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Number Over the entire history of mankind, more than 100 billion people were born on Earth. Throughout history, population growth has been slow, accelerating only in modern and especially modern times. At the beginning of our era, 230 million people lived on Earth. The population reached 1 billion in 1820. In 1927 there were 2 billion, in 1960 - 3 billion, in 1974 - 4 billion, in 1987 - 5 billion, in 1999 - 6 billion people. In 2006, the world's population was 6.5 billion people. In 2011 – 7 billion people. The five largest countries in the world by population are China, India, USA, Brazil, Indonesia. The world population forecast for 2050 is 9.2 billion people. Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
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Population reproduction Reproduction (natural movement) of the population is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. We can talk about two types of population reproduction.
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First type The first type of population reproduction is a demographic crisis. Low rates of birth rate, death rate and, accordingly, natural increase. The birth rate is 11, the death rate is 10 people per 1000 population. The natural increase in countries of this type is on average 1 person per 1000 population. There are countries with an average annual natural population growth of 5 people per 1000 inhabitants (USA, Canada, Australia), countries with zero or close to natural growth (Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Sweden) and countries with negative natural growth (Ukraine, Russia , Bulgaria, Latvia, Belarus, Hungary, Estonia, Lithuania, Germany, Austria, Romania, Slovenia, Czech Republic).
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Second type The second type of population reproduction is a demographic explosion. High and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates. The birth rate is 24, the death rate is 8 people per 1000 inhabitants. Natural increase is 16 people per 1000 population. This type of reproduction is typical primarily for developing countries. Countries with the highest natural increase are Yemen, Uganda (35), Oman (33), Madagascar, DR Congo, Chad (30), Mauritania, Somalia, Guatemala (29).
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Average life expectancy Average life expectancy is the expected life expectancy of the population, which is determined using calculations based on probability theory. Depends both on biological and hereditary characteristics, as well as on nutrition, work, and living conditions. Measured in number of years. At the beginning of the 21st century, this figure is on average 66 years for the whole world (64 years for men and 68 years for women). The corresponding indicators for economically developed countries are 72 and 80, for developing countries – 62 and 66, including for the least developed countries – 51 and 53 years. The average life expectancy in Russia is 65.3 years (59 years for men and 27 years for women). No other country in the world has such a huge gap between the rates of both sexes.
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Sex composition On average, for every 100 girls, 104-107 boys are born; by the age of 18-20, the ratio of both sexes levels out. But in subsequent age groups, the formation of the sex composition of the population in different countries occurs differently. In approximately 2/3 of the world's countries, women predominate numerically (CIS countries, Foreign Europe, North America). In Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately equal. In foreign Asia, men predominate (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, China).
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Ethnic composition In total, there are 4-5 thousand peoples, or ethnic groups, in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes. The classification of peoples by numbers indicates, first of all, the extremely large differences between them. The bulk of the population consists of large and especially the largest nations, for example, the Chinese. Many hundreds of small nations account for only a few percent of the world's population. For example, the number of the Botocuda tribe in Brazil is less than 1 thousand people.
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Linguistic composition The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship. The most widespread language family is Indo-European. The languages of this family are spoken by 150 peoples with a total population of more than 2.7 billion people. Approximately 1.4 billion people speak languages of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 370 million speak languages of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic. The number of most other families is much smaller.
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Religious composition The most widespread of the world's religions is Christianity, which is practiced by approximately 2.4 billion people, mainly in Europe, America and Australia. Islam ranks second in the number of believers - more than 1.5 billion people. Islam has been declared the state religion in many countries, located mainly in Asia and Africa. The third place among world religions in terms of the number of adherents belongs to Buddhism - 370 million people. Buddhism is widespread in Central, Southeast and East Asia. National religions include Hinduism in India, Confucianism in China, and Shintoism in Japan. Judaism also became widespread.
