Mikhailov Andrey 06/13/2019 at 16:00
Many glorious pages in the history of discovery and study Russian Arctic. But there is a special chapter in it, from which the heroic polar epic began. On May 21, 1937, the polar air expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences reached North Pole and landed the North Pole-1 scientific station on drifting ice for nine long months.
With this expedition, the systematic development of the entire Arctic basin began, thanks to which navigation along the Northern Sea Route became regular. Its members were supposed to collect data in the area atmospheric phenomena, meteorology, geophysics, hydrobiology. The station was headed by Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, its employees were hydrologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist-astronomer Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel. The expedition was led by Otto Yulievich Schmidt, the pilot of the flagship N-170 aircraft was a hero Soviet Union Mikhail Vasilievich Vodopyanov.
And it all started like this. On February 13, 1936, at a meeting in the Kremlin on the organization of transport flights, Otto Schmidt outlined a plan for an air expedition to the North Pole and the establishment of a station there. Based on the plan, Stalin and Voroshilov instructed the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (Glavsevmorput) to organize an expedition to the North Pole region in 1937 and deliver equipment for the scientific station and winterers there by plane.
An air expedition squadron was formed consisting of four four-engine ANT-6-4M-34R "Aviaarktika" aircraft and a twin-engine reconnaissance aircraft R-6. To select the location of an intermediate base for the assault on the pole on Rudolf Island (Franz Josef Land), in the spring of 1936, pilots Vodopyanov and Makhotkin went on reconnaissance. In August, the icebreaking steamer Rusanov headed there with cargo for the construction of a new polar station and airfield equipment.
The whole country was preparing the expedition. For example, a tent for a residential camp was created by the Moscow Kauchuk plant. Its frame was made of easily disassembled aluminum pipes, the canvas walls were lined with two layers of eider down, and the rubber inflatable floor was also supposed to conserve heat.
The Central Radio Laboratory in Leningrad produced two radio stations - a powerful 80-watt one and a 20-watt emergency one. The main power source was two sets of alkaline batteries, charged from a small windmill or from a light dynamo gasoline engine(there was also a manually driven engine). All equipment, from the antenna to the smallest spare parts, was made under Krenkel’s personal supervision; the weight of the radio equipment was half a ton.
According to special drawings, the Leningrad Shipbuilding Plant named after Karakozov built ash sleds that weighed only 20 kilograms. The Institute of Catering Engineers prepared lunches for the drifting station for a whole year and a half, weighing about 5 tons.
On May 21, 1937, at about five in the morning, Mikhail Vodopyanov’s car took off from Rudolf Island. Throughout the flight, radio contact was maintained, the weather and the nature of the ice cover were clarified. During the flight, an accident occurred: a leak developed in the flange in the upper part of the radiator of the third engine, and antifreeze began to evaporate. The flight mechanics had to cut the wing skin in order to place a rag that absorbed the liquid, squeeze it into a bucket, and use a pump to pump the coolant back into the engine reservoir.
The mechanics had to carry out this operation until the landing, sticking their bare hands out of the wing in -20 degrees and a fast wind. At 10:50 we reached the pole. And on May 25, the remaining group of aircraft was launched.
After landing at the North Pole, explorers made many discoveries. Every day they took soil samples, measured depths and drift speeds, determined coordinates, carried out magnetic measurements, hydrological and meteorological observations. Soon after the landing, a drift of the ice floe on which the researchers' camp was located was discovered. Her wanderings began in the North Pole area, after 274 days the ice floe turned into a fragment of 200 by 300 meters.
All-Russian geographical dictation 2016, which took place on November 20, 2016. These are dictation questions. Try to answer.
1. What is the name of the imaginary line on the surface of the globe that connects the North and South Poles along the shortest distance?
2. What is the interface between warm and cold air masses in the lower part of the atmosphere called?
3. What is the name of the city located near more large city and gravitating towards it in economic, cultural and everyday terms?
4. What is the name of the part of the river valley that is flooded during high water or during floods?
5. Indicate the combination of natural zones and soils characteristic of the territory of the Central federal district(just specify the letter):
A) forest-steppe - red soils;
B) northern taiga – brown soils;
IN) mixed forests– soddy-podzolic soils.
6. Select from the list the object with the lowest water salinity (just indicate the letter):
A) Sivash Bay;
B) White Sea;
B) Gulf of Finland;
D) Black Sea.
7. What does this symbol mean on topographic maps?
8. Arrange the mountain systems in descending order of their maximum absolute height (fill in the numbers):
1) Altai; 2) Caucasus; 3) Sikhote-Alin; 4) Khibiny.
9. The name of this people of Russia is translated as “real people”, and the outdated name is Samoyeds. The population in Russia is about 45 thousand people, most of them live along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The main activities are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. The name of the people is present in the names of two entities Russian Federation. Name the people.
10. This folk craft is named after a village in the Moscow region, where it originated in early XIX century. Traditional handicrafts are metal trays painted with oil paints, usually with a design of a flower bouquet. Name the industry.
