Volga region- the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. Within the Volga region there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - the so-called. Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, the Volga region also sometimes includes areas located in the upper reaches of the Volga.
The Volga region was once part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Rus'.
The following regions of the Volga region are distinguished:
Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka) - Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions;
Middle Volga (from the right tributary of the Sura to the southern edge of the Samara Luka) - Chuvashia, Mari-El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;
Lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama [officially, but not hydrologically] to the Caspian Sea) - the Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region.
After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the border between the middle and lower Volga is usually considered to be the Zhigulevskaya hydroelectric station above Samara.
Volga ethno-burying name: Volzhans.
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is? 10° -? 15°C. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural areas: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially) and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and hot winds during the warm half of the year (from April to October).
Privolzhsky federal district
Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 583 people. (21.4% of the Russian population). The majority of the population consists of city dwellers. For example, in Samara region this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the national figure (approximately 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the region extends from southwest to northeast for 1000 km and is located in various natural zones: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. Population - 7.5 million people. (2010). The average population density is 32 people/km², and is very unevenly populated. The majority of the population is Russian; in addition, Mari, Erzyans, Chuvash, Tatars, and Udmurts live here. The level of urbanization is quite high - 70%, and out of 7.5 million, 2 million live in the Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration.
Povolzhsky economic region is one of 11 economic regions of the Russian Federation, consists of 8 federal entities:
Republic 
Tatarstan
Astrakhan region
Volgograd region
Penza region
Samara Region
Saratov region
Ulyanovsk region
Republic of Kalmykia
Located on the lower Volga. Territory area 537.4 thousand km², population 17 million people, population density 25 people/km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Chernozem region and Northern Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River.
Main branches of specialization: oil and gas production, oil and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering (especially automotive industry).
In agriculture: oilseeds, grains and vegetable and melon crops. Animal husbandry (meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding).
Feature geographical location The area is its length along the Volga for almost 1500 km, which affects economic activities, location and functions settlements at all stages of development. The center of the economic region is located in the city of Samara. Also, the Volga economic region is divided into two main industrial zones:
Volga-Kama
Nizhnevolzhskaya
The Volga-Kama zone includes: Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions and the Republic of Tatarstan. The center of the Volga-Kama industrial zone of the Volga economic region is located in the city of Kazan.
The Lower Volga industrial zone includes: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. The center of the Lower Volga industrial zone of the Volga economic region is located in the city of Volgograd.
Number population Volga region - 16.9 million people; The region has significant labor resources. The average population density is 32 people per 1 km2, but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan.
Russians predominate in the national structure of the population. Tatars and Kalmyks live compactly. The share of Chuvash and Mari among the residents of the region is noticeable.
The Volga region is an urbanized region. In urban cities and settlements, 73% of all residents live. The overwhelming majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals of national republics, and large industrial cities. Among them, millionaire cities stand out - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd.
Farming. In terms of the level of development of a number of industries, the region is not much inferior to highly industrialized regions, such as Central and Ural, and in some cases even surpasses them. It is one of the leading oil producing, oil refining and petrochemical industries. The Volga region is the largest region of diversified agriculture.
The region accounts for 20% of the gross grain harvest. The Volga economic region is different great activity in foreign economic relations of Russia.
The main branches of industry specialization in the Volga region are oil, oil refining, gas and chemical, as well as electric power, complex mechanical engineering and the production of building materials.
The Volga region ranks second in Russia after the West Siberian economic region in oil and gas production. The amount of extracted fuel resources exceeds the needs of the region.
At the oil refineries of the region (Syzran, Samara, Nizhnekamsk, Novokuybyshevsk, etc.) they process not only their own oil, but also the oil of Western Siberia. Along with oil, associated gas is produced and processed, which is used in the chemical industry.
The chemical industry of the Volga region is represented by mining chemistry (extraction of sulfur and table salt), chemistry of organic synthesis, and polymer production. Largest centers; Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Kazan, Syzran, Saratov, Volzhsky, Tolyatti. In the industrial hubs of Samara-Tolyatti, Engels, Volgograd-Volzhsky, energy and petrochemical production cycles have developed.
The automotive industry is especially prominent in the Volga region. The most famous factories are in the cities of Ulyanovsk (UAZ cars), Tolyatti (Zhiguli), Naberezhnye Chelny (KAMAZ trucks), Engels (trolleybuses).
