Mainly moving areas earth's crust correspond mountains, and stable - plains. You can verify this by comparing a map of the structure of the earth’s crust and physical card peace. For example, the large lowland plains of South America - Amazonian And La Plata - located on the ancient South American platform. On the shields of the same ancient platform there are plateaus - Brazilian And Guiana. Our Eastern European (Russian) plain, Great And Central The plains of North America correspond to the ancient platforms - East European and North American. And here West Siberian the plain lies on a young platform.
The continent of Africa is almost entirely an ancient African-Arabian platform with numerous projections of the foundation. Therefore, the relief of Africa is also dominated by plains, but highlands and plateaus.
Areas of folding are expressed in relief by mountains. However, the mountains of the Earth can vary greatly in height, and in outline, and in the occurrence of rocks depending on age. For example, in areas of Cenozoic folding, mountain building processes continue, accompanied by earthquakes and volcanism.
The highest mountains in the world rise here - Himalayas, Caucasus, Andes, Alps. The rock layers in them are bent into folds of different sizes, i.e. they have folding structure. The convex part of the fold often corresponds to mountain ranges, and the concave part - intermountain depressions.
By the onset of the Cenozoic era, the mountains of the regions of Paleozoic age were almost completely destroyed under the influence of external forces of the Earth. In the Cenozoic, the activity of the Earth's internal forces intensified, and the folded base of these mountains split. Along the faults, individual blocks (blocks) rose, forming gors-you, and others sank, forming grabens. Such mountains are called reborn. Among them there are both high and medium-height mountains. When blocks of the earth's crust shifted, the folds were torn. In such places the mountains acquired fold-block structure. Material from the site
At the bottom of the oceans, mid-ocean ridges and deep-sea trenches are located in moving areas.
Plainsconfined to ancient and young platforms. The mountains are confined to folded areas of different ages. Modern folded mountains are located in areas of Cenozoic age. The placement of mountains and plains on the earth confirms the connection between the topography of the territory and the structure of the earth's crust.
On this page there is material on the following topics:
Main questions. What are the origins of plains? What is the difference between the formation of plains and mountains?
The ratio of internal and external processes in the formation of the Earth's relief is not the same in different places, therefore the Earth's relief is diverse.
Plains occupy 64% of the land and are located symmetrically on the surface. They are confined to two latitude zones in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, these are the large Central Plains in North America, the East European, West Siberian, and Great Chinese Plains, and the Central Siberian Plateau in Eurasia. In the Southern Hemisphere - the Brazilian Plateau, the African-Arabian, and Australian plains.
Based on their origin, the plains are divided intodenudation and accumulative.
Denudation plains(from lat. denudatio - exposure) arise on the site of mountainous countries as a result of the destruction of mountains. Denudation is a set of processes of destruction of rocks and transfer of destruction products to low areas (by water, wind, ice). The processes of mountain destruction lead to a smoothing of the Earth's topography. R avnina, formed on the site of ancient mountains, they are composed of crystalline - igneous and metamorphic - rocks. An example is the Kazakh small hills in Asia.
A significant part is made up of plains composed of horizontally lying layers of sedimentary rocks (stratal plains) - sandstones, limestones, dolomites. These plains include the largest plains on the globe: the Caspian Lowland, the East European Plain. Central Siberian Plateau. (Study the location of the plains on maps).
Accumulative plains(lat. accumulation - accumulation) are formed during the long-term accumulation of layers of loose sedimentary rocks at the site of extensive subsidence of the earth's crust or filling of large relief depressions with sediments. Examples of such plains are the Indo-Gangetic, Mesopotamian, and Great Chinese.
Some of the plains were once seabed. Near the West Siberian Lowland, the sedimentary cover is mainly composed of young marine accumulations.
Mountains are divided by origin into folded, block, folded-block and volcanic.fold mountains arise as a result of movement of the earth's crust. In mobile zones of the earth's crust, most often at the edges of lithospheric plates, rocks as a result of tectonic movements are crushed into folds of various sizes and steepness. This is how they are formed folded mountains. The main feature of folded mountains is their elongation in the form of chains of mountain ranges over long distances, hundreds and thousands of kilometers. Fold mountains are found on all continents, in most cases they are high mountains. For example, these are the mountains of the Alpine-Himalayan fold belt. (Study the location of the mountains in the belt on the map: the Alps, the Carpathians, the Caucasus, the mountain ranges of the Asia Minor, Armenian and Iranian highlands, the Pamirs, the Himalayas, etc.).
