A separate chapter of the book entitled “Man and War” is devoted to the influence of armed conflicts on human evolution. Here the author examines the role of war in social selection; its impact on human physiology and demography; influence on strengthening social solidarity, mobility and communication of people; importance in the socialization of a person, the formation of his civic qualities; the relationship between war and the development of intelligence, consciousness and behavior of a person, his aesthetic feelings and experiences, etc. According to the author, a sociological study of the impact of war on a person aims to “identify the changes that it generates in various social qualities of a person, as well as in various aspects of his life, activities and behavior." Another issue that is explored in this chapter is human behavior during armed struggle, the role of the personality of the commander and private in achieving victory, and the study of the evolution of human combat activity. The author especially focuses on methods for determining the cost of war and victory, analyzing quantitative sociological measurements of the phenomena of armed struggle, the possibility of using statistics to identify the laws of the dynamics of the morale of the fighting masses and people. And finally, in a general series of problems, the attitude towards the war of personalities is considered, social groups, society as a whole and the factors that determine it; a typology of people is given in terms of their attitude towards war; The problem of a military order is particularly highlighted, including the responsibility of military personnel for refusing to obey it, on the one hand, and for carrying out a criminal order, on the other.
To date, the work of V.V. Serebryannikov is perhaps the only generalizing work in the field of military sociology, where research problems are solved in a methodological and practical manner, using materials from armed conflicts of the 20th century.
Another category of works related to the topic of our research belongs to an area that is poorly developed in domestic science. historical psychology . Here, unfortunately, we can only mention the work of B.F. Porshnev and his students, since research in this direction, starting from the late 1970s. stalled for a long time. Only recently has interest in the psychological direction in historical science been revived, as evidenced by studies conducted at the Institute Russian history RAS conferences “Russian history: problems of mentality” (1994) and “Mentality and political history Russia" (1996), continuously operating since 1994. " round table""Russia and the world: problems of mutual perception", dissertations and publications in journals. Among them there are also individual works on mass psychology in the conditions of wars of the 20th century. Around the same time, works by foreign specialists, including emigrants, that were previously inaccessible to the general reader were returned from special storage. Among them, special mention should be made of the work of V. M. Zenzinov “Meeting with Russia. How and what they live in the Soviet Union. Letters to the Red Army. 1939–1940".
Among the monographs that to one degree or another touch on “near-war” subjects, we can note the work of E. Yu. Zubkova “Society and Reforms. 1945–1964" (1993), where attention is paid to the psychology of a "peculiar new society" - front-line soldiers who returned from the war to peaceful life. And although, according to the author, war as such is not the subject of her study, in the book it is defined as a boundary, a starting point, the initial chronological (and socio-psychological) milestone of those social processes that developed in the country in post-war years. “Without understanding the phenomenon of war, which has become part of the flesh and blood of generations, one cannot understand the course of subsequent history, the mechanisms of social behavior, changes in people’s feelings and moods”
Source: Senyavskaya at war. Historical and psychological essays. M.: Institute of Russian History RAS, 19 p. - Circulation 300 copies.
The book is devoted to one of the key problems of Russian history at its turning points - the role of the psychological factor in armed conflicts of the twentieth century (using the example of two world wars and the Afghan war).
Based on rare archival documents and “oral history” materials, the author examines the self-perception of a person during the war; factors influencing his behavior in extreme situations; features of front-line life; problems of exiting the war, including the “Afghan syndrome”; the evolution of the concepts of “friend or foe” and the formation of the image of the enemy in different wars; everyday religiosity in war; the phenomenon of mass participation of women in wars of the 20th century.
For historians, psychologists and anyone interested in the history of the Fatherland.
In 2001 she was awarded a medal for the monograph “Man at War” Russian Academy Sci.
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Appendix 2.2.
From the radio operator's diary
Georgy Timofeevich Mironenko was born in the village of Belorechenskaya
I finally decided to pick up a notebook and a pen so that from now on I can perform
I have had a long-standing desire to write a diary. I will write here not only about myself, but also
about your military friends and just acquaintances, write down everything that comes up in
life is interesting and instructive. Let this notebook capture everything - not for
me, so for my younger brother Nikolai, not for him, so for one of
those who find benefit in it. I think that the notebook will fall into my hands
the enemy will not be able to, so I will call everyone and everything by their proper names.
I firmly decided to keep notes while on combat watch. From this watch and
Twelve days of combat watch
Grishchenko, Grishin and I were sent to the aircraft parking area. We are on duty at
turret* machine gun. There are alarms several times a day, but there are no raids. We
out of employment.
* Machine gun mounted in the aircraft.
Cough, runny nose, chest pain. The scratches on my fingers turned into wounds.
