LBL PLBBBMUS CH ZMKHVPLPN LACEFE U ZPMPCHPK CH MEDSOPC CHPDE. TSDPN VSHEFUS NPS MPYBDLB, RShchFBSUSH CHUFBFSH ABOUT OPPZY. iPTPYP, YuFP S EEE KHUREM CHSHCHDETOKHFSH OPZKH YJ UFTENEOY, B FP OBZMPFBMUS VSC CHPDSH, RPLB CHSHCHME YJ-RPD MPYBDY. MEDSOBS CHPDB KHUREMB RPRBUFSH RPD PDETSDH, CH UBRPZY.
CHRETEDY CH LACEFE RSCHFBEFUS CHSCVTBFSHUS YЪ-RPD MPYBDI PTDOBTEG LPNVBFB. rPNPZ ENKH CHUFBFSH ABOUT OPPY. fBN TSE, ZDE EIBM LPNVBF, UFTBIOBS LBTFJOB: MPYBDSH EZP TBPTCHBOB ABOUT YUBUFY, VSHEFUS CH LPOCHKHMSHUISI, Y ЪDEUSH TSE, CH ChPTPOLE, VSHUFTP ЪBRPMOSAEEKUS ZTSЪOPK FBMPK ChPDPK, T BUFFETBOOPE FEMP LPNVBFB. TBCHPTPYUEOOBS CHTSCHCHPN OITSOSS YUBUFSH EZP FEMB RETENEYBMBUSH U PLTPCHBCHMEOOOSCHNY LHULBNY MPYBDY...
uFTBYOBS, FSCEMBS LBTFYOB. ъBRELYYEUS ZHVSCH EME YYYYUHF RPUMEDOYE UMPCHB: “... yCHBO... BUFTEMY... BUFTEMY.” zPTMP UCBM LPNPL. TSDPN RMBUEF LPOPCHPD, OE OBEF, YuFP DEMBFSH. with RTEDMBZBA ENKH YHTPDPCHBOOSCH PUFBOLY FEMB LPNVBFB ЪBCHETOHFSH CH RMBE-RBMBFLH, PFCHEFY CH YFBV RPMLB Y DPMPTSYFSH, YuFP LPNVBF RTYVSHCHM ЪB OZTBDPK.
nPMYUB EDEN RP DPTPZE. FERETSH S CHREDEDY, ЪB NOK MPYBDSH LPOPCHPDB, LPFPTHA PO CHEDEF CH RPCHPDH, OB OEK CH DCHHI RMBE-RBMBFLBI PUFBALL LPNVBFB... REYUBMSHOBS RTPGEUUYS.
CHULPTE OBOY DPTPZY TBUIPDSFUS. yPUUE PUFBMPUSH CH UFPTPOE. EDH RP OYLPTPUMPNKH EMSHOILH, UFBTPK CHSHCHTHVLE MEUB. ABOUT OEVPMSHYPN RTYZPTLE NPS MPYBDSH PUFBOBCHMYCHBEFUS Y MPTSYFUS ABOUT VPL, EME KHUREM CHCHULPYUYFSH YUEDMB. CHSHCHVIMBUSH YYM. dP YFBVB RPMLB EEE LYMPNEFTB DCHB. mPIBDSH NPS REYUBMSHOSHNY CHYOPCHBFSHNY ZMBBBNY UNPFTYF ABOUT NEOS. rschFBAUSH ITS RPZMBDYFSH Y KHURPLPYFSH: POB CHUE EEE CHJDTBZYCHBEF PF RETETSYFPZP.
YuFP DEMBFS? vTPUYFSH MPIBDSH OEMSH, OP Y RPDOSFSH ITS ABOUT OPZY OECHPNPTSOP, VEDOPE TSYCHPFOPPE UPCHUEN CHSHCHVYMPUSH YYM.
rPUNPFTEM CHPLTHZ, RPVMYPUFY OH DKHYY. uOSM UEDMP, RPChPD KHDEYULY RTYCHSЪBM L VMYTSBKYENH DETECHGH, CHBBMYM UEDMP ABOUT RMEYY Y RPVTEM CH UFPTPOKH YFBVB. rKHUFSH MPYBDSH PFDPIOEF, RPLB S VKHDH IPDYFSH.
at FTHDPN DPVTBMUS DP YFBVB. po TBNEEBMUS CH PDOPN YJ DPNPCH OEVPMSHYPK DETECHKHYLY. x DPNB UFPSMB RPTSBTOBS LBYUBMLB (OBUPU), Y UPMDBFSH RPYUFY YUETE LBTSDSCHK YUBU LBYUBMY CHPDH YЪ-RPD DPNB RPMPCHPDSH RPDOINBMP RPM.
h YFBVENOE CHTHYUMMY NPK RETCHSCHK PTDEO lTBOOPC ъCHEDSCH ЪB RTPYMSCHE VPY, RPЪDTTBCHYMY, OBMYMY RPMLTHTSLY CHPDLY, RPMLPFEMLB OBUFPSEEZP ZPTPIPCHPZP UHRB, DBMY LHUPL OBUFPSEEZP IMEVB. fBLLPZP CHLHUOPZP UHRB S OE EM OH DP, OH RPUME LFPPZP, B NPTSEF VSHCHFSH, NOE FBL RPLBBBMPUSH U ZPMPDKHIY.
pFDPIOHCH U YUBU, WITH RPYEM PVTBFOP, L UCHPEK MPYBDLE. h LBTNBOE YYOEMY VSHMP DCHB VTYLEFB ZPTPIPPCHPZP UHRB, DCHB VTYLEFB RYOOOPK LBYY DB OEULPMSHLP RPMOPCHEUOSHI UHIBTEK, UVPLKH OB TENEYE PE ZhMSTsLE RPVKHMSHLYCHBMB CHPDLB GEMPE UPUFPSOY E!
CHULPTE RPDPYEM L FPNKH NEUFKH, ZDE PUFBCHYM UCHPA MPYBDSH, VEZBA PF LHUFB L LHUFKH, OP EE OYZDE OE CHYDOP. PYYVYFSHUS S OE Refinery. oBLPOEG KHCHYDEM RKHUFKHA KHDEYULKH, RTYCHSBOOHA L DETECHGH, B RPVMYJPUFY ICHPUF CHUE, YUFP PUFBMPUSH PF NPEK MPYBDY. chDBMY, LYMPNEFTBI CH RPMKHFPTB, CHYDOSCH VSHCHMY PTHDYS VBFBTEC OBEZP RPMLB...
CHBMYCH ABOUT RMEYUYUEDMP Y KHDEYULKH, RPVTEM S ABOUT UCHPK ror. DEOSH HCE LMPOYMUS L ЪBLBFH. vBZTPChShchK LTHZ UPMOGB LPUOHMUS CHETIOEK LTPNLY DBMSHOEZP MEUB...
nPY UPMDBFSH VSHUFTP UCHBTYMY DCHB LPFEMLB ZPTPIPCHPZP UHRB, TBOMMYMY RP LTHTSLBN CHPDLH, UFPS Y NPMYUB RPNSOKHMY LPNVBFB, B ЪBFENNOE EEE TB RTYYMPUSH VTPUBFSH UCH PC PTDEO CH LTHTSLH. zhTPOFPCHBS TSYOSH RTDPDPMTSBMBUSH.
bFP VShchM NPK RETCHSCHK PTDEO, NOE YYEM DCHBDGBFSHCHK ZPD, Y CHUE PUOPCHOSHE UTBTSEOYS VSHCHMY EEE CHREDEDY.
pDOP PFDEMEOYE NPEZP CHJCHPDB TBURPMBZBMPUSH CHNEUFE UP NOPA CHVMYY RETEDPCHPK. nShch ЪBOINBMY IPTPYYK VMYODBC, CHSHTSCHFSCHK CH NPMPDPN EMSHOYLE ABOUT CHPCHSHCHYEOOPUFY; ZPCHPTYMY, YuFP LFP VSCHCHYYK RBTFYBOWLYK MBZETSH.
ъDEUSH X NEOS RTPYPIMB OERTYSFOPUFSH. OPIUSHA YUYUE PDYO NPK UPMDBF. BY PITBOSM OBY UPUEDOYK VMYODBC. oBKhFTP RPSCHYMYUSH TBVPFOILY LPOFTTBBCHEDLY “UNETY”. dPRTBYCHBMY NEOS Y NPYI UPMDBF, ChSCHSUOSS, YuFP UPVK RTEDUFBCHMSM RTPRBCHYYK UPMDBF. sing PUNPFTEMY NEUFOPUFSH CHPLTHZ Y RTYYMY L CHSHCHPDKH, YuFP UPMDBFB CHJSMB OPIUSHA CHTBCEULBS TBCHEDZTHRRB. ABOUT THE JOB OF VSHCHMY CHYDOSCH UMESH OENEGLYI UBRPZ. IPTPYP, YuFP OE ЪBVTPUUBMY Oby VMYODBC ZTBOBFBNY. h PVEEN, HTPL VShchM UETSHEOSCHK. rTYYMPUSH KHUYMYFSH PITBOH, PUPVEOOP OPIUSHA.
CHULPTE OBU RPML VSHCHCHEDEO CH VMYTSBKYK FSHM, OERPDBMELKH PF UEMB nBMFPCHYGB, ZDE RPML RPMKHYUYM RPRPMOEOYE Y RETEZHPTNYTPCHBMUS, VSHM KHLPNRMELFPCHBO OPChPK FEIOILPK. oERPDBMELH OBIPDIYMUS RETEDOYK LTBC VSCHCHYEK OENEGLPK PVPTPOSCH, Y NSCH YOPZDB IPDYMY FHDB, UOINBMY FBN FEMEZHPOOSCHK LBVEMSH Y DTHZPE YNHEEUFCHP. oETEDLP LFP-FP RPDTSHCHBMUS ABOUT CHTBTSEULYI NYOBI. xDYCHMSMYUSH NSCH OENEGLPK PVUFPSFEMSHOPUFY, U LBLPK SING PVKHUFTPYMY UCHPA PVPPTPOKH. vMYODBTSY VSHMY PVYFSH CHOKHFTY DPULBNY, YNEMYUSH DPEBFSHCHE DCHHIFFBTSOSHCHE GENERAL, DBTSE FKHBMEF VSHM PVPTHDPHBO RP CHUEN RTBCHYMBN. fTBOYEY ABOUT CHSHCHUPLPN NEUFE VSHCHMY CH RPMOSHCHK TPUF, Y UFEOSCH FBLCE VSHCHMY KHLTERMEOSCH CETDSNY YMY DPULBNY. h RPMKHFPTB LYMPNEFTBI PF RETEDOEZP LTBS OBIPDIYMUS UBNSCHK OBUFPSEYK DPN PFDSCHB VHI UPMDBF Y CHEDE ZPTSH VHFSHMPL. yOPZDB CHUFTEYUBMYUSH VMYODBTSY, PDOB YY UFEO LPFPTSCHI VSHMB CHSHMPTSEOB YY RKHUFSHCHI VHFSHMPL. oOB RPDUFKHRBI L OENEGLPK PVPTPOE CH FTBCHE OETEDLP CHUFTEYUBMYUSH FTHRSCH OBUYI UPMDBF, RPZYYI CH VPSI. oYLFP YI OE IPTPOYM.
tBVPFBS LPNBODITPN CHJCHPDB UCHSY, WITH CHUE CHTENS RTPUYMUS ABOUT BTFYMMETYKULHA DPMTSOPUFSH. CHULPTE NPS RTPUSHVB VSHMB KHDPCHMEFCHPTEOB. CHEUOPK 1943 ZPDB NEOS OBYUMY LPNBODITPN 2-ZP PZOECHPZP CHJCHPDB VBFBTEY. OB CHPPTHTSEOY VBFBTEY OBIPDIMYUSH 76-NN RHYLY PVTBGB 1939 ZPDB. rTPCHPDYMY ЪBOSFYS RP PZOECHPK RPDZPFPCHLE Y RP FBLFYLE. zPFPCHYMYUSH L OPCHSHCHN VPSN.