The importance of the food industry remains important, the needs of which are met by developed agriculture. In addition, the Caspian Sea and the mouth of the Volga are the most important inland fishing basin in Russia.
On the territory of the region, located in forest and semi-desert natural zones, the leading role in agriculture belongs to livestock farming, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones - to crop production (primarily grain farming). Rye and winter wheat are grown. Plantings of industrial crops are widespread; for example, mustard crops account for 90% of the crops of this crop in Russia.
Livestock farming for meat and dairy production is also developed here.
Sheep breeding farms are located south of Volgograd. In the area between the Volga and Akhtuba (in the lower reaches of the rivers) vegetables and melons, as well as rice, are grown.
The region is fully provided with its own fuel resources (oil and gas). The energy sector of the region is of national importance. The Volga region specializes in the production of electricity (more than 1.0% of all-Russian production), which it supplies to other regions of Russia.
The basis of the energy sector is the Volga-Kama cascade hydroelectric power stations (Volzhskaya near Samara, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk, Volzhskaya near Volgograd, etc.).
The Balakovo NPP (Saratov region) is also operational.
Transport. The transport network of the region is formed by the Volga and the automobile and railways, as well as a network of pipelines and power lines. The Volga-Don Canal connects the waters of the largest rivers in the European part of Russia - the Volga and Don (exit to the Sea of Azov).
7. North Caucasus economic region
Compound: Krasnodar region, Stavropol region, Rostov region, republics: Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia(Alania) and Chechen (Ichkeria).
Economic and geographical location. The North Caucasus is a large economic region of the Russian Federation. Area - 355.1 thousand km2. The area occupies the south European plain, Ciscaucasia and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus.
EGP - profitable. There is access to three seas. Through this region it communicates with the states of Transcaucasia.
Natural conditions are favorable for human habitation and agriculture. There are a variety of mineral resources.
Natural conditions and natural resources. The natural landscapes of the Caucasus are diverse. There are mountain ranges and steppe plains, mountain rivers and drying up rivers and lakes, oases.
The area has fertile lands(on the plains) and pastures (in the foothills). Mountain rivers have great hydropower potential, and the waters of lowland rivers are used for irrigation. Water is unevenly distributed Better provided with moisture West Side, especially the Black Sea coast and mountain slopes. The northeast and east are waterless and arid.
The region plays a great role as the main recreational zone of Russia (resorts of the Black Sea coast and Caucasian mineral tourist centers in the Caucasus mountains).
The foothills of the Greater Caucasus are a storehouse of chemical, metallurgical and construction raw materials, energy resources (including fuel and gas).
Natural gas is available in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Chechen Republic and Adygea. Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals (zinc, tungsten, molybdenum) are mined in the mountainous republics (North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria), coal - in the Rostov region (the Russian part of the eastern wing of Donbass).
Population The North Caucasus is 17.7 million people. The population growth rate is noticeably higher than the Russian average (high natural increase). The region has an abundance of labor resources. The population is distributed extremely unevenly. The average population density is 50 people per 1 km2. The Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region concentrate within their borders almost 3/5 of the region's population.
The national composition of the population is exceptionally diverse. Among them, groups of Ossetians, Kabardians, Chechens and others, living mainly within their republics, stand out in number.
The North Caucasus is not a highly urbanized region. The share of the urban population here is below the Russian average (55%).
Farming. The North Caucasus is distinguished by a highly developed and diversified economy, including mechanical engineering, fuel and food industries. Among other industries, the role of non-ferrous metallurgy and the production of non-ferrous materials is noticeable.
Economic mechanical engineering is especially developed (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Novocherkassk, Kropotkinsk, Krasnodar), since it has its own metallurgical base (Rostov region), developed agriculture and convenient transport routes.
This term has other meanings, see Volga region (meanings).
Volga region- in a broad sense - the entire territory adjacent to the Volga, although it is more correct to define this territory as Volga region(cm.
Volga Federal District). The Volga region is often understood as a more or less definite strip along the Volga’s own course, without large tributaries (for example, the residents of the Kama region never considered themselves Volga residents). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it, which corresponds to the view outlined above. Within the Volga region (Volga region) there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, the Volga region (Volga region) is sometimes also referred to as the areas located in the upper reaches of the Volga.
The Volga region was once part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Rus'.
Regions
In the TSB, when economically zoning the European part of the USSR, the Volga economic region is distinguished, including the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics; at the same time, the first 3 named regions and the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are usually referred to as the Middle Volga region, the remaining regions and the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - to the Lower Volga region. Taking into account the modern administrative-territorial division:
Volga ethno-burying name: Volzhans.