The watch continues. Today is the 17th day after the last raid on our
aerodrome. Everyone speaks badly about our duty, since the plane is the main
a target for the enemy, and if there is a raid, there will be casualties. But in war
It is impossible without sacrifices. Let's take risks. Who will win. Maybe I'll be able to do it sooner
knock him down before he throws bombs at me.
I was in the medical unit. They gave me some cakes and bandaged my fingers. Particularly worrying
eyes. At the slightest breeze or just after sleep there is a strong flow of tears.
The doctor said that there is nothing he can do to help now.
Everything is unchanged. They covered my eyes with something - it hurts.
A large flock of geese flew south in a wedge at an altitude of 1.5-2 thousand meters.
The entry post* mistook them for airplanes at high altitude. We got 9
fighters. Then they laughed. The geese slowly swam across the airfield. Third
Our day goes from 2 to 4 times a day, 5-6-9 planes each time.
They are accompanied by 3-5-9 fighters. Sometimes they bring holes from shrapnel
anti-aircraft guns Yesterday they bombed very successfully. Each FAB-250 bomb disabled
up to 300 fascist thugs. If only they were always so crowded
grouped, there would not be enough of them for much.
* External communication notification service.
I'm going to a holiday home in Murmansk. Why such an honor?
Early in the morning I arrived in Murmansk, the capital of the North. The buildings are mainly
Returned from Yum Lake. Delivered products to a group of technical staff working
on the search for crashed I-153* aircraft. The journey is difficult. I saw the elder
Lieutenant - he is a representative of aviation there. Have a proper conversation
failed. He left me for 1-2 days to see the front line, but my eldest
on a business trip (Cherkasov) did not agree. It's a pity, I would have seen and heard a lot
interesting for me.
Just got off the train, an air raid alert, and a few minutes later alone
behind the other are 9 enemy aircraft. The airfield was bombed. There are no casualties. Bombs
scattered throughout the swamps and bushes. No damage was caused.
Assigned to Major Kotov's group. Let's fly for new equipment.
We waited all day for PS-84.* I was cold and hungry. Around 4 p.m. they gave us
start. Farewell, Afrikanda**, farewell, the Arctic with the first floes of ice on the lakes.
Wait - we will return as real defenders on modern combat aircraft.
* Bomber plane.
The deception of the last lines - we are flying back from Arkhangelsk. Command,
Everything seems to be mixed up. There are a lot of assumptions, but there's no point.
The transfers seem to be over. Now I'm in 608 BBAP* (commander major
Kotov) in the 2nd squadron. My crew commander, Senior Lieutenant Yakunin
Mikhail Semenovich, Pomkomask**. Our navigator - Lieutenant Vernyuk - adjutant
squadrons. I would like to be in the crew of privates, but what can you do,
the authorities know better.
* Short-range bomber air regiment.
** Assistant squadron commander.
I am preparing to leave with 15 crews. I don’t know where. The regiment needs
cars. It should now be free of errors and confusion.
We made it to Arkhangelsk. I'm on Kegostrov again. Tomorrow we fly further.
The final destination is Kazan. I decided to rest. It takes more than 6 hours to get to Kazan by TB bus*.
air chatter.
Yesterday we hung out at the airfield. Kazan and Vologda did not provide guarantees.
In the evening I went to see my “old friend” A. Goryaeva for another “name day”. 400 gr.
pepper without a snack turned my head. I spent all night with Shurka, and
took off, Shurka himself became worse: his eyes are sticking together from insomnia, nausea,
vomit. When I was “out”, I hoped that I would get some sleep during the day, but this time there was a guarantee
They brought it on a mare.
Vologda greeted me poorly. The local authorities have not yet realized that
such is war. They live peacefully here. And the devil knows how thick the skin is
from the Russians! By the time you break it, you will lose a lot. Perhaps this is the only one
the reason for all the initial losses throughout the history of Russian wars.
Without regret I said goodbye to Vologda.
The journey to Kazan is a whole hour longer, but I felt like I could have wished for better
nothing. What does it mean to sleep for seven hours, even on the floor and in clothes?
For the first time on the whole trip I had a good meal: excellent soup, 2 servings of fried
lamb and semolina porridge with butter. And most importantly, it's all fun.
costs 6 rubles. 50 kopecks It's pretty amazing. Dear, we ate twice
worse, but they paid 2 times more.
A lot of attention is somewhat embarrassing. Full set of bedding
supplies and a warm room. There are no beds, but they will be provided tomorrow.
Deception of first impressions. They gave us beds, but forgot about food. I bought 0.5 this morning
liter of milk (5 rubles) and drank without bread. A hungry person does not like a clean bed.
“What does the coming day have in store for me?”
I arrived at the military town. Dirty walk-through room, bunks. Mess,
muddle. There's a lot of our brother here. Some have been in prison for 3 months. U
Nothing definite for us either. The food is poor.