11. What is the name of solid precipitation that forms on the surface of the earth and plants at negative soil temperatures, partly cloudy skies and weak winds?
12. Name the natural zone of Russia where oak and hazel grow, and orioles and wild boars live.
13. Position settlements in the direction from north to south (fill in the letters):
A) Vologda; B) Salekhard; B) Khabarovsk; Novosibirsk city.
14. Name the archipelago, which is the northernmost island territory of Russia.
15. Select from the list a city where the sun can sometimes be seen at midnight (just indicate the letter):
A) Syktyvkar; B) Murmansk; B) Omsk; D) Tomsk.
16. The Novgorod Kremlin and the Church of Peter and Paul on Sinichya Mountain are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The distance between them in a straight line is 1.5 kilometers. What will it be equal to on a 1:50,000 scale map? Give your answer in centimeters.
17. Select from the list a subject of the Russian Federation, a significant part of which is located in a subarctic climate (just indicate the letter):
A) Republic of Karelia;
B) Republic of Tatarstan;
B) Tyumen region;
D) Perm region.
18. Name a tributary of the Ob River that crosses two state borders before entering Russian territory.
19. Indicate which city from the list has the earliest sunrise (just indicate the letter):
A) Yakutsk;
B) Okhotsk;
B) Khanty-Mansiysk;
D) Veliky Ustyug.
20. Name a subject of the Russian Federation in which the time differs from Kamchatka by 10 hours.
21. Select from the list the river whose lower reaches are depicted on the satellite image (just indicate the letter):
A) Volga;
B) Lena;
B) Selenga;
D) Yenisei.
22. Name the hero city of Russia, one of the largest ports of the Black Sea, located on the shore of Tsemes Bay.
23. Name the sea that washes the shores of Russia, which is characterized by the highest tides. The sea is rich in fish, seafood and hydrocarbons. Previously it was called Kamchatsky. In its southern part there are the Odessa Bay and the Terpeniya Bay.
24. Select a couple of objects from the list that are not geographically related friend with a friend (just indicate the letter):
A) Lake Taimyr – Taimyr Peninsula;
B) Bering Island - Bering Sea;
B) Bely Island - White Sea;
D) Kamchatka River – Kamchatka Peninsula.
25. Name the city, the ancient capital of North-Eastern Rus', currently a regional center on the Klyazma River, included in the “Golden Ring of Russia” tourist route.
26. What natural area does Vasily Dokuchaev write about:
“... it seems so densely occupied by some kind of plant that nothing else, apparently, can fit here: either it is covered with purple spots, anemones have bloomed, then entire meadows take on a blue azure color, forget-me-nots have bloomed; at other times you can find large areas completely covered with fragrant thyme...”
27. Find out the city described in the poem by Alexander the Northern:
This city is five centuries old
Stands on the edge of the banks,
Border of snow, eternal ice,
The capital of rivers, forests, swamps.
Stands on the age-old path,
No one can get around.
All the ships met here
That they were coming from the White Sea to people.
Met Norwegians and Slavs,
Met Dutch, English
The Varangians went to their last battle
And the Swedes are beaten astern.
By this age-old river
The Pomors built the city...
28. « Great schemer moved at a shooting pace along the mountain road leading around Mashuk to the place of Lermontov’s duel with Martynov, past sanatoriums and rest houses. Overtaken by buses and two-horse carriages, Ostap went to Proval” (Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov).
The Proval mentioned in the passage is considered a landmark of which city?
29. Name the territory described in the story by Konstantin Paustovsky:
“This region lies... between Vladimir and Ryazan, not far from Moscow, and is one of the few surviving forest islands, a remnant of the “great belt of coniferous forests.” In ... the region you can see forest lakes with dark water, vast swamps covered with alder and aspen.".
30. Name the expedition that took place in 1937-1938, in which Ivan Papanin, Evgeny Fedorov, Ernst Krenkel and Pyotr Shirshov, depicted on the postage stamp, became famous.
1. Meridian. 2. Atmospheric front (occlusion front). 3. Satellite city, 4. Floodplain, 5. B, 6. B, 7. Shrub, 8) 2,1, 3, 4. 9). Nenets, 10. Zhostovo painting, 11. Frost 12. Mixed and broad-leaved forests. 13. B, A, G, V. 14 . Franz Josef Land. 15. B, 16. 3 cm, 17. V, 18. Irtysh, 19. B, 20. Kaliningrad region, 21. V, 22. Novorossiysk, 23. Okhotsk. 24. V, 25. Vladimir, 26. Steppe, 27. Arkhangelsk, 28. Pyatigorsk, 29. Meshchera, 30. North Pole 1.
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Rescue expedition to evacuate Papanin residents
The USSR government was seriously concerned about the alarming situation at the SP-1 station. Already on January 10, 1938, the icebreaking steamer “Taimyr” with an R-5 aircraft on board and the motorboat “Murmanets” came to the Papaninites. Spirin ferried two TsKB-30 aircraft to Murmansk, so that from there, if necessary, he could fly to the ice camp. The repair of the icebreaker Ermak was urgently completed in Leningrad.