Block Mountains arise as a result of the formation of horsts, grabens and the movement of sections of the earth’s crust along discharges - faults in a vertical or close to it direction. In this case, one discharge stage or several may be formed. Displacements reach 1-2 km. Raised stepped areas form mountains. This is how they were formed Drakensberg Mountains in South East Africa. From the Indian Ocean side, they form steep stepped slopes and give the impression of a high mountain range. Western and Eastern Ghats in Asia (the Hindustan Peninsula) are the elevated edges of the Deccan Plateau. There are also fault mountains in South America (mountains of southeast Brazil) and other areas.
When discharged, they form horsts and grabens. Horsts(German Horst - hill) - raised areas of the earth's crust limited by faults. The horst massifs are the Harz Mountains in Europe and the ridges of Central Africa. Grabens(German Graben- ditch) - omitted along faults of blocks of the earth's crust relative to adjacent blocks. Many of them house the largest lakes on Earth (Baikal, Great North American, a number of lakes in Africa) (Fig.)
Fold-block mountains appeared on the site of areas of the earth's crust that underwent mountain building in the past. The mountains collapsed into rolling plains. The earth's crust in these areas has lost its plasticity and acquired rigidity and stability. Then these areas underwent repeated mountain building, which was accompanied by both folding and uplift and subsidence of individual blocks. Folded-block mountains with flat tops and steep slopes in Eurasia include the Ural, Tien Shan, Altai, Sayan, and Transbaikalia ranges. In North America, these are the Appalachians; in Australia - East Australian Mountains.
Volcanic mountains formed during volcanic eruptions (from lat.Vulcanus- god of fire and blacksmithing among the ancient Romans) These include Kilimanjaro in Africa, Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Fuji, Etna, the most beautiful Elbrus and Kazbek in Eurasia (remember how volcanoes are formed?). (Show plains and mountains on the map).
Mountains and plains are the main elements of the continental relief.Mountains are formed as a result of tectonic uplifts, and plains are formed as a result of the destruction of mountains.The plains were formed on stable platforms. Mountains are located mainly in mobile areas. Compared to other components of nature, relief is distinguished by the fact that it changes much more slowly than climate, soils and vegetation.
1. How are plains distinguished by origin? 2. How are mountains distinguished by origin? *3. Show plains and mountains on the map and explain their origin (optional). **4. Give examples of the dominant landforms in your area and try to explain their origin.
Detailed solution section Nature of the Earth in geography my simulator for 7th grade students, authors V.V. Nikolina 2015
- Gdz on Geography for grade 7 can be found
1. Using the text from §8 of the textbook, determine how the cyclical development of the earth’s crust manifests itself.
Cyclicity in the development of the earth's crust is manifested in the alternation of periods of calm (subsidence of the surface, destruction of mountains, leveling of the territory) and periods of rapid mountain building.
2. Complete the sentences
In the history of the Earth, there are 5 geological eras: Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic. In each era, a process of mountain building occurred, as a result of which the relief of the Earth changed.
The modern topography of the Earth is the result of the interaction of internal and external forces.
3. Based on Figure 17 on p. 29 of the textbook, make up short story about how the appearance of the Earth has changed throughout geological history.
According to the figure, during the Archean and Proterozoic eras, the land was a single continent - Pangea. In the Paleozoic era, this ancient continent split into two parts - northern (Lurasia) and southern (Gondwana). Then these continents split into several more parts. Antarctica and Australia were the first to separate from Gondwana. In the Mesozoic, the split of the ancient continents continued. Laurasia split into two parts - North America and Eurasia. Gondwana gave rise to all the southern continents. However, the outlines of the continents were far from modern ones; Antarctica and Australia were still connected. In the Cenozoic, the continents acquired their modern shape: Hindustan and Saudi Arabia joined Eurasia, North America and Eurasia were completely separated, Australia and Antarctica split and moved away from each other.
4. Using Figure 18 in the textbook, name the large lithospheric plates. Determine in which direction they are moving?
Eurasian, North American, South American, African, Indo-Australian, Pacific, Antarctic, Nazca.
Determine in which direction they are moving:
The North American Plate is diverging from the Eurasian Plate and colliding with the Pacific Plate.
Indo-Australian - diverges from the African and Antarctic and moves northeast towards the Eurasian and Pacific.