Met classmates from the radio operator school: Gotsman, Vlasenkov,
Trofimov, Babutsky and many others. They have been here since July. Pleasures
it won’t be enough if we are detained for the same amount of time.
I went to the circus. Almost nothing new. Wandered around the city. I don't know how he is
looked like in peacetime, but now the only good thing about it is that it’s here
Lenin studied. The city is quite neglected and gloomy. The public is nervous and proud.
Plant 22 and its workforce were transferred here. Local residents had to
make room. It makes them nervous. For some reason they had the opinion that
Muscovite workers are “saving their skins.” Muscovites are treated with contempt.
Food prices are crazy, in canteens, restaurants (Tatar)
long queues with swearing and impudence. The military is not recognized even for
equals. Military and other non-permanent residents are spoken especially poorly of
Tatars. They have not yet experienced the real thing in their own skin.
enemy, believe in pre-war writings, and consider everyone except themselves to be cowards
and deserters who do not want to defend their homeland. What's surprising is that they don't
can understand the basics: here is a supply base for the front, and this base has a large
queue. If they understood this, they would have a completely different opinion.
I'm still exploring the city. However, little has been studied: the path to the main one is
st. Bauman is the main one with crowds of walking people. Impressions are not
changed, but deepened.
I got to the "flowers".
Today I went to the Bolshoi Dramatic Theater to watch "Gardens are Blooming" from
whose pockets "withered". I didn't have a ticket, so I decided to buy it at
cash register or from hand. Kiselev and Amosov went to Tatarstan before the start, but I stayed
at the theater box office. While they were having dinner, in my line from under my overcoat from my pocket
They fished out the wallet. 600-odd rubles, a bundle of bonds and what else, I don’t remember.
The only documents I had were a certificate of completion of teaching courses.
I bought a ticket for row 27 for 10 rubles. from my hands when my companions had already arrived
A message has been received about the largest victory won by our Red Army.
The army over the Nazi hordes throughout the war - ours
Rostov-on-Don is occupied by troops. The enemy retreats to Taganrog. Captured
big trophies. The Germans lost more than ten thousand killed and wounded. This
Amazing. The path to our main supply bases - the Caucasus and Volga - [for
them] cut off. And the main thing is to go on the offensive. Faith in victory will double.
The mood will lift. Other sectors of the front will begin to align with Rostov
direction.
What a joyful, enthusiastic noise this victory made. Everyone goes with
beaming faces, like little children who have received holiday gifts. Hundreds of times
the summary memorized by everyone is repeated throughout the day. Everyone is pinning their hopes on
the next few days - the German must retreat from Moscow, and then, then
offensive along the entire front and not allowing the enemy to come to his senses. Drive up
Berlin... Plans, plans and dreams.
The main dream is to get to the front as soon as possible. Today is already a month since we
said goodbye to the front, and they told us that we would cope in 20 days. We
We would have managed it earlier, but the authorities are slowing things down. They retrain us without
queue, and judging by the progress, we will fly out of here no sooner than in
a month, and even then hardly. There are problems everywhere. How I want to be where
you easily put up with all the shortcomings!..
The distance between these two pages is difficult to measure, and the time between
records - exactly a month. I haven’t looked at this notebook for exactly one month. A
The thrice-damned Kazan is to blame for this. Idleness and boredom have given rise to
unforgivable laziness that goes with me relentlessly day after day
throughout almost my entire stay in Kazan. Got lazy to the point of madness. Necessary
manage to reach such a state when in the morning after sleep you are too lazy to get off
floor below to wash, not to mention to keep track of how much
Once I brushed my teeth, I have enough fingers on one hand. And what's the most
outrageous, I wasn’t the only one who fell into the grip of laziness. All without exception. Some
after getting up, rubbing his eyes with an unwashed fist and combing his hair with his fingers,
puts on a hat with earflaps and goes to breakfast; after breakfast he smokes goat
stem", which is larger in size than a gypsy pipe, and if not
formation, immediately goes to “get” it. Then something spontaneous happens
rise, and the “goat’s legs” smoke again, leaving gray ash on the beds,
on the shelves of bunks and on the dirty floor; the floor around the stove is decorated in addition to ashes
already trampled stubs of “goat legs”. Soon this smoky crowd with
Faces swollen from sleep, he goes to lunch. From the dining room everyone
personally runs through the dorm door, turns the corner (towards the restroom)
and performs a bowel movement, so that before dinner you don’t have to freeze your nose extra
once. Then, noisily rubbing his hands together, he enters the room and throws
a habitual glance at his bed and mechanically extends his hand to his friend for
newspaper, from which he tears out a strip with a wedge and wraps the filler
pauses between sleep - "goat's leg". This time the "goat leg" is smoked with
great pleasure, between memories of "Belomor" and other cigarettes.