Making its way to Papanin’s camp, “Murmanets” desperately fought against the ice, and in clear water, “Taimyr” fought a fierce storm. The ship's deck superstructures were seriously damaged, the deck and rigging became icy, and hydrogen cylinders for sounding balloons were washed overboard.
The voyage also proved difficult for the three submarines allocated by the Northern Fleet. These were D-3, Shch-402, Shch-404, who had just returned from exercises. They were sent to help the Taimyr and to ensure the flight of the USSR V-6 airship.
On February 2, the commander of the airship squadron N.S. Gudovantsev turned to the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet with a proposal to use an airship to rescue the Papanins. On the same day, at an emergency meeting of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a positive decision was made on this issue. The preparation of the airship “USSR V-6” begins immediately, for which only three days are allocated.
"USSR V-6" was the largest airship in the country and corresponded to the type of semi-rigid airships "Norway" and "Italy". It was also designed by the Italian designer Umberto Nobile and built in 1933 at the Dirizhablestroy enterprise in Dolgoprudny, Moscow region. Its shell had a volume of 18.5 thousand cubic meters, length - 104.5, diameter - 19.5 meters. Three engines of 265 hp each. ensured speed with a load of 8.5 tons up to 110 km/h. The flight range reached 4.5 thousand km. In 1937, this aircraft set a world record for flight duration without refueling - 130.5 hours. The USSR V-6 repeatedly made non-stop flights from Moscow to Leningrad, Petrozavodsk, Kazan, and Sverdlovsk.
The airship's crew was reinforced with the best specialists. A.A. was appointed as the first navigator. Ritslyand, a participant in the Papanin landing in Molokov’s crew. Many ordinary positions as assistant helmsmen and mechanics were filled by commanders from other airships, which turned out to be a mistake - they lost practical experience.
The equipment was carefully checked, fuel, food, and equipment were loaded on board. An electric winch was installed to lower and raise the two-seater cabin, with the help of which they hoped to evacuate the Papaninites from the ice floe. Preparations went on around the clock
"USSR V-6" with a crew of 19 people took off from Moscow late in the evening of February 5, 1938. He was seen off by Politburo member A.I. Mikoyan. There was a message in the official press: the airship went on a training flight along the route Moscow - Murmansk. In the light of the searchlights, the gigantic body of the airship lifted off the ground and disappeared into the darkness of the night. On the afternoon of February 6, having safely passed Petrozavodsk and Kem, the ship moved to Kandalaksha, where it found itself in a zone of heavy snowfall. At about 8 p.m., local residents received alarming reports of a strong roar and explosion. From the memoirs of the airship flight engineer V.A. Ustinovich:
“I was relaxing in a hammock above the crew gondola before my watch when I was awakened by a terrible blow and the cracking of trees. I felt the smoke and realized that we were on fire... It broke through the keel skin and fell out. Almost 20 thousand “cubes” of hydrogen are a sea of fire! Burning debris broke off in the trees and fell down. The snow was deep, at least a meter, and this saved...
Six of us out of nineteen gathered - all those who survived. Besides me, mechanics Konstantin Novikov, Alexey Burmakin and Dmitry Matyunin, who were on watch in the engine nacelles, the fourth assistant commander Viktor Pochekin and radio engineer Ariy Vorobyov, were saved.” (Kaminsky, 2006).
Survivors recalled that the altimeter readings along the route did not correspond to the heights of the hills over which the airship flew. Navigator Myachkov was the first to see a large mountain ahead and raised the alarm. The helmsmen frantically worked with the controls, trying to lift the nose of the airship and increase the altitude. But the mountain was inevitably approaching. After hitting the slope, the structure could not stand it and began to fall apart. The crashed phosphorus flare bombs caused a fire.
The fatal obstacle was Neblo-Gora, 18 km from railway station White Sea. The cause of the disaster can be considered sketchy maps drawn up at the beginning of the century, and the commander’s decision to move at a dangerously low altitude in bad weather. Why not immediately go up, beyond the clouds? In Moscow, at the Novodevichy cemetery, in the wall of the old monastery, urns with the ashes of 13 dead astronauts rest. Everything is arranged to the highest standard, but who benefits from this?
...Now only sailors could act as rescuers. On February 15, the icebreaking steamers Murman and Taimyr were 50–60 km from the Papanin ice floe. A kind of rivalry arose between the ships: who would be the first to reach the goal. On February 12, Krenkel saw lights on the horizon that differed from the stars in their immobility. Fedorov pointed the theodolite and became convinced of their “earthly” origin. Having agreed on the radio with the Taimyr about the exchange of signals, Papanin lit the magnesium rocket. She was noticed on the ship.
At this time, the ice floe with the remains of the camp was near Greenland, and the harsh mountainous coast was clearly visible. "Taimyr" could not come closer because of hummocks, and for on-board aircraft they needed flat, young fields.
