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Flag
When creating the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the following colors were used: blue, similar to the flag of the European Union. This color and the stars represent Europe, and yellow, the color of the sun, symbolizes hope. This flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of three presented to parliament by the UN Special Representative. All flags used the same colors: blue was the color of the United Nations, but it was replaced by a darker one. The stars represent Europe. The triangle symbolizes the three main population groups of the country (Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs) and the outline of the country on the map.
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Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina - the state symbol of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a blue shield with a yellow triangle. The triangle symbolizes the country's three main population groups (Muslims, Croats and Serbs) and the outline of the country on the map. White stars symbolize Europe.
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Hymn
The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Intermeco) is the national anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Adopted on June 25, 1999 by the law “On the Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, replacing the old Jednasijedina, which was not accepted by the Serbian and Croatian communities of the country. Dusan Shestic wrote the music for the anthem, the anthem has no words.
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Currency
Convertible mark
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Economy
Consists of the autonomous administrative units of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Brcko District. The name of the country comes from the name of the Bosna River and the German title “duke”, which was borne by the voivode Stefan Vukčić Kosača in the 15th century. It borders on the west and north with Croatia, on the east with Serbia, and on the southeast with Montenegro. It has a small access to the Adriatic Sea - about 24.5 km of coastline. Area - 51 thousand square meters. km. Large cities - Tuzla, Banja Luka, Mostar, Zenica, Bihac, Travnik. The monetary unit of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the convertible mark. Bosnia and Herzegovina is located on the territory of two historical regions - Bosnia, which occupies the valley of the Sava River and its tributaries, and Herzegovina, located to the south, in the Neretva River basin. The capital is Sarajevo (about 800 thousand people). The city of Sarajevo was founded in 1263 and then received the name “Bosnovar” (Vrhbosna in Serbian). The city is located in a basin surrounded by mountains and open only on the western side, at an altitude of 450 m above sea level. Two Orthodox churches have been preserved - the old Church of Saints Michael and Gabriel (presumably 1478-1539) and the Cathedral Church of the Holy Mother of God (1863-1868), 4 Catholic churches, including the spiritual center of Bosnian Catholics - the Cathedral (XVIII century) , 3 synagogues, including the Old Synagogue (1566-1581), which now houses the Jewish Museum with the famous "Hagada Code", as well as the Town Hall ("Eternal", 1896) in the Moorish style and the Regional Administration Palace. But the city landscape is dominated by colorful Muslim buildings, most of which are considered masterpieces of Ottoman architecture - the Tsareva-Jamia mosque ("Royal Mosque", 16th century), the largest in the country, "Begova-Jamia" (15th century), Ali- Pasha-Jamia (1560-1561) and about a hundred more mosques, the Kursumli madrasah (1537) with a library, today numbering about 50 thousand manuscripts and books, the Barcharshiya tower (XV century), the Brusa-Bezistan shopping center, the old caravan a barn (15th century) on Morika Khan, a Turkish fortress with 12 towers on a rocky ledge, and many trade buildings of the Turkish era.
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Traditions
The Yugoslav Republic, which became modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, was formed from two historical regions - Bosnia in the north, with its capital in Sarajevo, and Herzegovina in the south, with its capital in Mostar. Other major cities are Banja Luka, Tuzla, and Zenica. The state, located mainly in the Dinaric Highlands, has no coastal ports. The Sava River (and its tributaries) and the Neretva River are the main rivers; There are river ports along the Sava River. Most of the country is forested, and timber is an important product of Bosnia. Most of Herzegovina, on the contrary, does not have much forest cover. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a wonderful and rich cultural heritage. Epic stories told through song are famous throughout Bosnia. The country is also famous for its love songs, which have been sung for generations.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian, Serbo-Croatian and Croatian Bosna i Hercegovina, BiH, Serbian Bosna and Herzegovina, BiH) is a state in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is a federal democratic republic consisting of three equal entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republika Srpska and the Brcko District. The name of the country comes from the name of the Bosna River and the German title “duke”, which in the 15th century was borne by the voivode Stefan Vukšić Kosača. It borders on the west and north with Croatia, on the east with Serbia, and on the southeast with Montenegro. It has a small access to the Adriatic Sea - about 24.5 km of coastline.