By the end of the conversation, the "goat's leg" has a second circle and the beds are littered with
various poses of their owners, few of whom, with their hands under
head, fix their gaze on the ceiling, and the rest take part in
seeking a degree for the title of “weakling” in chess and dominoes.
About two hours before dinner, Ryazanko brings newspapers, which most
carefully scanned by pictures and headings, and only half
individual articles and notes are read.
At the same time and a little earlier, couch potatoes shoot coupons for
dinner for those going on city leave.
After dinner, everyone comes with the clear intention of hiding under the blanket.
And, if no one interferes with this, no later than in an hour and a half the room
filled with the music of peaceful snoring. It happens that someone will violate
the general note is a menacing snore. Then his neighbor wakes up, with his elbow
walks along the ribs of the offender and makes a speech to him:
Well, you scarecrow, turn over on the other side - stop purring.
The demand is immediately satisfied, and the melody of a peaceful, serene
sleep is restored until the next disturbance. Rarely does anyone
wakes up from internal tension and, in order to avoid childhood sin, passes for
corner of the hostel to drill a reddish hole in the ice-crusted
snow. Such a walk is usually accompanied by a “goat’s leg”.
If this “someone” was Sergeant Major Cherkasov or his imitator, then
you can see such a scene. Before lying down again, Cherkasov politely
wakes up his neighbor, Senior Sergeant Arsenyev:
Arsyush! Wake up, Arsyush...
A! What's for breakfast? - Arsenyev asks, half asleep.
“No,” Cherkasov answers with a smile. - Go and piss... Look,
Is dawn coming soon?
Arsenyev smiles knowingly and, if from the inside just below his belly there is already
propped up enough, he immediately slides off the bunk.
And so on until the fatal word spoken by the orderly with all his might
Climb!!!
After several repetitions of this familiar word,
stretching, yawning and, finally, one by one, like marmots, crawling out of their holes
from under the blankets my lazy and boring friends.
“Rising” means you can go to breakfast.
In half an hour, the day begins according to yesterday's schedule.
different from the first one. She also smokes from morning till night with “goat leg” and
even more diligently, for these people spend the whole day “chasing a goat” or “cutting
fool" and, naturally, that between each slaughter or distribution a person from
idleness is forced to smoke. Moreover, the eldest sits here as the “trump card”
lieutenant, who has long been accustomed to smoking one after another almost
continuously. But temptation is a great thing, few can resist it.
For a change, this group sometimes stops playing and argues heatedly over
some empty question, most often about the same thing over and over
several breaks. A favorite topic of debate is the delay in promotion
titles and positions, from this they gradually move on to other issues and more often
The final issue is nutrition. But it all soon comes down to one thing
desire to return to the front as soon as possible. Yes, this is quite understandable: is it at this time
sit in Kazan?
Vasily Kozhukhov - "Shkurkin" and I) combines the types of activities of the two previous ones with
some addition.
After breakfast, this trio sleeps only in exceptional cases (at night
was in uniform or came from town late). Mostly before lunch
filled with reading fiction or political literature with little
sometimes taking breaks to receive or give "checkmate". Krylov and Kozhukhov
prefer chess to all other games, so after lunch, when I go to
the bosses have a little rest with a “goat” or “fooling around”, they sit down to
chess and play for two hours, then you can see us reclining reading
some book. In between readings we talk a little and
We smoke the usual "goat's legs".
Well, Mironenko, Kozhukhov sometimes addresses me through
partition on the bunk - do you still only smoke Belomor?
Leave “Belomor” - it has been declared unavailable,” I answer. - I only smoke
"Izvestia" and "Pravda" with Kazan Samosad... This is more accessible, and more expensive, and
many times more disgusting.
Again I am in the Active Army, on the Karelian Front.
Not without incident, we received it, completed our studies and flew on a new
material part. Combat work on it will not be without adventures.
In Obozerskaya I met my combat crew commander - Markelov
Vladimir Leontievich, and through joint efforts with him he achieved my transfer to
his crew. Let's fly together again.
No matter how much he is sometimes scolded for his unworthy behavior, he is still a pilot
wonderful. The first in the squadron to receive for work in the air
gratitude from the squadron commander: Markelov and Savelyev - our navigator
airplane.
Combat work did not begin. But it seems it will start tomorrow. Job
We will eat and work conscientiously. The teamwork of our crew is already
sufficient to qualify for combat work.
We are staying in the village. Kolezma. A village of 400 houses is clustered on the shore
White Sea near Kolezhma Bay on the Kolezhma River, fenced on both sides
small hills. A stream flows through the village. The buildings are all wooden,
spacious and kept clean. It is typical for all northern villages that
they are located among the forest, and in the village itself there are only a few stunted birch trees
stick out by the stream and in the cemetery, the luxurious
spruce grove. During the day the village seems dead. Only occasionally will someone pass by
when in need, draw water from house to house or to a stream. The village lives on fishing.