5. Based on your knowledge of the 5th-6th grade geography course, name what types of the earth’s crust are formed:
The Pacific plate is the oceanic crust.
The Eurasian plate is the continental crust.
6. Analyze the “Structure of the Earth’s Crust” kata in the atlas and draw a conclusion about where the boundaries of the lithospheric plates lie:
a) in the oceans - along mid-ocean ridges;
b) on continents - along mountain belts.
7. Use the map “Structure of the Earth’s Crust” in the atlas to trace the distribution of volcanoes on Earth. Where are they most found? Explain why?
Most volcanoes are located at the boundaries of lithospheric plates in places where the continental and oceanic crust collide. When the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates collide, the oceanic plate, as the heavier one, floats under the continental plate and melts under conditions of high temperatures and pressure. This creates conditions for the formation of volcanoes.
8. Using the “Structure of the Earth’s Crust” map in the atlas, explain the location of mountains and plains on Earth.
The plains in their location are confined to stable areas of lithospheric plates - platforms. Mountains - to folded areas.
9. Using the map “Structure of the Earth’s Crust” (Fig. 23), determine the patterns of location of fuel and ore mineral deposits.
Fuel minerals in their distribution gravitate towards platform areas with a thick sedimentary cover, foothills, and ore minerals - towards folded areas.
11. Name the Earth’s thermal zones and light zones. What is their difference?
Light zones – two polar, two temperate, tropical.
Heat zones – zones of frost, cold, moderate, hot.
Illumination zones are limited to the polar circles and the tropics. They directly depend on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. In addition to the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the distribution of temperatures is influenced by a number of factors - the nature of the underlying surface, relief, and currents. Therefore, the boundaries of thermal zones and illumination zones do not coincide.
12. Based on Figure 26 “Heat Zones” in the textbook, determine which continent receives the most heat. Explain why?
Africa receives the most heat. The continent is almost entirely located in a hot thermal zone.
Which continent receives the least amount of heat? Why?
Antarctica receives the least amount of heat. The continent is completely in the frost zone.
13. Using the text from §11 of the textbook, formulate the concept of “isotherm”.
Isotherms are lines connecting points with equal temperature values.
14. Fill in the gaps in the sentences and answer the questions.
In equatorial latitudes, an area of low atmospheric pressure is formed. Why?
Low pressure at the equator is associated with rising air currents. Warm air rushes upward, which creates low pressure at the earth's surface.
In polar latitudes, an area of high atmospheric pressure forms.
High pressure at the poles is associated with downward currents of cold, heavy air.
In tropical latitudes, an area of high atmospheric pressure forms.
The air that rises near the equator cools with height and spreads in both directions. In the tropics, cooled, heavier air sinks and warms up. It is with the lowering of cooled air that the formation of a high pressure area over the tropics is associated.
Where else on Earth (at what latitudes?) does an area of low atmospheric pressure form?
An area of low atmospheric pressure also forms between the tropics and polar latitudes - in temperate latitudes.
15. Carefully look at Figure 29 of the textbook. Determine where on Earth the maximum average annual precipitation falls, and where the minimum?
The maximum average annual precipitation will fall in equatorial latitudes - the Amazon lowland region, the islands of Indonesia, the west coast South-East Asia, coast of the Gulf of Guinea.
The minimum average annual precipitation falls in tropical latitudes - the Sahara, the deserts of Saudi Arabia, the Atacama Desert, and the interior of Eurasia.
17. Name the reason for the formation of prevailing winds in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The formation of prevailing winds is associated with the existence of belts of relatively constant high or low pressure.
20. Using Figure 34 in the textbook, determine which air masses dominate in the winter of the Northern Hemisphere:
a) in the subtropical zone of the Northern Hemisphere – moderate air masses;
b) in the subequatorial zone of the Northern Hemisphere - tropical air masses;
c) in the subantarctic zone – moderate air masses.
21. What air masses dominate in the winter of the Southern Hemisphere:
a) in the equatorial belt - equatorial air masses;
b) in the subarctic zone – moderate air masses;
c) in the subtropical zone of the Southern Hemisphere - moderate air masses.
22. Fill in the blanks in the sentences.
The nature of the river's flow is determined by the topography, and its water content depends on the climate.
The largest rivers flow through vast plains.
The largest internal drainage basins are located on the continents of Africa, Australia and Eurasia.
24. On contour map label large plains and mountains, deep ocean trenches. What structures of the earth's crust do they correspond to?
