§ 2989. The meaning of simultaneity belongs to sentences with the conjunction while: He was married to a poor noblewoman who died in childbirth while he was away in the field (Pushk.); At the time I met him, he was already about thirty years old (S.Sh.); While I was taking a nap, the moon rose and cast its cold and bright light through the thin clouds and falling snow (L.
Tolstoy); While I was gutting and cleaning colorful sea fish, a woman of about sixty or even sixty-five, thin, gray-haired, dark-skinned (Soloukh.) stopped next to me. The temporal meaning in such sentences is not complicated by the meaning of comparison: the meaning of incongruity characteristic of comparative sentences with the conjunction while is absent here (see § 3099–3101). Such sentences are equivalent to sentences with the conjunctions when and while, expressing simultaneity (see § 2954, 2955, 2966).
The formal feature on the basis of which temporary constructions with the conjunction while are distinguished from the actual comparative ones (see § 3101) is the potential dismemberment of the conjunction while. This dismemberment is expressed in the possibility of updating the temporal meaning, firstly, through the intonation highlighting of the component at that time, and secondly, by the introduction of lexical actualizers, the very same thing: Just as the prince was approaching the house, a cloud suddenly turned around and poured ( Ext.); I asked my grandfather about this just as he swung his second felt boot (Prishv.); As if sensing danger, he turned around sharply just as she opened the door (Herman).
Such sentences are functionally close to sentences with the conjunction when and the combination while as part of the main part (see § 2914); At the time when Onegin is changing clothes, Pushkin turns into poetic objects those combs, files, scissors and brushes that decorate the office of the “philosopher at eighteen years old” (D. Pisarev); He met Lenochka at a time when they were not yet eleven years old (Kupr.); Mushrooms really begin to grow at the time when the rye shoots an ear (Tendr.).
Note. In case of intonational non-segmentation, which contributes to the semantic merging of components, the combination while can act as an analogue of the conjunction while in a comparative meaning (see § 3101).
Sentences with the meaning of simultaneity can be constructed using combinations formed according to the model of conjunctions while, while: at that moment as (when), at that moment as (when), at that second as (when), at that minute like (when), that hour like (when), that day like (when), that year like (when): And at that minute, as she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what oh what she said (L. Tolstoy). Among the words that lexically name time, the word moment is the most abstract in such combinations; the combination at the moment as (when) comes close to conjunctions with the meaning of simultaneity.
More on the topic SENTENCES WITH THE MEANING OF SIMULTANEOUSNESS:
- 337.2. Complex sentences with multitemporal relations
What is a Compound Sentence?
Complex sentence- This difficult sentence, the parts of which are interconnected by coordinating conjunctions. The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L.. Tolsto). The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory frowned (Sholokhov). The connection between the parts of a complex sentence is also carried out by other grammatical as well as lexical means (See complex sentence). The Germans will leave, and the entire territory they occupy will pass into the hands of the Red Army (N. Ostrovsky) (incomplete intonation of the first part)
the relationship between the forms of perfective verbs, conveying the relation of consequence; the order of the parts corresponds to the order of the actions being discussed). Liza was frightened by the strangely aged look of Vera Nikandrovna, and she did not dare to object (Fedin) (the interconnection of the parts and the semantic lack of independence of the second part are emphasized by the use of the pronoun she). In the entryway there was the smell of fresh apples and hanging wolf and fox skins (L. Tolstoy) (parts of a complex sentence are united by a common minor member e entryway). It was already quite dawn and the people began to rise when I returned to my room (L. Tolstoy) (both parts are united by a common subordinate clause). The older boy's name was Petya, and the younger one was Pavlik (Kataev) (incompleteness of the second part). The snow is still white in the fields, and the waters are noisy in the spring (Tyutchev) (the interdependence of the parts is expressed using the words yet... well). There can be relationships between the parts of a complex sentence:
1) connecting (with the meaning of simultaneity, sequence, cause and effect, etc.). Dark rainy clouds were approaching from the east, and moisture was sipping from there (Chekhov). Pierre entered the children, and the laughter and screams intensified even more (L. Tolstoi). That day I was a little unwell, and therefore I did not wait for dinner and went to bed (Arsenyev);
2) dividing (with the meaning of incompatibility, alternation, mutual exclusion). Now the sun shines dimly, now a black cloud hangs (N e-krasov). Either you get dressed now, or I will leave alone (Pisemsky);
3) adversative (with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency). Everyone looked after him, but no one smiled (Turgenev). He is an awkward, disheveled, ragged man, but his face is almost beautiful (Gorky);
4) comparative. The rooms were stuffy, and dust swirled in the streets (Chekhov). The guns in the arsenals rust, but the shakos shine (Simonov);
5) connecting e. Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally, and Anna Pavlovna (L. Tolstoy) did not like this. Lisa’s decision removed a stone from his heart, and the whole house immediately came to life, as if from a sent down peace (Fedin).