Of the men on the collective farm, only old men and teenagers remained, all the rest left
to the front. Women support the collective farm and work at the airfield -
wartime labor service.
In the evenings, young people gather in a club (former church), where they attend
films both on days off and on days off - dancing to the accordion.
The population willingly accepts military personnel into apartments. We are located in
center of the village. There are six people in the room. The room is spacious with five windows.
The walls are covered with blue wallpaper with flowers, the floors are painted. Warm and cozy.
The apartment meets all the requirements for performing duties
editor of the "Combat Leaflet", and you will have to get to work properly.
Today is exactly one month since I was appointed editor, and I was released for this
There are only six issues at the time. Previously, it was possible to refer to apartment
conditions, now it will be a shame. It's time to put an end to Kazan laziness. Necessary
work. And issue at least 12-15 sheets of paper per month for the first time.
Several excerpts from the material included in the “Combat Leaflets”:
Weapons and rubles
We will defeat the fascists.
Lesson learned -
Step forward.
Take more steps
To defeat enemies.
Reader of these lines!
Write notes in the "Combat Leaflet"!
Increase your experience and knowledge,
Joining the competition.
Works strong and clean
Prepare to defeat the fascists.
There are still no combat missions. Thaw. When taking off, the car runs all the way
pad and barely breaks away at the end. The snow is wet and sticky.
Our new squadron commander, Major Sukmanov, made only two flights in a circle. All
the rest were engaged in camouflaging the sites. They sawed the young trees and furnished them
them cars.
There is little benefit, but the day is lost.
Our apartment was occupied by the squadron commanders. We moved to his
place. There are more people here, and therefore there is no former space and comfort.
Due to lack of space, my housewarming was marked by duty at the hostel
without the right to sleep at night.
* Squadron commander.
There was a blizzard at night and then it snowed. The roads and airfield are covered with snow.
The car was pushed halfway. It took 45 minutes to travel 8 km. The airfield was being cleared
runway. Snow was transported by truck to the outskirts of the airfield. Enough work
for a few days. There will be drifts, we will repeat the cleaning - but still to
In the spring we will have a runway for cars on wheels.
I have prepared a “Combat Leaflet” for tomorrow. About Azarov is long and daring.
Missed it. Contrary to expectations, the feuilleton is a great success. Some
re-read it several times. Some phrases have been memorized and today have
domination of conversations. This means we can work, we just need some
assertiveness and desire. Georgiy Yurk*, be born again, you will be respected, with
After dinner we worked until midnight to clear the road to the airfield.
Together with the 80th Regiment, we cleared about a kilometer. due tomorrow
walk cars.
* Probably, we're talking about about the pseudonym under which he wrote
Major General Khryukin flew to us. He said that to us, the main reserve
command of the Karelian Front, will have to sit without work for another month
So much for the nearness of battle days!
You have to believe the general: he just came from Moscow, from Stalin.
This means our time has not yet come. Will wait. And how tired I am of waiting
first one thing, then another, then a third! And why the hell are they keeping us in front of the main thing?
command. They would give some army and all expectations would end.
Today I had a day off and was not at the airfield. And the day was wonderful.
Ours flew, flew a lot - the engines hummed all day long. And under this general noise
(training flights) crews of captain Ivashkin and junior lieutenant Egorova
went on a combat mission. Photographed the results of night bombing
20th AP * and the airfield on Tiksh Lake.
The start is done!
Tomorrow one link will go to combat work. Will be based near
front lines. The tasks will be mainly of reconnaissance nature.
And I'm still waiting.
I feel some fatigue. Probably because I didn't get enough sleep. C 3
numbers we slept 3-5 hours a day and were on our feet all the time in heavy
uniform. Once I had to walk to the airfield and back to
full flight uniform.
On the evening of the 4th we flew to Segezha to take off on the 5th at 6.00 for
a massive strike on the enemy airfield on Tiksh Lake. But the Finns us
were warned, at 4.00 they dropped 168 bombs on our parking lots. Sudden attack
should have caused a lot of harm, but everything turned out unexpectedly happily: on
two vehicles were pierced by shrapnel and wounded a senior technician
Lieutenant Korotkevich, who worked on the bomb suspension. The cars were all left in
formation, but by 6 o'clock the weather had deteriorated, and we had to return with bombs.