Large plains correspond to stable platform areas, mountains and deep-sea trenches correspond to folded areas.
25. Label the largest rivers and lakes on Earth on the contour map of the world.
26. Using a climate map, describe climatic conditions: a) Moscow; b) Delhi; c) Washington according to the plan: 1) in what latitudes it is located; 2) average temperature in January, July, annual amplitude; 3) annual precipitation.
1) moderate latitudes;
1) tropical latitudes;
Washington
1) subtropical latitudes;
27. The national park, according to naturalist and writer V. Peskov, is an open-air museum. The exhibits in it are mountains, vegetation, animals. Using the Internet, additional literature, select one of the national parks of the world where vegetation or animals are preserved, and fill out the table.
28. Think about how the climate on Earth will change as the area of the World Ocean increases. Give reasons for your answer.
The increase in the area of the World Ocean may be associated with rising water levels in the ocean and flooding of part of the land. At the same time, a number of climate changes will occur. The Earth's climate as a whole will become milder and wetter. Temperature amplitudes decrease. When indicators such as average temperatures and humidity change, the vegetation and animal world. Ratio natural areas will be different. It is possible that the area of broad-leaved forests will increase, and coniferous forests will decrease.
29. The wind plays important role In human life. Western winds of temperate latitudes are very characteristic of the European part of Russia. And what does it bring to your area:
a) westerly winds - westerly winds bring moist air from the Atlantic Ocean to the territory of the city of Moscow (in summer - rains and cold snaps, in winter - thaws);
b) eastern winds - eastern winds bring dry air from Asia (dry and very hot weather in summer, frost in winter).
1) Archean;
2) Proterozoic;
3) Paleozoic;
4) Mesozoic;
5) Cenozoic
1. Archean
31. choose the correct statement:
2. The ancient continent of Gondwana split into two parts - Pangea and Laurasia.
3. The boundaries of lithospheric plates coincide with the boundaries of continents and oceans.
1. Lithospheric plates are stable, low-moving blocks of the earth’s crust, separated by moving areas and faults.
32. The map “Structure of the Earth’s Crust” shows:
1) Only lithospheric plates and the direction of their movement;
2) Platforms, folded mountain areas, their origin, age, faults;
3) landforms of continents and oceans.
2) Platforms, folded mountain areas, their origin, age, faults.
33. The most ancient parts of the earth’s crust:
1) folded areas;
2) platforms
1) folded areas.
34. The places where the crystalline foundation emerges from the Earth’s surface are called:
1) shields;
2) slabs;
3) sedimentary covers
35. Inner forces mainly create:
1) small landforms (beams, ravines, etc.);
2) large landforms (mountains, plains)
36. To minerals natural resources relate:
2) iron ores;
2) iron ores.
37. Boundaries of thermal zones and light zones:
1) match;
2) do not match
2) do not match
38. Are the following statements true?
A. Trade winds are steady winds blowing from tropical latitudes to equatorial latitudes and having an easterly direction.
B. Monsoons are steady winds.
1) only A is true;
2) only B is true;
3) both are correct;
4) both are incorrect
4) both are incorrect
39. Air masses form over the oceans:
1) sea;
2) continental
1) sea
40. In Figure 1, the climate zone is highlighted by shading:
1) moderate;
2) subtropical;
3) tropical)
4) subequatorial;
2) subtropical.
41. The subequatorial belt is characterized by air masses:
1) tropical in winter, equatorial in summer;
2) equatorial in winter and summer;
3) temperate in winter, tropical in summer;
1) tropical in winter, equatorial in summer.
42. Determine the type of climate from the climatograms in Figure 2.
A. subtropical Mediterranean;
B) tropical desert;
43. From the following climatic zones the main ones include:
1) equatorial;
2) subequatorial;
3) tropical;
4) subarctic;
1) equatorial;
3) tropical.
44. Select cold currents from the list provided:
1) Gulf Stream;
2) Kuroshio;
3) Peruvian;
4) Benguela
3) Peruvian;
4) Benguela.
45. Among the listed rivers, the longest is:
1) Orinoco;
2) Yenisei;
3) Amazon;
3) Amazon
46. Indicate the river in whose bed the delta was formed:
2) Murray;
47. The most fertile soils are formed:
1) in forest-steppes and steppes;
2) in the tundra;
3) in deserts
1) in forest-steppes and steppes.
