General principles, allowing you to successfully achieve your goal, as well as special techniques that help repel an attack and maintain the integrity of your personality. First of all, you need to work on your voice - after all, it is your main instrument in all telephone conversations. If it sounds too loud or, conversely, quiet, if the voice is hoarse, rough and hoarse, it is unlikely that those at the other end of the phone will be happy, especially when we are talking with a stranger. The intonation with which words are pronounced is very important. What is she like - calm, restrained, pleading, domineering, cold, warm? Even when you say the most correct things, the timbre of your voice along with intonation can seriously devalue them. Therefore, practice - both in ordinary communication and in the silence of solitude (you can, for example, record your voice on a tape recorder and listen to how it sounds and then try to repeat the same phrase with different intonation and timbre), and even during the telephone call itself. conversation.
Breathing also plays a very important role. Noisy heavy breathing makes a corresponding impression, and since the interlocutor also feels a certain heaviness coming from you, he usually tries to hang up quickly, even if the business part of the conversation is not yet completed. Try to learn to breathe easily and silently, and if you don’t want to learn and don’t have time, then at least try not to show that you are breathing heavily. It is very useful to do short breathing adjustments before serious negotiations, when you observe your own inhalations and exhalations for about a minute, and then, after taking one breath, begin the conversation.
The art of proper pauses is very important, which can be a powerful tool for achieving effective goals in a conversation. However, remember that in a telephone conversation the pauses should be somewhat shorter than in a live conversation, where during silence you can go to the window or stand near the chandelier so that your interlocutor can better see the expression on your face and understand what is behind your words. Since in a telephone conversation there is no way to send a signal about your posture and facial expression, be careful with pauses: if they last too long for a long time, the interlocutor may think that the connection has turned off and you simply cannot hear him. At the same time, pauses are needed if you talk on the phone at the speed of Zhirinovsky, without taking any breaks - it’s unlikely that anyone will like it. Sometimes a pause is required to take a breath, as if instantly throwing off fatigue and filling your entire being with energy.
During a telephone conversation, try to maintain optimal energy tone and the harmonious state of your own chakras. When people talk on the phone, almost all chakras are involved, but the leading one is the throat center - the Vishuddha chakra. This center is most nourished by two other centers adjacent to it - anahata, or the heart center, and ajna - the center of reason, responsible for mental work.
It can be very useful to use in a telephone conversation keywords or phrases that help to better understand the essence of the issue. Since when communicating through a tube a person uses only one auditory channel of perception, it is not always easy for people who have well-developed other channels (visual, tactile) to assimilate information by ear. If you find that the information you convey is difficult for your interlocutor to assimilate, start introducing words from the conceptual category of other channels of perception. Tell him more often - imagine, imagine, try to see or feel, feel, touch.
We once tested these words with a client of mine who had big problems at work with a customer who did not accept any suggestions or options when discussing the work, which really slowed things down. The customer interrupted him several times, the pipe became hot with dissatisfaction, although they needed each other. Then Maxim, my client, on my advice, changed his vocabulary and began to use words from a different semantic range. The result was immediate.
Learn to compress information during telephone communication, gather your consciousness and will together and try to speak as accurately as possible when choosing words. Remember that you have a few minutes to say main idea and convey the most essential, ruthlessly pushing aside the superfluous. METHODS OF REFLECTING TELEPHONE AGGRESSION
This table will help you better navigate the process of business telephone conversations with clients and build a more comfortable and at the same time secure communication strategy.
|
Do not speak |
Speak |
|
Explain to me what you want. |
How can I help you? |
|
Sorry to bother you. |
Thank you for your attention. |
|
Yes, but... |
Yes, that's why... |
|
No problem. |
Yes, I agree with you. |
|
Hello! |
Yes, I am listening to you. |
|
Hello! Hello! What are you saying? |
You hear me? |
|
In two or three weeks the issue will be resolved... |
The issue will be resolved on June 20. |
|
I don't know. |
I will try to find out. |
|
I do not know. |
I'll find out. |
|
You are wrong/ |
Please clarify what you mean. |
|
Is not a fact! |
Something must have happened. |
The following table, compiled by management specialist S. R. Filonovich, is devoted to the ability to conduct a conversation on the phone with different people:
I. With persistent and demanding interlocutors.
Listen - and you will understand what the interlocutor requires.
Counter your interlocutor’s insistence with your own, but be “one step behind.”
Use closed questions more often to control the flow of the conversation.
Be friendly, but precise and direct in your statements.
Be polite.
II. With an aggressive interlocutor.
Listen carefully and then you will understand what worries your interlocutor.
Establish contact by expressing your sympathy and regret in a general way.
Propose a plan of action and then implement it.
Keep your cool and don't give in to your interlocutor's mood.
Be polite.
III. With a talkative interlocutor.
Ask closed questions.
Watch for pauses in conversation.
Don't give in to your interlocutor, don't let him drag you into a long conversation.
If you learn to conduct telephone conversations effectively, briefly, concisely and competently, this will make it easier for you to escape the psychological pressure and “assaults” that all business people often hear on the phone. However, it is also useful to use specific techniques to repel aggression:
When the phone rings, be psychologically prepared for anything, including the fact that right now you will receive unpleasant information, be attacked and criticized. Most often, the people who receive and “miss” blows are those who approach the phone with an imposing step in a relaxed and complacent mood. And at the same time, don’t stress - neutral information and state always give a greater range of responses.
If you hear the voice of a person on the phone who you think is about to attack you, try a pre-emptive strike or counterattack as a response strategy. You can do this in a harsh form, bringing some kind of accusation against him (the main thing is that it is fair) or in a soft form, clearly directing the conversation in a different direction and not allowing yourself to be drawn into a showdown.
From the very beginning of the conversation, put up a mental shield that will separate you from this person and surround you with energy through which it will be difficult for aggressive force from the outside world to break through. The technology for constructing this shield in live communication, which is also quite applicable in a telephone conversation, is described in detail in “Invisible Armor”.
When we are pierced during a telephone conversation, and we feel vulnerable or have an energy breakdown, this means that for a brief moment we have identified with the phone and the interlocutor, as if he were next to us and even part of us. And he is actually on the other side of the city, or even on the other side of the planet. Remember this, feel it and try not to forget during the conversation. “Spatial shield” - mental distance from the object of aggression - very well helps to maintain emotional balance when talking through a telephone handset.