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Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina The flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina was approved on February 4, 1998. This flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of three presented to the parliament appointed by the UN High Representative. All flags used the same colors: blue is the color of the United Nations, but it was replaced by a darker one. The stars symbolize Europe. The triangle symbolizes the country's three main population groups (Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs) and the outline of the country on the map. After the declaration of independence in 1992, the approved flag of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a white panel with the coat of arms of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina placed in the center - a blue shield with six golden lilies and a diagonal white stripe. During the Bosnian War, this flag was used by Bosnian Muslims and the RBiH government in controlled territories. Currently, the RBiH flag (popularly known as the “flag with lilies”) is used by Muslim national organizations, football fans of Bosnian nationality, as well as among Bosnian nationalists.
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Previous flags Flag of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina April 6, 1992 - February 4, 1998 Flag of the SR Bosnia and Herzegovina 1945-1992
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Flag projects After the Dayton Agreement, the question of choosing a new flag for the country became a question. This was caused by dissatisfaction with the use of symbols of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Serbs and Croats, which they considered to represent only Muslims. Among others, the following options were presented: Project 1 “Czech sample” - a flag similar to the flag of the Czech Republic, the colors of which reflect the 3 main nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Project 2 The laurel branch on a light blue background, the laurel branch and the color of the flag symbolize the United Nations. Project 3 Contours of the country on a light blue background. Project 4 A red, white and blue flag, similar to the flag of the Republic of the Congo, with a map of the country surrounded by stars on a white stripe. Project 5 The project, which later became the official flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, also during the selection of the flag by the parliament, the alternative was Project 6 and Project 7. Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Project 4 Project 5 Project 6 Project 7
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Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina The coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the state symbol of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is a blue shield with a yellow triangle. The triangle symbolizes the country's three main population groups (Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs) and the outline of the country on the map. White stars symbolize Europe.
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History of the coat of arms Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina December 31, 1946 Coat of arms of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998)
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History of the coat of arms Coat of arms of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosna Coat of arms of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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History According to the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the Serbs appeared in the Balkans in the 1st half of the 7th century. After resettlement to the Balkan Peninsula, the first territorial associations among the Serbs, like most southern Slavs, were zhupas. Zhupas usually occupied areas limited by rivers or mountains. Their centers were fortified settlements or cities. As administrative territorial units, the zhupas later became the solid foundation of the Serbian state. However, the Byzantines called all these lands “Sclavinia”. After the settlement of the Slavs in the Balkans, Byzantine sources contain information about many sclavinia from Thessaloniki to Constantinople, and later about sclavinia located above the cities on the Dalmatian coast. Some time after moving to the Balkans, the Serbs formed several large communities, which then became state entities. Between the rivers Cetina and Neretva was the Principality of Neretlian, which the Byzantines called Pagania. The islands of Brac, Hvar and Mljet also belonged to her. The area between Neretva and Dubrovnik was called Zahumlje. The lands from Dubrovnik to the Bay of Kotor were occupied by Travuniya and Konavle. To the south, to the Boyana River, stretched Duklja, which later became known as Zeta. Between the rivers Sava, Vrbas and Ibar there was Raska], and between the rivers Drina and Bosna - Bosnia. Soon after the resettlement of the Slavs to the Balkan Peninsula, political unions of neighboring zhupas, led by princes or bans (in Bosnia), began to be created. The positions of zhupans, princes and bans gradually became hereditary and assigned to individual wealthy and influential families. The constant struggle and military clashes of these relatively small alliances led to the creation of more extensive territorial associations. All these political entities were under the supreme authority of Byzantium. But their dependence on the empire was small and was limited to the payment of tribute. Recognizing the supreme power of Byzantium, the Serbs were actually independent politically. After the death of the Serbian prince Caslav Klonimirovich, Bosnia fell away from his empire. In 1018 it nominally came under Byzantine rule. At the beginning of the 12th century, part of Bosnia became part of Hungary as a result of wars. The Hungarian king received the title "Ramae rex" (king of Rama, that is, Bosnia), since the state lay mainly in the valley of the Rama River. The King of Hungary appointed his governors (bans) to govern Bosnia. Then, for some time, Bosnia again fell under Byzantine influence, but Ban Kulin of Bosnia at the end of the 12th century again recognized himself as a vassal of the Hungarian king, although he behaved as a fully established independent ruler. He granted trading privileges to merchants from Dubrovnik with a document known as Poveglia bana Kulina, encouraged the migration of craftsmen and artisans from Croatia, supported iron ore mining, etc. In 1203, the Pope called on Kulina and the Bosnian elders of the religious communities to reject Bogomilism and embrace Catholicism. In 1250, after a series of crusades against the Bogomils, Hungary re-subordinated Bosnia. In the 12th century, the Bosnian Banate was formed (from the 14th century a kingdom, including Herzegovina). Since 1463, the territory of Bosnia, and since 1482 - of Herzegovina under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. After the uprising of 1875-1877, it was occupied by Austria-Hungary (annexed in 1908). See "Bosnian Crisis". 