CHULPTE RPML RETEIEM ABOUT OPCHSHYYFBFSCH. TSD PZHYGETPCH, CH FPN YUYUME Y S, CHSHCHYMY ЪB YFBF. nsch PFLPNBODYTPCHCHCHBMYUSH CH TEETCH ZHTPOFB. about BYUBMSHOIL YFBVB RPMLB, RPDRYUSCHCHBS LPNBODYTPCHPYUOPE RTEDRYUBOYE, KHCHYDEM NPA ZHBNYMYA, CHSHCHBM Y URTPUM, RPYUENKH S OE ULBBBM ENKH, YuFP CHSHCHEDEO ЪB YFBF. ON ЪBSCHYM, YuFP S IPTPYP RPLBЪBM UEVS CH VPSI Y NEOS OBDP VSHMP PUFBCHYFSH CH RPMLH. OP RTYLB HCE RPDRYUBO. chNEUFE U DTHZYNY PZHYGETBNY NSCH OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH EDTPChP, ZDE RP-RTETSOENH OBIPDIYMUS 69-K ЪBRBUOPK BTFRPML. fBL S ChFPTPK TB RPRBM UADB.
dYCHYYPO TEYETCHB PZHYGETULPZP UPUFBCHB TBNEEBMUS CH OBLPNPN NOE MEUKH CH VPMSHYI YENMSOLBI. sing RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK VPMSHYKHA LCHBDTBFOHA SNH: URTBCHB Y UMECHB ENMSOSCHE GENERAL, RPLTSCHFSHCHE EMPCHSHCHN MBRoilLPN, CHYDBCHYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY CHYDSCH UPMDBFULYYYYY NBFTBUBNYYY RPDKHYLBNYY, OBVYF SCNY UPMPNPK. lTSCHYB VSHMB DCHHIULBFOBS, RPUTEDYOE FPMUFPE VTECHOP, ABOUT LPFPTPPE MPTSYMYUSH TSETDY, RPLTSCHFSHCHE EMPCHSHCHN MBROILPN Y BUSHCRBOOSCH ACCOUNTING ENMEK. chPF Y CHUE HDPVUFCHB, CHUE PUFBMSHOPE CH UPUEDOYI LHUFBI. хНШЧЧБМІУШ Х ВМИЦБКИЭЗП ВПМПФБ, ЗДЭ ВШЧМБ ЦШЧТШЧФБ SNB Y CHUEZDB UFPSMB CHPDB.
lPTNYMYUSH NSCH YJ PVSHYUOPK RPIDDOPK LHIOY. rYEB VSHMB UBNBS OERTYIPFMYCHBS: UHR YMY EY Y LBYB ABOUT CHFPTPE DB YUBK. oYLBLPK UFPMPChPK, LPOYUOP, OE VSHMP. rPD DETECHSHSNY YI CETDEK VSHMY UPPTHTSEOSH RTYNYFYCHOSCHE UFPMSCH Y FBLYE TSE UIDEOSHS. lTPNE PVSHYUOPK RAY, PZHYGETBN CHSHCHDBCHBMY PDYO TBJ CH NEUSG DPRPMOYFEMSHOSHCHK RBEL: VBOKH LPOUETCHPCH (PVSHYUOP CH FPNBFOPN UPHUE), RBYULH REYUEOSHS, LHUPL NBUMB YMY UBMB, ZTB NNPCH 300–400.
hSHCHDBCHBMY CHUEN FBVBL. rPNOA, ChShchDBMY BTPNBFOShchK FBVBL "ATSOSCHK". s OE LHTYM Y PFDBCHBM EZP DTHZYN. ьФПФ ФБВБЛ УШЧЗТБМ ЪМХА УХФЛХ. RBULY FBVBLB VSHMY RPIPTSY ABOUT RBULY YUBS. rPChBT X LPZP-FP URPTPUYM PDOKH YMY DCHE RBYULY YUBS Y RPMPTSYM YI CH VMYODBCE ABOUT RPMLH, ZDE ITBOYMUS YUBK. TBOP KHFTPN CH PDYO YJ DOEK, ЪБЧБТИЧБС УБК, по CHNEUFP YUBS VTPUYM CH LPFEM RBYULH FBVBLB. NSH RYMY YUBK NPMYUB, RPFPN LFP-FP ULBBM, YFP YUBK ZPTSHLYK. CHUE ЪBYKHNEMY, UPVTBMYUSH CHPЪME LPFMB. rPChBT, YuHS OEMBDOPE, DMYOOOSCHN YuETRBLPN RPDDEM UP DOB ЪBCHBTLH. POB TBURBTYMBUSH Y OBRPNYOBMB LHYUKH FTBCHSHCH. UFBMP SUOP, UFP LFP FBVBL. rPTKHZBCHYUSH Y RPUNESCHIYUSH, TBBYMYUSH. l CHEUETKH KHOBMY, YuFP RPChBTB BTEUFPCHBMB CHPEOOBS LPOFTTBCHEDLB “UNETY”. ENH RTYRYUBMY RPRSHFLH PFTBCHYFSH PZHYGETPCH. oEMERSCHK UMKHYUBK, OP UHDSHVB LFPPZP OECHYOOOPZP YuEMPCHELB VSHMB TEEOB.
h OBYEK YENMSOLE, CHRTPUEN LBL Y CH DTHZYI, VSHMP OEUNEFOPE YUYUMP LTSHCHU. dPRRBEL NSCH LMBMY ABOUT GEOFTBMSHOHA VBMLKH RPD RPFPMLPN. lTSCHUSH VSHUFTP TBURTBCHMSMYUSH UP CHUEN, YuFP VSHMP JN RP KoHVBN. pVSHYUOBS LBTFYOB: RTYIPDN U PVEDB, MPTSYNUS CHJDTENOKHFS. lBL FPMSHLP CHUE KHMEZMYUSH, LTSCHUSCH CH PYUETEDSH DTHZ ЪB DTHZPN ЪBRPMЪBAF ABOUT VBMLKH, Y RPIMB TBVPFB. y FHF RP EME ЪBNEFOPNH CHЪNBIKH THLY TBBDBEFUS UTBЪХ OUEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH Ъ RYUFPMEFPCH І OZBOPCH. UFELMSOOSH VBOLY CHDTEVEZY, LTSCHUSCH LHVBTEN RBDBAF ABOUT RPM Y TBVEZBAFUS. ъBFP YUETE OEULPMSHLP NYOHF RTYVEZBEF DETSKHTOSHCHK RP RPMLH CHSHCHSUOSFSH, YuFP ЪB UFTEMSHVB. OP NSCH KHCE DEMBEN CHYD, UFP LTERLP URYN. dPRRBKLH DPUFBCHBMPUSH Y PF LTSHCHU, Y PF OBYEK UFTEMSHVSHCH, OP LTSCHUSCH, RP-NPENKH, UETSHEOPZP HEETVB OE OEUMY.
h ЪBRBUOPN RPMLKH CHUFTEFYMUS UP UCHPYNYY RTETSKOYNYY UPUMKHTSYCHGBNY RP 69-НХ ъbr. Sing RPYUFY CHUE VSCHMY ABOUT UCHPYI NEUFBI. ъDEUSH CHUE TSE OE RETEDPCHBS.
h DYCHYIPOE TEYETCHB WITH RTPVSHHM NEUSG Y RPMKHYUM OBYUEOYE Ch 1-A ZCHBTDEKULHA CHP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOKHA DYCHYYA.
dYCHYYS OBIPDIMBUSH ABOUT UECHETP-ъBRBDOPN ZHTPOFE CH TBKPOE uFBTPC tKHUUSCH. bFPNH ZPTPDLH Ch oPChZPTPDULPK PVMBUFY DPUFBMPUSH LTERLP. EZP DMYFEMSHOPE CHTENS YFKHTNPCHBMY OBUY CHPKULB, BY OBIPYMUS CH ЪPOE DPUZBENPUFY OE FPMSHLP NYOPNEFOPZP Y BTFYMMETYKULPZP, OP Y RKHMENEFOPZP PZOS. chPLTHZ uFBTPC tKhuusch RPYUFY URMPYOSCH VPMPFB Y MEUB. l NPNEOFKH NPEZP RTYVSHCHFYS CH DYCHYYA, MEU CHPLTHZ ZPTPDB RTBLFYUEULY VSHM KHOYUFPTSEO BTFYMMETYKULIN Y NYOPNEFOSHCHN PZOEN.
with RTYVSHCHM CH 4-K ZCHBTDEKULYK CHPDKHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHK RPML CH UETEDYOE BCHZKHUFB 1943 ZPDB. PYUETEDOPE OBUFHRMEOYE ABOUT uFBTHA tHUUH OBUBMPUSH 10 BCHZHUFB. ABOUT LFPF TB UADB VSHMY VTPPEOSCH OEULPMSHLP CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSCHI DYCHYYK, CH FPN YUYUME Y ORBY DYCHYYS.
vPY YMY PCEUFPYOOOSCH. deUBOFOILBN HDBMPUSH RTPTCCHBFSH PVPPTPOKH RTPPFYCHOILB, RTEPDPMEFSH OUEULPMSHLP (RSFSH YMY YEUFSH) THVETSEK PVPTPPOSH, ZDE CHUE RTUFTEMYCHBMPUSH RETELTEUFOSCHN PZOEN, B NEUFOPUFSH VSHMB ZKHUFP ЪБНОИТПЧБОВ. rPDUFKHRSCH L uFBTPC tHUUE VSCHMY KHLTERMEOSCH UIMSHOEEE, YUEN NPTsOP VSCHMP RTEDRPMBZBFSH. ъDEUSH RPMEZMY NOPZYE DEUSFLY FSCHUSYU OBUYI UPMDBF Y PZHYGETPCH, CH FPN YUYUME Y DEUBOFOYLPCH.
rTETSDE YUEN PRYUSCHCHBFSH UCHPE RTYVSHCHFYE CH RPML, LPTPFLP ULBTSKH PV YUFPTYY DYCHYYYY, ZDE NOE RTEDUFPSMP UMHTSYFSH Y CHPECHBFSH. h FPF RETYPD ChPЪDKHYOP-DEUBOFOSCHE UPEDYOEOYS DEKUFCHPCHBMY LBL PVSHYUOSCHE UFTEMLPCCHESCHE DYCHYYYY.