Regardless of whether you were “punched” or not in a telephone conversation, tune in to free yourself from the energy received during such communication. Sometimes this energy follows a person like a dark trail for a long time, poisoning his mood and preventing him from acting effectively and successfully, achieving his goals. Therefore, whenever you end a telephone conversation and are about to either call someone else or take on new things, mentally shake off the old energy, free yourself from the unpleasant experience and memory, tune in to a feeling of complete freedom from all images and feelings of the past.
If you yourself, out of necessity, call an unpleasant person who, as you are sure, will oppose you with all his might, try to imagine what result you want to get. Assess the strength of his resistance and get ready to break his resistance. After you hear an irritated answer or encounter opposition that rejects your will, try to speak in such a way as to return the situation to its original level. Imagine that through a telephone conversation there is a struggle between two auras, two energies that collide with each other over words. Try to believe that there is a wall of light energy behind you that protects you, and when you begin to attack on a logical and volitional level, this wall moves towards your opponent and pushes the arguer into the distance, removing him from the circle of your attention. Of course, all such images should be supported by successful verbal behavior, well-aimed words, verified arguments, and correctly placed accents. Remember that perseverance and perseverance in achieving your goals and plans is the best key to achieving a state of security, which is very helpful in both regular and telephone relationships.
Chapter 13. PROTECTION FROM CRIMINALLY AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT
"One is prejudicial murder, but the other is defense. When you are attacked by the dark ones, it is necessary to defend yourself. The thought of defense is not murder. Everyone can defend themselves first of all with the strength of the spirit."
Living Ethics
"The Way of the Warrior is based on humanity, love and sincerity: the heart of military valor is true courage, wisdom, love and friendliness. Relying only on the physical aspects of warriorhood is pointless, because the power of the body is always limited."
Morihei Ueshiba
"Every bandit, even if he is much stronger than you, knows deep down that he is wrong. Every victim, even when he is weaker than the bandit, must remember and believe that he is right. In addition, the victim can always call on God for help, and never a bandit."
(English proverb)
Expressions to avoid
What to do if they call you.
How to behave during a telephone conversation.
· Be sure to introduce yourself;
· Speak directly into the phone;
· Pronounce words clearly;
· Ask if the interlocutor has time to talk or if it is better to call back later and when;
· Listen carefully to your interlocutor without interrupting him;
· Use a calm pace of speech, never shout into the phone;
· Smile periodically, the interlocutor will certainly feel it;
· Avoid monotony, change the tempo and intonation;
· Try to “adjust” to the pace of your interlocutor;
· Avoid jargon and primitivism;
· At the end of the conversation, be sure to clarify who will do what next.
| Do not do it | Should |
| Don't pick up the phone for a long time | Pick up the phone until the fourth ring |
| Asking: “Can I help you” | Ask: “How can I help you?” |
| Have two conversations at once | Concentrate on the conversation |
| Pass the phone many times | Offer to call back if it takes time to clarify details |
| Say: “Everyone is having lunch, no one is there, please call back,” etc. | Use forms to record telephone conversations |
| Find out to a third party the identity of the caller if the subscriber is not there | Record the caller's number and call him back |
| Do not speak | Speak |
| Explain to me what you want | How can I help you? |
| Sorry to bother you | Thank you for your attention |
| Yes, but... | Yes, that's why... |
| No problem | Yes, I agree with you |
| Hello! | Yes, I am listening to you |
| Hello! Hello! What are you saying? | You hear me |
| In two or three weeks the issue will be resolved | The issue will be resolved on June 20 |
| I don't know | I'll try to find out (I'll find out) |
| You're wrong (you're not!) | Please clarify what you mean |
| Is not a fact! | Something must have happened |
· “I don’t know” (such an answer undermines trust in you and your company)
· “We can’t do this” (think about what can be done in this situation, not about what cannot be done)
· “Wait a second, I’ll be back soon” (it’s better to say: “In order to find the information I need, I need 2-3 minutes”)
· “No” (use “We are not able to”, etc. instead)
1. With a persistent and demanding interlocutor.
q Listen - and you will understand what the interlocutor requires;
q Counter your interlocutor’s insistence with your own insistence, but be one step behind;
q Use closed questions more often to control the flow of the conversation;
q Be friendly, but precise and direct in your statements.
2. With an aggressive interlocutor:
q When the phone rings, be psychologically prepared for anything. Most often, those people who miss the blows are those who start the conversation in a relaxed and complacent mood;
q Be neutral;
q Use preemptive strikes (counterattack) as a response strategy. This can be done harshly, by making a fair accusation against someone, or softly, clearly directing the conversation in a different direction;
q From the very beginning of the conversation, put up an internal shield that will protect you from aggressive force from the outside world;
q If you, out of necessity, call an unpleasant person who is likely to actively oppose you, try to imagine what specific result you want to get. Imagine and evaluate the strength of its resistance in advance
3. With a talkative interlocutor:
q Ask closed questions
q Watch for pauses in conversation;
q Don't let yourself be drawn into a long conversation.
Introduction
Emotions are a universal entity. Linguistics, for decades dealing almost exclusively with intellectual issues in language, did not take into account the fact that it is emotions that regulate the processes of behavior, perception and speech production - in general, a person’s interpretation of the world around him. According to recent psychological theories, basic emotions form the basic structures of consciousness. It must be remembered that emotions are non-verbal in essence, that they manifest themselves mainly in non-verbal components of communication - facial expressions, gestures, prosody, etc. Emotions are one of the main components of the nonverbal aspect linguistic personality. This is why it is incredibly difficult to express an emotion in words, and the verbal expression of emotions is only the tip of the iceberg
The nature of the expression of emotions has interested scientists and thinkers since ancient times. One of the first developed theories of the essence of emotional phenomena, proposed by Charles Darwin, proclaimed the existence of a connection between the anatomical and physiological organization of living beings and the external expression of their emotional manifestations. Modern supporters of Charles Darwin's views have shown that when analyzing the emotionally expressive behavior of people belonging to cultures that have never come into contact before, what is first striking is the uniformity of the nonverbal manifestation of some of their emotional states, such as anger, joy, sadness, surprise, fear and some others. The established fact that people of different nationalities recognize certain basic emotions from the human face not only proves the innate nature of basic emotions and their expression on the face, but also the presence of a genotypically determined ability to understand them.
Aggressive states and aggressive behavior of an individual, as well as the expression of aggression through language, is one of the important problems of study in linguistics. The question of the relationship between verbal and nonverbal in aggression is complex and multifaceted. It includes such problems as the definition of emotions that stimulate aggression, as part of the general conditions for the occurrence of aggression, the aggressive act itself and the emotional states that arise as a result of the commission of an aggressive act, how a person’s aggressive state is expressed through language.