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Distribution of the population The world's population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 2/3 of all people live on 8% of the earth's land area. Of every 100 inhabitants of the Earth, 80 live in lowlands and plains located at an altitude of up to 500 m above sea level, which occupy only 28% of the Earth's land. Mountainous areas are less populated, although there are exceptions to this rule: in Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet), the border of human habitation exceeds 5000 m above sea level. More than half of humanity is concentrated in a 200-kilometer strip along the coasts of seas and oceans, and almost 30% in a 50-kilometer strip, which occupies only 12% of the land. In some, mainly island and peninsular, states, this figure is even higher. In Japan, 9/10 of the population lives no further than 50 km from the sea, in Great Britain - 3/4. In Norway, Denmark, Ireland, Portugal, Chile, New Zealand, Cuba and the Philippines, the entire population lives no further than 200 km from the sea.
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Population density The average population density of the Earth is 48 people per 1 sq. km. But the differences between countries are very large. Most often, Bangladesh is called the most densely populated country in the world, where the population density has already exceeded 1000 people per 1 sq. km. But in small, mostly island states it is even higher: in Singapore - more than 6500, in the Maldives - 1100, in Malta 1200 people per 1 sq. km. In Monaco – 16,400 people per 1 sq. km. Along with this, about half of the inhabited landmass has an average population density of less than 5 people per 1 square kilometer. km. Areas completely undeveloped by people occupy 15% of the land area.
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Types of international migration Irrevocable (permanent) Temporary-permanent Seasonal Pendulum (border) Illegal (underground) Forced Episodic
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Migration patterns All countries are involved in the migration process Feminization of migration flows Qualitative changes (“brain drain”) Changes in the directions of migration flows Formation of migration networks Discussion of migration problems in the context of human rights
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Composition (structure) of the population Age composition Ethnolinguistic composition Religious composition Gender composition
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Sex composition of the world population Typically, about 5% more boys are born than girls. Boys' bodies are weaker and infant mortality is higher. Around the age of 20, the ratio of men to women levels off. This is explained by the higher mortality rate among men than among women.
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Countries Countries that are male-dominated Countries that are female-dominated Reasons why these countries are male-dominated Reasons why these countries are female-dominated Oil-producing countries have a lot of male migrants Women's life expectancy is higher than men's These countries have unequal status of women: early marriages Losses in the Second World War Countries with approximately equal numbers of men and women Give examples of countries
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Age composition of the world's population Two opposing trends are observed in the age structure of the world's population. In developed countries, the proportion of older people is increasing – the population is aging. In developing countries, with their high birth rates, there is a rejuvenation of the population. Between these two poles there is an intermediate group of countries in which the share of older people and children is in balance. Determine which of the graphs shows: Progressive type - ? Regressive type - ? Stationary type - ?
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Ethnolinguistic composition of the world's population There are about 4 thousand ethnic groups (peoples) in the world. unity of territory at the initial stages of cultural development based on their language of economic and everyday characteristics. Ethnicity is a historically established social group that has a set of characteristics: Nations Nationalities Tribes Nationalities Peoples or ethnic groups
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The classification of peoples is most often based on the linguistic principle. The total number of currently known languages is more than 5.5 thousand, and one and a half thousand of them are considered to be completely unformed or endangered. The most common peoples: Chinese - 1100 million people, Americans - 190 million people, Hindustani - 220 million people, Bengalis - 180 million people. The most common languages: Chinese - 907 million people, English - 456 million people, Hindi - 383 million people, Spanish - 320 million people.
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The national composition of the population of the countries of the world is very different. In general, three main groups of countries can be distinguished. Name the groups and give examples of countries
Population size and reproduction Demography is the science of the patterns of population reproduction, studying its size, natural growth, age and sex composition of the population. Population reproduction is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations. In the most simplified, generalized form, we can talk about two types of population reproduction...