chP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHPKULB VETHF UCHPE OBYUBMP U RTEDCHPEOOOSCHI NBOECHTTPCH LYECHULPZP CHPEOOOPZP PLTHZB CH 1939 ZPDH. fPZDB VShchM CHShVTPYEO OEVPMSHYPK DEUBOF U UBNPMEFPCH. ABOUT NBOECHTBI RTYUHFUFCHPCHBMY YOPUFTBOOSCH CHPEOOSH BFFBYE, Y DMS OYI, CHRTPUEN, LBL Y DMS NOPZYI YЪ OBUYI LPNBOYTPCH, LFP VSHMP RPMOPK OEPTSYDBOOPUFSH. l OBYUBMH CHEMYLPK pFEYUEUFCHEOOPK CHPKOSCH CH OBYEK BTNYY HCE VSHMP UZhPTNYTPCHBOP OYULPMSHLP CHPDHYOP-DEUBOFOSHHI LPTRKHUPCH, LBTSDSCHK YI LPFPTSCHI UPUFPSM YЪ RBTBIAFOP-DEUBOFOSHI V TYZBD, B FE, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH, J VBFBMSHPPCH.
rTEDYUFCHEOOILPN 1-K ZCHBTDEKULPK ChPЪDKHYOP-DEUBOFOPK DYCHYYY VSHHM 4-K ChP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOSHK LPTRKHU. po DYUMPGYTPCHBMUS CH VEMPTHUULPN CHPEOOPN PLTHZE. lPNBODPCHBM LPTRKHUPN ZEOETBM-NBKPT b. and. SWORD At the Ochubmbmbschshchchshchchi of the lptrchy than the fsmascheh vp, at Oeneglp-Zabifuleyy, Kommersanthchcchet Kufrbdopzp ZhTPOFB, LPFPTSHN LPNBODPCHBM RBCHMPCH, ZetPK UPCHEFULPZP PAPAB. BY CHULPTE VSHM UOSF U DPMTSOPUFY Y TBUUFTEMSO ЪB RPFETA KHRTBCHMEOYS ZHTPOFPN, IPFS EZP CHYOSCH CH LFPN OE VSHMP.
chULPTE LPTRKHU VSHM CHSHCHEDEO YJ VPS, UPUTEDPFPYUEO H TBKPOE ZPTPDB feklpchp zptshlpchulpk PVMBUFY, ZDE RTPCHPDYM DPHLPNRMELFPCHBOYE Y ЪBOINBMUS VPECHPK RPDZPFPCHLPK.
l PUEOY 1941 ZPDB PVUFBOPCHLB ABOUT ZHTPOFBI VSHMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP FSCEMPK. zYFMETPCHULYE CHKULB VMPLYTPCHBMY mEOYOZTBD, PLTHTSYCH EZP UP CHUEI ufptpo. fPMSHLP YUETE mBDPTsULPE PIETP RPDDETSYCHBMBUSH UCHSSH ZPTPDB UP UFTBOPK. yNPK MEDPCHBS DPTPZB RPMKHYUMB OBCHBOYE dPTPZB TsYOY. chTBZ RPDPYEM CHRMPFOHA L UFPMYGE OBYEK TPDYOSCH.
h RETCHSCHI YYUMBI DELBVTS 1941 ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OBUFHRMEOYE RPD nPULCHPK. h OEN KHYUBUFCHPCHBMP OUEULPMSHLP ZhTPOFPPCH, h FPN YUYUME LBMYOYOULYK Y ъBRBDOSCHK. rTPFYCHOILH VSHM OBOUEEO NPEOSCHK (RP FEN CHTENEOBN) HDBT, Y PO OYUBM PFIPDYFSH PF nPULCHSHCH ABOUT UBBRBD.
YuFPVSH URPUPVUFCHPCHBFSH ChPKULBN ъBRBDOPZP ZhTPOFB Ch TBBCHYFYY OBUFHRMEOYS, VSHMP RTYOSFP TEYEOYE ABOUT CHSHVTPULKH ChP'DKHYOPZP DEUBOFB Ch FSHM RTPFYCHOILB Ch TBKPO ZPTPDB chSSHN B. chP'DKHYOSCHK DEUBOF VSHM CHSHCHVTPYEO H TBKPO NETSDH hSSHNPK Y dPTPZPVHTSEN UNPMEOULPK PVMBUFY. deUBOFYTPCHBOYE RTPIPDIMP CH FTHDOSHHI ЪYNOI HUMPCHYSI 27–28 SOCHBTS 1942 ZPDB. chP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOSHCHPKULB OE YNEMY UREGYBMSHOSCHI CHPEOOP-FTBOURPTFOSCHI UBNPMEFPCH, Y DEUBOFYTPCHBOYE RTPCHPDYMPUSH YY VPNVBTDYTPCHEYLPCH. chPPTHTSEO DEUBOF VSHM FPMSHLP MEZLINE UFTEMLPCHSHCHN PTHTSYEN. pFPTCHBOOPUFSH PF ZHTPOFB, FTHDOPUFY PVEUREYUEOOYS VPERTYRBUBNY Y RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN FSTSEMP ULBSCCHBMYUSH ABOUT DEKUFCHYSI OBUYI YUBUFEK.
4-K ChP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOSHK LPTRKHU ZEOETBM-NBKPTB MECHBYPCHB CH UPUFBCHE 8, 9 Y 214-K ChP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOSCHI VTYZBD FBLCE VSHM CHSHVTPYEO Ch KHLBBOOSCHK TBKPO. deUBOFYTPCHBOYE RTPIPDIYMP DTBNBFYUOP. lPNBODYT LPTRHUB VSCHM HVYF EEE CH UBNPMEFE DP DEUBOFYTPCHBOYS. lPNBODPCHBOYE LPTRKHUPN RTYOSM OBYUBMSHOIL YFBVB RPMLPCHOIL b. and. lBBOLYO. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DEUBOFOILY TBUULBYSCHBMY P FEE YULMAYUYFEMSHOP FTHDOSHY Y LTPCHPRTPMYFOSHHI VPSI CH FSHMKH CHTBZB. FEN OE NEOEE DEUBOF CHSHRPMOYM UCHPA ЪBDBUH. h FEYUEOYE RPMKHZPDB, DP YAMS 1942 ZPDB ON ULPCCHBM LTHROHA ZTHRRYTPCHLH CHTBTSEULYI CHPKUL CH LFPN TBKPOE.
h YAOE YAME, RP RTYLBYH ZHTPOFB, PUFBFLY LPTRHUB NEMLYNY ZTHRRBNY CHCHYMY YY PLTHTSEOYS CH TBKPOE ZPTPDB lYTPCHB lBMKHTSULPK PVMBUFY. CHCHYEDYK YJ VPS LPTRKHU VSHM RTEPVTBBPCHBO CH 1-A ZCHBTDEKULHA CHP'DKHYOP-DEUBOFOKHA DYCHYYA. rPUME RETEZHPTNYTPCHBOYS DYCHYYS VSHMB CH 1943 ZPDH OBRTBCHMEOB ABOUT UECHTP-ъBRBDOSCHK ZhTPOF.
h YAME BCHZKHUFE 1943 ZPDB DYCHYYS RTYOSMB KHYUBUFYE h VPSI RPD uFBTPC tKHUUPK oPChZPTPDULPK PVMBUFY. ъDEUSH OBYUBMPUSH PUETEDOPE OBUFHRMEOYE. chPF UADB S Y VSHHM ABOUT DPMTSOPUFSH LPNBODYTB CHJCHPDB HRTBCHMEOYS 4-K VBFBTEY 2-ZP DYCHYYPOB 4-ZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP ChPЪDKHYOP-DEUBOFOPZP BTFRPMLB.
h DYCHYYYA OBU VSHMP OBRTBCHMEOOOP OUEULPMSHLP YUEMPCHEL, h FPN YUYUME Y MEKFEOBOF lHMBLPCH yCHBO sLPCHMECHYU, OSCHOE RPMLPCHOIL CH PFUFBCHLE. nsch RPDTHTSYMYUSH FPZDB Y UPITBOYMY DTHTSVH DP OBUFPSEEZP READING. lTPNE NEOS, CHUE PUFBMSHOSCHE, LBL ZPCHPTSF, RPTPIB OE OAIBMY, CHRETCHSCHE RPRBMY ABOUT ZHTPOF, Y S, LBL NPZ, PVIASUOSM YN, YUFP Y LBL VSHCHCHBEF ABOUT CHPKOYE.
ABOUT RPRHFOSCHI NBYOBI L CHEWETH DPVTBMYUSH DP TBKPOB TBURPMPTSEOYS DYCHYYYY. CHEWETPN CH MEUKH YULBFSH UCHPK RPML DEMP FTHDOPE, RPFPNH S RTEDMPTSYM RETEOPYUECHBFSH, B KHFTPN TBSHCHULBFSH RPML. about BN RPRBMUS RHUFPK VMYODBC ABOUT PRHYLE MEUB. rPM EZP VShchM BUFEMEO FTBChPK. vMYODBC VSHM OYLINE, UFPSFSH NPTsOP VSHMP FPMSHLP ABOUT LPMEOSI. ZhTPOF TSIM UCHPEK TSYOSHA. zDE-FP CHDBMY UMSHCHYBMBUSH BTFYMMETYKULBS LBOPOBDB, RP DPTPZBN YMY NBYOSCH, ZTHTSEOOSCH VPERTYRBUBNY Y RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN. CHUE LFY ZhTPOFPCHCHE RTYNEFSHCHNOE VSHMY IPTPYP YJCHEUFOSCH, RPFPNH S, KHMEZYUSH ABOUT FTBCHH, KHLTSCHMUS RPMPC YYOEMY Y VSHCHUFTP HUOKHM.
khFTPN NSCH DPCHPMSHOP VSHUFTP OBYMY YFBV OBEZP RPMLB. pZhPTNYMY DPLKHNEOFSH, Y S KHYEM YULBFSH UCHPA 4-A VBFBTEA. lFP VSHMP CH UETEDYOE BCHZKHUFB 1943 ZPDB. l LFPNH NPNEOFH OBUFHRMEOYE ABOUT uFBTHA tHUUH HCE CHSCDPIMPUSH. rTPTCHBCH ZMKHVPLL YEMPOYTPCHBOOKHA PVPTPPOKH RTPFYCHOILB, RPMLY DYCHYYYY RTPDCHYOHMYUSH ABOUT 8–10 LYMPNEFTPCY RPDPYMY CHRMPFOHA L ZPTPDH, OP PCHMBDEFSH YN OE UNPZMY. rPFETY U OBYEK UFPTPOSH VSHMY PYUEOSH VPMSHYYNY. lTHZPN VPMPFB, MEU CHEUSH HOYUFPTSEO UOBTSDBNY Y NYOBNY, CHUADH ЪBCHBMSH PF RPCHBMEOOPZP MEUB. FEIOILH, CH FPN YUYUME Y FBOLY, ЪDEUSH RTYNEOSFSH VSHMP OECHPNPTSOP. h LFPN VSHMB PDOB YЪ RTYYUYO OEKHDBYUY PYUETEDOPZP OBUFHRMEOYS. OP RTPTSCHCH PVPTPPOSH RTPPFYCHOILB Y RTPDCHYTSEOYE ABOUT OUEULPMSHLP LYMPNEFTPC DMS UECHETP-ъBRBDOPZP ZHTPOFB VSHMP UPVSHCHFYEN OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHN.