On the morning of the 6th it was not possible to gather at the appointed place. Back again
with bombs. We took off at 15:00. The Finns, of course, were waiting for us. More kilometers
in 20-25 we were met by 15 enemy fighters. We advanced to the goal with
in battle. Up to 50 vehicles took part in the battle. The Finns had a more advantageous position,
they were at home and higher in height. But still we arrived at our goal. Bombs
dropped quite successfully. Only one car didn't drop a bomb because
it was set on fire while approaching the target. It's a pity that there are still some left at the airfield (to
our parish) there are few planes. The fighters fought well. General battle
ended with a score of 11-7 in our favor, and out of 7, two were lost not in battle,
and after the battle they got lost and nothing is known about them. Our regiment has no losses.
But there could be: some people don’t monitor the air well.
If our crew's navigator Azarov had seen how our crew was attacked
neighbor in the ranks, we would have driven them away after the first attack, otherwise they would have been allowed
make several attacks. And only thanks to the agility of the attacked
crew, all attacks were repulsed.
I'm in this car, with a view from my cockpit, not a shooter, but a man in
mousetrap: you see only in front of your nose.
Here I am again in the Arctic. Yesterday at 6.10 I took off from Kovensma and without
adventure landed at the Kitsa airfield - about 500 km away. And I'm back again
Polar region. We settled on the Murmansk state farm, in a former school.
Arctic! Landscapes familiar to the eye. Hills, swamps, small lakes, deer
And here spring is already penetrating, the snow on the roads is melting, the birch buds are swelling.
Now things here will be worse than before: technology will collide with the real thing.
technology, and people have become a lot wiser.
Early in the morning we raided the Hibugten airfield (Norway) near
Kirkenes. There were two groups: constraining and shock with an interval of 18-20
minutes. The restraining group delivered the main blow to the airfield. But 2
"Me-110"* managed to rise while approaching the airfield of our
bombers. We did not have time to carry out the attacks, because we took off quite late and
We did not have time to gain sufficient height.
Reassured by the fact that our bombers would soon leave, the "hundreds"
made a landing. They were still on the runway when suddenly
Our main strike group arrived and covered them on the spot.
The Germans apparently did not expect such a raid. They didn't even open right away
anti-aircraft fire, and they have large concentrations of anti-aircraft weapons. When we
dropped bombs and already made a U-turn, they opened fire on us like I
haven't seen it yet. The whole sky was black, and the explosions were so close that
through the rumble of engines you can hear their dull explosions, and before your eyes every now and then
fiery flashes played - multifaceted stars bordered with black
acrid smoke.
I tried to look at the breaks through the scope, but the reticle merged with
bursts, and nothing was visible. ZA** hit from the airfield, from the point and from
ships stationed in Bekfjord. FOR us accompanied to the island
When approaching the Sredny Peninsula we were fired upon again, but already at
to a far lesser degree.
Everyone returned. 3 cars brought holes, and most of all suffered
Lieutenant Egorov's car, but not disabled.
The weather turned bad again.
* German plane "Messerschmidt".
In the morning they repeated the raid on Hibugten. According to intelligence data, there is a large
accumulation of German aircraft. The first raid had the disadvantage that it meant
Early photographs poorly captured the results of the bombing.
We also walked in two groups, but with much smaller intervals. Bombed with
4.5 thousand meters from a dive.
Two "hundredths" managed to gain altitude by the time the second group approached
and, taking advantage of the similarity with our cars, they joined us. Strongly
They beat up the car of Senior Lieutenant Tishin. His car received 32 holes
and the rudders also jammed in the target area. Only through skill
courageous pilot, the car was brought to its airfield and landed perfectly.
Tomorrow she will be back in action.
The results of today's raid should be much better than the previous one.
Direct hits were noted on the parking lots and apartment buildings of the flight personnel.
For further work we flew to Afrikanda. Old familiar place
looks a bit empty. However, the airfield is packed with a damn lot of
fighters.
As soon as we landed and moved the cars to the parking lots, I passed
scout at high altitude. Apparently they gave them a lot of salt, since they were in such a hurry
In the Kesteng direction, our troops broke through the fortified line
German defenses and advanced 5 km yesterday.
We dive-bombed long-range artillery. In the second half
The day before they thought about repeating it, but the ground crews reported that a second flight was not required.
In the same direction they did the same with another battery.*
Copies poetry into a notebook, mostly love lyrics With
elements of a military motif: Kosta Khetagurov, Konstantin Simonov (“For an hour
remembering the names"), etc. Amateurs are also written there in a different handwriting
(“album”) poems signed by Zoya Chentsova and Victoria Chaika, dated
mid-April 1943. The air regiment was based in Afrikanda at that time.
Then journaling resumes. Entries from April 30, May 2 and May 16
1943 are very personal in nature, so for ethical reasons we
We present them in fragments. They date back to the period when the unit was in
reserve, and are dedicated to the author’s emotional experiences, his relationships with
comrades. Deep depression can be traced, there are even thoughts about
suicide, serious illness is mentioned.