Types of reproduction The first type is a demographic crisis. The first type of reproduction is characterized by low rates of mortality, birth rate and natural increase. It has become widespread in economically developed countries. The second type is the “demographic explosion.” The second type of reproduction is characterized by high birth rates and natural increase and relatively low mortality rates. It is typical for developing countries.
Demographic policy Demographic policy is a system of administrative, economic, and propaganda measures with the help of which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires. The direction of demographic policy depends on the demographic situation in a particular country. demographic situation Average life expectancy is the expected life expectancy of the population, which is determined using calculations based on probability theory. Depends both on biological and hereditary characteristics, as well as on nutrition, work, and living conditions. Measured in number of years.
Sex and age composition of the population For graphical analysis of the age and sex composition of the population, the age and sex pyramid is widely used. The scale below is age, on the left - as a percentage of the entire population. Women numerically predominate in a number of CIS countries, in foreign Europe, and in North America. In Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately equal. But in foreign Asia, men noticeably predominate. And yet the overall global figure is particularly affected by the predominance of men in the two most populous countries - China and India. That is why in the world as a whole there are 101 men for every 100 women.
Ethnolinguistic composition In total, there are 3-4 thousand ethnic groups in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes. In cases where national boundaries coincide with political ones, single-national states are formed; most of them are in Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, etc. Along with these, there are many countries that are multinational states; Some of them are home to dozens and even hundreds of peoples.
Religious composition of the population Depending on their distribution and role, all religions are divided into world and national. The most widespread of the world's religions are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. National religions include Hinduism in India, Confucianism in China, and Shintoism in Japan.
Distribution and population density Distribution and population density The population is distributed extremely unevenly: about 70% of all people live on 7% of the earth's land area. Along with this, about half of the inhabited land has an average population density of less than 5 people per 1 km 2. Areas completely undeveloped by people occupy 15% of the land area. Naturally, people settled and developed first of all the territories that were most favorable for life and rich in various resources. Since ancient times, the settlement of people has been greatly influenced by their employment in agriculture. With the beginning of industrial development, large population clusters formed in Europe and the USA. Finally, throughout the history of human civilization, human settlement has been strongly affected by the attraction to transport and trade routes. The average population density of the Earth is 45 people per km 2. A certain number and density of population are necessary prerequisites for the development of each country.
Population migration A large impact on the size, composition and distribution of the population in individual countries and throughout the world is exerted by its movements, called population migrations. The main reason for migration is economic, but they are also caused by political, national, religious, environmental and other reasons. International (external) migrations are migrations from one country to another. Labor migration is the relocation of people to work in another country. The main flow of labor emigrants is sent from developing countries to economically developed countries. Internal (intrastate) migrations are of several types, moving from rural areas to cities, from city to city, from city to rural areas, etc.
The concept of urbanization Urbanization is the growth of cities, an increase in the share of the urban population in a country, region, world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities. Urbanization is one of the most important components of socio-economic development. Modern urbanization as a worldwide process has three common features that are characteristic of most countries. The first feature is the rapid growth of urban populations, especially in less developed countries. The second feature is the concentration of the population mainly in large cities. The third feature is the “sprawling” of cities, the expansion of their territory.
Levels and rates of urbanization Based on the level of urbanization, all countries can be divided into 3 large groups. But the main divide still occurs between more and less developed countries. The pace of urbanization largely depends on its level. In economically developed countries that have reached a high level of urbanization, the share of the urban population has recently been growing relatively slowly. In developing countries, where the level of urbanization is lower, the urban population is increasing rapidly. However, urban population growth is much faster than their actual development. Modern processes of growth, composition and distribution of population raise many complex problems, some of them are worldwide and some are specific to different types of countries. The most important are the continued rapid growth of the world population, interethnic relations, and urbanization.
Budgetary educational institution of the Omsk region of secondary vocational education “Vocational School No. 12”
Gavrilova Zinaida Alekseevna,
Geography teacher of BUSPO "PU-12"
Lesson objectives:
1.Study the population size, population growth rate, types of population reproduction.