1910 - the land statute (Zemaljski statut) was adopted, the Bosnian Sabor (Bosanski sabor) was established - the representative body (parliament) of Bosnia, the Land Council (Zemaljski savjet) - the executive body (government) of Bosnia and district councils (Kotarsko vijeće). Since 1918, part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 - Yugoslavia). In 1941, it was occupied by German troops and included in the fascist Independent State of Croatia. During the war of 1941-1945. liberated by the troops of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia under the command of Josip Broz Tito and in November 1945 incorporated into Yugoslavia as a federal republic. In the spring of 1992, it announced its secession from the SFRY. Adopted the official name of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and was admitted to the UN in May 1992. In mid-1992, there was a sharp escalation of interethnic tensions, which led to the Bosnian War. On November 21, 1995, peace agreements to resolve the Bosnian conflict were initialed in Dayton (USA). Signed in Paris on December 14, 1995. The official name was changed to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Settlement of South Slavic tribes in 700
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State system The collective head of state is the Presidium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consisting of three members of the state-forming peoples. The term of office of the presidium is 4 years. The competence includes foreign policy issues, the appointment of ambassadors and other international representatives from the country, the presentation of budget proposals to Parliament, and more. The highest legislative body is the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two chambers: the House of Peoples (upper, appointed by the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the confederation with 5 representatives from each of the three communities) and the House of Representatives (lower, formed by popular vote with 14 representatives from each of the three communities). The highest executive body is the Council of Ministers, which consists of 9 ministries: foreign affairs, security, defense, finance, foreign trade and economic relations, transport and communications, civil affairs, human rights and refugees, justice. The canton's local government body is the assembly (skupština), the canton's executive and administrative body is the government (vlada), the community's local government body is the community council (Općinsko vijeće), the community's executive and administrative body is the head of the community (Načelnik općine). Leading political parties: Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (national) Workers' Communist Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (national) Union of Independent Social Democrats (mainly Serbian party), Democratic Action Party (Bosniak party), Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina (mainly Bosnian Party), Croatian Democratic Commonwealth of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croatian Party), Serbian Democratic Party (Serbian Party), Party of Democratic Progress (Serbian Party). The body of constitutional supervision is the Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud), the highest court is the Supreme Court (Vrhovni sud), the appellate courts are the cantonal courts (kantonalni sudovi), the courts of first instance are the community courts (općinski sudovi). BiH Presidency building
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in South-Eastern Europe. The state is located in the west of the Balkan Peninsula. It is here that tourists can enjoy the mild climate and truly picturesque nature.
Sad historical events did not allow the country to gain special interest among travelers. Despite such nuances, many tourists have the opportunity to understand how interesting and exciting a trip to Bosnia and Herzegovina can be. The state is ready to open not only interesting natural attractions, but also important architectural monuments.
Tvrdosh Monastery is considered one of the oldest religious attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has an ancient history, thanks to which it attracts many travelers. However, in the Middle Ages the monastery complex had to endure numerous destructions and subsequent restorations.
In 1694, the religious monastery turned into ruins, but in 1928 restoration efforts were carried out. Now the Tvrdosh Monastery is famous among many travelers.
The Trebišnjica River has a rather bright and stormy character. The river flows through the territory of several countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. It should be noted that the river flows not only through the external territory, but also through an underground channel. The purity and transparency of the river water may surprise many travelers. In addition, in the areas where the Trebišnjica flows, you can enjoy truly picturesque nature.
Neum is one of the most famous and attractive cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only this city has access to the Adriatic Sea. The favorable location allows for a subtropical climate with Mediterranean characteristics. This climate turns out to be an attractive aspect for many travelers. It is not surprising that many travelers try to spend their long-awaited vacations here, enjoying the warm sea water and beaches with clean pebbles.