There is also a division of the Volga River basin into three parts (not equivalent to the division of the Volga region into parts): Upper Volga, Middle Volga, Lower Volga.
Nature
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially)
Volga Federal District
Includes regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region), the Urals (Perm region, Bashkortostan), Southern Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008 - 30,241,583 (21.4% of the Russian Federation); The core is the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region >80%, in the Russian Federation (about 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Located on the middle Volga. The territory of the region extends from southwest to northeast for 1000 km and is located in various natural zones: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the navigable rivers Volga, Oka, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. Population - 7.5 million people. (2010).
Povolzhsky economic region
Located on the lower Volga. The area of the Volga region is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people/km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga economic region includes 94 cities, 3 million-plus cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 federal subjects. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatka region, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the east with the Ural region and Kazakhstan, in the west with the Central Chernozem region and the North Caucasus. The economic axis is the Volga River. The center of the Volga economic region is located in Samara.
Association of Volga Region Cities
On October 27, 1998, the first General Meeting of the leaders of seven largest cities Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, where an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of Volga Region Cities. This event gave a start to life for a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of Volga Region Cities (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
Notes
Lower Volga region
The Lower Volga region is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions.
The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main industries of specialization are the oil production and oil refining industries, and the gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, melons and vegetables, and a major supplier of wool, meat, and fish.
Natural resource potential
Natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, which passes into the Caspian Lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.
The creation of large-scale industry in the Volga basin, which pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture that uses large volumes of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed into the Volga, and the construction of hydroelectric power stations have an impact negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster zone in this area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia.
The region has oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas industrial complex is being formed.
In the Caspian lowland in lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of table salt; These lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, and magnesium salts.
Population and labor resources
The population of the Volga region is diverse national composition. Kalmyks occupy a significant share in the population structure of the Republic of Kalmykia - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd is 987.2 thousand people. The lowest population density is characteristic of Kalmykia, and here the smallest proportion of people living in cities.
Location and development of the main sectors of the economy
Oil and gas production is carried out in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.
Oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. The Astrakhan region has significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions from the Astrakhan field.
The region's electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power station and thermal power plants.
The region has a developed engineering complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Volgograd; the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant and OJSC Volgograd Aluminum Plant.
The enormous resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which supplies 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemical products.
The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fishing concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish processing plants, a base navy, fishing fleet (“Kasprybkholodflot”), leading expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon and a net knitting factory.
In agricultural production, areas of specialization are the cultivation of vegetable and melon crops, sunflowers, and sheep breeding.
Transport and economic relations
The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetable and melon crops, etc. Imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, and light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity cargo flows.
The region has developed river, railway and pipeline transport.
Intradistrict differences
Lower Volga region includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, regions and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a subregion of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is an important agricultural region with developed grain farming, beef cattle and sheep farming, as well as the production of rice, vegetable and melon crops and fishing.
The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (developed mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).
The most industrially developed is the Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries have the largest share in the diversified complex.
Main problems and development prospects
Degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of distant-pasture livestock farming, is one of the main environmental problems region. Environmental damage is caused by industrial emissions and transport to the water and fish resources of the region. The solution to the problem is carried out with the help of the targeted federal program “Caspian”, the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of valuable fish species.
One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of social economic development the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which was granted a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The prospects for the development of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular on the shelf of the Caspian Sea.
On the territory of the Astrakhan region, since 2002, the federal target program “South of Russia” has been implemented, which includes 33 projects in areas covering the most important areas of economic activity of the region: transport, agro-industrial, tourist-recreational and sanatorium-resort complexes; infrastructure, social development.
Geological exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia, is carried out by LUKOIL-Volgogradneftegaz LLC. Prospects for economic development include prospecting and exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.
5.4. Volga Federal District
Administrative-territorial composition:
Republics - Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvashia.
Perm region. Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions.
Territory - 1037.0 thousand km 2. Population - 30.2 million people.
Administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod
The Volga Federal District is located on territory belonging to three economic regions. The district unites the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region and part of the Ural economic region (Fig.
What cities are included in the Volga region?
Rice. 5.5. Administrative-territorial composition
The main integration factor that unites all regions of the Volga region is the Volga River, the largest in Europe. The settlement of the area, its development, and economic development were directly related to the use of this waterway(which already in Soviet times, along with the previous access to the Caspian Sea, received access to the Azov, Black, Baltic and White Seas).
