The noun is Der Substantiv. Gender of nouns in German.
It is very easy to distinguish a noun from other parts of speech in German - it is always written with capital letters: das Land, die Mitte, der See, die Menschen.
Since in Russian you can determine the gender of nouns by their ending, in German this can be done using the article: the article DER corresponds to the masculine gender in Russian, DIE to the feminine, DAS to the neuter and DIE to .
For example:
It should be noted that the gender of nouns in German and Russian in most cases does not coincide, for example, the noun das Boot (boat) in German is neuter, but in Russian it is feminine, or vice versa die Sonne (sun) in German in the language it is feminine, and in Russian it is neuter. This is just one example, and, as already mentioned, there are many more discrepancies in gender than matches. Therefore, when learning new words, they should be memorized immediately with the German article, and not automatically transfer the gender of the Russian noun to German.
In dictionaries, the gender of nouns is indicated as follows:
m (lat. maskulinum)– masculine, i.e. der,
f (lat. feminine)– female, i.e. die, and
n (lat. neutrum) – neuter gender, i.e. das.
The plural is not indicated in dictionaries, since it is formed from all nouns in one way - using the article die(attention: see “use of article”).
There are several rules to help determine the gender of a German noun.
Female
1. Ending in suffixes -in, -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ei, -ie, -ik, -ion,- tion, -tät, -ur.
For example: die Lehrerin, die Zeitung, die Freiheit, die Neuigkeit, die Landwirtschaft, die Partei, die Sympatie, die Politik, die Union, die Kommunikation, die Aktivität, die Kultur.
2. Cardinal numbers as a noun: die Eins (one), die Zwei (two), die Sechs (six).
3. Female creatures (except for the word "girl" das Mädchen!): die Frau, die Ärztin, die Praktikantin.
Male are the following nouns:
1. Denoting cardinal directions, seasons, months and days of the week: der Norden, der Süden, der Westen, der Osten, der Winter, der Sommer, der März, der Dienstag.
2. Denoting precipitation: der Regen, der Nebel, der Frost.
3. Masculine creatures: der Mann, der Fahrer, der Praktikant.
Neuter are:
1. Nouns ending in suffixes -chen, -lein, um-, -ment, -al.
The suffixes -chen, -lein are used to form the diminutive form of nouns). For example: das Vögelchen, das Fischlein, das Museum, das Monument, das Spital.
2. Nouns formed from a verb: das Leben, das Lesen, das Turnen.
3. Nouns with the prefix ge - and suffix -(d)e: das Gemüse, das Gebäude, das Gemälde.
4. Nouns denoting young animals: das Fohlen, das Kalb, das Ferkel.
5. Most countries (used with an article only in combination with an adjective), e.g. Das weite Russland, das kalte Schweden.
There are several country names that belong to a different gender and are always used with the definite article:
Feminine gender:
Die Schweiz, die Slovakei, die Sowjetunion, die Ukraine
Masculine:
Der Iran, der Iraq, der Libanon
Plural:
Die USA, die Niederlande
Wer von euch war schon in der Schweiz?
Meine Eltern fliegen morgen in die USA.
Exercises on the topic “Gender of nouns in German”/ÜBUNGEN
1. Find the translation of the following nouns in the dictionary and determine their gender:
border, car, customs, plant, economy, trip, sea, apartment, plane, ticket, practice, animal, year, food, conversation, earth, rain, tractor, work, bakery.
Write down the German nouns in three columns according to gender. Compare the gender of German and Russian nouns.