On February 14, the ice began to break up, and the Taimyr moved closer to the camp. On the same day, the second icebreaking steamship Murman arrived here, carrying Cherevichny’s Sh-2 aircraft. This pilot flew out twice to search, but did not return from the second flight. To detect it, Vlasov was sent from Taimyr, who accidentally stumbled upon the SP-1 airfield and landed. Papanin, who met him, advised the pilot not to waste time on them and to continue the search for Cherevichny, who could be in a critical situation.
While combing the surrounding area, Vlasov discovered the missing plane and took the pilots to the ship on two flights. Later, "Taimyr" approached this place and lifted the car on board. It turned out that the onset of darkness and thick fog forced the pilots to land. To save fuel, the engine was turned off. We spent the long polar night in a cramped cabin, and during daylight hours we fiddled with a worn-out engine. It was never possible to launch it, after which another difficult overnight stay ensued.
On the night of February 19, the Murman, and later the Taimyr, approached the SP-1 camp. It was the 274th day on the ice floe. Nearby, glowing with numerous lights, stood two ships. The Papanins tied notebooks with valuable notes into bundles and carefully placed them and photographic films in backpacks. We did not take down the weather instruments in order to make the last observations in the morning. Nobody slept. Papanin and Krenkel silently bent over the chess. In the morning a large group of sailors came to the camp. Following the orders of the expedition's leadership, they collected the equipment scattered on the surface of the ice floe, dug out the covered tent from the snow and transferred it all to the ship. Thanks to this foresight, the SP-1 tent is currently on display at the Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic in St. Petersburg.
When the winterers and greeters approached the ships, a dispute arose: who would take whom. They lured us with supplies of beer, fruits and vegetables, and frightened us with the abundance of bedbugs among our rivals. As a result, lots were drawn. Papanin and Krenkel had to go on the Murman, and Fedorov and Shirshov on the Taimyr. They were shown into the wardroom and immediately poured a glass of alcohol along with herring and pickled cucumber. After a hot bath, the first in nine months, a real banquet followed.
Soon the ships met with the icebreaker "Ermak" led by O.Yu. Schmidt. The Papaninites boarded it. In the North Sea, the icebreaker encountered a severe storm, during which it was tilted at 45 degrees. It was impossible not only to walk and stand, but even to sleep. Having replenished coal reserves in Tallinn, Ermak went to Leningrad. Their wives and journalists met them in advance, going out to meet them on the port icebreaker Truvor.
After the rally at the port, the Papaninites and their wives were taken to the city in cars. With difficulty squeezing through the sea of people, we reached the European Hotel. But the polar explorers practically didn’t need it, since at midnight, after the concert, they boarded a Moscow train. At the Oktyabrsky (now Leningradsky) station they were met by the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs M.M. Litvinov, head of the Civil Air Fleet V.S. Molokov, hero pilots A.V. Belyakov, M.M. Gromov, V.P. Chkalov, A.B. Yumashev. Komsomolskaya Square, despite the cloudy and damp day, was crowded with people. After a short meeting with Papanin’s speech, they moved to the Kremlin.
About 800 people were waiting for heroes in the St. George Hall; members of the Politburo came, led by I.V. Stalin. Everyone sat at the laid tables; Papanin’s people, naturally, are at a separate table with the country’s leadership. The official part ended with a concert. Everyone got home only in the morning.
From the memoirs of I.D. Papanina:
“We arrived in Leningrad on Tuesday, March 15th. Newspapers wrote then that the meeting resulted in a national celebration. And how worried our four were...
At 3:50 a.m., when the mighty icebreaker, decorated with flags, appeared in the port, all ships greeted it with horns. Bands thundered on the shore, drowning them out, and a squadron of airplanes flew in the sky over the port.
On March 17, the expedition members arrived in Moscow. A road strewn with flowers awaited them. Kremlin, St. George's Hall. The polar explorers were met by the entire Politburo headed by Stalin...
Stalin sat me next to him.
“Now let’s drink to victory, Comrade Papanin,” he said, raising his glass. “The work was difficult, but we were all confident that your four would do it with honor!” (Papanin, 1977).
The drift participants received high government awards. After the completion of the air expedition “North” in June 1937, I.D. Papanin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov were awarded the Order of Lenin. After the completion of the drift, the title of Hero was awarded to Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov, and Papanin received the Order of Lenin. The Higher Attestation Commission awarded all four the title of Doctor of Geographical Sciences without defending dissertations, and the Academy of Sciences soon approved Fedorov and Shirshov as corresponding members. High honors did not even spare the dog Vesely, who brought a lot of joy and concern to the participants of the expedition.
“When we took the dog with us, then about him future fate somehow we didn’t think about it. We talked about his tricks in the press, which created world fame for Vesyoly.
At a reception in the Kremlin, Stalin asked:
-Where is Vesyoly?
I explained to him that he was still at Ermak.
“I think he will have a good time at my dacha.”