lPNBODYT 4-K VBFBTEY OBIPDIYMUS ABOUT UCHPEN or, LPFPTSCHK TBURPMBZBMUS KH VPMSHYPZP RPCHBMEOOPZP DETECHB, ЪDEUSH TSE VSCHM Y LPNBODYT VBFBMSHPOB PDOPZP YЪ RPMLPCH, LPFPTSCHK RPD DETSYCHBM OBY DYCHYYPO.
rPSCHYCHYYUSH ABOUT OR, S PUFBOPCHYMUS CHPME LPNBODITB VBFBTEY Y UFBM DPLMBDSCHBFSH P UCHPEN RTYVSCHFYY ABOUT DPMTSOPUFSH. OP PO UTBH TSE, DETOKHCH NEOS ЪB RPMKH YOYOEMY, LTYLOKHM, YUFPVSHCH S MEZ, FBL LBL ZDE-FP OEDBMELP UYDYF CHTBTSEULYK UOBKRET Y NPTSEF ЪBRTPUFP KHVYFSH. PRKHUFYMUS ABOUT LPMEOY, DPMPTSYM. YuKHCHUFCHHA RPD LPMEOPN LBLHA-FP KHRTHZPUFSH, LPCHSHCHTOKHM UBRPZPN, PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP RPDP NOPK FPOLINE UMPEN YENMY RTYUSCHRBO KHVYFSHCHK. lPNVBF ULBBM, YuFP ЪDEUSH CHUS NEUFOPUFSH URMPYSH KHUESOB FTHRBNY Y OBYNYY Y OENEGLINY. iPTPOYFSH OELPZDB, DB Y OZDE, LTHZPN VPMPFB. rP'FPNH RP ChPNPTSOPUFY RTYLBRSCHBMY ENMEK, OBLTSCHBMY EMPCHSHCHN YMY UPUOPCHSHN MBROILPN, CHPF Y CHUE RPYUEUFY. h PVEEN, ABOUT ZHTPOF TSYOSH YUEMPCHYUEULBS YBUFP PVEUGEOYCHBMBUSH. chBTsOP VShchMP ChShchRPMOYFSH ЪBDБУХ, B LBLPC GEOPK LFP DPUFBCHBMPUSH, NBMP LPZP UETSHOP VEURPLPYMP. b EUMY VEURPLPYMP, FP MYYSH CH FPN RMBOE, YuFP RPRPMOEOYE VHDEF OE ULPTP, B BDBUY OBDP TEYBFSH UEKUBU.
vSCHUFTP RPOBBLPNYMUS UP CHJCHPDPN, CHETOEEE, U FENY, LFP VSCHM ABOUT or. chЪChPD KHRTBCHMEOYS VBFBTEY, LPFPTSCHNOE RTEDUFPSMP LPNBODPCHBFSH, UPUFPSM YI PFDEMEOYK TBCHEDLY, FEMEZHPOOPK UCHSY, TBDYP Y CHSHCHUYUMYFEMS. ZMBCHOBS ЪББДБУБ ЧЪЧПДБ TBБЧЭДЛБ RTPФИЧОПИБ, ПВОПТХЦОСИЭ ESP PZOECHSCHI UTEDUFCH Y PRTEDEMEOYE LPPTDYOBF GEMEC, B FBLCE PVEUREYOOYE UCHSHA OBVMADBFEMSHOPPZP RHOLFB VBF BTEI U PZOECHPK RPYGYEK VBFBTEY, LPFPTBS OBIPDIMBUSH PF or PVSHYUOP ABOUT DCHB-FTY LYMPNEFTB CH FSHCHMH. lTPNE FPZP, RTY CHEDEOYY PZOS VBFBTEEK OBDP VSHMP UMEDYFSH ЪB TBTSCHBNY UOBTSDPCH Y LPPTDYOYTPCHBFSH PZPOSH VBFBTEY.
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I specifically decided to wait until the annual parade dust around May 9 had settled down a bit. Below you can see several dozen pictures taken in May of this year in one of the bloodiest “squares” of the “Demyansk Cauldron”. I have been going there for many years now, I try to communicate as much as possible with the few participants in the events there and eyewitnesses, fortunately there are still some. I didn’t write about my impressions; you can feel everything described there too intensely. But I will say one thing - now sometimes a kind of animal fear comes over there, especially when you try to imagine what exactly those who fought there experienced.
From January 7 to May 20, 1942, troops of the Northwestern Front (P.A. Kurochkin) carried out the Demyansk offensive operation. During it, by the end of February, Soviet troops separated the Old Russian and Demyansk enemy groups, and surrounded the latter, consisting of six divisions of the 16th Army. However, the liquidation of the encircled group was delayed, and by April 23 the enemy managed to connect with the encircled troops, forming the so-called Ramushevsky corridor 4 km wide. Further offensive actions of the Soviet troops with the aim of eliminating the Demyansk group were unsuccessful. The fight between the parties unfolded in the zone of the formed corridor, which by the end of April was expanded by the enemy to 6-8 km.
Map of military operations
Map of military operations
Not far from the neck of the corridor, truly tragic events unfolded in the winter of 1941-1942. Attempts at an offensive by the Red Army only on a small section of the front resulted in bloody losses: about 18,000 soldiers and officers and more than 80 tanks. Soldiers of the SS Division "Totenkopf" and the Danish SS Corps also fought against the Red Army. The Germans defended staunchly, turning the adjacent settlements forests into deeply echeloned fortified areas. Rubble, barbed wire and continuous minefields awaited the attackers in addition to the cold, frost-free swamps, machine-gun and artillery fire.
There are a lot of these kinds of funnels filled with water in the forest. Often they contain the dead dumped after a battle.
There are a lot of these kinds of funnels filled with water in the forest. Often they contain the dead dumped after a battle.
Helmets scattered everywhere with the most intricate holes are collected in heaps and those that are not too rusty and disfigured are used to construct simple homemade monuments
Helmets scattered everywhere with the most intricate holes are collected in heaps and those that are not too rusty and disfigured are used to construct simple homemade monuments
The forest in our offensive zone is filled with rusty, mutilated iron. And, of course, people...
The forest in our offensive zone is filled with rusty, mutilated iron. And, of course, people...
British smoke mine
British smoke mine
German newspaper
German newspaper
Stars from the fraternal graves where their comrades were buried anonymously in 1941-1942
Stars from the fraternal graves where their comrades were buried anonymously in 1941-1942
About unknown soldiers
Several units of medallions for several hundred found Red Army soldiers are a common occurrence. As a rule, the dead lie very shallow, right under the turf. They do not have weapons with them or they were damaged in battle. It’s good if a person is lying in a helmet, there is a chance to find him with a metal detector. We found just such a “top” fighter.
Among his personal belongings, he had only two 20-kopeck coins, a bottle of cologne, and a spoon with the mark of the city of Kirov. The spoon was in a felt boot. There were no inscriptions or signs that could help identify the deceased...
Sailors in the "cauldron"
Sailors also fought in the Demyansk "cauldron". As part of naval rifle brigades. Naval rifle brigades began to be formed according to GKO Decree No. 810 dated 10/18/41 on the formation of 25 rifle brigades and Order of the USSR NKO No. 00110 dated 10/18/41 about the same (from number 61 to number 85). The basis was the recently accepted staff of cadet rifle brigades, which until the end of October had one rifle regiment. From the beginning of November, the brigades were transferred to the staff of a separate rifle brigade with three rifle battalions. The name “naval rifle brigades” was given by Order No. 0512 of December 27, 1941. They did not differ from ordinary rifle brigades in anything other than the presence of 20 to 80% of sailors in the l/s and the appointment of various numbers of dropout cadets from military schools and district courses. After the “October” brigades, according to GKO Resolution No. 935 of November 22, 1941, 116, 138, 142 separate infantry brigades were formed, also according to the staff of separate rifle brigades. In December 1941 - January 1942, 154 militia brigades were formed (according to a separate NPO Directive).
Formed on 01/02/42 in Moscow as a result of the renaming of the 166th brigade Marine Corps, which in turn was renamed on December 28, 1941 from the 1st Moscow regiment withdrawn from the front to the capital separate detachment sailors. On January 19, the brigade was sent to the 3rd Shock Army of the Northwestern Front. Not a single brigade retained the word “cadet” in its name. The Omorsbr formation of 1942 also did not have “cadet” in its name. The expression “cadet naval brigades” appeared, it seems, by mixing disparate facts into one. During formation and in everyday life, the fighters of the Separate Marine Corps could call themselves the Marine Corps, and so could the command, but “naval rifle brigades” remain in history. As in the NPO Order.
The Order of Alexander Nevsky was awarded to commanders of the Red Army who showed personal courage, courage and courage in battles for the Motherland and who, through skillful command, ensured the successful actions of their units, for taking the initiative to choose the right moment for a sudden bold and successful attack on the enemy and inflicting a major defeat on him with small ones. losses for their troops.
The order was awarded to commanders of regiments, battalions, companies, and platoons. According to the Decree of the PVS of the USSR dated November 10, 1942, the awarding of the order was extended to commanders of divisions and brigades.
The first award of the order took place according to the Decree of the USSR PVS of November 5, 1942. Badge No. 1 was received by the commander of the marine battalion of the 154th Marine Rifle Brigade, senior lieutenant (later - lieutenant colonel) I.N. Ruban. .
The sailors really fought bravely. Suddenly, boldly and courageously. In black pea coats, to the hoarse “Polunra!” they had thrown the Germans out of the small village and were preparing for the next attack. And the Germans were also preparing. Their reconnaissance, especially aerial reconnaissance, was excellent. Therefore, when the sailors fearlessly attacked again, the Germans met them with dagger fire from machine guns and self-propelled guns. They killed or wounded almost all of the attackers, and several dozen sailors were captured. Later, the Germans collected all the dead and dumped them in a sand quarry into a deep adit. And they fell asleep with an explosion. Demyansk search engines have been looking for this adit for many years. Found.
Every day a careful record of the found fighters is kept. In total, more than 300 Red Army soldiers were found during the entire spring watch
Every day a careful record of the found fighters is kept. In total, more than 300 Red Army soldiers were found during the entire spring watch
About monuments
The Demyansk detachment has a commander. The vast majority of monuments and burials in those places were created by his will and hands. His squad found and buried almost 9,000 dead soldiers - more than a DIVISION!
About beavers
This year's scourge was beavers. Beavers skillfully dammed a small river through which ours advanced in the fall and winter of 1941-1942.
Sharpened
Sharpened
Previously, you could jump over the river, but now you had to seriously overcome it by boat.
Previously, you could jump over the river, but now you had to seriously overcome it by boat.
About everyday life
8th Army
12th mechanized corps - 23rd and 28th TD, 202nd MD;
3rd mechanized corps - 2nd and 5th TD, 84th MD;
10th Rifle Corps - 10th and 11th Infantry Divisions;
11th Rifle Corps - 48th and 125th Infantry Divisions;
Directorate of the 65th Rifle Corps;
22nd Rifle Division of the NKVD.