Modeling of concepts, in particular the concepts of emotions, represents one of the most interesting, promising and productive areas of cognitive science - a branch of linguistics that focuses on language as a general cognitive mechanism that influences the processes of receiving, storing and processing information. Language is not a form of thinking and cognition, but a means of cognition and interpretation of what is communicatively significant. Meaning in cognitive science is considered as a mentally encoded information structure, and the deobjectification of an emotional concept is carried out by analyzing the expressions used to describe the emotion in question in a given language.
this work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the translation of linguistic elements reflecting the aggressive state of a person from Chinese into Russian. The work was carried out on the basis of theoretical principles of communicative linguistics, text linguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguistics of emotions. A person's verbal and nonverbal aggression are used together. They are closely interconnected. Thus, the relevance of the work is in the methods of translating linguistic elements that express the aggressive state of a person. Objectof this study are linguistic elements expressing the aggressive state of a person, and subject- methods of translating linguistic elements expressing a person’s aggressive state. PurposeThis study is to identify optimal ways to translate linguistic elements that reflect verbal aggression. The goal was specified in the following tasks: .determine the socio-psychological characteristics of the phenomenon of aggression in Chinese culture; .identify linguistic elements that serve to describe aggressive human states in the Chinese and Russian languages; .identify difficulties that arise when translating linguistic elements that reflect an aggressive state, and find ways to overcome them. Methodological basis of the study. Achieving the research goal and solving the assigned problems necessitated the use of a complex of general scientific theoretical (generalization) and empirical (study of specialized literature, dictionaries) research methods. In our work we used methodstheoretical and component analysis, contextual and stylistic analysis, elements of component analysis, descriptive and comparative methods, as well as the use of the global Internet. Theoretical basiswere inspired by the concepts and provisions contained in the works of such researchers in the field of translation studies as I.S. Alekseev, namely the features of the translation of taboo vocabulary, in the field of linguistics - Yu.V. Shcherbinin and L.M. Senemyuk (classification of aggression according to the forms of its manifestation), as well as research in the field of translation studies contained in the works of V.N. Komissarova (about translation models and translation transformations). Research in this area has been carried out on the basis of English, Russian, German and other languages, and, as far as we know, similar work has not been carried out on the basis of the Chinese language. In this work we will try to conduct research to study this problem. This is what noveltythis topic. Practical research material is based on dialogues from the film “ 霸王别姬 "("Farewell, my concubine"). Practical significanceThe work is determined by the possibility of using its main provisions and conclusions and the practical results obtained, in the learning process, in the formation and development of language competence among novice translators, in lecture courses and during seminars and practical classes on the theory and practice of translation, as well as in the translation of Chinese subtitles films into Russian. Work structure. This work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature and applications. The Introduction substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the theoretical and practical significance of the study, argues the choice of the subject of research and methods of its analysis, and defines the purpose and specific objectives of the work. The first Chapter defines the main socio-psychological characteristics of the phenomenon of aggression, examines the relationship between aggression and the emotions that stimulate it, and identifies the role of verbal and nonverbal components of emotional communication in the expression of a person’s aggressive states. In the second Chapter they examine the problems that arise when translating linguistic elements that express the aggressive state of a person and methods of translation. Finally, the conclusions drawn from this study are presented. Appendices include tables and dialogue from the film Farewell My Concubine in Chinese and Russian. 1. Specifics of the manifestation of a person’s aggressive states in verbal and nonverbal components of communication .1 The phenomenon of aggression. The role of aggression in society
The problem of aggression, verbal and non-verbal, is increasingly becoming the subject of analysis and discussion in linguistic science. Aggression, including verbal aggression, is one of the components of the opposition between good and evil, tolerance (tolerance) and intolerance (intolerance). The need to study this problem is due to its inclusion in the social context, because It is society that performs the function of regulating the various manifestations of this phenomenon. The ambiguity of the word “aggression” has always caused and continues to cause great confusion in the literature. This confusion is reflected primarily in dictionary definitions. Dictionary S.I. Ozhegova, for example, gives the following definition of aggression: Aggression: .Illegal use from the point of view of international law armed forces one state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another state; .Open hostility causing hostility. Thus, this dictionary definition reflects the most general understanding of aggression: aggression as behavior that causes pain to the victim in the broadest sense of the word. This understanding coincides with the view of behaviorist Arnold H. Bass, who defines aggression as a reaction that sends painful stimuli against another organism. In this case, the concept of aggression includes actions committed for the purpose of protection, and actions deliberately aimed at destruction and destruction, and actions that are ultimately creative. In fact, we are talking about “completely heterogeneous phenomena” and, therefore, it is impossible to find one common cause of aggression. Psychological theories of aggression can be divided into two large groups: instinctivist and behaviorist. At first, psychologists reduced the explanation of aggressive behavior to certain instinctive forces operating according to the mechanohydraulic model: the gate of the sluice holds back the energy of the water, and then, under certain conditions, it breaks through and forms a “waterfall.” The two largest exponents of instinctivism are Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz. Z. Freud views aggression as an innate impulse inherent in human nature itself. Freud's basic theoretical premise says: a person is obsessed with only one passion - the desire to destroy either himself or other people, and he is unlikely to be able to avoid this tragic alternative. It follows from Freud's theory that neither material well-being nor any social improvements can change the level of aggressiveness in society, although its intensity and forms of expression may vary. Thus, S. Freud reduced all types of aggression to one single cause - the death instinct, the presence of which, according to the fair remark of E. Fromm and A. Bandura, cannot be verified empirically. In 1963, the book “So-Called Evil” by the Austrian ethologist Kondrat Lorenz was published in Germany, which also explains aggressive behavior through instinctive forces. Aggression, according to K. Lorenz, is a primary, spontaneous instinct aimed at preserving the species. In his research, K. Lorenz widely uses the concept of “reorientation” of aggression. Actions such as breaking dishes, waving arms, damaging furniture are methods of reorienting aggression. Following K. Lorenz and I. Eibl-Eibesfeld also argued that human aggression is a global phenomenon. Naturally, there are significant cultural differences in the manifestations of aggression, but no society has yet been found ( social group), where there would be no aggression at all. Representatives of both primitive communities and highly developed civilizations do not have fundamental differences