Since 1995, the city of Neum has hosted the annual Etnofest Neum festival, which is dedicated to Croatian music.
Kravice Waterfall is an amazing natural attraction that is ready to impress every traveler with its beauty and power. The water falls from a 10-meter height and has an emerald-turquoise color.
You can guess how impeccable and truly beautiful the area where the Kravice waterfall is located is. Tourists who manage to visit here celebrate the emergence of truly vivid and unforgettable impressions.
Below the waterfall there is a small lake with gorgeous beaches, which also attract tourists.
Cathedral of Mary the Mother, Mostar
The Catholic Cathedral was built in 1980, but at the same time it surprises with its architectural design. Unfortunately, the religious monastery was damaged during the civil war, which took place from 1992 to 1995.
During reconstruction efforts, the appearance of the cathedral changed significantly, and the free-standing tower acquired a bell tower. In addition, during the restoration it was possible to install a classical organ, the sound of which pleases and pacifies not only believers, but also ordinary tourists.
The ancient fortress was built back in 1383. Subsequently, the object contributed to maintaining control during military operations over the valley of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which had access to the Adriatic Sea.
For the construction of the fortress, first of all, natural stone was used, which was mined in the valley of the Neretva River.
It should be noted that the location of the ancient fortress, built in the form of a castle, contributes to the creation of a strategic point. The fortress, located on a hill, managed to become a watchtower, which was effective in controlling the surrounding area.
Nowadays, the Pocitelj fortress is one of the most famous and attractive attractions among travelers.
Tito's Palace, Mostar
Tito's Palace was the residence Josipa Broz Tito, who served as leader of Yugoslavia. Josip Broz Tito was the leader in the country from 1945 to 1980, until his death.
The palace building was destroyed during the Second World War. It should be noted that restoration efforts are not being carried out, although the object is important for the state. Now Tito's Palace is a dilapidated building, because to this day only the walls have survived. Despite such sad facts, Tito's Palace still attracts many tourists.
Olympic Museum, Sarajevo
The museum center began its work back in 1984. Today, visitors can appreciate the rich exhibition, which reveals the features of the Olympic Winter Games held in 1984 in Sarajevo. The museum aims to preserve the memory of one of the most important sporting events in all of South-Eastern Europe.
In 1992, the museum building came under fire, so all exhibits were transported to a safe place. The museum center was restored in 2004.
The winery, which belongs to the Matijevic family, attracts many tourists. Every traveler gets the opportunity to better understand the peculiarities of the development of local crafts. In addition, the wine estate is located in Medjugorje, where truly beautiful nature opens up.
Tourists can count on a short excursion, during which they will be able to learn the peculiarities of local winemaking. After the tour and story, you will be able to taste and buy wines.
Sutjeska is one of the oldest national parks in all of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its year of creation is 1962.
On the territory of the national park there are relict forests of Peručica and the high mountain Maglic, Lake Trnovač. There are also meadows and pastures here. It is not surprising that these parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina attract many travelers from different parts of the world.
In 1943, the Fifth German Offensive took place in these parts, which turned out to be one of the most difficult events of the Second World War. In memory of the fallen partisans, the Valley of Heroes memorial complex was created on the territory of the national park.
The Sarajevo Zoo was created in 1951. Before the hostilities, the zoo housed about 150 animals. However, in 1991 - 1995, the zoo was completely devastated: animals died from hunger and gunfire, artillery fire and snipers. The last animal died in 1995.
However, four years after the hostilities, the zoo began to recover. Now about 38 species of animals live in the zoo. The zoo attracts many tourists.
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo
The idea of creating a museum center first appeared in 1850. However, the idea was realized only after 38 years. Active expansion of the museum was carried out in 1913.
However, subsequently the museum building was seriously damaged, since practically not a single object survived during the war.
A few years later, the museum center was reopened, but in 2012 it was closed again. Now, fortunately, the museum can once again receive its visitors. Tourists can learn more about the culture and history of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Location: Zmaja od Bosne - 3.
Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo
The history of the museum began in 1945. Over several decades, the museum's exhibition has expanded to several thousand valuable exhibits, and each item presented turns out to be truly important for the history and culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The museum staff made every effort to ensure that even military events did not lead to the destruction of the exhibits on display.