Maskulinum | Feminine | Neutrum |
2. Translate the following words into Russian and determine the correspondence of gender in German and Russian.
Maskulinum Feminine Neutrum
Der Mond die Erde das Wasser
Der Westen die Kuh das Wetter
der Bahnhof die Demokratie das Bonbon
der Erfolg die Währung das Blatt
der Staat die Kanzlerin das Ziel
der Baum die Zeit das Land
der Traum die Grenze das Loch
der Einwohner die Reise das Meer
der Wunsch die Stadt das Schwein
3. Find in the right column the corresponding translation of the simple sentences in the left.
| 1. Deutschland liegt im Zentrum Europas. | a) At breakfast he always reads the morning newspaper. |
| 2. Auf dem Bauernhof gibt es Schweine, Ziegen, Hühner, Kühe und Pferde. | b) The rain prevented us from working in the field. |
| 3. Das Fenster in meinem Zimmer geht nicht auf. | c) There are pigs, goats, chickens, cows and horses on the farm. |
| 4. Beim Frühstück liest er immer seine Morgenzeitung. | d) Germany lies in the center of Europe. |
| 5. Die Reise von Russland nach Deutschland mit dem Bus dauert etwa 24 Stunden. | e) I always fly to Russia by plane. |
| 6. An der Grenze werden alle Autos kontrolliert. | f) It doesn’t open in my room window. |
| 7. Der Regen störte uns bei den Feldarbeiten. | g) A trip from Russia to Germany by bus lasts approximately 24 hours. |
| 8. Nach Russland fliege ich immer mit dem Flugzeug. | h) All cars are checked at the border. |
4.Write down all the words that are new to you in a separate notebook and learn them!
As it became clear from the previous lesson, in German, as in Russian, there are three genders of nouns: masculine, neuter and feminine. The indicator of gender in speech is the article: der - for masculine, das - for neuter, die - for feminine.
In the dictionary, gender is indicated by three different letters: m – for masculine (from Maskulinum), f – for feminine (Femininum), n – for neuter (from Neutrum).
Sometimes the gender of a noun can suggest its meaning: we are talking about the coincidence of biological and grammatical gender, for example, in the word die Frau - woman. However, the coincidence does not always occur, for example, the word das Mädchen (girl) in German, as you can see from the article, is neuter.
The gender of many nouns largely coincides with Russian, but some words just need to be remembered. However, in the German language there are a number of rules by which you can understand the gender of a noun.
Remember! Noun in German Always is written with a big letters.
Formation of the feminine form
In the German language there is a universal rule for the formation of the feminine gender of nouns, especially when it comes to professions, representatives of different nationalities, etc.: an article must be added to a masculine noun die and suffix -in. Example:
der Student – die Studentin (student - student)
der Lehrer – die Lehrerin (teacher - teacher)
der König - die Königin (king - queen)
der Löwe - die Löwin (lion - lioness)
It is interesting to note that in Russian many nouns do not have a feminine form, and if they do, then this form sounds derogatory or disparaging. For example, a doctor is a doctor. In German the suffix -in solves the problem : der Arzt – die Arztin (Doctor - Female doctor). The feminine form of the word der Arzt does not carry any negative meanings and is completely neutral.
The same rule can be applied to nouns denoting nationalities:
der Russe – die Russin (Russian - Russian)
der Engländer – die Engländerin (Englishman - Englishwoman)
Determining the gender of a noun
As mentioned above, the gender of the noun is indicated in the dictionary. However, the word itself can also have characteristics of one kind or another. Let's look at the main ones.
The feminine gender (die) in German is indicated by:
- Suffix -in: die Arztin (female doctor), die Engländerin (English woman).
- Nouns denoting women and girls, as well as feminine animals: die Mutter (mother), die Schwester (sister), die Katze (cat). EXCEPTION: das Mädchen is a girl.
- The ending e is for nouns that do not indicate male persons: die Erde (land), die Karte (ticket).
- Nouns ending with the suffixes -ei (the suffix is stressed), -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ung (the suffix is not stressed), -ik, -tion (stressed), -ur, -ät. These nouns denote abstract phenomena and concepts:
die Backerei (bakery), die Freiheit (freedom), die Ewigkeit (eternity), die Bereitschaft (readiness), die Übung (exercise), die Musik (music), die Nation (nation), die Natur (nature), die Universität .
- Names of trees and many types of flowers: die Espe (aspen), die Chrysantheme (chrysanthemum).
IMPORTANT: if the name of a tree ends with the word “baum” (der Baum - tree), the noun will be masculine. For example: der Kaffeebaum - coffee tree.
- Substantivized numerals (numerals that act as a noun): die Fünf (five), die Zehn (ten).
IMPORTANT: Numerals denoting quantity - average kind.
- Names of rivers in Germany: die Elbe - Elbe.
BUT: der Rhein - Rhine, der Main - Main, der Neckar - Neckar.
- Names of planes, ships, and brands of cigarettes.
die Boeing, die Titanic, die Kamel.
The masculine gender (der) in German is indicated by:
- Persons of biological masculine gender and profession, as well as masculine animals: der Vater (father), der Lehrer (teacher), der Kater (cat).