in the “propensity for aggression,” i.e. human aggression has phylogenetic roots. The basic instinctivist theories of aggression that we have considered, although they may not have much scientific factual support, are nevertheless of great interest for understanding how aggression is conceptualized in language in general, and in the Russian and Chinese languages in particular. Representatives of behaviorism, a theory that asserts that human behavior is determined not by innate, but exclusively by social and cultural factors, take positions diametrically opposed to instinctivists. Behaviorist concepts of aggression are based on the famous model of behavior by B.F. Skinner's stimulus-response concept. Behaviorists A. Bass and L. Berkovich independently came to the conclusion about the special role of external stimulation in the generation of aggressive actions. A. Bass is the first to identify three dichotomies of an individual’s aggressive behavior: physical-verbal, active-passive, direct-indirect aggression. (See Table 1 in Appendix). Table 1 illustrates a wide range of stereotypes of aggressive human actions. A person can “free himself” from his aggressive state by hitting or insulting the victim, or he can act around it by setting traps, gossiping, demonstrating silent protest, etc. Aggression can be directed against an individual or a group; its causes can be different. But all possible types of aggression are united by the fact that with their help a person or group of people are subjected to pressure, which ultimately leads either to their leaving the scene or to subordination to another person, group of people, or group norm. The four types of active aggression presented in this table are the most typical aggressive reactions of the average person. Many aggressive actions are committed in the context of anger, and this gives rise to ordinary consciousness to consider aggression and anger as interdependent concepts: anger as an obligatory cause of aggression, and aggression as an obligatory consequence of anger. In reality, things are much more complicated. Anger can result in a number of completely non-aggressive emotions/actions, such as anxiety, depression, switching to another activity, etc. On the other hand, aggression is not necessarily the result of the emotion of anger. The person who presses the launch button of a nuclear warhead may not be stifled by hatred for the whole world: the aggressor may be completely calm and not experience any emotions, including remorse. This clear difference in the types of aggressive actions allowed A. Bass to introduce the concept of “intention” and identify two main “intentions” of aggression: the intention to receive some kind of “reward” and the intention to make the victim suffer. A. Bass puts forward the thesis that there are two types of human aggression: “angry” and “instrumental”. “Anger” aggression is stimulated by an insult, a physical attack, or the presence of stimuli. These stimuli are the “keys” to anger, which in turn leads to aggression, the intention of which is to make the victim suffer. “Instrumental” aggression is a product of competition or the desire to acquire something that another individual has. These are the keys to "cold-blooded" aggression, the intention of which is to win a competition or receive a reward. A. Bass’s conclusions about the relationship between incentives for aggressive behavior and corresponding aggressive reactions are presented in the following table (see appendix). To summarize, it can be noted that emotions are one of the main components of linguistic personality. In this paragraph, we examined the concept of aggression, we examined the types of aggression, the role of aggression in society. 1.2 Specifics of the manifestation of a person’s aggressive state in the verbal components of communications
Research on aggression is currently being carried out within various humanities: psychology, sociology, cultural studies and linguistics. In linguistics, the study of aggression as a phenomenon of speech communication began relatively recently. Among linguists dealing with this problem, there is no unity in understanding the essence of aggression in speech, as well as in the choice of a term to denote it. Such phrases as verbal aggression, verbal aggression, linguistic aggression, etc. are widely used, as noted by Yu.V. Shcherbinina, “...the complexity of defining the concept of “verbal aggression” lies in the fact that this phenomenon cannot be considered a single form of behavior reflecting any one motivation. This term is used in relation to a wide variety of speech acts, very heterogeneous in motivation, situations of manifestation, forms of verbal embodiment, international orientation and therefore cannot be exhaustively defined through such generalized concepts as “negative speech impact”, “rudeness of speech”, etc. P." . The most general and frequently used definition of aggression for all sciences dealing with this problem is defined as follows: aggression is any action aimed at causing harm to an object. Often, verbal aggression refers to similar verbal reactions that are not aggression. Most often, the words “aggression” and “conflict” are considered synonymous. The concepts of aggression and conflict do not mean the same thing, moreover, the concept of conflict is much broader than the concept of aggression. As Yu.V. points out. Shcherbinina, “...conflict is not verbal aggression, nor is verbal aggression a conflict, more precisely, it is one of the unconstructive ways to resolve it.” “Ah, infection!” - we exclaim when we feel, for example, sharp pain. Outwardly, this statement looks like aggressive, however, it is not. Such a verbal reaction is spontaneous, unmotivated. T.A. Vorontsova believes that “from the position of communicative linguistics, it is important not only how it is said, but also why it is said.” In this regard, for a more detailed study of the essence of verbal aggression, it is advisable to consider it from the perspective of two sciences: psycholinguistics and pragmalinguistics. Psycholinguistics is a field of linguistics that studies language primarily as a phenomenon of the psyche. The addressee makes a choice of language units based on such extralinguistic factors as social status, character, culture, temperament and situation. The scope of psycholinguistics includes “the relationship between the language-mediated image of the human world and speech activity as an activity of verbal communication.” Reactions to negative stimuli turn into speech and thinking activity. . Pragmalinguistics is “one of the areas of pragmatics, the object of study of which is the relationship between linguistic units and the conditions of their use in a certain communicative space, for the characteristics of which indications of place and time are important speech interaction speaker and listener, their goals and expectations." Some researchers dealing with the problem of aggression, in particular verbal, have made attempts to systematize and classify the manifestations of this concept in speech. The first such attempts were made by psychologists. A. Bass in 1976 proposed 4 types of word aggression: .Verbal active direct (i.e. direct direct verbal insult or humiliation of the addressee): ...chou biao zi - prostitute. .Verbal active indirect (spreading gossip about a third person): ta shi ge sha bi da jia zhi dao le - He’s a fool, everyone knows that (from everyday conversation). .Verbal passive direct (refusal to talk to the addressee): ni chi fan le ma? -…wo wen ni! Did you eat? - ... - Answer, I’m asking you! In this case, the addresser deliberately remains silent in order to show his aggressive mood towards the addressee. .Verbal passive indirect (refusal to give verbal explanations). In our study, we consider the manifestation of verbal aggression in interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication involves the exchange of messages and their interpretation by two or more individuals who come into contact with each other. The unit of communication is the speech act. Based on this, and also taking into account the fact that pragmatics is often identified with the theory of speech acts, we consider it advisable to classify verbal aggression according to the forms of its manifestation, starting from the concept of a speech act. A speech act is “the minimum basic unit of speech communication in which one communicative goal of the speaker is realized and has an impact on the addressee.” Based on the foregoing, we defined the concept of a verbally aggressive act as a speech action containing