2.Improve work with maps, promote the development of communicative and information culture of students.
3. Fostering independence and tolerance.
Educational tasks:
- Show that population geography is one of the main branches of economic and social geography.
- Identify patterns in the dynamics of the world population.
- Form the concepts: “reproduction”, “natural population movement”, two types of reproduction, “demographic policy”.
- Improve skills in working with statistical and cartographic material.
- Show the possibilities of using knowledge of computer technology.
Connections of geography with other sciences:
- Demography is the science of the patterns of population reproduction.
- Ethnology is the science of the origin of peoples.
- Ethnogeography is the science of population distribution.
World population growth
Population, million people
7000 BC e.
Annual growth, million people (%)
2000 BC e.
0 (new era)
9000 (forecast)
Population of the Earth 7 billion people
Appears:
3 children
Every second
Every minute
175 people
Each hour
10.4 thousand people
Every day
250 thousand people
1st place in the world in the number of abortions;
II - by the number of divorces;
II - by the number of murders (per 1000 people);
II - by the number of prisoners (per 1000 people);
100th place - in life expectancy.
We have the lowest natural growth, the largest population decline, and the highest infant mortality rate among developed countries.
Average annual population growth rate , %
Regions of the world and the whole world
North America
Latin America
Giant countries with a population of over 100 million people
Population, 2002, million people.
Forecast, 2025, million people
Indonesia
Brazil
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Japan (Mexico)
Ten countries with the highest and lowest rates of natural increase
Natural increase +++, ‰
Natural increase, --- ‰
Ivory Coast
Bulgaria
Belarus
Jordan
Germany
Concept of population reproduction
Population reproduction is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
There are 3 groups of countries with type 1 reproduction:
- Ep = 0.5% or 5%o (5 people per 1000 inhabitants). USA, Canada, Australia). This kind of reproduction is called expanded. Ep 0
- Ep = 0. Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Slovakia. The population is not growing.
- Ep 0. Negative natural increase. Mortality exceeds birth rate. Demographers call it depopulation me or demographic crisis .
Reasons for low birth rate:
- high level of solo-economic development (high incomes, emancipation of women, involvement of women in production and social activities, increasing the length of education for children, increasing the “price” of a child);
- high level of urbanization - 75% (in rural areas the birth rate is higher);
- an increase in the share of older ages - “aging of the nation” (Great Britain, France), a decrease in the share of young ages.
On mortality rates in developed countries influence:
- consequences of war and military conflicts;
- industrial and road injuries (car accidents - 250 thousand human lives annually, traffic accidents - 60 thousand);
- illness;
- terrorism;
- natural disasters.
High and very high fertility and natural increase rates and relatively low mortality rates. Typical for developing countries. This phenomenon of rapid population growth in countries of the second type of reproduction in the mid-20th century was called - population explosion. 95% of the planet's annual growth.
Reasons for high birth rate :
- low level of economic development with a predominance of agriculture;
- low level of urbanization – 41%;
- dependence of a woman's position, early marriages;
- religious customs, encouragement of large families;
- ban on family planning in Muslim countries;
- significant infant mortality,
insufficient level of education.
Mortality in developing countries, after they gained independence, it sharply decreased, since they were able to use the achievements of modern medicine, sanitation and hygiene primarily to combat epidemic diseases (plague, cholera, etc.)
Group activity (5 min.)
1.What is the population?
2.What is reproduction?
3.Which countries are characterized by the first type of reproduction?
4.Which countries are characterized by the second type of reproduction?
5.What is a population explosion
6.What is a demographic crisis?
The concept of demographic policy
Population policy- this is the management of the process of population reproduction, which is a system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population (primarily the birth rate) in the direction it desires.
Demographic policy in countries of the first type of reproduction is aimed at increasing the birth rate:
a) one-time loans to newlyweds;
b) benefits at the birth of each child;
c) monthly benefits for children;
d) paid holidays, etc.