- Names of seasons, months, days of the week:
der Winter (winter), der August (August), der Montag (Monday).
- Names of cardinal directions and precipitation:
der Norden (north), der Nebel (fog).
- Nouns ending with the suffixes -ling, -el, -s, -ig, -ich, -s:
der Zwilling (twin), der Honig (honey), der Krebs (cancer
- Words, usually of foreign origin, ending in the suffixes -ant, -ent, -ist, -loge, -eur, -är, -or, -ismus, -eur/ör. These nouns denote male persons:
der Student (student), der Pianist (pianist), der Millionär (millionaire).
- Nouns formed from a verb without additional suffixes:
der Lauf (running, from the word laufen - to run).
- Names of alcoholic drinks, as well as tea and coffee:
der Wein (wine), der Wodka (vodka), der Tee (tea).
BUT: das Bier (beer).
- Car brands:
der Opel, der Mercedes
- Mountain names:
der Elbrus (Elbrus).
- Names of minerals, gems and rocks:
der Smaragd (emerald), der Marmor (marble).
The neuter gender (das) in German is indicated by:
- Nouns with diminutive suffixes -chen, -lein.
das Mädchen, das Bächlein (stream).
- Most nouns have the suffixes -ir, -tum.
das Zeugnis (testimony), das Rittertum (knighthood).
- Most nouns have the prefix ge-.
das Gewitter (thunderstorm), das Gesicht (face).
- Verbs in the initial form that act as a noun.
das Lesen (reading), das Essen (eating).
- The names of hotels, cafes, cinemas, as well as the words themselves das Hotel (hotel, hotel), das Cafe (cafe), das Kino (cinema).
- Borrowings with suffixes -ett, -il, -ma, -o, -um.
das Paket package, parcel, das Exil (exile), das Klima (climate), das Konto (bank account), das Zentrum (center).
To secure new material, try the following exercises.
Lesson assignments
Exercises 1. Form feminine nouns from the following words:
Der Schüler, der Lehrer, der Arzt, der Student, der König, der Kellner, der Verkäufer, der Russe.
Exercise 2. Determine the gender of the noun, enter the desired article (der - masculine, das - neuter, die - feminine).
… Cafe, … Opel, … Druckerei, … Lesen, … Rubin, … Kommunist, … Klima, … Schnee, … Realität, … Wohnung, … Museum, … Geschwindigkeit, … Gedicht, … Vater, … Politik, … Schnelligkeit, … Liebe .
Answer 1:
Die Schülerin, die Lehrerin, die Arztin, die Studentin, die Königin, die Kellnerin, die Verkäuferin, die Russin.
das Cafe, der Opel, die Druckerei, das Lesen, der Rubin, der Kommunist, das Klima, der Schnee, die Realität, die Wohnung, das Museum, die Geschwindigkeit, das Gedicht, der Vater, die Politik, die Schnelligkeit, die Liebe .
a. by semantic meaning
- male persons:
der Mann - man, der Onkel - uncle; - male animals:
der Bär - bear, der Hahn - rooster; - names of countries of the world, lakes, mountains and winds:
der Osten - east, der Bodensee - Lake Constance,
der Harz - Harz, der Taifun - typhoon; - names of seasons, months and days of the week:
der Sommer - summer, der Januar - January, der Sonntag - Sunday.
b. according to form
- nouns with suffixes -er, -neg, -ler, -ling:
der Schlosser - mechanic, der Redner - speaker,
der Sportler - athlete, der Lehrling - student; - most of the nouns formed from the stem of the verb without adding a suffix:
der Lauf (run) - from laufen (to run)
der Sprung (jump) - from springen (jump); - foreign language (borrowed from other languages) nouns with suffixes -ist, -ent, -ant, -eur, -är, -or, -ismus:
der Polizist, der Student, der Aspirant, der Ingenieur, der Militär, der Doktor, der Egoismus.
The feminine gender in German includes:
a. by semantic meaning
- nouns meaning:
- female persons:
die Frau - woman, die Tante - aunt.
Exception: das Mädchen - girl, girl, das Weib - woman, woman; - some female animals:
die Kuh - cow, die Katze - cat.