verbally expressed aggression of the speaker, directed at the addressee or a third party. It is divided into direct and indirect verbally aggressive acts. In direct verbally aggressive acts, the addressee openly insults, threatens, etc. If aggression in speech is presented indirectly, we are talking about indirect verbal aggressive acts. Linguists classify aggression according to the forms of its manifestation. Yu.V. Shcherbinin, following L.M. Semenyuk, M.Yu. Fedosyuk, identifies such forms of verbal aggression as insult, threat, rude demand, etc., based on its classification, we identified the following verbal aggressive acts (VA): VA insults, VA hostile remarks, VA threats, VA rude demands, VA rude refusal, VA censure (reproach), VA accusation, VA irony. Examples of direct and indirect verbally aggressive acts (PVA and KVA) are presented in Table 3, which is listed in Appendix I. Let us give some explanations to the table. Insult - any word or expression containing an offensive characteristic of the addressee. When insulting, “communicative pressure on the individual occurs through an impact on the value sphere,” i.e. a verbally aggressive act of insult is used, the addressee gains a dominant position. Defensive insult is a reaction to a previous manifestation of aggression. In the example given in the table, the refusal to issue money, as well as the explanation of the reason for this using the insult “unfortunate spender,” causes a flow of negative emotions in the interlocutor, which he expresses in the form of retaliatory insults. Intentional insult is deliberately directed aggression, the addressee purposefully selects words in order to further humiliate the person and instill an inferiority complex. An indirect insult usually sounds softer, because... does not contain invective or harsh direct statements, but forces the addressee to unravel the implicature: You are smart! Clean Lukashenko! = I don’t think Lukashenko is smart, that’s why you’re stupid. A hostile remark is an expression of a negative attitude towards people. One of the ways of such a remark is “nitpicking”: “the speaker finds fault with certain moments of the addressee’s speech - unsuccessful formulations, speech errors, not very convincing examples, etc.” . A hostile remark can also be expressed as ill-will or a curse. The VA of a hostile remark appears indirectly through comparison and allusion. In comparison, aggression is manifested through the comparison of the addressee and something related to him with an object or subject that is offensive to him. The VA of a hint can be understood by guessing. Threat - an expressed intention to cause physical, material or any other harm to the addressee. VA threat often fits the construction if..., then..., where in the first part the addresser sets conditions, if not fulfilled, the addressee is threatened with something (in the second part): If you don’t give me the letter this minute, I will kill you! The condition in this example is the return of the letter, failing which the sender threatens to kill the addressee. There are much more indirect ways of expressing VA threat. Such threats may not contain precise information about the consequences for the addressee (What will I do to you now...), the threat can also be expressed using intonation and hostile hints: If someone does not stop now, then someone will be very hurt! = If you don't stop now, you will get hurt. A rude demand usually manifests itself in the speaker’s desire to get rid of the interlocutor or force him to perform some action (Get out of here!). An implicit rude demand is used much less frequently; this is the so-called demand that “imitates the speaker’s self-referral”: So that in 5 minutes I don’t see a single doll on the floor! = Quickly put away all the dolls! Rude refusal - impolite, uncultured refusal to a request, demand, etc.: - Buy me this toy! - You'll manage! = I won't buy it. Irony lies in the contradiction between the literal and hidden meaning. Of course, irony is not an expression of aggression, but there are frequent cases of irony being used as a veiled expression of negative aggressive emotions. VA of irony allows the speaker to implicitly convey his attitude to what is happening: I return to you your brilliant composition. = Your writing is disgusting. Thus, we made an attempt to analyze the essence of aggression from the point of view of psycholinguistics and pragmalinguistics. It is common knowledge that nonverbal behavior is superior to language in its ability to reveal emotional states. This is a more direct and more reliable channel of communication than the word; it directly addresses the emotional sphere of the communication partner. It is also necessary to determine the place of nonverbal communication components in the manifestation of a person’s aggressive states, because translation often depends on non-verbal means of communication. This will be discussed in the next paragraph of our study. aggression Chinese translation Russian 1.3 The place of nonverbal components in the paradigm of human aggressive reactions
Language is the primary natural form of expression of human thought. In this sense, it is the only and sufficient means of expressing thought. However, this does not mean that the communication process takes place in isolation from specific situation communication. For participants in communication, the timbre of the speaker’s voice, as well as his gestures, facial expressions, and vocabulary that he uses during the conversation are important. Emotional information expressed by these means is additional to intellectual information and represents a mandatory element of any communication process, often determining this process. The connection between nonverbal means of communication and verbal ones has been noted for a long time; The problem of non-linguistic systems capable of conveying content similar to the content conveyed by verbal language has been repeatedly addressed by linguistic science. Russian linguist E.D. Polivanov wrote in 1919: “... the meaning of words is supplemented by various modifications of the sound side, which includes mainly the melody of the vocal tone (and besides this, the tempo of speech, various degrees of sound strength, different shades in the sound-derived work of individual organs, for example, sluggish or energetic activities, etc.), and finally gestures. One should not think that these aspects of the speech process are something that is not subject to the study of linguistics, i.e. language sciences. Only, of course, consideration of these facts (melody, gestures and other accessories of speech) constitutes a special independent section linguistics; by the way, this is the department through which linguistics comes into contact with the theory of dramatic art.” Emotions and feelings are more accurately and quickly conveyed through nonverbal means than through verbal means. Nonverbal communication reveals the true meaning and intent of an utterance. Verbal clues are the product of careful thought; nonverbal behavior represents a level at which the conscious control so characteristic of speech is usually absent. Facial expression is central to human kinetic behavior. The face is constantly in the field of view of the communication partner, which undoubtedly influenced the formation and development of a person’s facial repertoire. One of the most important problems associated with facial expression of emotions is the problem of the universality and cultural relativity of facial expressions of emotions. Here we can distinguish two main points of view: coming from Charles Darwin and proclaiming the existence of universal facial expressions, and the opposite one, the main provisions of which were expressed in 1938 by Kleinberg. Kleinberg, who studied the description of facial emotions in Chinese fiction, noted that, despite some similarities in the expression of emotions on the face, such “basic” emotions as anger and surprise looked completely unrecognizable to a European. From here he came to the conclusion about the cultural relativity of facial expressions of emotions, i.e. in every culture there is a certain set of facial components that serve to express one or another emotion, and the similarity (if such is observed) can only be accidental. Following Kleinberg, R. Birdwhistell considered body movements and facial expressions (what he gave the name “kinesics”) as a special language that has units and structural organization, similar to spoken language. Believing that there are and cannot be any universal words or sound complexes in the languages of the world, he