11th Army
1st mechanized corps - 3rd TD, 163rd infantry division, 5th mtsp;
16th Rifle Corps - 5th, 33rd and 188th Infantry Division;
Thus, the front commander proposed to urgently begin transferring the 22nd Latvian and 24th Estonian territorial corps, which had not yet been brought into battle due to their unreliability, to the area of Pskov and Ostrov. Here the 1st mechanized and 41st rifle corps transferred to the front were supposed to take up defense along the line of the old fortified areas. Under their cover it was planned to deploy troops withdrawn from the Dvina line. At the same time, Kuznetsov proposed to begin the evacuation of the Moonsund Islands and the withdrawal of troops of the 8th Army from Riga to a new line of defense along the southern border of Estonia.
“You did not understand the order of Headquarters 0096. The current situation requires detaining the enemy at the Western line within the next three to four days. Dvina. Headquarters requires the execution of order 0096. Take all measures to prevent the enemy from spreading on the northern bank of the West. Dvina. Use all aviation for systematic bombing day and night of crossings and enemy units crossing. Report the execution."
As we see, the withdrawal of front troops from the line of the Western Dvina was not at all prohibited - but it had to take place in a more organized manner, with the simultaneous retention of the defensive line along the river by covering forces. It’s no secret that retreat is the most complex look combat operations, where it is important to preserve both the controllability of the troops and the morale of the soldiers and commanders. While the enemy's tank and motorized divisions were pinned down by counterattacks near Dvinsk and Krustpils, the Northwestern Front had time to create a new line of defense at the line of the old fortified areas and along the lines of the Velikaya and Cherekha rivers.
However, there was another reason why it was impossible to retreat from the Dvina. On the southern bank of the river there was still a large number of scattered Soviet units, randomly retreating to the river. They had no connection with the command, and, apparently, Kuznetsov simply listed them as already dead - this is also in the report To the People's Commissar defense on June 28, he reported: “The 2nd Panzer Division apparently died. The 11th Army does not exist as a formation. I don’t know the positions of the 5th, 33rd, 188th, 128th, 23rd and 126th Infantry Divisions, the 5th Tank Division and the 84th Motorized Division.”. Meanwhile, all these troops were retreating to the Dvina, trying to cross it; leaving the river line meant dooming them to death.
And the situation at the front was not as catastrophic as Kuznetsov’s headquarters imagined. Apart from Dvinsk, the enemy failed to capture serviceable bridges across the Dvina anywhere. True, on June 28–29 the Germans managed to cross it in three more places, but along most of the front such attempts were repulsed. Let us note that at the end of September and the beginning of October 1943, the Soviet troops that reached the Dnieper captured up to a dozen bridgeheads only in the zone of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, but only three of them were “opened” - one in October and two in November
The Germans advanced furthest from the bridgehead at Livana - as we saw above, on July 30, the units of Guryev’s group defending here retreated to Lake Lubana. However, in fact, the troops of the 6th Panzer Division did not advance to such a depth; by the evening it only reached the village of Rudzety, 20 km from the river. The division advanced almost parallel to the Dvinsk-Pskov highway, 30 km west of it. On July 1, the forward detachments of the division marched another 25 km and reached Varaklyany (10 km west of Vilyany).
The forces of the 11th Rifle Corps (48th and 125th rifle divisions) and the 12th mechanized corps. On June 30, his 28th Tank Division with the 10th Motorcycle Regiment occupied the defense in the sector from Koaknes to Plavinas, the 202nd Motorized Rifle Division - between Plavinas and Krustpils. The 23rd Panzer Division concentrated in the Ergli area (30 km north of Plavinas) with the task of preparing a counterattack on Plavinas.
During the night of June 30, the enemy tried to cross the river eight times, but all his attempts were repulsed. At 18:00, the corps headquarters sent a reconnaissance group consisting of three tanks and a platoon of motorized infantry to the Lyegrade area (towards Krustils) with the task of reconnaissance of the enemy crossing the Aiviekste River.
By this time, the mechanized corps had about 9 thousand personnel, 50 tanks and 47 guns. As we will see below, in the 11th Rifle Corps on June 4, that is, after a difficult retreat, there were still 8,769 people left - that is, on the 1st the corps numbered at least 10-12 thousand. The 181st division of the 24th Latvian Territorial Corps was also advanced here from Gulbene. Due to the absence of the headquarters of the 12th Mechanized Corps, its troops were subordinated to the headquarters of the 65th Rifle Corps, which did not have its own troops. Even if the forces available here were not enough to throw units of three German divisions that had managed to cross into the river, they were quite sufficient to blockade the bridgeheads.
On the morning of April 30, the enemy managed to capture the bridges in Riga - but a few hours later they were repulsed by a counterattack by units of the 10th Rifle Corps of the 8th Army and were blown up only late in the evening, after the remnants of the 90th Rifle Division and our other troops had crossed from the southern bank.
By June 30, Soviet troops largely continued to hold the defense along the right bank of the Western Dvina. None of the new bridgeheads gave the enemy the opportunity to quickly concentrate troops and go on the offensive - even part of the rear of Reinhard’s 41st Motorized Corps later had to be transported across bridges in Dvinsk. A counterattack against Krustpils was planned for June 1 by the 202nd Motorized and 181st Rifle Divisions.
Manstein, according to his post-war statements, was rushing forward - but the army group command considered it best to hold back the 56th motorized corps until Reinhardt could launch an offensive from the bridgeheads at Krustpils.
In this situation, at 20:45 on June 30, the command of the North-Western Front, not yet having received Zhukov’s prohibiting directive, gave the order to his subordinate formations to withdraw from the Western Dvina line.
First. The enemy continues the offensive in the Krustpils-Pskov and Dvina-Pskov directions. Large columns of motorized troops and infantry were found moving from the Kaunas region in the directions: Panevezys, Jekabpils; Utena, Daugavpils. The enemy, apparently, is trying to break the front at the junction of the 8th and 27th armies and prevent the 8th army from retreating to the east while simultaneously capturing fortified areas before the withdrawal of our troops.
Second. The tasks of the troops of the North-Western Front: to prevent a breakthrough of the occupied front from Krustpils and Daugavpils to the northeast, to firmly consolidate and hold with all forces the Pskov, Ostrovsky and Sebezh fortified areas and to prevent the enemy from breaking through to the northeast and east.
Third. 8th Army on the night of 30.6. on July 1, 1941, begin the retreat to the fortified line. Intermediate milestones:
a) by the end of July 1, 1941 - Cesis. lake Alauksto, Madona, Buzany, southwestern shore of the lake. Lubana;
b) by the end of July 2, 1941 - Dzeni, Gulbene, Jaunkanchi (northern shore of Lake Lubana).
In the future, retreat to the Pskov and Ostrovsky fortified areas.
Include parts of the 12th Mechanized Corps in the Madona area. When retreating, have the main group on your left flank, paying special attention to communication with your neighbor on the left.
Border on the left - Jekabpils, (law) lake. Lubana, (leg.) Island.
Fourth. The 27th Army will continue to stubbornly hold the enemy on the occupied line. The retreat to the fortified line will begin only with the beginning of the retreat of the 8th Army from the line of Dzeni, Gulbene, Yaunkanchi. By the end of July 1, 1941, get in touch with the 8th Army about the lake area. Lubana.
The border on the left is Kraslava, Dagda, (law) Opochka.
Fifth. The 41st Rifle Corps concentrate and occupy Pskov, Ostrov, Exhibition for defense on July 1, 1941, continuing to relentlessly improve fortifications, build fortified areas, anti-tank stations and field positions. The task is to prevent the enemy from passing through the fortified areas to the east and northeast. After occupying the fortified areas, come under the command of the commander of the 8th Army.
Sixth. On the night of July 1, 1941, the 24th Rifle Corps (11th, 181st and 183rd Rifle Divisions) began moving to the area (claim) Ostrov, (claim) Opochka, Novorzhev, where to replenish and reorganize and occupy the defense zone (claim) Ostrov, Opochka... Upon concentration and occupation of the defense zone, place it at the disposal of the commander of the 27th Army.
Seventh. The 1st mechanized corps, arriving from the Leningrad Military District, should concentrate in the Podlozhye region (40 km northeast of Pskov), (leg.) Porkhov, Borovichi (20 km north of Porkhov). The task is additional.
Eighth. To the commander of the 22nd Rifle Corps by the end of July 1, 1941, go to the front of Podseva, Gorki, (law) Porkhov. Parts of the corps should be prepared for stubborn defense on the front to the southwest and south. Prepare passages in your defense zone for the 1st mechanized corps in the direction of Opochka...
The exact time of cancellation of this order is unknown - according to some sources, it was received at army headquarters only on the morning of June 2. In any case, at 7 o'clock in the morning on June 1, the troops of the 11th Rifle Corps of the 8th Army, who were occupying the defense against the German bridgehead at Plavinas, began to retreat to the north. Units of the 48th Infantry Division retreated in the direction of Snyteri, Dukuri Manor, Skuene Manor, Krusta Krogs, the 125th Division - to Madliena, Ranciemi Manor, Ramuli Manor, Amata River. By this time, according to the report of its commander, about 700 bayonets remained in the 125th division.
The command of the 12th Mechanized Corps was not informed about this - apparently, the command of the 11th Rifle Corps and its divisions decided that since everyone had received the order to withdraw, there was no need to warn their neighbor about it. As a result, the enemy struck the flank of the 202nd Motorized Division, which was defending to the left on the Krustpils-Plevinas line.
The 28th Panzer Division located near Pļavinas also found itself in danger of being outflanked after the enemy, advancing from the direction of Krustpils with forces of about an infantry regiment with artillery, crossed the Aiviekste River. The attempt to push the Germans back beyond Aiviekste was unsuccessful; In addition, around noon, an order was received from the commander of the 8th Army to withdraw in the direction of Madon.
As a result, on the evening of June 1, formations of the 12th Mechanized Corps, which had previously successfully repelled all enemy attempts to cross the river, were also forced to begin a retreat, covering it with counterattacks of the 23rd Tank Division.
Already on the afternoon of June 1, counter-orders were sent to the troops. The 8th Army was ordered to attack the flank of enemy troops spreading from the bridgehead at Krustpils and already reaching Madon. The 27th Army was ordered to take up a strong defense and prevent the “opening” of the German bridgehead at Dvinsk. At 17:10, the commander of the 181st Infantry Division was given an order to leave one rifle regiment with an artillery division and two anti-tank batteries in the Madon area, transferring it to the subordination of the commander of the 202nd Motorized Division, and the rest of the units would move to the Island in a forced march.
The next day these orders were confirmed by a new order.
"First. The enemy crossed to the northern bank of the river. Zap. Dvina force up to one infantry division with tanks in the Dvinsk area and an unknown number of motorized infantry with tanks in the Jakobsch-tadt and Friedrichstadt areas, with the goal of separating the North-Western Front in the Madona direction.
Second. During July 2 and 3, 1941, the armies of the Northwestern Front destroyed enemy units that broke through to the north of the river. Zap. Dvina, reach the entire front on the river. Zap. Dvina and firmly hold this line...