Then, when I was being treated in Barvikha, I often saw Vesyoly on a walk - he accompanied Alliluyev, I.V.’s father-in-law. Stalin. Jolly didn’t forget me, he waved his tail in a friendly manner, but he didn’t leave his new owner’s side. Everything is correct: a new musher means a new attachment.” (Papanin, 1977).
The achievements of Soviet polar explorers found a wide response in many countries around the world. In the central square of Spanish Barcelona, for example, a large half-globe of the northern half of the globe was installed. At its top there was a red banner indicating the location of the drifting station "North Pole", the red stripe indicated the drift line.
Assessing the scientific significance of the work carried out at the SP-1 station, Professor V.Yu. Wiese wrote:
“The observations of the first Soviet drifting station made a major contribution to the treasury of world science. They opened to the scientist’s gaze a part of the globe that had previously remained unexplored.” (Wise, 1948).
Oceanographic observations have provided much new information into the knowledge of the nature of the Arctic basin. Even F. Nansen, during the drift of the Fram, discovered the penetration of Atlantic waters with positive temperatures into high latitudes. But no one knew how far north they went. Research by SP-1 showed that these waters reach the pole and form a thick layer there - up to 500 meters.
During the drift, Shirshov took 38 complete hydrological stations between the pole and 76 degrees north latitude. An important achievement was the confirmation of Nansen's assumption about the existence of an underwater ridge between Greenland and Spitsbergen, the so-called “Nansen threshold”. The Norwegian discovered its eastern slope from Spitsbergen, and Shirshov discovered its western slope, from Greenland. The depth of the top of the ridge there was only 1300–1400 meters.
Interesting materials were collected from studying the drift of the ice floe on which the station was located. In 274 days, she traveled 1134 miles, or 2100 km, in a general direction to the southwest.
Shirshov, Krenkel, Papanin and Fedorov on board the icebreaker
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Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin
PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (14/26.11.1894-30.01.1986), Arctic researcher, geographer, rear admiral. Born into a sailor's family. He headed the first Soviet drifting station “North Pole-1” (1937 - 38). Head of the “Glavsevmorput” (1939 - 46), during Great Patriotic War GKO authorized representative for transportation in the North. Since 1951, head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1952 - 72). Author of the books “Life on an Ice Floe” (1938) and “Ice and Fire” (1977).
PAPANIN Ivan Dmitrievich (1894-1986) - Soviet cultural figure, scientist, polar explorer, Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938), rear admiral (1943), Hero of the Soviet Union (1937, 1940).
Active participant in the Russian Civil War in 1918-1922. In 1923-1932 worked in the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1932-1933 headed the polar station in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land; in 1934-1935 - polar station at Cape Chelyuskin; in 1937-1938 - the first drifting station “North Pole” (“SP-1”), Head of the Main Northern Sea Route (1939-1946); simultaneously in 1941-1945. - GKO authorized representative for transportation in the North. In 1948-1951 - deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences; from 1951 - head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time in 1952-1972. - Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1945 - prev. Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.
Orlov A.S., Georgieva N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical Dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 380.
Ivan Papanin. Photo for memory. 1930s.
The original is kept in the Moscow House of Photography museum.
From the encyclopedia
Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich [b. 14(26).I. 1894, Sevastopol], Soviet explorer of the Arctic, twice Hero of the Owls. Union (27.6. 1937 and 3.2.1940), rear admiral (1943), doctor of geogr. Sciences (1938). Member CPSU since 1919. In 1914 he was called up for military service. service in the navy. In Civil. during the war he took part in battles against the White Guards in Ukraine and Crimea. As part of a special detachment he was sent to the rear of Wrangel’s army to organize partisans. movements in Crimea. In 1923-32 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Communications. In 1931, as a representative of this People's Commissariat, he participated in the Arctic Tich. expedition of the icebreaker "Malygin" to Franz Josef Land. In 1932-33 he headed the polar expedition in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, in 1934-35 - the polar station at Cape Chelyuskin, in 1937-38 - the first drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), work at -roy marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, meteorology, and hydrology. In 1939-46, P. was the head of the Main Northern Sea Route, and at the same time, during the Great Patriotic War, the State Defense Committee was authorized for transportation in the North. In 1948-51 deputy. director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions, and since 1951 head of the Marine Department. expedition works of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1952-72 at the same time director of the Institute of Biology, internal. waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1945 prev. Moscow branch Geogr. society of the USSR. At the 18th All-Union Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1941) he was elected a member of the Center Audit Commission. Dep. Top. Soviet of the USSR 1st and 2nd convocations. Awarded 8 Orders of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of Nakhimov 1st degree, Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Red Star, as well as medals. A cape on the Taimyr Peninsula, mountains in Antarctica and an underwater mountain in the Pacific Ocean are named after P.