Demographic policy in countries of the second type of reproduction is aimed at reducing the birth rate :
a) a birth planning committee has been created;
b) a late age for marriage has been established: men – 22 years, women – 20 years;
c) the state pays extra monthly for one child in the family.
Demographic policy in countries of the second type of reproduction is aimed to reduce the birth rate: (examples)
For example, India.
- National Family Planning Program;
- Increasing the age of marriage (men – 21, women – 18);
- Mass voluntary sterilization of the population;
- The political motto is “We are two, we are two.”
For example, China.
- Childbirth Planning Committee;
- Late age of marriage (men – 22, women – 20:)
- Monthly additional payment from the state for one child in the family;
- “One family - one child.”
Demographic transition theory is a theory that explains the sequence of changes in demographic processes, which includes 4 successive stages:
- characterized by very high birth and death rates and very low natural increase (now it does not occur);
- characterized by a sharp reduction in mortality while maintaining a high birth rate, which is the cause of the demographic explosion;
- characterized by the persistence of low mortality rates and a slight decrease in the birth rate, which ensures moderate expanded reproduction of the population and growth in its numbers;
- characterized by a coincidence of birth and death rates, which means stabilization of the population.
Concept of population quality
Life expectancy, years
Whole population
Foreign Europe
Foreign Asia
Illiteracy rate, %
North America
Latin America
Australia, Oceania
Population quality is a complex, comprehensive concept that takes into account economic (employment, per capita income, caloric intake), social (level of health care, life expectancy, safety of citizens, development of demographic institutions), cultural (level of literacy, provision of cultural institutions, printed materials), environmental ( state of the environment) and other living conditions of people.
The concept of economically active population
In Russia, countries of Foreign Europe and North America, this figure (50-60%) is higher than the world average with high female employment. In the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America it is lower than the world average (40-45%).
Economically active population (EAP)– this is the part of the working population that is directly involved in material production and non-production spheres (45% of the total population).
Test work
1. Currently, the world population is approaching (billion people)
2. The leader in population is
1) India
2) China
3) USA
3. The set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure the change of human generations is called...
1) population reproduction
2) demographic transition
3) population movement
4. A population explosion is observed in countries...
1) USA
2) China
3) Germany
5. The system of administrative, economic, propaganda and other measures through which the state influences the natural movement of the population is called...
1) demographic transition
2) demographic policy
3) demographic process
Evaluation criteria:
- 1-2 mistakes - score 4
- 3 mistakes - score3
- More than 3 errors - score 2
- No errors - 5
GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD POPULATION The presentation was made by a geography teacher at GBOU Lyceum No. 1561 YURIY ORGANOV PART 1 POPULATION STRUCTURE SEX COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION The sex composition of the population is determined by the ratio of men and women in the population structure. In the world, about 104 boys are born for every 100 girls, but over time the sex ratio in the population structure changes. The reason for this is the difference in life expectancy, as well as the high mortality rate among the male population. In general, there are more men than women in the world (due to Asia), but in most countries women predominate in the population structure. In the CIS countries, Europe and North America, the female population predominates. GENDER COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION The reasons for this are different, including the loss of the male population during the First and Second World Wars, the long life expectancy of the female population and other reasons. In Africa, Latin America, and Australia, the number of men and women is approximately the same. There are more men in Asia. In particular, in China there are 38 million more men than women. The predominance of the male population is characteristic of Muslim Southwestern Asia. There are several reasons for this: the degraded position of women, the rise of men, and the influx of the male population into this region as migrant workers. GENDER COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION For example, in some Arab countries of the Persian Gulf there are several times more men than women. SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION The sex and age composition of the population is determined not only by the ratio of men and women in the population structure, but also by the age composition, the ratio of the male and female population in various age groups. The age composition of the population is the distribution of the population by age groups, which are characterized by the number of identified groups and their relationship with each other. In demographic analysis, five-year age groups (1-4, 5-9, .... 