Fourth. 8th Army with the 181st Infantry Division, holding the occupied front along the river. Zap. Dvina, with your own forces, in the morning of 2.7.41, destroy the enemy who crossed in the Friedrichstadt area, and prevent it from spreading to the north and northeast, for which purpose, have a strong reserve in the Madona area consisting of the 181st Infantry Division and the 12th th mechanized corps.
Subsequently, destroy the Jacobstadt group and reach the river along the entire front. Zap. Dvina and firmly defend it.
The border on the left is Jekabpils, Island.
Fifth. The 27th Army with the 163rd Motorized Division in cooperation with the 12th Infantry Division of the 22nd Army, pinning down the enemy in the center along the Rezekne - Daugavpils highway, strike with the flanks of the army, cover the Daugavpils area from the west and east, encircle and destroy the enemy in the Daugavpils area and northeast" .
But the loss of at least two days made this order impossible to implement. "Order - counterorder - disorder." Despite the fact that below Plavinas the right bank of the river was still entirely in our hands, the battle for the Dvina was already lost.
The commander of the 4th Panzer Group, E. Gepner, planned to launch a general offensive at dawn on July 2. In fact, it started a day earlier than planned. On the morning of July 1, the 1st Tank and 36th Motorized Divisions of the 41st Motorized Corps began to advance following the retreating troops of the 11th Rifle and 12th Mechanized Corps. At the same time, units of the 10th Rifle Corps of the 8th Army left Riga.
But the 6th Panzer Division and the 56th Motorized Corps were unable to launch an offensive even on July 2. Routh explains this very vaguely: the poor condition of the roads south of Lake Lubana and the beginning of heavy rain. Apparently, the division lacked heavy equipment, which still could not be transported across the Dvina. By evening, the division had just reached the line of Zoblev and Birzhi. There was practically no resistance from Soviet troops in front of its front, but from the east its flank was constantly attacked by the remnants of the 10th airborne brigade.
Manstein in the appropriate place in his memoirs becomes very verbose, but also very vague.
“Finally, on July 2, we were able to set out again after the third mechanized formation arrived in the corps - the SS division “Totenkopf”, and on our left the 41st Panzer Corps crossed the Dvina at Jakobstadt...
However, 6 days have already passed since the sudden raid on Dvinsk. The enemy had the opportunity to overcome the shock that he received when German troops appeared on the eastern bank of the Dvina...
Whether it would be possible to forestall the enemy to the same extent again was at least doubtful... This would only be possible if the tank group managed to direct all its forces to accomplish one task. Precisely this, as will be shown, did not happen, although the enemy did not have enough forces to stop the advance of the tank group." .
In any case, Manstein did not manage to break through the defenses of the 27th Army right away. On the morning of June 1, the commander of the 27th Army N. E. Berzarin (the future commandant of Berlin) received an order from the front command (given at 4:55) to hold out at all costs on the occupied lines until July 5. For this purpose, the 163rd Motorized Division of the 1st Mechanized Corps, transferred from the Northern Front, was transferred to the army's disposal. The division advanced to the Jaunlatgale, Karsava area with the task of covering the gap between the 8th and 27th armies and organizing anti-tank defense along the eastern bank of the Pededze and Aiviekste rivers on the front from Sita station to Lake Lubana, on the likely route of enemy tanks. Thus, even without intelligence data, the Soviet command correctly determined the route of the 1st and 6th German tank divisions.
By the evening of July 1, the forward detachments of the 1st Tank Division had already reached Madon, 50 km from the Dvina. By order of Kuznetsov, one of the regiments of the 181st division of the 24th rifle corps was urgently sent here from the front. Reinforced by an artillery battalion and two anti-tank defense batteries, the regiment was to come under the command of the commander of the 202nd Motorized Division with the task of preventing the enemy from breaking through from Krustpils to Madona and further to the northeast. The rest of the division was ordered to move by forced march to the Ostrov area, where it would take up defensive positions. At the same time, another order of the 8th Army prescribed “while holding the front of Riga, Jekabpils, with your own forces to liquidate the enemy units that have broken through at Friedrichstadt, protecting your left flank in the direction of Madon from the enemy’s attack and preventing its spread in the northern and north-western directions... be ready with a short strong blow from the area of Art. Luksta in the direction of Pļavinas, in cooperation with the 27th Army, eliminate the enemy units that have broken through from the direction of Jēkabpils to Madona.” .
For a counterattack towards Madon, it was proposed to use the remnants of the 12th mechanized corps, concentrated in the area of Luksta station; at this moment there were only 35 tanks left in the corps.
At 0:25 minutes on July 2, a pennant was dropped in the area of the headquarters of the 12th Mechanized Corps with an order from the army command to stop the retreat and restore the situation along the right bank of the Western Dvina. That is, at that moment the army headquarters had no other connection with the corps. Having tried to carry out this order, the corps command at 2:50 ordered the 28th Panzer Division to occupy the previous line along the bank of the Western Dvina in the area of Koaknes, Plyavinas by 7 o'clock, the 202nd Motorized Rifle Division to hold the occupied line of Madona, Meirany, and the 23rd Tank divisions from the Medzula, Lõezere area to attack enemy units on the northern bank of Aiviekste in the Lõegrade area. By 14:00 on July 2, parts of the corps were even able to take their starting position for the attack - however, the attack never took place, since the 181st and 48th rifle divisions, having not received an order to stop the retreat, had already retreated to the northeast.
Already during the retreat in the Gulbene area, the vanguard of the 645th motorized rifle regiment of the 202nd motorized division attacked an enemy motorized detachment, capturing two serviceable passenger cars and 7 motorcycles. In one of the cars, documents of the 8th Panzer Division of the 56th Motorized Corps (?!) were seized, as well as an extract from the notorious directive of May 13 “On special jurisdiction in the Barbarossa zone” - the same one that Manstein allegedly refused to send to the troops...
Meanwhile, the 27th Army was threatened by a detour from the Madona area, so on the evening of July 1, N.E. Berzarin gave his troops the order to retreat to a new line - from Lake Lubana to Lake Rezna, bending his right flank to the east. Despite the enemy's multiple superiority, the retreat of the 27th Army was carried out systematically. By 17:00 on July 1, army units, according to the operational report of the front headquarters No. 09/op dated 11:45 on July 2, occupied the following position:
“a) the 10th Airborne Brigade during the day, fighting with small groups of the enemy, holds the line of Garvatsainieki, Dekshorn, Prizhevo. Headquarters - Vilany. The brigade was joined by a 76-mm battery of the 9th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade.
Losses: killed - 3 people, wounded - 4 people.
b) Units of Akimov’s group on July 1, 1941 continued to hold and strengthen the line of Hashish, Bashki, Leitani, Bieshena. Headquarters - Lubana.
c) Units of Lelyushenko’s group during the day of July 1, 1941 put themselves in order at the line: 185th Infantry Division - Bieshena, Kovaleva; 42nd Tank Division - (claim) Kovaleva, Koley, Unguri.
The enemy's 46th motorcycle regiment and the 44th tank battalion were established in battle in front of the group's front. The enemy suffered significant losses. The entire headquarters of the tank battalion was destroyed. The greatest losses were suffered by the 280th Infantry Regiment of the 185th Infantry Division, which lost many guns.” .
At the same time, new corps arrived at the front, deploying at the border of the old fortified areas:
“a) 41st Rifle Corps - continues to concentrate in the Pskov, Ostrov area;
b) the 1st Mechanized Corps, consisting of one tank division and a motorized division, concentrated in the Pskov region;
c) 22nd Rifle Corps - concentrated in the area of Porkhov, Podseva, Gory;
d) 24th Rifle Corps - concentrated in the area (claim) Ostrov, (claim) Opochka, Novorzhev" .
In the operational report of Front Headquarters No. 10/op for July 2, the position of the arriving units was as follows:
“a) 1st mechanized corps (without the 1st tank and 163rd motorized divisions) - in the forests and area of the station. Toroshino, Podborovye (18–20 km northeast of Pskov).
b) 41st Rifle Corps (118,111 and 235th Rifle Divisions) p. 1.7.41 began to unload at the station. Pskov, st. Cherskaya. By 18:00 on July 2, 1941, 11 echelons of the 111th Infantry Division, 13 echelons of the 118th Infantry Division and 3 echelons on the way and 6 echelons of control of the 41st Infantry Corps arrived. Transportation is very late.
At the end of the concentration, the corps has the task of defending the Pskov, Ostrov, and Exhibition sectors.
c) 22nd Rifle Corps: the 180th Rifle Division concentrated in the Porkhov area, the 182nd Rifle Division was on the move from the Petseri area to Porkhov from 1.7.41.
d) 24th Rifle Corps: 181st Rifle Division - from 1.7.41 on the move from the Gulbene region to the Ostrov region, 183rd Rifle Division - on the move from the Cesis region Ostrov" .
At this time, the 1st Mechanized Corps (3rd Tank, 163rd Motorized Division and 5th Motorcycle Regiment) had 371 tanks - 26 medium three-turreted T-28, 225 light BT and 120 flamethrower T-26, as well as 135 armored vehicles. The corps was staffed close to its full strength, that is, it had 20–25 thousand people. However, even earlier, one tank battalion, an anti-aircraft division and a number of vehicles were removed from the corps
Even on the afternoon of June 1, the headquarters of the Northwestern Front received a directive from the Headquarters, signed by G. K. Zhukov, which required “to carry out an active operation to eliminate the person who crossed to the northern bank of the river. Zap. Dvina of the enemy in order to gain a strong foothold in the future on its northern bank.”. To carry out the operation, it was allowed to use the 112th Infantry Division of the 22nd Army of the Western Front, as well as the 163rd Motorized Division of the 1st Mechanized Corps, arriving as part of the Northwestern Front.
In pursuance of this directive, at 0:17 on July 2, the front commander gave N. E. Berzarin a new order:
“The 27th Army with the 163rd Motorized Division in cooperation with the 12th Infantry Division of the 22nd Army, pinning down the enemy in the center along the Rezekne - Daugavpils highway, strike with the flanks of the army, cover the Daugavpils area from the west and east, encircle and destroy enemy in the Daugavpils area and northeast. By the end of July 2, 1941, take possession of Daugavpils with mobile units and leave the outskirts. Zap. Dvina" .
The corresponding order from the commander of the 27th Army was sent to the troops only at about 8 o'clock in the morning and arrived there by 10 o'clock. The front formations holding the defense were extremely small in number; It is unlikely that they had the opportunity to launch a serious counteroffensive. Moreover, the Headquarters, contrary to the belief of some modern historians, did not require this - remember that Zhukov’s directive of June 30 ordered Kuznetsov only to delay the enemy for 3-4 days and prevent his spread along the northern bank of the Dvina.
Moreover, at 2 o’clock in the morning, even before the arrival of the order from front headquarters, the commander of the 27th Army gave orders for the systematic withdrawal of his troops from Dvinsk:
"…4. 27th Army rearguard in parts, firmly hold the enemy on the occupied line and begin to retreat sequentially, along the lines, only under pressure from a superior enemy, preventing the defeat of the battle formation in parts.