comes to the conclusion that there are no body movements, no gestures, no facial expressions that would cause the same reaction from a communication partner all over the world. Emotion expression programs and display rules are thus core components of the neurocultural model of emotion, which posits the simultaneous presence of universal and culture-specific facial expressions of emotion. The relationship between the program and social norms for expressing emotions varies from situation to situation, from emotion to emotion, but if the rules of expression do not “interfere” with the program for expressing emotions (and this happens when conscious control over the expression of emotions is lost), then the movements of the facial muscles for expressions of a certain emotion will (according to P. Ekman and his group) be the same in any culture, regardless of its level of development. These relationships between facial muscle movements and a particular emotion are invariant across cultures, but in different cultures There are certain rules for the manifestation of a particular emotion on the face, which prescribe either strengthening or, conversely, weakening the initial instinctive expression of emotion, which is the same for all representatives of the human race. Difficulties in interpreting and expressing emotions by representatives of different cultures are associated with the rules of manifestation. One of central concepts Kinesics is the concept of gesture. “A gesture is a symbolic unit of communication and communication that has a manual, mimic or pantomimic form of expression, performing a communicative function, characterized by reproducibility and semantic clarity for representatives of a nation or for members of a social group.” The most striking signs of increasing aggression are threatening gestures, which D. Morris divides into three groups: .Gestures - intentions of attack - actions that began, but seemed to remain unfinished (if the action is completed, then this is no longer a gesture, but direct physical aggression): gesture “to swing at someone”; moving the open palm slightly to the side, as if to hit the face, but instead of completing the blow, the hand goes down; clenching the hand into a fist, both palms clenched into fists can be raised in front of the body. .Aggressive “vacuum” gestures - actions that ended, but not with physical contact with the enemy: gesture - shaking fists, or when tense hands clasp an imaginary throat and slowly strangle an imaginary opponent; a threatening gesture with a raised index finger, while the remaining fingers are gathered towards the center of the palm (as if delivering symbolic blows to the enemy’s head). .Reoriented gestures: there is an attack and physical contact, but not with the body of the victim, but with some other object, often with the body of the attacker himself; the offender himself hits his knee or the wall with his fist, or runs his index finger across his throat, as if cutting it. The next important component of emotional communication is pantomime, i.e. significant body movements and postures. As for the expression of emotions using postures, research by P. Ekman and W. Friesen has shown that, compared to facial expressions and gestures, posture provides relatively meager information about a person’s emotional states: if facial expression provides more information about specific emotions, then body position (posture) demonstrates the depth and intensity of the emotion being experienced. In addition to the considered components of kinetic communication, the concept of “body language” includes communicatively significant spatial behavior of a person, which also plays an important role in the expression of human linguistic aggression. Spatial behavior conveys a huge number of meanings to communicators. The main concepts of proxemics are space, distance and territory. E. Hall identifies four typical communication distances: .intimate (minimum distance - up to 18 cm, maximum - 18-45 cm); .personal (from 46 to 120 cm); .social (from 1.21 to 3.6 m); .public (more than 3.6 m). The intimate zone is of greatest importance, because... It is precisely this that is most protected by man. The minimum radius of the intimate zone can only be penetrated through physical contact; In general, this distance is used for contacts only with the closest people. Personal distance is the distance that usually separates us when communicating with friends. Social distance is the distance between unfamiliar people, as well as between acquaintances in a formal setting. Public distance is the distance required when communicating with a large group of people, for example when a lecturer communicates with an audience. By territory, E. Hall understood the space controlled by an individual, family or other group, located in his physical possession and under his protection. Every person has a personal territory (intimate zone): it can be his house, a room, a place in the room, but, first of all, it is a clearly defined air space around the body. All of the above is important for our work, primarily because an act of physical aggression is nothing more than an invasion of a person’s intimate area. The verbal cues we use in this process express our aggressive state. Prosodic components of communication include “rhythmic-intonation means of phonation that characterize speech in a given language and create a set of sound phenomena that are not included in the system of differential phonological oppositions proper: various intonation modulations of the voice, additional overtones, voice coloring, etc.” . Emotions of aggression are most clearly realized in the facial and gestural reactions of the individual, as well as in the prosodic design of statements in both linguistic cultures. Based on the position that almost any emotion is expressed simultaneously to a greater or lesser extent by all paralinguistic means, we set one of our tasks to find out by what means language describes aggressive states of a person and what place kinesics, prosody and proxemics occupy in the verbalization of descriptions of emotional aggression in two linguistic cultures (Chinese and Russian). In the next chapter, the expression of aggression will be considered from the perspective of translation theory, how non-verbal means of expressing aggression are verbalized during translation. 2. Features of the translation of elements of speech of modern Chinese based on dialogues from feature film"Farewell, my concubine" .1 Translation models for speech dialogues
The language of each people is a living organism, inextricably linked with the history, culture and social life of this people. Speakers of different languages, communicating and interacting with each other, convey the culture of their people through language, and the key link in interlingual communication is the translator. The real translation process takes place in the translator's brain and is not available for direct observation and research. Therefore, the study of the translation process is carried out indirectly through the development of various theoretical models that describe the translation process as a whole or some aspect of it with greater or lesser approximation. A translation model is a conditional description of a number of mental operations, by performing which a translator can translate the entire original or some part of it. In the linguistic theory of translation, translation models represent the translation process as a series of mental operations on linguistic or speech units, i.e. in the form of linguistic operations, the choice of which is determined linguistic features the original and corresponding phenomena in the target language. The translation model is conditional in nature, since it does not necessarily reflect the real actions of the translator in the process of creating the translation text. Since we consider the situational translation model to be the most appropriate for translating conversational dialogues, for this reason we examined this translation model and the specifics of the implementation of this model using specific examples. Situational translation model The situational model of translation is based on the undoubted fact that the content of all units of language ultimately reflects some objects, phenomena, relations of reality, which are usually called denotations. Segments of speech created using message language contain information about some situation, i.e. about a certain set of denotations placed in certain relationships to each other. “As presented by I.I. Revzina and V.Yu. Rosenzweig, who developed