95-100 years) are more often identified, and in a more generalized study, ten-year age groups are identified - with an interval of 10 years. SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION For special purposes of study, specific age criteria are adopted. Thus, in Russian statistics, three large population groups are distinguished according to their role in the demographic situation: 1. Young population (children, pre-working age) - from 0 to 15 years. 2. Adult population (working age) – from 16 to 60 (women – up to 55) years. 3.Elderly population (pensioners, post-working age) - after 60 (55) years. SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION The sex and age composition of the population depends both on the processes of fertility and mortality (on the types of population reproduction) and on migration processes. Countries with 1 type of population reproduction are characterized by a smaller proportion of children in the age structure of the population than in countries with 2 types of reproduction, and a high percentage of elderly people. This is the so-called “regressive” type of age structure of the population (France, Russia, Canada, Belarus, Japan, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic, etc.). Type 2 of population reproduction is characterized by a large number of children and a small proportion of elderly, in contrast to type 1 of population reproduction - the “progressive” type of age structure of the population (Kuwait, Qatar, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Yemen, Mali, etc.). SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION To graphically depict the sex and age composition of the population, sex and age pyramids are created. ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION Ethnicity is a stable community of people formed in a certain territory who have a common language, common characteristics of culture and psyche, as well as a common self-awareness. Currently, up to 5,000 ethnic groups live on Earth. The largest peoples of the world include: Chinese, Hindustani, Bengalis, Russians, Arabs and others. CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO NATIONAL 1. Uninational (i.e. the main nationality is over 90%). (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Bangladesh, Korea, Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Madagascar). 2. With a sharp predominance of one nation, but with the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania, China, Mongolia, USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc.). 3.Binational (Belgium, Canada). CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO NATIONAL 4. With a more complex national composition, but relatively homogeneous ethnically (mainly in Asia: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Laos; as well as in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa; they are also in Latin America). 5. Multinational countries with a complex and ethnically diverse composition (India, Russia, Switzerland, Indonesia, the Philippines, many countries in Western and Southern Africa). The most multicultural region is South Asia, and the most multicultural countries are India, Indonesia and Brazil. PART 2 GEOGRAPHY OF RELIGIONS GEOGRAPHY OF RELIGIONS At different periods of history, humanity sought to express its attitude towards religion and religious beliefs. Today it is important to recognize that religion occupies an important place in the history of peoples and states, and it is not just belief or disbelief in gods. Religion permeates the lives of peoples of all continents, determines their behavior, principles, and often the policy of the state as a whole. WORLD RELIGIONS NATIONAL TRIBAL CULTURES WORLD RELIGIONS CHRISTIANITY BUDDHISM ISLAM CHRISTIANITY Christianity arose in the 1st century AD. e. in Palestine, which was at that time under the rule of the Roman Empire, initially among Jews, in the context of the messianic movements of Old Testament Judaism. Already in the first decades of its existence, Christianity became widespread in other provinces and among other ethnic groups. Anyone can be a Christian, regardless of their nationality. Therefore, unlike Judaism, which is a national religion, Christianity has become a world religion. CHRISTIANITY One of the most important innovations of Christianity should be considered faith in the real - and not the apparent or imaginary - incarnation of God and in the salvific nature of His sacrificial death and resurrection. Christianity is the largest, professed by 2.31 billion people. world religion, its BRANCHES