All visitors can learn the main historical events related to Bosnia and Herzegovina. For this purpose, weapons, everyday wartime items, furnishings from military field kitchens, flags, posters, and materials from the media are presented. The exhibition also includes photographs, archival documents and books, paintings by artists from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such an exhibition allows you to get the right impression about the country and its history.
Eco Futura is an amazing piece of nature located 40 minutes drive from the center of Sarajevo. Every tourist can live in a small but cozy wooden house. In addition, there is a children's playground, a play area, and several farms.
It should be noted that everyone can enjoy the picturesque nature and fresh air. Moreover, tourists can visit local farms, feed the animals, getting closer to real rural life in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The natural park is located near the foot of the majestic Mount Igman. The park complex was founded during the Austro-Hungarian rule, but it remains popular today. Unfortunately, during the civil war, Vrelo Bosne fell into disrepair, but subsequently the authorities managed to restore the landmark.
Now tourists can walk or take a bicycle or horse ride along well-groomed paths and the main alley. In addition, you will be able to visit the local pond where ducks and swans live.
In the park you can see the Bosnia River, islands, and small waterfalls. Here you can take a break from the bustle of the city and take beautiful photographs as a souvenir.
Military tunnel, Sarajevo
The military tunnel is one of the most important and darkest sights in Sarajevo. This object is reminiscent of the recent civil war. The tunnel was built by residents of Sarajevo during the siege of the city to receive humanitarian aid and the opportunity to escape from the village. Nowadays, the part of the tunnel, which is a tight passage underground with walls reinforced by beams, attracts many travelers.
Next to the military tunnel there is a museum where you can see exhibits related to the Civil War. In addition, the museum building still bears traces of bullets and shells.
Morica Khan, Sarajevo
Morica Khan is a fitting reminder of Sarajevo's former commercial glory. This attraction is considered one of the most famous in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Moricha Khan is a unique object associated with secular Muslim architecture.
These days, tourists can enjoy strolling through galleries, drinking tea or coffee in a small local courtyard, and even visiting small shops to buy valuable souvenirs.
Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Sarajevo
The Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus is one of the most important Catholic churches in Sarajevo. The religious monastery is an object that interestingly combines neo-Gothic and Romanesque elements. The construction of the cathedral was carried out in 1884 - 1889, so the attraction allows you to understand how special the religious architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the great Balkan country, is.
Location: Trg Fra Grge Martića – 2.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is an amazing state, a trip to which will definitely radically change your worldview and make you think about many things.
The poorest country in Europe This Moldova gained independence in 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, where the GDP per person is only $3,500. This is a classic agricultural country, the welfare of which depends on the export of agricultural products. Moldova borders on Romania and Ukraine, which are also included in the list of some of the poorest countries in Europe, and one cannot expect serious financial assistance from them either.
Kosovo This is an obscure formation in the Balkans, recognized by some countries as an independent state, where the GDP per capita is $7,400. There is practically nothing being produced here, despite the simply enormous amounts of foreign aid. Most of the population is employed in the service sector, (second to last place in Europe)
Ukraine- a country with simply gigantic potential has become third in the anti-rating of European countries. So you can imagine what a colossus it is: the number one country in terms of area, the seventh in terms of population and the first in terms of the number of armed forces. In Ukraine, GDP per capita is only $7,600. There is a war going on in the country.
Small European country Albania, sandwiched between Greece, Montenegro, Serbia (Kosovo) and has access to the Adriatic Sea, where the GDP per person is $8,000. For a long time, Albania lived in isolation with virtually no contact with the outside world, but even today it has not advanced much in its development, placing the main emphasis on agriculture. There are small deposits of oil, gas, copper, iron ore and alumina, which, if inverted with relatively small funds, can provide serious opportunities for industrial development. 4th place in the anti-rating of European countries
On fifth place turned out to be another fragment of the former Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the per capita GDP is $8,300. The country, which experienced a civil war, is now actually divided into two independent parts with their own bodies of self-government. Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to 4 million people, of whom 48% are ethnic Bosniaks and 37% are Serbs. After the war, the economy was restored with the help of foreign aid, but still the country remains very backward, making money mainly from agriculture and wood exports.
On sixth place the poorest countries in Europe Serbia. A country with a rich history has experienced several wars, bombings and an economic blockade over the past decades. All this destroyed the economy almost to the ground. Currently, the GDP per resident is $10,500.