Used materials from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 8 volumes, vol. 6
To supply the Gulag
Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich (11/14/1894, Sevastopol - 1/30/1986), polar explorer, statesman, rear admiral (1943), Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (6/27/1937, 3/2/1940). Participant in the Civil War. In 1919 he joined the RCP(b). Since 1931 he led polar expeditions. In 1937-38 he headed the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1". The tragic fate of the station was the center of a major propaganda campaign launched to prove the superiority of the USSR over the West. In 1937-50, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1939-46 beginning. Glavsevmorputi, who played vital role in supplying camps Gulag . In 1941-52, member of the Central Audit Commission of the BCP(O). During the Great Patriotic War, he was simultaneously authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the north. Since 1948 deputy Director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1951 Department of Marine Expeditionary Works of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951-72, director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of the memoirs "Life on an Ice Floe" (1938) and "Ice and Fire" (1977).
Materials used from the book: Zalessky K.A. Stalin's Empire. Biographical encyclopedic Dictionary. Moscow, Veche, 2000
I.D. Papanin. Taimyr. Photo by Y. Khalin.
...If it weren't for chance
Papanin's name would never have entered the history of world discoveries if not for chance. In 1937, he was appointed head of the first Soviet drifting scientific station, the North Pole.
The rest of his biography is quite traditional. He was born in Odessa into a poor family, rose to the position of ship mechanic, and worked as a mechanic for a long time. Like many people of his generation, Papanin was a participant civil war. Then he worked in the North and sailed on icebreakers. During the expedition on the Graf Zeppelin he was on the icebreaker Malygin.
Before Papanin's expedition, man had already reached the North Pole. The first to get there was the Norwegian Roald Amundsen, in 1926 the American Bert and, finally, in 1928 the Italian Umberto Nobile. The organization of the North Pole station pursued completely different goals. The explorers had to remain in the polar region for many months and conduct a variety of scientific research.
The group of brave polar explorers consisted of four people: in addition to Papanin, it included hydrologist and biologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist and astronomer Evgeniy Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel. Papanin was approved as the head of the expedition, as well as the cook. The entire scientific program of this unique expedition was led by the famous polar explorer Otto Yulievich Schmidt.
The expedition was equipped for a long time and very carefully: a specially insulated tent house was designed, unique radio equipment was created, and special food products were developed that could withstand severe frost of 50 degrees and months of storage. The participants received extensive training. For example, P.P. Shirshov even completed a medical training course, since there was no doctor at the station.
In March 1937, a grandiose air expedition at that time on four heavy bombers designed by A.N. Tupolev flew north. On May 21, 1937, the expedition landed on an ice floe near the North Pole. The equipment of the scientific station continued for two whole weeks, and only at the beginning of June the planes took off. The ice floe began to slowly move south.
During the drift, unique scientific material was collected. Researchers discovered a huge underwater ridge crossing the Arctic Ocean, carried out meteorological observations, and sent Krenkel to Mainland weather report. It turned out that the polar regions are densely populated. Contrary to forecasts, polar bears, seals, and even seals came to the polar explorers. The water of the Arctic Ocean also turned out to be saturated with plankton.
The drift of this scientific station continued for two hundred and seventy-four days. By February 1938, the size of the ice floe had shrunk so much that polar explorers had to be removed. The famous epic of their salvation began. At this time, the station was in the Greenland Sea and approaching the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
The small hunting ship “Murmanets” was the first to go to the drifting station. He bravely entered the ice, but was soon trapped and carried into the Atlantic Ocean. The airship "SSSR-B6", which took off at full speed, crashed, crashing into a mountain near the city of Kandalaksha. Two submarines were also sent into the ice, but they would not have been able to surface in the drift area.
Only on February 19, two powerful icebreakers, the Taimyr and the Murman, were able to approach the expedition. A small single-engine plane was launched from the Taimyr, which was the first to reach the drifting ice floe. It was piloted by the famous polar pilot Vlasov.
The next day, icebreakers approached the station. The polar explorers first moved to the Taimyr, and from there to board the Ermak, which had arrived in time by that time, the grandfather of the Russian icebreaker fleet. He was supposed to deliver the polar explorers to Leningrad. However, suddenly the captain of the Ermak received an order to proceed to Tallinn. Everyone on board the ship was perplexed as to why it was necessary to enter the capital of Estonia.
Only many years later it became known that the infamous trial of Bukharin was taking place in Moscow just these days, and Stalin demanded that the meeting of polar explorers take place after it. Indeed, the meeting of brave heroes turned into a national celebration. They were awarded state awards and became Heroes of the Soviet Union.
After that, Papanin worked as the head of the Northern Sea Route, and after the war he worked in the Academy of Sciences system.
Reprinted from http://visserf.com/?p=35
Walking from security officers to polar explorers
Heroes of cruel times
Few people know that the famous polar explorer Ivan Papanin was... a security officer at a time when tens of thousands of dissidents were being exterminated on the Crimean Peninsula. And yet, the legendary Crimean went down in history as the creator of the world’s most powerful research fleet, which made the USSR the undisputed leader in the study of the World Ocean.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin belonged to the category of people who are usually called nuggets. He was born on November 26, 1894 in Sevastopol in the family of a port sailor, who led a semi-beggarly existence, not even having their own home. They huddled in a strange structure of 4 walls, two of which were pipes, trying to earn at least a penny by helping their mother support her family. Ivan, the eldest of the children, especially suffered. The boy studied well, was first in the class in all subjects, for which he received an offer to continue his education at public expense. But the impressions of a poor and disenfranchised childhood will become decisive in the formation of his personality and character.