OF CHRISTIANITY ORTHODOXY CATHOLICISM PROTESTANTISM ORTHODOXY Orthodoxy is practiced in the following countries: the majority of the population of Russia, Greece, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Georgia, Cyprus, Moldova, Romania, Abkhazia, Ethiopia. There is a significant proportion of Orthodox Christians in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Canada, and the USA. CATHOLICISM This is the largest branch of Christianity, with a total of about 1.2 billion Catholics in the world. Catholicism is professed by the majority of the population of the following countries: Brazil, Argentina, Philippines, Cuba, Panama, DR Congo, Chile, Peru, Portugal, Austria, Belgium, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Haiti, Venezuela, etc. PROTESTANTISM Protestantism is professed by the following countries: majority of the population of the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Finland, Australia, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, etc. ISLAM Followers of Islam are called Muslims. The main holy book of Islam is the Koran. The language of worship is classical Arabic. Islam was finally formulated in the sermons of Muhammad, who is a prophet for Muslims, in the 7th century. Islam is a relatively young religion. In total, Islam is professed by approximately 1.4 – 1.5 billion people. TRENDS OF ISLAM SUNNISM The majority of Sunnis (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Libya, Algeria, Indonesia, Morocco, Tunisia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, etc.). SHI'ISM (Iran, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, Bahrain, Iraq). BUDDHISM Buddhism is a religious and philosophical teaching (dharma) about spiritual awakening (bodhi), which arose around the 6th century BC. e. in Ancient India. The founder of the teaching is considered to be Siddhartha Gautama, who later received the name Shakyamuni Buddha. It is believed to be one of the world's oldest religions, recognized by a wide variety of peoples with completely different traditions. Major Buddhist states: Mongolia, Thailand, Cambodia, Bhutan, Korea, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, parts of China and India. There are almost 400 million Buddhists in the world. DIRECTIONS OF BUDDHISM HINAYANA MAHAYANA LAMAISM NATIONAL RELIGIONS HINDUISM CONFUCIANISM SINTOISM JUDAISM HINDUISM Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world by the number of followers after Christianity and Islam (although it is not world wide, since it has a relatively small distribution area). Hinduism is practiced by more than 1 billion people, of whom about 950 million live in India and Nepal. Other countries where adherents of Hinduism make up a significant part of the population are Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Fiji, Suriname, Guyana. HINDUISM Most Hindus accept a divine reality that creates, sustains and destroys the universe, but some Hindu sects reject this idea. Most Hindus believe in a universal god who is simultaneously located within every living being and who can be approached in various ways. In the Hindu understanding, the supreme being can be worshiped in countless forms - in the form of Shiva. CONFUCIANism is an ethical and philosophical doctrine developed by its founder Confucius (551 - 479 BC), developed by his followers and included in the religious complex of China, Korea, Japan and some other countries. Confucianism is a worldview, social ethics, political ideology, scientific tradition, way of life, sometimes considered as a philosophy, sometimes as a religion. Confucianism arose as an ethical-socio-political doctrine in the Chunqiu Period (from 722 BC to 481 BC) - a time of deep social and political upheaval in China. The supreme deity in this direction is the sky. Confucianism is still most widespread in China. Shintoism is the national religion of Japan. This religion is based on the national beliefs of the ancient Japanese; the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead. It experienced significant influence from Buddhism in its development. JUDAISM is the national religion of the Jews. Judaism claims historical continuity spanning more than 3,000 years. Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and the oldest still in existence today. The synagogue is the place of worship. Most Jews live in Israel and the United States. TRIBAL CULTURES FETISHISM ANIMISM TOTEMISM SHAMANISM ANCESTOR CULT TRIBAL CULTURES Tribal cults and beliefs are a set of religious ideas and rituals that developed in the conditions of an archaic society, tribal organization of community life and corresponding to the low level of development of the economy and social relations, the primitiveness of the consciousness reflecting them. Various directions have become widespread in some countries of Africa and Oceania. NUMBER OF BELIEVERS Christianity - 32% of believers (2.31 billion people), Islam - 23% of believers (up to 1.5 billion people), Hinduism - 13% Buddhism - 6%. SPREAD OF RELIGIONS The largest