Exception: das Schaf - sheep; - names of most flowers, trees and songbirds:
die Rose - rose, die Tanne - spruce, die Eiche - oak,
die Lerche - lark, die Nachtigall - nightingale; - names of most German rivers:
die Elbe - Elbe, die Spree - Spree, die Saale - Saale, etc.
Exception: der Rhein, der Main, der Neckar, der Inn; - names of rivers that have feminine equivalents in Russian:
die Wolga - Volga, die Oka - Oka, die Kama - Kama ( with the exception of: der Ob - Ob).
b. according to form
- nouns with suffixes -in, -ung, -keit, -heit, -schaft, -ei:
- -in:
die Sängerin - singer
die Bärin - she-bear - -ung:
die Forderung - requirement
die Zeitung - newspaper - - keit:
die Möglichkeit - opportunity
die Richtigkeit - correctness - -heit:
die Kindheit - childhood
die Neuheit - news - - schaft:
die Wirtschaft - farming
die Bereitschaft - readiness - -ei:
die Bäckerei - bakery
die Bücherei - library;
- borrowed nouns with suffixes -ie, -ik, -ion, -tion, -tät, -ur:
die Chemie, die Mathematik, die Million, die Organisation, die Fakultät, die Natur.
The neuter gender in German includes:
a. by semantic meaning
- names of parts of the world, countries and cities:
(das) Europa - Europe, (das) China - China, (das) Belgien - Belgium,
(das) München - Munich, (das) Prag - Prague, etc.
Exception: country names ending with -ei, -au:
die Mongolei - Mongolia, die Moldau - Moldova, and also die Schweiz - Switzerland,
der Iran - Iran, die Ukraine - Ukraine and some others; - names of metals:
das Eisen - iron, das Gold - gold, etc.
Exception: der Stahl - steel, der Schwefel - sulfur; - names of children (baby animals):
das Kind - child, das Kalb - calf, das Lamm - lamb, etc.; - letter names:
das "A", das "Z".
b. according to form
- diminutive nouns with suffixes -chen, -lein and with suffixes -tel, -tum:
das Häuschen - house, das Büchlein - little book,
das Viertel - quarter, das Eigentum - property; - nouns formed from adjectives by means of a suffix -e and denoting abstract concepts:
das Neue - new, das Interessante - interesting; - borrowed nouns with suffix -um, -ment:
das Museum - museum, das Dokument - document.
- Some German nouns, with the same spelling and pronunciation, have different meanings depending on their gender:
- die See (sea) - der See (lake);
die Steuer (tax) - das Steuer (steering wheel), etc.
The gender of nouns in German and Russian often does not match, so it is necessary to remember nouns with a definite article.
Compare:
- das Pferd (neuter) - horse (feminine);
der Hund (masculine) - dog (feminine);
der Baum (masculine) - tree (neuter);
die Stunde (feminine) - lesson (masculine);
der Spiegel (masculine) - mirror (neuter), etc.
- The gender of any noun can be checked in a dictionary. In dictionaries, the following abbreviations are used to indicate the gender of a noun:
- m(from the Latin word masculinum- masculine);
- f(from the Latin word feminine- feminine gender);
- n(from the Latin word neutral- neuter gender).
A noun in German, as in Russian, has a gender category: masculine, feminine or neuter. At the same time, the gender of nouns in German and Russian often does not coincide. Therefore, nouns must be memorized with an article, which indicates the gender of the noun.
Remembering the gender of nouns is often difficult. However, many nouns have some features that help determine the gender of those nouns. The gender of nouns can be determined:
- according to the meaning of the word
- according to the form of the word
Masculine gender by meaning:
- male persons | der Mann (man) |
- male animals | der Bär (bear) |
- cardinal directions | der Norden (north) |
- Seasons | der Sommer (summer) |
- names of months | der Januar (January) |
- days of the week | der Montag (Monday) |
- times of day | der Morgen (morning), But die Nacht (night) |
— precipitation | der Regen (rain) |
- minerals | der Granit (granite) |
- stones | der Rubin (ruby) |
- names of mountains | der Harz (Harz) |
- names of lakes | der Baikal (Baikal) |
- alcohol | der Wodka (vodka), But das Bier (beer) |
- monetary units | der Euro (euro), But die Kopeke (penny), die Krone (crown), die Mark (mark) |
- celestial bodies | der Mond (moon), But die Venus (Venus) |
- names of car brands | der Opel, der BMW |
Masculine form:
-er | der Fahrer (driver) |
-ler | der Sportler (athlete) |
-ner | der Gärtner (gardener) |
-ling | der Lehrling (student) |
-s | der Fuchs (fox) |
Note: don't confuse the suffix -er in derived nouns with words whose roots end in -er: die Mutter, die Tochter, das Fenster, etc.