But I’m not in a spring mood, my heart is not beating like spring...
Before I sat down to write, I came from the club. Was at the party for
com. commanders I watched the movie “Vasilisa the Beautiful” and left. I can not. I
I am terribly behind people. Savage. I can't have fun. Did you know how? Perhaps,
no... I understood what fun was only in school (but not the last)
years. I was too young to judge life. Lived without thinking, what if
I thought I saw something different in everything. And that's why they called me the most "cheerful
young men." If old friends and teachers saw what had become of them
"great hope"! What would they do to me! They would grind it into powder and let it go
downwind.
Oh, I wish the combat work could begin soon! I'll wait. And it will be mine
turning point. True, it will be difficult to take your soul away. We will go to
such heights that most often I will simply be an inevitable burden that is needed
carry for the sake of "maybe".
I am a dormitory orderly.
Four crews went on a second flight: majors Kotov, Ivashkin,
Lieutenants Kochetkov and Markelov.
Major Ivashkin was supposed to photograph the results of the bombing. He
was the last one in line.
When approaching the goal, Major Kotov dismissed everyone for independent
dive bombing. We were 400-500 meters apart from each other.
Ivashkin was the last to go.
When we set out on a combat course, it turned out that the clouds had come close
and closed the target. You can't dive bomb. Kotov gave the command: “Bomb with
horizontal, independently."
One by one we came out from behind the clouds and dropped off at its edge.
The bombs have been dropped,” said the navigator.
At this time, 8 fighters jumped out from under the clouds to cross us.
Two of them rushed at Kotov and Kochetkov. One joined us and approached
another link.
Ivashkin walked last and saw what a difficult situation he was in
comrades. He couldn't stand it. The bomber rushed to attack the fighters. By
the track passed through their formation. The fighters shied away from each other and then,
Having looked around, all three pounced on one. An unequal air battle ensued
the battle. Kochetkov drove the car to the nearest airfield; Kotov's crew shot down one
and left the other in a dive. A fighter plane joined us on the level
keel and walked like this for 20-30 seconds; the distance was only 50-70 meters; he walked and didn't
decided to attack from this angle. Our machine guns did not turn around
such an angle. I looked into the enemy cockpit and clearly saw the face, glasses, helmet
pilot; he looked at me. I turned the machine gun all the way to the side
fighter and, looking away from the window, clung to the sight. Finn turned
car to come right behind us. As soon as its plane appeared
in my sights, I fired an aimless, short burst. He also gave
turn, but missed, and therefore, turning around almost at the same level, stood in
tail. That's all I needed. I took him in the crosshairs and gave him a long
queue. Without having time to open fire, he sharply tilted to the right and nosed down.
There is a large target in front of my sight - I fired another burst. Finn screw
went to the ground, and we entered the clouds and made a turn. When they left
It was cloudy and there were no planes nearby. Kotov and Kochetkov disappeared from
mind. 10-12 kilometers away from us with a right turn sharply decreased
Major Ivashkin, and three Finns were spinning around his car.
The major landed on the forest. I crashed the car. Seriously wounded
gunner-radio operator, and he himself found himself sandwiched between the armored back, the instrument panel
and the helm. His legs and arms were broken and the steering wheel was stuck in his chest.
The navigator, Senior Lieutenant Vernyuk, received minor bruises. He pulled out of the car
gunner-radio operator Senior Sergeant Shtuchka, but could not get the major out
Ivashkin, despite all efforts. The major couldn't stay alive after this
injuries. After much hesitation, the navigator decided to satisfy the request of the combat
friend: they shot him without removing him from the combat vehicle.
Four days later, Thing died.
Vernyuk got to his people only on the twelfth day. He wandered around
front line, my feet were frozen. Then they cut off his feet and sent him to deep
Thus ended the life of one of the bravest pilots, one of the best
masters of bomb attacks.
Anatole France from The Garden of Epicurus.
personal character: tells about relationships with a girl, about
their nascent feeling. A few pages here from a notebook
torn out. Finally, the last entry was made with a fountain pen, after the war,
apparently in the 60s or 70s, and contains outlines for an article or essay about
fellow soldier Sergei Georgievich Kurzenkov: about night reconnaissance and air
Historiography. E. S. SENYAVSKAYA. MAN AT WAR. HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ESSAYS
E. S. Senyavskaya. A man at war. Historical and psychological essays. M. Institute of Russian History RAS. 1997. 232 p.
Monograph of the candidate historical sciences E. S. Senyavskoy continues and develops the concept, the foundations of which were laid by the author in her previous work dedicated to the front-line generation of 1941-1945 1. The author set as her goal “to trace the evolution of the psychological factors of war based on an analysis of the experience of Russian and Soviet armies in armed conflicts of the 20th century" (p. 7), to reveal the general and special in the psychology of their participants. At the same time, Senyavskaya raises the question of how the conditions of a given war affect the future lives of direct participants in hostilities, and indirectly - the development of society in peaceful, post-war conditions.