Christian regions are Latin America, Europe and North America. The main Muslim regions are South-West Asia, North Africa and parts of South-West Asia. Buddhists predominate in East and Southeast Asia. THE IMPORTANCE OF RELIGIONS Religion, throughout most of human history, played a decisive role in man's construction of social reality and was the most effective and widespread means of implementing social control in society. Modern man is surrounded by a large number of different faiths and ideologies. Each religion has certain rules of behavior that its adherents must follow, as well as the purpose for which people follow the tenets of this religion. Maintaining faith is expressed in worship, prayers, and going to places of worship where people of the same faith gather. PART 3 NUMBER AND REPRODUCTION OF POPULATION GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS There is a separate direction in geographical science - population geography - this is one of the main branches of economic and social geography. The main way to determine the population size for a certain period of time is to conduct a population census. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS A population census is a unified process of collecting, summarizing, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data of the population relating at a certain time to all persons in the country or a clearly limited part of it. Upon completion of the population census, the collected data is processed and published. Population accounting arose in ancient times in connection with the tax and military activities of states and the tasks of their administrative structure. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Even in the ancient Indian laws of Manu, rulers were ordered to take into account the inhabitants in order to find out their strength and determine taxes. In Egypt, population records were carried out starting from the era of the Old Kingdom (2800 - 2250 BC). There is evidence that population records were kept in Ancient China and Ancient Japan. A population census is usually carried out every 5–10 years. POPULATION SIZE POPULATION SIZE POPULATION SIZE POPULATION SIZE POPULATION REPRODUCTION Population reproduction is a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase that ensure a change of generations. Population reproduction depends on the physiological characteristics of a person, his culture, traditions, living conditions and many other processes. The processes of fertility and mortality are characterized by natural increase (NI), which is equal to the difference between fertility and mortality (NI = RS). FIRST TYPE It is characterized by low birth and death rates, low natural growth, and high life expectancy. This type of population reproduction is typical for developed countries. Depending on fertility and mortality, the first type of reproduction is divided into three subgroups: 1. P>C, positive EP (USA, Canada, Australia). 2. P = C, EP is approximately equal to 0 (Denmark, Slovakia, Portugal, France). 3. R<С, ЕП отрицательный (демографический кризис). К странам, имеющим отрицательный естественный прирост, относят Россию, Украину, Латвию, Литву, Болгарию, Японию. ВТОРОЙ ТИП Для него характерны высокие показатели рождаемости, естественного прироста, относительно высокие показатели смертности. Данный тип воспроизводства населения характерен для развивающихся стран (Непал, Индия, Египет, Саудовская Аравия, Панама, Нигерия, Мали, Таиланд, Турция, Ямайка, Бангладеш и др.). Для многих стран второго типа воспроизводства населения характерен демографический взрыв. ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ВЗРЫВ Демографический взрыв – это резкое увеличение численности населения в результате снижения смертности при слишком высокой рождаемости (Сьерра-Леоне, Бурунди, Буркина-Фасо, Нигер). ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА Многие страны пытаются управлять процессами рождаемости и смертности, численностью населения и проводят демографическую политику. Демографическая политика – это система различных мероприятий, с помощью которых государство воздействует на естественное движение населения (процессы рождаемости и смертности) в желательном для себя направлении. Наиболее активно демографическую политику проводят Китай, Индия, Япония, Германия. КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИ Качество жизни населения – это степень удовлетворения материальных, духовных и социальных потребностей человека. Основными показателями качества жизни населения являются: ДОХОД НАСЕЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ КАЧЕСТВО ПИТАНИЯ КАЧЕСТВО КУЛЬТУРЫ КАЧЕСТВО ОДЕЖДЫ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЖИЗНИ КОМФОРТ ЖИЛИЩА БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИ Страны-лидеры по продолжительности жизни: Андорра, Япония, Монако. Страны-лидеры по уровню грамотности населения: Австралия, Исландия, Канада и другие развитые страны. Страны-лидеры по показателю ВВП на человека: Лихтенштейн, Катар, Люксембург. СПАСИБО ЗА ВНИМАНИЕ!