— Foreign words (mostly animate) with suffixes: | |
-ent | der Student (student) |
-ant | der Laborant (laboratory assistant) |
-ist | der Publizist (publicist) |
-et | der Poet (poet) |
-ot | der Pilot (pilot) |
-at | der Kandidat (candidate) |
-soph | der Philosopher (philosopher) |
-nom | der Astronom (astronomer) |
-graph | der Photograph (photographer) |
-eur | der Ingenieur (engineer) |
-ier | der Pionier (pioneer) |
-ar | der Jubilar (celebrant of the day) |
-är | der Sekretär (secretary) |
-or | der Doktor (doctor) |
Note: inanimate nouns with suffixes -ent, -at,-et can be either masculine or neuter: der Kontinent - das Patent, der Apparat - das Referat, der Planet - das Alphabet.
Feminine by meaning:
- female persons | die Frau (woman), But das Mädchen |
- female animals | die Kuh (cow), But das Huhn (chicken), das Schaf (sheep) |
- tree names | die Birke (birch), But der Ahorn |
- names of colors | die Aster (aster), But der Mohn (poppy), der Kaktus (cactus) |
- names of berries | die Himbeere (raspberry) |
- name of fruits and vegetables | die Birne (pear), But der Apfel (apple), der Pfirsich (peach), der Kohl (cabbage), der Kürbis (pumpkin) |
- most German rivers | die Elbe, die Oder, die Spree,Butder Rhein, der Main, der Neckar |
Feminine form:
— Nouns with suffixes: | |
-in | die Laborantin (lab assistant) |
-ung | die Übung (exercise) |
-heit | die Freiheit (freedom) |
-keit | die Möglichkeit (opportunity) |
-schaft | die Landschaft (landscape) |
-ei | die Malerei (painting) |
— Foreign words with stressed suffixes: | |
-ie | die Chemie (chemistry) |
-tät | die Universität (university) |
-tion | die Station |
-ur | die Kultur (culture) |
-ik | die Physik (physics) |
-age | die Reportage |
-ade | die Fassade (façade) |
-anz | die Ambulanz (outpatient clinic) |
-enz | die Existenz (existence) |
Note: there are also a number of nouns male ending in -e: der Kollege, der Russe, der Junge, der Name, der Gedanke, der Käse and several nouns neuter: das Ende, das Interesse, das Auge.
Neuter by meaning:
- names of children and cubs | das Kind (child), das Lamm (lamb) |
- metals and alloys | das Silber (silver), But der Stahl (steel), die Bronze (bronze) |
- chemical elements | das Chlor (chlorine), But der Schwefel (sulphur), der Phosphor (phosphorus) |
- continents | (das) Africa, But die Arktis (Arctic), die Antarktis (Antarctica) |
- countries | (das) Germany, Butder Iran, der Iraq, der Sudan, die BRD, die Schweiz, die Türkei, die Mongolei, die Ukraine, die USA |
- cities | (das) Moscow, But der Haag |
- names of the islands | (das) Rügen, But die Krim (Crimea) |
- physical units | das Kilowatt (kilowatt) |
- languages | das Russisch (Russian language) |
Neuter form:
— Foreign words (objects and abstract concepts) ending in: | |
-(i)um | das Stadium (stadium) |
-ett | das Kabinett (office) |
-ment | das Document (document) |
-ma | das Drama (drama) |
-o | das Kino (cinema) |
— Substantivized infinitives: | das Laufen (running) - from laufen (to run) |
These are almost all the rules for determining the gender of a noun in German. However, do not forget that not all nouns fit these rules. The most reliable way not to get confused when assigning a noun to one gender or another is to simply learn it with an article!
The gender of compound nouns depends on the gender of the base word. The first part of a word is called a modifier, the last part of a compound word is called a base word.