The Volga Federal District stands out in the country for its production of products from the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering (including automotive), electric power and other industries.
About 23% of manufacturing industries in the Russian economy are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (Table.
Table 5.7
Share of economic indicators
Volga Federal District in all-Russian
| Economic indicators | Specific gravity, % |
| Gross regional product | 15,8 |
| Fixed assets in economics | 17,1 |
| Mining | 16,6 |
| Manufacturing industries | 22,8 |
| Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 19,7 |
| Agricultural products | 25,5 |
| Construction | 15,8 |
| Commissioning of the total area of residential buildings | 20,2 |
| Retail trade turnover | 17,9 |
| Receipt of tax payments and fees into the Russian budget system | 14,7 |
| Investments in fixed assets | 16,2 |
| Export | 11.9 |
| Import | 5,5 |
The specialization of industrial production is determined based on the localization coefficient in Table 5.8.
The Volga Federal District specializes in manufacturing industries, including chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; production of vehicles and equipment.
Table 5.8
Industrial production specialization
Volga Federal District
| Types of economic activities | Share of economic activity in industrial production, % | Localization coefficient | |
| countries | districts | ||
| Section C Mining | 21,8 | 17,1 | 0,784 |
| Subsection SA Extraction of fuel and energy minerals | 19,3 | 16,2 | 0,839 |
| Subsection SV Extraction of mineral resources, except fuel and energy | 2,5 | 0,9 | 0,360 |
| Section D Manufacturing | 67,8 | 73,2 | 1,080 |
| Subsection DA Production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco | 10,4 | 7,6 | 0,731 |
| Subsection DB Textile and clothing production | 0,7 | 0,6 | 0,857 |
| Subsection DC Production of leather, leather goods and footwear production | 0,1 | 0,1 | 1,000 |
| Subsection DD Wood processing and production of wood products | 1,1 | 0,7 | 0,636 |
| Subsection DE Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities | 2,4 | 1,5 | 0,625 |
| Subsection DG Chemical production | 4,6 | 8,9 | 1,935 |
| Subsection DH Production of rubber and plastic products | 1,7 | 2,7 | 1,588 |
| Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | 4,1 | 3,3 | 0,805 |
| Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products | 14,3 | 8,2 | 0,573 |
| Subsection DL Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment | 4,0 | 4,1 | 1,025 |
| Subsection DM Production of vehicles and equipment | 6,2 | 14,3 | 2,306 |
| Subsection DN Other production | 1,8 | 1,8 | 1,000 |
| Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | 10,4 | 9,7 | 0,933 |
| Total | — |
According to the characteristics of the location of productive forces, the district is divided into three components: the Volga-Vyatka economic region, the Middle Volga region, and the regions of the Urals.
In 2003, the process of unification of the Komi-Permyak region began Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region into a new federal subject, the Perm Territory.
The Perm Territory received official status in 2005 after the election of legislative and executive authorities and the consolidation of budgets. In periodicals, this process was repeatedly called the beginning of the all-Russian process of unification and consolidation of the subjects of the federation.
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SEE MORE:
Introduction 1
Composition of the Volga region 2
EGP district 2
Natural conditions 3
Population 3
Farm 5
Environmental problems of the area and ways to solve them 16
The problem of the big Volga 17
Prospects for the development of district 19
Appendix 21
Literature 22
INTRODUCTION
Russia is the largest region in all of Eurasia and the only federation within the CIS, so a regional analysis of its economic areas makes special sense. Moreover, Russia differs in a number of features even in comparison with neighboring republics.
The country has enormous resources and a capacious domestic market. The development of the territory took place asymmetrically, there is a significant gap between the resource base in the east and the main production base in the European part, a variety of natural and cultural landscapes are presented, and there are great contrasts between the center and the periphery at all levels.
Economic zoning is the allocation of territories that differ in their economic specialization in the territorial division of labor. Economic regions of the Russian Federation were formed under the influence of various combinations of natural, economic and social conditions.
All economic regions have their own characteristics and their place in the interregional division of labor. However, it is important that these features are closely linked with the tasks of economically justified placement of industrial and agricultural production sectors throughout the country.
COMPOSITION OF THE VOLGA DISTRICT
It is very difficult to accurately delineate the territories belonging to the Volga region. Only territories adjacent directly to the Volga can be called the Volga region. But most often, the Volga region refers to the regions and republics of Russia located in the middle and lower reaches: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov Ulyanovsk regions, the republics of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.
ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
The Volga region stretches for almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the confluence of the left tributary of the Kama to the Caspian Sea. The total territory is about 536 thousand km².
The EGP of this area is extremely profitable. In the west, the Volga region borders on the highly developed Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and North Caucasus economic regions, in the east - on the Urals and Kazakhstan. A dense network of transport routes (railway and road) contributes to the establishment of broad inter-district production connections in the Volga region. The Volga region is more open to the west and east, i.e. towards the main direction of the country’s economic relations, therefore the overwhelming majority of cargo transportation goes through this territory.
The Volga-Kama river route gives access to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, and White seas. The presence of rich oil and gas fields, the use of pipelines passing through this area (and starting in it, for example, the Druzhba oil pipeline) also confirms the profitability of the area's EGP.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for residential purposes and farming. The region is rich in land (arable land accounts for approximately 1/5 of Russia's) and water resources. However, in the lower Volga region there are droughts, accompanied by dry winds that are destructive to crops.
The area is rich in mineral resources. Oil, gas, sulfur are extracted here, table salt, raw materials for the production of building materials. Until the discovery of oil fields in Siberia, the Volga region held first place in terms of oil reserves and production in the country. Although the region currently ranks second in the production of this type of raw material after West Siberia, oil reserves in the Volga region are severely depleted. Therefore, its share in Russian oil production is only 11% and is constantly declining. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas resources in the Saratov and Volgograd regions. Prospects for the development of the gas industry are associated with the large Astrakhan gas condensate field (6% of world reserves).
POPULATION
Now the Volga region is one of the most populated and developed regions of Russia. Population – 16.9 million people, i.e. The region has significant labor resources. The Volga region population is growing quite quickly, but mainly not due to high natural increase(1.2 people), but due to significant population migration. The average population density is 30 people per 1 km², but it is unevenly distributed. More than half of the population is in the Samara, Saratov regions and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per 1 km², and in Kalmykia - the minimum (4 people per 1 km²).
Although the Volga region is a multinational region, Russians predominate in the population structure (70%).
The share of Tatars (16%), Chuvash and Mari is also significant.
Middle Volga region
The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (about 40% of them are Russian); about 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia (the share of Russians is more than 30%).
Before the revolution, the Volga region was a purely agricultural region. Only 14% of the population lived in cities. Now it is one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. 73% of all residents live in cities and towns. The overwhelming majority of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, capitals of national republics and large industrial cities. There are 90 cities in the Volga region, among them three millionaire cities - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd. At the same time, almost everything big cities(with the exception of Penza) were located on the banks of the Volga. The largest city in the Volga region, Samara, is located in Samarskaya Luka. Together with nearby cities and towns, it forms a large industrial hub.
FARM
The most important condition for the sustainable and integrated development of the Volga region is the Lately significant economic, scientific and technical potential.
In terms of total gross industrial and agricultural output in 1995, the region ranked fourth in Russia (after Central, Ural and West Siberian). It accounted for 13.1% of the total gross output of industry and agriculture in Russia. In the future, the Volga region will retain a leading role in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation and will restore lost positions, taking its former stable position after the Central and Ural regions.
On modern stage economic development, the national economic complex of the Volga region has a complex structure. Although it is dominated by industry, agriculture is also one of the main sectors National economy district. In the total gross output, industry accounts for 70-73%, agriculture - 20-22% and other sectors of the national economy - 5-10%.
The material basis for their development is primarily mineral and fuel and energy resources, agricultural raw materials, and fish resources of the Caspian and Volga. At the same time, the raw materials balance of the region includes imported metals and materials from the forestry and woodworking industries.
A characteristic feature of the industrial production of the region is the close connection, cooperation and combination of its individual links, especially in the automotive industry and petrochemicals.
The basis of the territorial organization of the Volga region is a number of inter-industry complexes - fuel and energy, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, agro-industrial, transport, construction, etc.
The main branches of specialization of the region's industry are mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fuel industry, electric power, food industry, as well as the building materials industry (glass, cement, etc.). However, the sectoral structure of industry in the republics and regions of the Volga region has significant differences from the average Russian and average regional ones.
Mechanical engineering complex- one of the largest and most complex industries in the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of the region's total industrial output. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. The mechanical engineering industry operates primarily on rolled metal from the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by our own metallurgy. The machine-building complex unites a variety of machine-building productions. Volga region mechanical engineering produces a wide range of machinery and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.