this model, this process, which they called interpretation, looks like this. There is a sender A, an addressee B and a translator P. A, using the FL language, conveys a message to C1 about some situation in reality D. The translator, using the FL system, establishes a correspondence between C1 and D1 and then, using the TL system, constructs a new message C2 about the same situation; message C2 is received by addressee B, who, using the PL system, establishes a correspondence between C2 and reality.” . In other words: the translator has perceived a certain speech sequence, from this sequence he moves on to the situation, considers this situation, then, completely abstracting from the message that was conveyed to him, but only having in mind this situation, the interpreter reports this situation to another person. Considering that the main content of any message is to reflect a specific extra-linguistic situation, the situational translation model considers the translation process as a process of describing, using the target language, the same situation that is described in the original language. In this interpretation, the translation process is carried out from the original text to reality - and from it - to the translation text. In translation reality, the same process takes a shorter route, when the translator can directly replace the original units with the corresponding translation units, and the appeal to reality is carried out outside of this act of translation. The translation model retains its basic orientation: an explanation of the translation process as an appeal to the situation being described. Let's consider the application of this model in an excerpt from the movie "Farewell, My Concubine": Example 1. At the very beginning of the film, a teacher, punishing his student for misreading his role, says the following: Wu: (Wǒ ji à o nǐ cu ò… Nǐ cuò …. Wǒ dǎ nǐ xiǎo làizi …Nǐ hái cuò?) Did I ask you to make mistakes... Here you go, get it. Will you still do this? Will you? Literally this phrase translates as “I asked you to be wrong...You were wrong...I will beat you, Fool. Will you still make mistakes?” But this phrase will not have an emotional impact on the viewer. When expressing anger through language, we use more emotionally charged words. An important role is also played by non-verbal means of conveying an aggressive state - voice timbre, gestures, facial expressions. In this passage, the Teacher hits the student in anger, he is angry that he misread his role. From the Teacher’s angry voice one can understand that he is irritated and dissatisfied. Example 2. One of the main characters, Xiao Douzi, and another boy run away from school, but then they decide to go back, the master meets them at the gate, screams in anger and starts running after them: Wu: Hǎo xiǎozi, nǐmen h á i hu í l á i ya? Nǐ pǎo? U: Little assholes, do you still dare to come back? Well, wait a minute! To correctly translate this line, we must establish correspondences between the message and reality. The teacher says a phrase that, when translated literally, sounds like “Little boys, are you back? You run,” however, given the situation and the intonation with which the phrase was said, we offer a more colloquial version of the translation using vulgar vocabulary. The phrasal particle ya, standing at the end of the sentence, conveys her irritation and aggression; we replaced the word “boys” with the more aggressive, emotionally charged word “assholes.” The sentence “You run” does not carry any emotionality, given the situation in which this sentence was uttered, we decided to replace it with the sentence “Well, wait a minute!” Example 3: While reading his passage from the opera, the student makes a mistake. The teacher, noticing this, angrily says the following phrase: U: Sh īfu shuō de x ì, nǐ quán wàng le Xià cì zài wàng le wǎng sǐ lǐ dǎ nǐ You have forgotten what I taught you. You forget again and I will beat the soul out of you. When translating the phrase “literally” we get the following: “You forgot the play told by the Teacher. If you forget again, I’ll beat you to death.” In order to correctly translate this phrase, it is necessary to consider the situation in which the phrase was said; the intonation with which this phrase was spoken also plays an important role, because it is with the help of intonation that we can convey an aggressive state. To create a greater effect of the Teacher's aggressiveness and rage, and also taking into account the situation in which this phrase was said, we decided to translate the last sentence as follows. Example 4. The situational model is applicable for the translation of nicknames or “speaking names”. There is a hint of aggression in the nicknames. In film " 霸王别姬 » (Bà wáng bié j ī) « Farewell my concubine” we are faced with the problem of translating the nicknames of some of the characters by name 小癫子 (Xiǎo D iān zi) Xiao Dianzi. When each morpheme is translated separately, we get the combination “small, worthless, dissolute, crazy, bad.” However, this translation does not look very correct, so we first analyze the reality and come to the following conclusions: 1. at the beginning of the film, he persuades one of the main characters to escape from school; 2. Xiao Dianzi - was not particularly diligent; he preferred to be on the sidelines when the main character was punished for escaping. Next, we analyze the morphological structure of the word. Morpheme xi ăo, standing at the beginning of a word is not always translated as the word “small”. In this case, the presence of video helps us in translation. We see that he is a little cowardly and lazy. Thus, the translator faces a difficult task. How to translate a nickname, preserving the expressive coloring, and without violating the norms of the modern Russian language. In this case, we offer the “simpleton” option. (?) For the conditions for describing the translation of words expressing a person’s aggressive state, the situational translation model has significant explanatory power. It adequately describes the translation process, when in order to create a communicatively equivalent text in the target language, it is necessary and sufficient to point to the same situation that is described in the translation, to select the most appropriate word that reflects aggression. Using this model, equivalence can be achieved at the level of situation identification. The most clearly situational model operates: ) when translating non-equivalent vocabulary; ) when the situation described in the original clearly determines the choice of translation option; ) when understanding and translation of the original or any part of it is impossible without clarifying those aspects of the described situation that are not included in the meanings of the language units used in the message. The situational model of translation has significant explanatory power. Since the translation depends on the specific situation, sometimes aggression can only be distinguished using non-verbal means of language - voice timbre, gestures, facial expressions. The situational translation model, for all its advantages, does not fully correspond to the real actions of the translator. To do this, translation modeling must include a description of the mental processes that ensure such activity. For these purposes, psycholinguistic translation models are used based on the provisions of the theory of speech activity. It is postulated here that, when carrying out the translation process, the translator first transforms his understanding of the content of the original into his internal program (internal subjective code), and then deploys this program into the translation text. The psycholinguistic model of translation corresponds to the understanding of translation as a type of speech activity, but, unfortunately, the explanatory power of such a model is limited by the fact that we do not know how such “collapse” and “expansion” objectively occur, what elements of content are stored in the internal program and how one of the possible ways of implementing such a program in the translation text is selected. The translation model sets itself the task of presenting the translation process as a whole, indicating the general direction of the translator’s thought and the successive stages of the transition from the original to the translation. A more detailed description of the translation process is achieved by describing the types of mental operations with the help of which the translator finds the desired translation option. It is assumed that there is a direct connection between the units