At the head partisan movement
The most striking event, according to Papanin himself, was the uprising of sailors on the Ochakov in 1905. He sincerely admired the courage of the sailors who went to certain death. It was then that the future convinced revolutionary was formed in him. At this time, he was learning a trade and working in the factories of his native Sevastopol. By the age of 16, Ivan Papanin was among the best workers at the Sevastopol plant for the production of navigation devices. And at the age of 18, as the most capable, he was selected for further work at the shipbuilding plant in Revel (present-day Tallinn). At the beginning of 1915, Ivan Dmitrievich was drafted into the navy as a technical specialist. In October 1917, together with other workers, he went over to the side of the Red Guards and plunged headlong into revolutionary work. Returning from Revel to Sevastopol, Papanin actively participated in the establishment of Soviet power here. After the occupation of Crimea by German troops on the basis of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ivan went underground and became one of the leaders of the Bolshevik partisan movement on the peninsula. Revolutionary professionals Mokrousov, Frunze, Kun entrust him with secret and difficult tasks. Over the years, he went through all imaginable difficulties - “fire, water, and copper pipes.”
In August 1920, a group of communists and military specialists from the Red Army, led by A. Mokrousov, landed in Crimea. Their task was to organize partisan warfare in Crimea. Papanin also joined Mokrousov. The rebel army they assembled dealt Wrangel serious blows. The White Guards had to withdraw troops from the front. To destroy the partisans, military units from Feodosia, Sudak, Yalta, Alushta, and Simferopol began to surround the forest. However partisan detachments managed to escape from the encirclement and retreat to the mountains. It was necessary to contact the command, report on the situation and coordinate their plans with the headquarters of the Southern Front. It was decided to send a reliable person to Soviet Russia. The choice fell on I.D. Papanin.
In the current situation, it was possible to get to Russia only through Trebizond. It was possible to agree with the smugglers that for a thousand Nikolaev rubles they would transport the person to the opposite shore of the Black Sea. The journey turned out to be long and unsafe. He managed to meet with the Soviet consul, who on the very first night sent Papanin on a large transport ship to Novorossiysk. And already in Kharkov he was received by the commander Southern Front M. V. Frunze. Having received the necessary help, Papanin began to get ready for Return trip. In Novorossiysk he was joined by the future famous writer Vsevolod Vishnevsky.
It was November, the sea was constantly stormy, but there was no time to waste. One night, the paratroopers went to sea on the ships “Rion”, “Shokhin” and the boat where Papanin was located. They walked in the dark, with the lights extinguished, in the conditions of a severe storm. The boat circled for a long time, looking for “Rion” and “Shokhin” in the darkness, but, convinced of the futility of the search, it headed for the Crimea. On the way, we came across the White Guard ship “Three Brothers”. To prevent the crew from reporting the landing, the owner of the ship and his companion... were taken hostage, and the crew was given an ultimatum: not to approach the shore for 24 hours. The incessant storm exhausted everyone. In the dark we approached the village of Kapsikhor. They dragged all the cargo ashore. Replenished with local residents, the detachment of Mokrousov and Papanin moved towards Alushta, disarming the retreating White Guards along the way. On the approach to the city, the Red partisans linked up with units of the 51st Division of the Southern Front.
The Commissioner Who Was Ashamed
After the defeat of the last army of the white movement - Wrangel's army - Papanin was appointed commandant of the Crimean Extraordinary Commission (Cheka). During this work he received gratitude for saving confiscated valuables.
Needless to say, what the Cheka is, especially in Crimea. This organization was entrusted with an extremely important mission here - to physically destroy the remnants of the Whites, the flower of the Russian officers. Despite Frunze's promises to save their lives after they laid down their arms, about 60 thousand people were shot, drowned, or buried alive.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to trace the transformation of Papanin’s worldview over terrible years revolution. But, undoubtedly, these bloody events left many scars on his heart. As the commandant of the Cheka, he saw and knew everything, but he did not write or say anything about it anywhere and never. He didn’t write, and he couldn’t write, because otherwise he would have been turned into “camp dust,” like many thousands of his comrades.
Of course, Ivan Dmitrievich, being a cheerful and friendly person by nature, conscientious and humane, could not help but think about what was happening. It is curious that it was Papanin who became the prototype of the sailor Shvandi in the play by playwright K. Trenev “Yarovaya Love”. He, of course, compared the ideals that the Bolsheviks called for and what was happening in real life before his eyes and with his participation. He drew conclusions and decided to take an unexpected action, which can only be explained by changes in views on what was happening. He seriously decided to move away from politics and revolution and engage in science.