5. Intermediate defensive withdrawal lines: first - lake. Lubana, b. Malta, r. Rezekne to station Kazraji, Tiskudi, Malta, lake. Rezna-ezers, lake Osha-ezers;
second - r. Yoke to Martuzan, Stiglov, Degl-va, Mozuli, Miroedy;
third - Nosova, Augspils, Krasny, Opochka.
6. Sequence of withdrawal: to line No. 1 - by the end of 2.7.41; to milestone No. 2 - by the end of July 3, 1941; to milestone No. 3 - by the end of July 4, 1941.
7. Guryev’s group retreat in its own zone, ensuring a junction with units of the 8th Army. The area of concentration after the withdrawal of Marshavitsa, Soshikhino, came under the subordination of Akimov.
The border on the left is Zhavoronki, Augspils, Baski, Dritseni, (law) Preili.
8. Akimov’s group, retreating in its lane, cover the highway from the breakthrough of motorized mechanized units to the north. Area of concentration - Marshavitsy, Soshikhino.
The border on the left is (legal) Maromokhi, (legal) Krasny, Ludza, Oguretskaya, Bikernieki.
9. Lelyushenko’s group retreat in the indicated zone along the lines; after retreating beyond the SD, concentrate in the area of st. Vereshchagine, Vysotskoe...”
This order turned out to be very timely: at 11 o’clock on July 2, Manstein himself launched an offensive. All day long, army formations repelled attacks by enemy tanks and infantry in the area of Vilana, Preili and at the turn of Aglona station, Leitani, and Lake Sivera.
At 8:09, having finally received an order from the front headquarters, the commander of the 27th Army, with combat order No. 014, again ordered the troops to attack Dvinsk. Fortunately, it was already too late - by the time the German offensive began, this order could not reach the troops.
By the end of July 2, the army continued to hold the front from Lake Lubana through Vilany, Prizhevo, Preili, Aglona station, Leitani to Lake Sivera. The non-existent 226th and 18th infantry divisions, as well as the very real 3rd motorized division, were installed in front of the army front. In addition to it, in reality, the 8th Panzer and units of the 290th and 121st Infantry Divisions, as well as the SS Motorized Division “Totenkopf” operated here. A reconnaissance detachment of this division, numbering about 200 people, broke through our guard along the highway, moved to Sebezh and at about noon broke into the city of Dagda. West of the city there was a command post of the 42nd Tank Division and a reserve of the 21st Mechanized Corps - tank and motorcycle battalions. Urgently sent to Dagda, they defeated a German detachment in a short battle; 126 serviceable motorcycles and 34 captured SS men, including two officers, were captured.
The SS men turned out to be unusually talkative - it turned out that the advanced detachment of the division was following the reconnaissance detachment on Dagda. The commander of the 42nd Tank Division, Colonel Voeikov, organized an ambush, as a result of which the Death’s Head reconnaissance battalion, consisting of 10 tanks, 15 armored personnel carriers, 18 guns and 200 vehicles, was almost completely destroyed.
German sources they mention this defeat very mutely. Manstein complains that the SS men, despite their courage and excellent equipment, did not have enough experience and suffered too high losses. Popular books on the history of the SS troops and the Death's Head division casually mention that the 1st Motorized Regiment of the Death's Head lost about a hundred people in the battle of Dagda. On the contrary, V. Haupt writes that during these battles, the “Dead Head” lost two-thirds of its (apparently, combat) strength and was consolidated into one regiment.
As a result, despite a significant superiority in forces, during the day of fighting on July 2, Manstein managed to advance only 7-10 km. There has not yet been talk of any breakthrough of the Soviet defense.
By the end of the day, the units of the 27th Army had 3,200 bayonets, 95 guns and 80–90 tanks. Akimov’s group defended on the approaches to Rezekne; the 163rd motorized division of the 1st mechanized corps (529th and 759th motorized rifle regiments) advanced to the Rezekne area, with its participation and with the support of the left flank 112th rifle division of the 22nd Army front command still intended to launch a counterattack in the direction of Dvinsk on the morning of July 3.
During the day, the columns of the 163rd Motorized Division were repeatedly subjected to enemy air raids. The losses were insignificant, but the division's advance was delayed. Only at 20 o'clock the advanced units of the division reached the northern outskirts of Rezekne. Unfortunately, the 25th tank regiment of the division (without the 3rd battalion) was sent from Pskov by railway and due to untimely delivery of the train, it began to arrive at the Rezekne station only at 11 o’clock on July 3, when the main forces of the division were already drawn into a fierce battle south of the city.
On the morning of July 3, the position of the front troops was as follows. Units of the 8th Army occupied the Sigulda line, Luksty station, Madona. In the Pskov direction, the remnants of the 12th Mechanized Corps retreated through Madona and east of it on Gulbene, on the morning of July 3 they defended along the line of Sakstagala, Malta, Luni, and Lake Sivera. To cover Rezekne, in addition to units of the 163rd Motorized Division, a front headquarters guard battalion was sent from the west, which repelled enemy attacks and held the Sakstagal area until the morning of July 3.
The left flank and center of the 27th Army had so far managed to hold their positions, but the right flank was exposed due to the withdrawal of the 12th Mechanized Corps. Back on June 2, after a fierce battle in the Vilyany area, units of the 10th Airborne Brigade, having suffered losses, were scattered by motorized infantry of the 6th Tank Division, operating with the support of a company of tanks. On the evening of July 2, Akimov’s group, under pressure from tanks and motorized infantry of the 8th Panzer Division, retreated to the Malta area (12 km southwest of Rezekne) and since then there has been no news from it. The road to Rezekne was open.
By this time, the command of the Northwestern Front had finally abandoned plans for a counteroffensive. The combat order dated 2:00 July 3 ordered the 27th Army to “holding back the enemy and destroying his presumptuous columns with short counterattacks, preserving manpower and equipment, continue the defense of the direction”. The 163rd Motorized Division was now planned to be used for a counterattack against the forces of the 41st Motorized Corps and to restore contact with Akimov's group south of Rezekne.
Meanwhile, on the morning of July 3, troops of the 41st Motorized Corps reached Lake Lubana, units of the 6th Panzer Division bypassed it from the east, and the 1st Panzer Division from the west. The remnants of our 202nd motorized division, after an unsuccessful counterattack in the Madona area, retreated to the Dzelzava manor area. In total, by this time the following remained in the combat strength of the 12th Mechanized Corps:
“23rd Tank Division - 10 tanks, 150 infantry, no shells;
28th Tank Division - 22 tanks, almost full motorized rifle regiment;
202nd Motorized Division - about 600 people; motorcycle regiment does not exist" .
At 15:00 on July 3, units of the 1st Panzer Division of the 41st Motorized Corps occupied Gulbene, pushing back the remnants of the 202nd Motorized Division defending here. By the evening of the same day, tanks of the 8th Panzer Division of the 56th Motorized Corps broke into Rezekne, where the headquarters of the 27th Army had recently been located. Two regiments of the 163rd Motorized Division and half of the 25th Tank Regiment, which arrived too late, were unable to contain the enemy, although they seriously stopped his advance.
The worst thing was that on the evening of July 3, the forward detachments of the 6th Panzer Division, having bypassed the defense of units of the 163rd Motorized Rifle Division at Karsava along country roads, burst from the west into the town of Gauri on the Dvinsk-Pskov highway, 55 km from Rezekne and in 20 km north of Karsava. At 16:20, a German reconnaissance detachment of 5–6 tanks was discovered on the highway in the Vilaka (Vyshgorodok) area, only 45 km from Ostrov.
As a result, Soviet troops were thrown off the highway by a side impact. The 163rd Motorized Division had to retreat eastward to Krasny Ostrov and the Lzha River. The enemy found the path along the highway towards Ostrov and Pskov open - but, again, the 56th Motorized Corps had no merit in this...
By evening, the Soviet command identified two main directions of the enemy's attack: Krustpils - Madonna - Gulbene and Dvinsk - Rezekne. However, it still had no idea that the Germans were “castling” their motorized corps. The 41st, taking advantage of the open flank of the 27th Army and the absence of organized Soviet troops on its right, reached the Pskov Highway, while the 56th went further east - to the Pushkin Mountains, Sebezh and Opochka.
The 21st Mechanized Corps, which formed the center and left flank of the 27th Army, was thrown back east of the Dvinsk-Pskov highway and could no longer prevent the enemy’s advance towards Ostrov. By the end of the day, the 46th Tank and 185th Motorized Divisions were defending in the Brodaize area east and southeast of Rezekne with a front to the west. The 42nd Panzer Division still held Dagda and the area south of Lake Yesha; to the left of it to the Western Dvina and along the river line to the city of Drissa the 122nd Infantry Division held the front.
On July 4, the enemy's 3rd motorized division, advancing towards Opochka, occupied Ludza. Moving to the right along the Kraslava-Sebezh highway, the SS division “Dead Head” finally captured Dagda and went east of Lake Yesha, finally separating the corps’ formations. Following her was the 121st Infantry Division.
And here the Germans were unlucky again. The withdrawal of the 42nd Tank Division was covered by its 42nd Motorized Rifle Regiment, Colonel A. M. Goryainov. Sensing the weakness of the German infantry, Colonel Goryainov launched a counterattack - and went straight to the headquarters of the 121st Infantry Division. During the short battle, the headquarters was destroyed, and the division commander, Major General Otto Lanzelle, was killed.
By the end of July 5, the 42nd Tank and 185th Motorized Rifle Divisions of the 21st Mechanized Corps retreated beyond the line of the old border to the Sebezh area and were withdrawn to the front reserve; The 46th Panzer Division continued to operate at Opochka.
By this time, the 24th Latvian Territorial Rifle Corps, which had finally arrived here, had actually never taken part in battles before, was transferred to the army. On the afternoon of July 6, the commander of the 27th Army, Major General N.E. Berzarin, reported to the Front Military Council on the condition of his troops:
“The existing corps and divisions bear only this name, but in reality it looks like this:
a) 24th Rifle Corps - completely unprepared units that do not have our equipment, armed with all weapon systems - of all brands in the world. It is impossible to supply them with ammunition and spare parts.
There are no headquarters, no means of communication, the number of command staff is up to 12–15%, the shortage is up to 90%.
Now in this corps (181st plus 128th rifle divisions) there are no more than 8 thousand.
b) The 21st Mechanized Corps endured heavy fighting, it is being eliminated special units, and in fact the body is eaten by the enemy.
c) the 163rd motorized division, after heavy battles, is completely incapable of combat, having lost people (up to 60%), lost artillery (up to 70%), lost tanks (up to 50%). All this data is only approximate - collection and calculation is currently underway. The division cannot be thrown into battle.
d) 235th Infantry Division (arrived with one 806th Infantry Regiment) - I don’t know where it is and when it will be at our front.
In short, a rather difficult situation has arisen, which can only be corrected by a radical decision - to create a strong defensive line in the depths with fresh units, and to withdraw the entire listed composition behind some kind of barrier and form it for new actions. It must be borne in mind that the army has thousands of examples of courage and heroism of all and many people. But the trouble is that we do not have well-established control, we do not have aviation, and the enemy, taking advantage of our weak points, persistently exploits them... aviation literally terrorizes our units, being unpunished.