War is considered by the author as a psychological phenomenon that forms a special type of human consciousness, creating the phenomenon of a “man at war.” In Sieniawska’s field of vision there are two world wars and Afghan war 1979-1989.
The study, which is staged in nature, reveals the main range of historical and psychological problems of armed conflicts of the 20th century, considered at the individual and personal level of their participants. A wide range of necessary methods are being tested and developed, including interdisciplinary ones (comparative-historical, historical-psychological, historical-sociological), for a deeper disclosure of the motivation and behavior of people in extreme conditions armed confrontation with the enemy. Specific historical, source study and theoretical and methodological problems are solved in a single complex.
The problem-thematic approach determined the structure of the monograph. Among the problems considered by the author: a person’s self-perception in extreme conditions of war and the factors influencing his behavior in “borderline situations”; life at the front and its psychological characteristics; the problem of exiting the war (the “Afghan syndrome” is especially studied); the formation of an enemy image as a particular manifestation of the psychological dichotomy “friend or foe” in armed conflicts; faith and superstition in a combat situation; mass participation of women in wars as a phenomenon of the 20th century.
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A man at war. Historical and psychological essays 1455K
published in 1997
Added: 12/18/2010
annotation
Senyavskaya E.S. A man at war. Historical and psychological essays. M.: Institute of Russian History RAS, 1997. - 232 p. - Circulation 300 copies.
The book is devoted to one of the key problems of Russian history at its turning points - the role of the psychological factor in armed conflicts of the twentieth century (using the example of two world wars and the Afghan war).
Based on rare archival documents and “oral history” materials, the author examines a person’s sense of self during war; factors influencing his behavior in extreme situations; features of front-line life; problems of exiting the war, including the “Afghan syndrome”; the evolution of the concepts of “friend or foe” and the formation of the image of the enemy in different wars; everyday religiosity in war; the phenomenon of mass participation of women in wars of the 20th century.
For historians, psychologists and anyone interested in the history of the Fatherland.
In 2001, E.S. Senyavskaya was awarded a medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences for her monograph “Man at War.”
Introduction
Chapter I. RUSSIAN COMBATANTS IN THE WARS OF THE XX CENTURY (Methodological and methodological problems of comparative historical and psychological analysis)
1. War as a historical and psychological problem: key concepts and subject of study
2. War is an extreme situation. (Soldier's fatalism and attitude towards death.)
3. Life at the front
4. The problem of exiting the war
5. Small war - big problems. ("Afghan Syndrome")
Chapter II. FORMATION OF THE IMAGE OF THE ENEMY AS A HISTORICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM
1. The image of the enemy as a subject of historical and psychological research. (The problem of “friend or foe” in war conditions)
2. The image of the enemy in the minds of participants in the First World War
3. The image of the enemy in the minds of participants in the Great Patriotic War
4. The image of the enemy in the minds of participants in two world wars: general and special
5. The Islamic Society of Afghanistan through the eyes of “Afghan” soldiers
Chapter III. RELIGION IN WAR
1. Faith and atheism in war as a socio-psychological problem
2. Soldiers’ superstitions as a form of everyday religiosity
Chapter IV. WOMAN AT WAR - A PHENOMENON OF THE XX CENTURY
1. Pre-revolutionary situation: an exception to the rule
2. Soviet era: from equality in peacetime to equality in war
3. Afghan experience and modernity: evolution of the phenomenon
Conclusion
Notes
DOCUMENTARY APPLICATIONS
I. FIRST WORLD WAR 1914-1918
Appendix 1.1. A.N. Zhiglinsky. “I am proud that I can be useful to Russia” (Letters from a Russian officer)
Appendix 1.2. I.I. Chernetsov. “We will have to celebrate Christmas on the front lines” (Letters from the front of the First World War)
Appendix 1.3. The case of General Forsel
Appendix 1.4. Cornet runs to the front
II. THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941-1945
Appendix 2.1. Yu.I.Kaminsky. “There are more earthlings here than fire...” (Front-line letters)
Appendix 2.2. G.T.Mironenko. From the radio operator's diary
III. AFGHAN WAR 1979-1989
Appendix 3.1. Program of historical and psychological examination of participants in the war in Afghanistan.
Questions for interviews with participants in armed conflicts of the 20th century
Appendix 3.2. Excerpts from interviews with participants in the Afghan war
3.2.1. Information about respondents
3.2.2. War as an extreme situation
3.2.3. Formation of an image of the enemy and attitude towards him
3.2.4. Features of front-line life
3.2.5. The problem of leaving the war and post-traumatic syndrome
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