Der Kuchen schrank(kitchen cabinet, kitchen cupboard) = die Küche (kitchen) + der Schrank (cabinet)
The base word of a compound noun can only be a noun. Various parts of speech act as a defining word: a singular noun (die Tischlampe - table lamp) and plural (der Kräutertee - herbal tea), a verb (das Schlafzimmer - bedroom), a short adjective (der Kurzstreik - short-term strike), pretext (das Nebenamt - part-time position).
The words that make up a compound noun are joined to each other either directly (das Schlafzimmer) or with the help of connecting elements -(e)s (die Lebensmittel), -(e)n (der Küchenschrank).
The gender of compound words also depends on the base word: der PKW = der Personenkraftwagen - passenger car. In German, some words are abbreviated so that only some part of the word remains - the beginning or the end. For example, die Universität (university) - die Uni, der Autobus (bus) - der Bus. A word shortened in this way retains the gender of the full word.
Some nouns have different meanings depending on their gender:
- der See (lake) - die See (sea),
- der Band (volume) - das Band (tape),
- das Steuer (rudder, steering wheel) - die Steuer (tax),
- der Leiter (head) - die Leiter (ladder),
- der Tor (fool) - das Tor (gate),
- der Schild (shield) - das Schild (sign, tablet),
- der Bauer (peasant) - das Bauer (cage)
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Nouns in German, as in Russian, can be of three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter:
der (ein) Mann (m) – man (masculine – Maskulinum),
die (eine) Frau (f) – woman (feminine – Femininum),
das (ein) Fenster (n) – window (neuter gender – Neutrum).
Gender in German, as you can see, is expressed through the article.
The man will, of course, be masculine, and the woman will be feminine.
But with inanimate objects it’s more difficult. They, as in Russian, are not necessarily of the neuter, “neutral” gender, but belong to different genders. Closet in Russian for some reason it’s a man, but shelf- a woman, although they have no sexual characteristics. It's the same in German. The trouble is that gender in Russian and German often does not match, that Germans see the gender of objects differently. It may (by chance) coincide, it may not. For example, der Schrank (cabinet)- male, das Regal (shelf)– average.das Weib (woman, woman) and das Mädchen (girl, girl) are neuter.
You should try to remember the word in German with the article!
Sometimes you can guess by the shape of a word what kind it is. For example, by how the word ends. Like in Russian words for -ost, – tion, – iya, – aya, – tsa, – ka, – a...– feminine, and German words in:
die Melo die– melody, die Situa tion– situation, die Kult ur– culture, die Tend enz - trend, die Speziali tät– a traditional dish (of a region), die Maler ei– painting, die Fest ung– fortress, die Frei heit– freedom, die Möglich keit– opportunity, die Wissen schaft- the science…
Some suffixes that in Russian correspond to the masculine gender, in German, on the contrary, are a sign of the feminine gender: die Reg ion – region, die Diagn ose– diagnosis, die Gar age- garage…
Words ending with -e, most often feminine: die Wanne – bath, die Woche – week. This -e corresponds to the Russian ending -and I). But in Russian there are also masculine words with a similar ending (uncle, cabin boy). Same in German: der Junge - boy.
Note also that the words in -ling always masculine: Lehr ling (student, journeyman).
Many one-syllable (sometimes two-syllable - due to the prefix) nouns formed from verbs belong to the masculine gender:
der Beginn< – beginnen (начало – начинать), der Blick < – blicken (взгляд, вид – взглянуть), der Klang < – klingen (звук – звучать), der Begriff < – begreifen (понятие – понимать), der Sieg < – siegen (победа – побеждать). But: das Spiel< – spielen (игра – играть).
The matter is also greatly simplified by the fact that you can take any verb in the indefinite form and attach a neuter article to it. The process name will be:
das Sprechen< – sprechen (говорение – говорить), das Leben < – leben (жизнь – жить), das Essen < – essen (еда – есть).
Signs that a word is masculine:
Signs that a word is feminine:
Signs that a word is neuter:
It is interesting that some nouns have different meanings depending on their gender. For example:
der See (lake) – die See (sea),
der Band (volume) – das Band (tape),
das Steuer (steering wheel, steering wheel) – die Steuer (tax),
der Leiter (leader) – die Leiter (ladder),
der Tor (fool) – das Tor (gate),
der Schild (shield) – das Schild (signboard, tablet),
der Bauer (peasant) – das Bauer (cage)