Lieutenant General Comrade Akimov, whom I am sending to you as having already completed his tasks, can report in detail on the state of affairs.
I and all of us have enough determination to fight and fight by any means, but in order to common benefit for the country, I would like to guide you with this short note" .
Thus, the front of the 27th Army was broken through only on July 3. It should be noted that this happened as a result of bypassing it from the west and the defeat of the right flank by the forces of the 41st Motorized Corps, which broke through from the Krustpils area to the junction of the two Soviet armies. We have already discussed the reasons for this breakthrough earlier.
It can be stated that the bridgehead at Dvinsk did not play a decisive role in the success of the German offensive. The Soviet defense was broken through by a strike from the 41st Motorized Corps from the bridgehead at Krustpils - and this German success, in turn, was due to the untimely withdrawal of two divisions of the 11th Rifle Corps.
The enemy did not count on success at Krustpils, where he did not have a permanent bridge at his disposal, and placed his main bet on a bridgehead in the Dvinsk region. However, within a week, Manstein was unable to crush the defenses of the opposing units of the 27th Army, which were significantly inferior in numbers and capabilities to his 56th Motorized Corps. And only the mistake of the commander of the North-Western Front, combined with the delay in orders caused by poor communications, led to catastrophic results.
On June 3, F.I. Kuznetsov was removed from his post and a week later appointed commander of the 21st Army. The next day, his place was taken by the former commander of the 8th Army, Lieutenant General P. P. Sobennikov, and corps commissar V. N. Bogatkin became a member of the military council. Even earlier (July 1), Lieutenant General N.F. Vatutin, former deputy chief of the General Staff, took over as chief of staff of the front.
P. P. Sobennikov recalled:
“On July 3, 1941, after leaving the city of Riga, which was occupied by small units of Germans, I received an order from the front commander, Colonel General Kuznetsov, to assume the post of commander of the forces of the North-Western Front. I received this order with a motorcyclist. On July 3, having arrived in the city of Pskov, I met General Ivanov, who was appointed in my place, at my reserve command post, on the move I oriented him in the situation known to me and, arriving at the front headquarters near the city of Pskov, took command of the front troops on the same date.” .
From that moment on, the fate of the Northwestern Front depended on whether the unfired troops of the 41st, 24th and 1st Mechanized Corps would have time to occupy defensive lines along the old border and the Velikaya River in time and on the number of front forces that could be withdrawn to these lines.
According to the report of the headquarters of the North-Western Front to the General Staff of the Red Army dated July 4, 1941, the total number of front troops was:
8th Army:
10th Infantry Division: command personnel - 52, junior command personnel - 81, privates - 429. Total - 562. Horses - 10. Ordinary rifles - 257, automatic - 76, light machine guns - 5, easel - 3, DP - 6, cars - 9, carts - 3, kitchens - 1.
11th Infantry Division: personnel -1450; heavy machine guns - 6, 45 mm guns - 1, 122 mm - 3, armored vehicles - 1.
48th Rifle Division: command personnel - 336, junior command personnel - 348, privates - 1365. Total - 2049. Horses - 765. Ordinary rifles - 1445, automatic - 198, light machine guns - 45, easel - 26, large-caliber - 3 , anti-aircraft - 6, DP - 89, 45-mm guns - 15, 76-mm - 12, 76-mm anti-aircraft - 3,122-mm - 23,152-mm - 1, vehicles - 91, radium - 14, tractors - 15.
67th Infantry Division - no information.
125th Rifle Division together with corps units of the 11th Rifle Corps: command personnel - 681, junior command personnel - 550, rank and file - 5489. Total - 6720. Horses - 501. Regular rifles - 6496, automatic - 35, light machine guns - 80, easel - 25, anti-aircraft - 23, DP - 35, 45 mm guns - 5, 76 mm - 12, 122 mm - 10, 152 mm - 46, cars - 292, motorcycles - 1, tractors - 87.
10th Rifle Corps with corps units: command personnel - 170, junior command personnel - 246, privates - 1439. Total - 1855. Ordinary rifles - 850, light machine guns - 63, easel - 11, anti-aircraft - 2, walkie-talkies - 5, 45 mm guns - 1, 76 mm -2, 76 mm anti-aircraft -26, 122 mm - 26, 152 mm - 9, vehicles - 61, tractors - 42.
12th mechanized corps:
Control and corps units: personnel - 1550, tanks - 32.
23rd Tank Division: command personnel - 384, junior command personnel - 347, rank and file - 2467. Total - 3198. Rifles - 2008, light machine guns - 42, 37 mm guns - 12, 45 mm guns - 10, 122- mm - 7, tanks - 11, armored vehicles - 2, cars - 167.
28th Tank Division: command personnel - 464, junior command personnel - 578, privates - 2692. Total - 3734. Ordinary rifles - 2276, automatic - 2, mortars - 2, light machine guns - 59, anti-aircraft - 2, DP - 41 , 45 mm guns - 0.37 mm - 6, 76 mm - 1.122 mm -2.152 mm - 1, tanks - 3 , cars - 384.
9th artillery brigade of anti-tank defense: command personnel - 226, junior command personnel - 356, rank and file - 1549. Total 2131. Ordinary rifles - 1686, automatic - 6, light machine guns - 27, DP - 3, 76 mm guns - 13.85 mm - 7, cars - 64, walkie-talkies - 12, motorcycles - 3, tractors - 3.
Directorate of the 65th Rifle Corps: command personnel - 63, junior command personnel - 245, privates - 245. Total - 553. Ordinary rifles - 286, hand-held - 3, motor vehicles - 30, walkie-talkies - 3.
No information was received regarding the 2nd Tank Division, the motorcycle regiment of the 3rd Mechanized Corps.
202nd Motorized Division: command personnel - 114, junior command personnel - 46, privates - 875. Total - 1035. Rifles - 306, light machine guns - 22, DP - 2, 76 mm guns - 2, 122 mm - 6 , T-26 tanks - 5, T-38 - 1.
27th Army:
Army Directorate, 5th Airborne Corps, 112th tank and 163rd motorized divisions of the 1st mechanized corps: command personnel - 3715, junior command personnel - 6088, rank and file - 22181. Total - 31,984. Horses - 94. Rifles - 16971, automatic rifles - 1016, mortars - 243 , light machine guns - 660, heavy machine guns - 151, large-caliber - 36, anti-aircraft - 23, DP -1747, 37-mm guns - 20, 45-mm - 95, 76-mm - 48, 76-mm anti-aircraft guns - 4, 122- mm - 12, 152 mm - 12, tanks - 360, armored vehicles - 73, cars - 3632, walkie-talkies - 7.
Directorate of the 22nd Rifle Corps and corps units: command personnel - 400, junior command personnel - 340, rank and file - 1432. Total - 2172. 107 mm guns - 53, 152 mm - 9.
180th Rifle Division: command personnel - 1030, junior command personnel - 1160, privates - 9132. Total - 11,322. Horses - 3039. Rifles - 11,645, mortars - 35, light machine guns - 535, easel - 212, large-caliber - 3, anti-aircraft - 24, DP - 5, walkie-talkies - 0, 37-mm guns - 31, 45-mm - 58, 76-mm - 74, 76-mm anti-aircraft - 4, 122-mm - 14, 152-mm - 12, armored vehicles - 6, motor vehicles - 72.
182nd Rifle Division - no information received.
(From) the 24th Rifle Corps, 181st and 183rd Rifle Divisions, 41st Rifle Corps, 111.48 and 235th Rifle Divisions.
Controls and housing parts1st Mechanized Corps: command personnel - 216, junior command personnel - 250, privates - 1255. Total - 1721. Rifles - 193, automatic - 1, mortars - 24, light machine guns - 162.
3rd Yatank Division: command personnel - 1096, junior command personnel - 1652, rank and file - 6455. Total - 9203. Ordinary rifles - 4847, automatic - 946; mortars - 39, light machine guns - 161, heavy machine guns - 35, 45 mm - 5, 76 mm - 4,152 mm - 12,203 mm - 12 guns, T-26 tanks - 16, T-38 - 27, BT-7 - 121, others - 36, armored vehicles - 81, motor vehicles - ...10 .
17th Signal Regiment: command personnel - 92, junior command personnel - 205, privates - 468. Total 765. Rifles - 516, light machine guns - 7.
25th Engineer Regiment: command personnel - 14, junior command personnel - 29, privates - 187. Total - 230. Motor vehicles - 2.
402nd Howitzer Artillery Regiment: command personnel - 155, junior command personnel - 266, privates - 885. Total - 1306. Rifles - 1962, automatic - 4, light machine guns - 5, 122 mm guns - 2, 203 mm - 24, armored vehicles - 0, cars - 112, motorcycles - 12, tractors - 104.
110th Howitzer Artillery Regiment: command personnel - 143, junior command personnel - 190, privates - 1205. Total - 1538. Rifles - 1862, guns 203 - 22, vehicles - 112.
10th Air Defense Brigade: command personnel - 176, junior command personnel - 272, privates - 1774. Total - 2222. 85 mm guns - 24, 76 mm - 37, 40 mm - 16.37 mm - 16 , heavy machine guns - 2, quad mounts - 16, cars - 95, motorcycles - 8, tractors - 27, radio stations - 9.
12th Air Defense Brigade: command personnel - 114, junior command personnel - 85, privates - 479. Total - 678. No guns, 1 quad mount, 30 vehicles.
14th Air Defense Brigade: command personnel - 81, junior command personnel - 37, enlisted personnel - 252. Total - 370. 85 mm guns - 4.37 mm - 3, heavy machine guns - 3, quad mounts - 7, cars - 34.
306th separate anti-aircraft artillery division: command personnel - 22, junior command personnel - 39, rank and file - 256, 85 mm guns - 8, quad guns - 3, vehicles - 13.
362nd separate anti-aircraft artillery division: command personnel - 38, junior command personnel - 57, rank and file - 329. Total - 424. 76-mm guns - 7, quadruple installations - 8, vehicles - 33, tractors - 3.
6th mixed aviation division: command personnel - 577, junior command personnel - 1345, rank and file - 1378. Total - 3300. Rifles - 2723, aircraft - 69.
7th mixed aviation division: command personnel - 536, junior command personnel - 1422, privates - 1260. Total - 3218. Rifles - no data. I-16 aircraft - 2; I-15bis - 19; I-153 - 2; SB - 3. Total - 26.
8th mixed aviation division: command personnel - 804, junior command personnel - 678, privates - 846. Total - 2328. MiG-3 aircraft - 14, I-153 - 8, I-16 - 1, I-15bis - 6 Total - 29.
57th mixed aviation division: command personnel - 781, junior command personnel - 667, privates - 693. Total - 2141. I-16 aircraft - 6, I-153 - 18, SB - 5. Total - 22.
According to the 11th Army (16th Rifle Corps, 29th Rifle Corps, 179th and 184th Rifle Divisions, 5.33, 128, 188,126,23rd Rifle Divisions, 84th Motorized Division, 5th Tank Division, 10 -1st artillery brigade of anti-tank defense, 429th howitzer artillery regiment, 4th and 30th pontoon regiments) no information .