7th place. IN Macedonia The country's GDP per capita is $10,700. The country managed to avoid bloody interethnic conflicts during the collapse of Yugoslavia. However, the blockade by Greece and crowds of refugees at the beginning of the 2000s did their dirty work, almost completely destroying the economy, which was already in a deplorable state. They don't really produce anything in the country. A quarter of the country's population of two million lives in the capital Skopje, and 30% of the country's population lives below the poverty line.
Small country Montenegro, sandwiched between Serbia and the Adriatic Sea, gained independence on June 3, 2006. The country mainly makes money from tourism and metal exports. GDP per capita is $11,700. (8th place from the end)
Another country with a socialist past - Romania, where the average income per person per year is $12,800. Romania, along with Bulgaria, joined the EU in 2007. The country of 19 million lives thanks to agriculture, the export of metal and equipment, and tourism, which has been developing at a breakneck pace over the past decade. (9th place in anti-rating).
The fourteenth largest country in Europe by area Bulgaria, got into ten the poorest countries in Europe, where GDP per person is $14,200 per year. Bulgaria joined the European Union on January 1, 2007 and is currently one of the youngest members of the EU. The country's main sources of income are agriculture and tourism.
Contents: 1. Geographical location Geographical location 2. Nature Nature 3. Political system Political system 4. Administrative system Administrative system 5. Population Population 6. Economy Economy 7. Education Education 8. Higher education Higher education 9. Culture Culture 10. Literature Literature
Nature Almost the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is occupied by medium-high mountains belonging to the Dinaric Alps mountain system and the Dinaric Highlands. Only in the north of the country, along the Sava River, does a narrow strip of lowlands stretch. The north of the country is an area of elevated plains, plateaus and lowlands stretching along the Sava and Drina. To the south, the landscape rises, turning into the spurs of the Dinaric Alps, which occupy the entire southwestern and central part of the country. The highest point of the country is Mount Maglik (2386 m) in Herzegovina, on the border with Montenegro. Only on the Adriatic coast itself does the landscape descend again, forming a narrow coastal plain in the Neum region. More than half of the country, especially its northern regions, is covered with dense mixed and evergreen forests, the rest is divided almost in half between agricultural areas and mountain meadows and heaths. Dinaric Highlands Sava River
Political system Collective head of state Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The term of office of the Presidium is 4 years. The highest legislative body is the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Consists of two chambers: the House of Peoples and the House of Representatives. The highest executive body is the Council of Ministers, which consists of 10 ministries: foreign affairs, security, defense, finance, foreign trade and economic relations, transport and communications, civil affairs, human rights and refugees, and justice. Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Administrative division Confederate state in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula. Consists of the autonomous administrative units of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Brcko District. Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska District Brčko
Population About 3.8 million people live in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The birth rate is estimated at 12.86 per 1000 people, mortality - 7.99 per 1000, population growth for 2001 - 1.38%. Life expectancy in the country on average is 71.49 years (for men - 68.78, for women - 74.38 years). As of 1991, the country was home to 44% Muslim Bosnians, 31% Serbs, 17% Croats, 5.5% Yugoslavs and 2.5% other nationalities. As a result of the hostilities of 1992–1995, more than 1 million residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina were forced to change their place of residence, many of them remained abroad; by 2000, the number of those leaving the country reached 800 thousand people. The official languages since the early 1990s are Bosnian, Serbian (written in Cyrillic) and Croatian (written in Latin). The capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo with a population of 434 thousand people. 179.2 thousand people live in Banja Luka. In Zenica - 104.9 thousand people. Sarajevo is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a population of 434 thousand people