Serving to transmit any information, message, etc. The proposal is built according to its own specific laws and rules; Not every set of words can be called a sentence. It is characterized by grammatical and semantic unity of its parts, as well as a special intonation of completeness of the statement. That is why many philological researchers call a sentence: “complete statement”, “complete thought”.
Main hallmark a sentence is the presence of a grammatical basis in it - without it there is no sentence. Based on the number of grammatical bases in the Russian language, simple and complex sentences are distinguished. In simple there is one such basis, in complex there are two or more: The red sun shone in the sky again. The clouds finally cleared, and the sun sparkled triumphantly and joyfully over the cleanly washed land.
A simple sentence may be complete, consisting of a subject and a predicate (then it will be or may be incomplete, containing only one of the main members.
All its parts are connected in terms of content and meaning, as well as through intonation. Their structure is the same as that of simple sentences.
Complex sentences can be conjunction or non-conjunction - depending on the way in which the grammatical relationships between the parts are expressed and what means of communication were used. their parts are connected through intonation. These syntactic constructions There is grammatical independence, but rather close semantic correlation. Conjunctions or are not used in such sentences: The old forest rustled and groaned dully, the night shrouded it more and more in impenetrable darkness, the sky seemed to have forever forgotten about the sparkling stars and moonlight.
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences. A complex sentence is characterized by the fact that all its parts are equal in meaning. There is no semantic dependence or semantic inequality between them. Simple sentences in its composition are connected thanks to single and complex coordinating conjunctions: The brother was already tired of waiting, but Natasha could not get ready and leave the house. During the day I felt a little hot in my father’s jacket, but in the evening I felt damp and cold, and I didn’t get cold at all! In the morning I was either shivering, then feeling hot, then shaking again with chills.
Based on the type and meaning of conjunctions, compound sentences are divided into several types:
- A complex sentence with conjunctions of connecting meaning (AND, YES=AND, NEI...NOR, AS...SO AND - repeated, etc.). These conjunctions indicate that those phenomena, events that are spoken of in the sentence occur either immediately, at one time, or in succession, one after another: Strelka got tired of waiting for her portion of food, and she barked decisively. Vanka from the sixth entrance was a careless quitter and a chronic loser, and his friend Igoryosha from the neighboring house never shined in the lessons, and when called to the board he began to mumble something justifyingly and loudly sniffle.
- A complex sentence with dividing meanings and conjunctions EITHER, OR... EITHER, OR, etc. Sentences of this type are characterized by relations of exclusion or alternation: Mom listened to me, listened, and suddenly announced loudly: “Either you come to your senses and start studying properly, or your father will whip you today!”
- A complex sentence with the meanings of opposition (adversative) and conjunctions THEN, YES (=BUT), BETWEEN, WHILE, WHILE, etc. The content of simple sentences in such a complex one can be contrasted or compared: Marichka spent most of the money she earned on clothes, movies and ice cream, while Natalka diligently saved every penny, increasing her savings every month.
- Compound sentences also include sentences with connecting conjunctions TOO, ALSO, YES AND, etc. The semantic relations in them indicate either additional information contained in one of the simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, or the correlation of content between all parts of the sentence: On vacation, I planned to go to the Caucasus: the nature there is too beautiful, and a bosom friend has been offering to meet him for many years now, to visit him in a mountain village.
- Sentences with conjunctions NAMELY, THAT IS, expressing the meaning of explanation and having a bookish character are also complex: At the school, boys were not only taught the usual school disciplines, but were also involved in sports and instilled an increased interest in physical education, and this is what is important for future gymnasts.
In complex constructions there is no semantic equality between the parts of the sentence. Conjunctions of complex sentences express different shades of meaning and are always found in the subordinate clause.
Compound sentence is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning.
Coordinating conjunctions that connect simple sentences are found between simple sentences and are not included in any of them.
By conjunctions and by meaning compound sentences are divided into six groups.
1. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, yes(= i), nor- neither. They talk about a) the simultaneity of events and phenomena, or b) their succession, or c) the conditionality of one event by another. For example: a) Neither [ viburnum does not grow between them], nor [ grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev)- No no ; AND [ the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], and [sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok)- And, and; [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down someone has unlived years] (M. Sholokhov)- , Yes ;
b) [Two or three fell large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed]. (I. Goncharov) - [], And ; [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it showed Xia citizen]. (M. Bulgakov)- , And .
V) [Life is given once], and [ I want to live her cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully] (A. Chekhov)(the second sentence expresses the result, consequence, conclusion from the content of the first) - , and ; [Tell you give her two words], and [ she is saved] (A. Chekhov)(in the first sentence the condition of the action (state) in the second is indicated) - , and ; [It was getting hot], and I hurried home] (M. Lermontov)(in the first sentence the reason for the action in the second is indicated) -, and; [Free seats did not have], and [im had to stand] (V. Rasputin)- , And .