A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of airplanes and helicopters, trucks and cars, trolleybuses, etc. The aircraft industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (YAK-40 aircraft).
But the automotive industry especially stands out in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the “automotive workshop” of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in a zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex allows for the organization of broad cooperation ties.
71% of passenger cars and 17% of trucks in Russia are manufactured in the Volga region. Among the mechanical engineering centers the largest are:
Samara (machine tool building, production of bearings, aircraft manufacturing, production of automotive and tractor equipment, mill-elevator equipment, etc.);
Saratov (machine tool building, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);
Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);
Togliatti (VAZ complex of enterprises - leading in the country's automotive industry).
Important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation).
The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.
LITERATURE
"Geography. Population and economy of Russia,” V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Bustard, 1998
“Preparing for the exam in geography”, I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rom, V.P. Dronov. Iris, 1998
“Economic geography of Russia”, I.A.
Rodionova. "Moscow Lyceum", 1998
“Economic geography of Russia”, uch. edited by IN AND. Vidyapina. Infra-M, 1999
Adjacent to the middle and lower reaches of the Volga and economically gravitating towards it. Within the Volga region there are a relatively elevated right bank with the Volga Upland and a left bank - the so-called. Trans-Volga region. In natural terms, the Volga region also sometimes includes areas located in the upper reaches of the Volga.
The Volga region was once part of the Volga Bulgaria, the Polovtsian Steppe, the Golden Horde and Rus'.
The following regions of the Volga region are distinguished:
- Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka)- Tver, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions;
- Middle Volga (from the right tributary of the Sura to southern edge of Samara Luka [ ]) - Chuvashia, Republic of Mari El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions;
- Lower Volga (from the confluence of the Kama [ ] to the Caspian Sea)- Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd regions, Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan region.
After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the border between the middle and lower Volga is usually considered to be the Zhigulevskaya hydroelectric station above Samara.
The relief is flat, dominated by lowlands and hilly plains. The climate is temperate continental and continental. Summer is warm, with an average monthly air temperature in July of +22° - +25°C; winter is quite cold, the average monthly air temperature in January and February is −10° - −15°С. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south 200-300 mm. Natural zones: mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovsk, Saratov regions), steppe (Saratov (partially) and Volgograd regions), semi-deserts (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). The southern part of the territory is characterized by dust storms and hot winds during the warm half of the year (from April to October).
Volga Federal District
Includes regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza region) and the Urals (Perm region, Bashkortostan). Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district makes up 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008 is 30 million 241 thousand 583 people. (21.4% of the Russian population). The majority of the population consists of city dwellers. For example, in the Samara region this figure is more than 80%, which is generally slightly higher than the all-Russian figure (approximately 73%).
Volgo-Vyatka economic region
Association of Volga Region Cities
On October 27, 1998, the first General Meeting of the leaders of the seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary was held in the city of Samara, at which an agreement was signed on the establishment of the Association of Cities of the Volga Region. This event gave a start to life for a qualitatively new structure of interaction between municipalities - the Association of Volga Region Cities (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, Astrakhan and Saransk joined its ranks, in 2005 - the hero city of Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov. Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:
In 2015, the Association included: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. More than thirteen million people live in the cities of the Association.
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Notes
An excerpt characterizing the Volga region
“You will be forced to dance, as you danced under Suvorov (on vous fera danser [you will be forced to dance]), said Dolokhov.– Qu"est ce qu"il chante? [What is he singing there?] - said one Frenchman.
– De l "histoire ancienne, [ Ancient history,] - said the other, guessing that it was about previous wars. – L"Empereur va lui faire voir a votre Souvara, comme aux autres... [The Emperor will show your Suvara, like others...]
“Bonaparte...” Dolokhov began, but the Frenchman interrupted him.
- No Bonaparte. There is an emperor! Sacre nom... [Damn it...] - he shouted angrily.
- Damn your emperor!
And Dolokhov swore in Russian, rudely, like a soldier, and, raising his gun, walked away.
“Let’s go, Ivan Lukich,” he said to the company commander.
“That’s how it is in French,” the soldiers in the chain spoke. - How about you, Sidorov!
Sidorov winked and, turning to the French, began to babble incomprehensible words often, often:
“Kari, mala, tafa, safi, muter, caska,” he babbled, trying to give expressive intonations to his voice.