Without receiving special knowledge, having gone through the thorny path of self-education, he will reach significant scientific heights. Thus, Papanin’s “first” life was given to the revolution, and his “second” to science. His ideals drowned in the bloodstream of the Bolshevik Red Terror, and, realizing his guilt and repenting, he decides to disassociate himself from revolutionary violence. However, over the next four years, Papanin could not find a place for himself in the literal and figurative sense of the word.
Fate decreed that in the future I.D. Papanin will be treated kindly by Stalin, always being in his sight. For Papanin, the “second half” of life is much longer - as much as 65 years. He becomes the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee in Kharkov. However, by the will of fate, he again ends up in the Revolutionary Military Council Black Sea Fleet as a secretary, and in April 1922 he was transferred to Moscow as a commissioner of the Administrative Department of the Glavmortekhkhozupra. The following year, having already been demobilized, he went to work in the system of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs as a business manager and head of the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Security.
Papanin constantly changes jobs and places of residence. It’s as if something is tormenting him, for some reason his soul is hurting, he is looking for her reassurance and an activity where she would find peace, get the opportunity to temporarily detach herself from what she has experienced, come to her senses and figure everything out. And the North became such a place for him. Here, in 1925, Papanin began building a radio station in Yakutia and proved himself to be an excellent organizer and simply a person who can be trusted to resolve complex issues and who will never let you down, even in the most difficult conditions. It was for these qualities that the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks appointed him in 1937 as head of the polar station SP-1.
The path to the North is the path to yourself
For Soviet Russia, the opening of permanent navigation of ships along the Northern Sea Route was of utmost importance. For this purpose, a special department was even created - Glavsevmorput. But to operate the route it was necessary to carry out a series of multifaceted scientific research in the Arctic: indicate the presence of underwater currents, ice drift paths, timing of their melting, and much more. To resolve these issues, it was necessary to land a scientific expedition directly on the ice floe. The expedition had to work on ice for a long time. The risk of dying in these extreme conditions was very big.
Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted as much attention as the drift of the “Papanin Four” in the Arctic. Scientific work on the ice floe lasted 274 days and nights. At first it was a huge ice field of several square kilometers, and when the Papanins were removed from it, the size of the ice floe barely reached the area of a volleyball court. The whole world followed the epic of the polar explorers, and everyone wanted only one thing - the salvation of people.
After this feat, Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov turned into national heroes and became a symbol of everything Soviet, heroic and progressive. If you look at newsreel footage of how Moscow greeted them, it becomes clear what these names meant at that time. After the gala reception in Moscow there were dozens, hundreds, thousands of meetings throughout the country. The polar explorers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This was Papanin’s second such award - he received the first at the beginning of the drift.
This was in 1938, a terrible year for the country. At this time, thousands of people were destroyed, most of them constituting the intellectual elite of the people. The criterion for reprisals was one thing - the ability to provide not only active, but also passive resistance totalitarian regime. They especially targeted those who installed Soviet power, with the Bolsheviks of the first draft. There is nothing surprising in this - the old guard could be the first to oppose the revision of Marxist-Leninist teachings, and therefore was subject to destruction. And Papanin would have been among these victims if he had not left the Cheka in 1921.
Papanin lived for another 40 years, filled with activities, events, and people. After drifting in the Arctic, he becomes first deputy and then head of the Main Northern Sea Route. Tasks of enormous national importance fell on his shoulders. Since the beginning of the war, he has been building a new port in Arkhangelsk, which was simply necessary to receive ships bringing cargo from the United States under Lend-Lease. He deals with similar problems in Murmansk and the Far East.
After the war, Ivan Dmitrievich again worked in the Main Northern Sea Route, and then created the scientific fleet of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951, he was appointed head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works under the apparatus of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Papanin's merits were appreciated. Few people had such an “iconostasis” of awards as his. In addition to two titles of Hero of the Soviet Union, 9 Orders of Lenin and many other orders and medals, not only Soviet, but also foreign. He was also awarded military rank rear admiral and scientist - Doctor of Geographical Sciences.
Probably, an outstanding person in any historical era and under any life circumstances is capable of realizing potential opportunities. The external outline of events, the framing of fate may be different, but the internal, decisive side remains constant. Firstly, this concerns efforts to achieve basic goals, and secondly, the ability to remain a person of high moral principles under any historical conditions. Papanin's life is a clear confirmation of this.
I.D. died Papanin in January 1986. His name is immortalized three times on a geographical map. The waters of the polar seas are plied by ships named in his honor. He honorable Sir Sevastopol, hometown, in which one of the streets is named after Papanin.
Sergey Chennyk
Reprinted here from the site http://www.c-cafe.ru/days/bio/21/papanin.php
Essays:
Life on an ice floe. Diary. Ed. 7th. M., 1977;
Ice and fire. M., 1977.
Literature:
People of immortal feat. Book 2. Ed. 4th. M., 1975.
Biological processes in inland waters [to the 70th anniversary of I.D. Papanin]. M.-L., 1965.
Kremer V. A. Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. - “Meteorology and Hydrology”, 1964.