2. Complex sentences with separators unions: or (or), either, whether- or then- this, not that- neither this nor that- either. They indicate alternation phenomena, on possibility (choice) one phenomena of two or several. For example: [The dog will bark brownie], il [ the breeze will rustle in sheets of darkening will fly by] (N. Yazykov [], il , il ; That [ Sun dim glitters], That [ cloud black hanging(N. Nekrasov)
This, that; Not that [ it was getting light], not that [ it was getting dark] (Yu. German)- Not that, not that (in sentences with conjunctions either- either or not- not that mutual exclusion is complicated by the meaning of conjecture or an indication of the difficulty in choosing the exact designation of the situation).
3. Complex sentences With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, only. In them, one phenomenon is contrasted with another or differs in some way from it. For example: [Ranks people are given], A [people can be deceived] (A. Griboyedov)- , A ; [Beliefs are instilled theory], [ behavior same is being formed example] (A. Herzen)(union same combines two meanings: an adversative conjunction and an intensifying particle; therefore, it does not stand between simple sentences, but after the first word of the second sentence, highlighting this word) - , [same]; [They, Certainly, don't know me], yes \I them I know] (F. Dostoevsky)- , Yes ; [Fedya never didn't cry], but [ found it's wild at times stubbornness] (I. Turgenev)- , but ; [She didn't move], Just a bit eyebrows moved] (V. Rasputin)- , only ; [Was it's already spring month March], however [at night the trees were cracking from the cold, like in December] (A. Chekhov)- , however . (The adversative conjunction “however” always stands at the beginning of a simple sentence; it can be replaced by the conjunction “but”; a comma is not placed after it. Homonymous to the conjunction introductory word“however” does not appear at the beginning (i.e., in the middle or at the end) of the sentence and is separated in writing by commas. Wed: We were all waiting for him, however (but) he did not come.- We were all waiting for him, but he didn’t come.)
4. Complex sentences With gradational-comparative conjunctions: not only... but also, not that... but (but), if not... then, not that... but (a), not so much... as. In such sentences there is a comparison or opposition of phenomena according to degree
significance: what is communicated in the second sentence is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the first (what is said in the second sentence has a greater degree of significance for the speaker). For example: [
Cmnot really cruel, but [he's too de yat splendid character] (L. Tolstoy)- not just that, but; Not only [ Sonya without paint couldn't stand it this look], but also [old Countess and Natasha blushed, noticing this look] (L. Tolstoy)- Not only but .
5. Complex sentences With connecting unions: and, too, also, moreover, moreover. The second sentence in them has the character of an additional or incidental remark, often unexpected, as if it had just come to mind. [He felt in front of her as a child], and [ she thought him for the child] (F. Dostoevsky)- , yes and ; [Poor Nadenka has nowhere else to go hear those words], and [no one pronounce them] (Ah, Chekhov)- , yes and ; [Face her it was pale], [slightly open lips Same turned pale] (I. Turgenev)- ., [too] (conjunctions Same And Also in meaning they are close to the union And, but they do not stand between simple sentences, but inside the second one).
6. Complex sentences with explanatory notes unions: that is, namely, They indicate the identity, equivalence of situations, while the second sentence explains and concretizes the thought expressed in the first. For example: [Also here lived in his native Lozishchi and to a certain Osip Lozinsky], that is [ lived, to tell the truth, it doesn’t matter] (V. Korolenko)- , that is ; [Men's room the servants were brought we have to a minimum], namely: [for the whole house no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient] (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)- , namely .
Syntactic analysis of complex sentences
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2 Characterize the sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the number of simple sentences in a complex sentence and find their boundaries, highlight grammar basics each simple sentence that is part of a complex one.
4.Indicate which coordinating conjunction connect simple sentences into complex ones, and determine the semantic relationships between them.
5 Create a graphic diagram of a complex sentence.
6. Explain punctuation marks.
Sample analysis of a complex sentence
[You are many years late], but [still I glad) (A. Akhmatova).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by the coordinating adversative conjunction “but”, a relation of opposition (with a hint of concession); simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
That \ fell as if fog], then [suddenly allowed oblique, large rain] (L. Tolstoy).
This, that.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of two simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating disjunctive conjunction “this - that”, an alternation relationship; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by a comma.
[Women flash by in tents], and [ mongrels yapping sha-lye], and [samovars roses scarlet are burning in taverns and houses] (O. Mandelstam).
And, and.
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of three simple sentences connected by a repeating coordinating conjunction “and”, simultaneous phenomena are listed; simple sentences within a compound sentence are separated in writing by commas.