- Go Go go! ha ha, ha, ha! Wow! Wow! - there was a roar of such healthy and cheerful laughter among the soldiers, which involuntarily communicated through the chain to the French, that after this it seemed necessary to unload the guns, detonate the charges and everyone should quickly go home.
But the guns remained loaded, the loopholes in the houses and fortifications looked forward just as menacingly, and just as before, the guns turned towards each other, removed from the limbers, remained.
Having traveled around the entire line of troops from the right to the left flank, Prince Andrei climbed to the battery from which, according to the headquarters officer, the entire field was visible. Here he dismounted from his horse and stopped at the outermost of the four cannons that had been removed from the limbers. In front of the guns walked the sentry artilleryman, who was stretched out in front of the officer, but at a sign made to him, he resumed his uniform, boring walk. Behind the guns there were limbers, and further back there was a hitching post and artillery fires. To the left, not far from the outermost gun, there was a new wicker hut, from which animated officer voices could be heard.
Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops and most of the enemy. Directly opposite the battery, on the horizon of the opposite hillock, the village of Shengraben was visible; to the left and to the right one could discern in three places, among the smoke of their fires, masses of French troops, of which, obviously, most of them were in the village itself and behind the mountain. To the left of the village, in the smoke, there seemed to be something similar to a battery, but it was impossible to get a good look at it with the naked eye. Our right flank was located on a rather steep hill, which dominated the French position. Our infantry was positioned along it, and the dragoons were visible at the very edge. In the center, where the Tushin battery was located, from which Prince Andrei viewed the position, there was the most gentle and straight descent and ascent to the stream that separated us from Shengraben. To the left, our troops adjoined the forest, where the fires of our infantry, chopping wood, were smoking. The French line was wider than ours, and it was clear that the French could easily get around us on both sides. Behind our position there was a steep and deep ravine, along which it was difficult for artillery and cavalry to retreat. Prince Andrei, leaning on the cannon and taking out his wallet, drew for himself a plan for the disposition of the troops. He wrote notes in pencil in two places, intending to communicate them to Bagration. He intended, firstly, to concentrate all the artillery in the center and, secondly, to transfer the cavalry back to the other side of the ravine. Prince Andrei, constantly being with the commander-in-chief, monitoring the movements of the masses and general orders and constantly studying historical descriptions battles, and in this upcoming matter he involuntarily thought about the future course of military operations only in general terms. He imagined only the following kind of major accidents: “If the enemy launches an attack on the right flank,” he said to himself, “the Kiev Grenadier and Podolsk Jaeger will have to hold their position until the reserves of the center approach them. In this case, the dragoons can hit the flank and overthrow them. In the event of an attack on the center, we place a central battery on this hill and, under its cover, pull together the left flank and retreat to the ravine in echelons,” he reasoned with himself...
All the time that he was on the battery at the gun, he, as often happens, without ceasing, heard the sounds of the voices of the officers speaking in the booth, but did not understand a single word of what they were saying. Suddenly the sound of voices from the booth struck him with such a sincere tone that he involuntarily began to listen.
“No, my dear,” said a pleasant voice that seemed familiar to Prince Andrei, “I say that if it were possible to know what will happen after death, then none of us would be afraid of death.” So, my dear.
Another, younger voice interrupted him:
- Yes, be afraid, don’t be afraid, it doesn’t matter - you won’t escape.
- And you’re still afraid! Oh you, learned people, said a third courageous voice, interrupting both. “You artillerymen are very learned because you can take everything with you, including vodka and snacks.
And the owner of the courageous voice, apparently an infantry officer, laughed.
“But you’re still afraid,” continued the first familiar voice. – You’re afraid of the unknown, that’s what. Whatever you say, the soul will go to heaven... after all, we know that there is no heaven, but only one sphere.
Again the courageous voice interrupted the artilleryman.
“Well, treat me to your herbalist, Tushin,” he said.
“Ah, this is the same captain who stood at the sutler’s without boots,” thought Prince Andrei, recognizing with pleasure the pleasant, philosophizing voice.
“You can learn herbalism,” said Tushin, “but still comprehend the future life...
He didn't finish. At this time a whistle was heard in the air; closer, closer, faster and more audible, more audible and faster, and the cannonball, as if it had not finished everything it needed to say, exploding spray with inhuman force, plopped into the ground not far from the booth. The earth seemed to gasp from a terrible blow.
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