Economy By the 1960s, Bosnia and Herzegovina accounted for 99% of iron ore production and 100% of coke production, 40% of coal production and 50% of steel production in all of Yugoslavia. The country ranked first in Yugoslavia in timber production and played a prominent role in the chemical industry. It contained 2/5 of all hydropower resources of the SFRY. Tobacco production was of general Yugoslav importance. Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked 1st in the SFRY in pulp production. There was mechanical engineering, food and light industry. The most important industrial hubs are Sarajevo Zenica (coal mining, ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering); TuzlaBanovichi (coal and salt mining, chemical industry and mechanical engineering). In the valleys of the Sava and Drina rivers there were large crops of corn, as well as wheat, barley and oats. Viticulture was developed in the country. In many areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the main source of livelihood for the population remained livestock farming, which was mainly represented by the widespread breeding of sheep and goats. In the northern regions and along river valleys, cattle were bred. In areas where corn was planted, pig farming was developed. The collapse of the SFRY and the subsequent civil war (April 1992 November 1995) caused heavy damage to the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. About 80% of enterprises were damaged or destroyed, and oil imports fell sharply. The economy was almost completely destroyed. The country's unemployment rate has reached its highest level since World War II. Industrial production decreased by 85%, and total material damage amounted, according to various sources, from 20 to 80 billion dollars. The structure of GDP in 1996 was dominated by the service sector, which accounted for 58%; industry share 23%; agriculture 19%. The inflation rate in 2000 was 8%. Enterprises in the mining, metallurgical, and oil refining industries are gradually being restored in the country, and production in the textile industry, components for automobiles, the aviation industry, and household appliances is growing. 1/2 of the territory is used in agriculture, 50% of which is cultivated, the remaining 50% was occupied by mountain pastures and meadows. The main agricultural crops remain tobacco, corn, wheat and sugar beets. The main fruit growing area is located in the north. Livestock farming is dominated by sheep and goats, and cattle in the north of the country. The country is famous for its horse breeding due to the special small Bosnian horses, which are distinguished by their endurance and are ideal for use in mountainous areas.
Education PRE-SCHOOL INSTITUTIONS: Kindergarten for children from 3 to 7 years old COMPULSORY 8-YEAR EDUCATION: Basic compulsory school: 2 levels for children from 7 to 11 years old for children from 11 to 15 years old 4-YEAR general secondary school (gymnasium) for children from 15 to 19 years old 4-YEAR special secondary school (pedagogical, artistic, musical, religious, technical university (university, academy)
Higher education Graduates of secondary school for higher education, based on the results of entrance exams, can enter one of four universities (Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Mostar or Tuzla), one of the academies (including pedagogical ones in Zenica and Bihac) or an open in the early 2000s, a special pedagogical college in Bijeljina. Upon graduation, the graduate receives a 1st degree diploma of higher education (2–3 years of study), a 2nd degree diploma of professional education in the field of various sciences and arts (4–5 year course of study), a 3rd degree ( master's degree with preparation of a research project), 4th degree (doctorate with the defense of a dissertation). Kindergarten teachers are trained in two-year pedagogical academies. In addition, these academies train basic and secondary school teachers. Universities graduate teachers from special secondary schools. The University of Sarajevo was founded in the remaining universities were opened in the 1970s. The Academy of Sciences was created in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1966. There are several research institutes, including the Oriental Institute and the Balkan Institute. University of Sarajevo
Culture MASS MEDIA The largest publications are the daily morning newspaper “Osvobozhdeniye” and the daily evening newspaper “Vecherne novine”. State Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina broadcasts on four radio channels and two television channels. CINEMATOGRAPHER The most famous director is Emir Kusturica. Many films have received awards at world festivals such as the Berlin Film Festival, Cannes Film Festival, Oscar, etc. The most famous film is “Grbavica”, directed and screenplayed by Jasmila Žbanić. SPORTS The most important international sporting event in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the 14th Winter Olympic Games, held in Sarajevo from 8 to 19 February 1984. 1,127 male and 283 female athletes participated in the Olympics. There were many athletes from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Olympics.
Literature Early books in Bosnia and Herzegovina were written in Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet and are works of religious content. In addition to church literature, many records and fragments of individual documents have been preserved. Bosnian Muslims wrote in Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Croatian. Among the writers, a representative of early Serbian romanticism, a native of Sarajevo, Sima Milutinović (Sarajlija, 1791–1847), stands out, who spent most of his life in Serbia. At the end of the 19th century. The National Museum in Sarajevo and libraries were opened, and scientific societies were created. At the same time, the number of literate people in Bosnia barely exceeded a tenth of the total population. The Austro-Hungarian government decided to change the situation and after 1908 introduced compulsory universal education. Famous writers of the 20th century who came from Bosnia were the native of Travnik, Ivo Andrić (1892–1975), Nobel Prize winner in 1961, and Mehmed Mesa Selimovic (born 1910 in Tuzla). Ivo Andric (1892–1975) Mehmed Mesa Selimovic