of the original and the translation, and that a translation unit can be obtained from the original unit through some transformations (transformations). The presentation of the translation process as the transformation of original units into translation units is metaphorical in nature. In reality, nothing happens to the original units, they remain unchanged, and the translator simply selects communicatively equivalent units in the target language. This search begins with the perception of original units and ends with the creation of corresponding translation sections. In other words, the translator’s brain receives a piece of text in the original language as “input” and “produces as output” a piece of text in the target language. By comparing the initial and final sections of the text, one can only try to characterize the method of transition from the first to the second, the “translation techniques” with the help of which the first are, as it were, transformed into the second. The psycholinguistic model is closely related to the internal picture of the world of a particular translator as a participant in the act of three-way communication (author - translator - viewer). It seems that it is precisely such complex, three-aspect models that are capable of reproducing and describing the methods and techniques of conveying the meaning of words, the meaning of complete sentences, ideas and their artistic embodiment in a film text as a work of art. Based on the above features of translation models, we can conclude that all two types of the above models can be effective for describing the process of translation of verbal aggression. At the same time, experience shows that the most linguistically relevant for the study of translation processes is a combination of transformational-semantic and psycholinguistic models. A specific transformational-semantic model allows us to reveal the main stages of a translator’s work, reflect the sequence of actions and translation techniques, and describe the process of choosing the level of equivalence at which individual words, phrases and texts are translated. 2.2 Problems of translating linguistic elements expressing a person’s aggressive state
When watching the movie “Farewell, my concubine”, we were faced with a number of problems in translating language units that express the aggressive state of a person, namely: the translation of taboo vocabulary, emotional and evaluative words, the mention of images and elements from precedent texts (allusions), the problem of translating states of aggression which is expressed on a non-verbal level. Very often, when expressing an aggressive state, profanity is used. Thus, we are faced with the first problem - the problem of translating taboo vocabulary. First of all, we propose to consider the very concept of taboo vocabulary. Taboo vocabulary - layers of vocabulary in a language that are taboo for religious, mystical, moral, political reasons, maintaining good taste in society or in some of its layers, or on occasion. Experts point to the existence of various functions of using taboo vocabulary (swear words) in speech: to make speech more emotional; relieve your psychological stress; insult, humiliate, defame the addressee of the speech; show how free, uninhibited, independent the speaker is; demonstrate to your interlocutor your reaction to the system of prohibitions; signal that the speaker belongs to “their own”, etc. In the film, this vocabulary is used among illiterate, uneducated people, people from the lower class of society. We are faced with the problem of translation. Some swear words in one language have a direct analogue in Russian, but are perceived as unacceptable vocabulary. All these words express the negative, aggressive state of the speaker towards other people. Consider an example from the movie “Farewell My Concubine.” At the beginning of the film, a girl from a brothel is carrying a child, and a guest of the brothel sees her. He tries to talk to her, but she does not pay attention to him, does not want to talk to him. He irritably shouts the following words after her: − Lǎo méi jiàn, nǐ k ě xiǎng sǐ wǒ - How many years, how many winters. Did you miss me? − Prostitute. The Chinese language has rich verbal resources. The expressive capabilities of the lexical means of the Chinese language are wide and varied. The expression of emotions, including aggression, is expressive in most cases. Intonation is of great importance in determining the expressive-emotional coloring of a word. Language serves not only to express people’s thoughts, but also to express their feelings and emotions. When expressing aggression, we use emotional and evaluative words. Translating these kinds of words is the next problem that we encountered in the process of translating movie subtitles. The context reveals and realizes the potential and generates an emotional connotation that is new to the semantic structure of the word. Context can not only help select actual meanings from the set of dictionary meanings of a linguistic unit, but also influence the formation of a new meaning of a word. In Chinese one of the essential means Lexical expressiveness is provided by words with emotional and evaluative meaning. The translation of such words is the next problem in this film. Used in their literal meaning, they are, however, expressively rich and emotionally charged. Such words create the general emotional tone of the statement, convey the sensory, subjective-evaluative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, the facts of the surrounding reality. Some words have emotional-evaluative meanings regardless of context, due to their semantic nature, others acquire it in context, depending on the specific verbal environment. an) ongguāngd an) hungry man, (h útú dàn) jerk. Also, emotional-evaluative words are formed using the suffixes zi and er. Let's look at an example from a movie. Before the performance, the Japanese soldier puts on the stage costume of one of the main characters. Main character not happy with what is happening, asks to take off the suit. The soldier answers him, using a derogatory word, expressing his disdain for the main character: −Nǐ yě de gu āiguāi de g ěi b ā xi alai Tīng m ingbái le, xì zi - You still have to give it back. Do you understand, actress? In the movie, one of the main characters calls a girl from a brothel after the libertine from the novel “Plum Blossoms in a Golden Vase.” The mention of images and elements from precedent texts is called allusion. First of all, we propose to consider the very concept of allusion. An allusion is a stylistic figure containing a clear indication or a distinct hint of a certain literary, historical, mythological or political fact, enshrined in textual culture or in colloquial speech. The novel “Plum Blossoms in a Golden Vase” - the most mysterious and scandalous of the great novels of medieval China, was written in the 17th century. The name of the author has not been preserved, only the pseudonym is known - the Lanling mocker. This is the first Chinese novel of a realistic nature, which was considered so indecent that its full publication is still prohibited in China. Unlike traditional novels that depict mythological or historical events, Jin, Ping, Mei tells the merry life of a worthless man surrounded by his four wives and numerous concubines. The premise of the novel was one of the episodes of the medieval Chinese classic - “River Pools”, from which the characters are taken - the rich city dweller Ximen Qing and his beloved - the fifth wife - the beautiful, cruel and insidious libertine Pan Jinlian, who poisoned her first husband, a loser-flatbread merchant, with arsenic . The minor characters of "River Pools" become the center of the narrative of "Jin, Ping, Mei." Pan Jinlian, who brought only grief to her second husband’s house, dies from the punishing sword of her former brother-in-law, the hero Wu Song. And before that, 33-year-old Ximen Qing himself dies from excessive debauchery. The son of the main character, born on the day of his death and being, as it were, a new incarnation of the soul of his late father, should become a monk while still a fifteen-year-old boy. This is a punishment to the father for his sins and the end of his lineage. Thus, comparing the girl with that very lecherous Pan Jinlian is outright aggression. There are two options for solving this problem - to translate the name, which means nothing to foreign viewers, or to choose an image that corresponds to the depraved lady that exists in Russian culture. Let's look at this phenomenon with an example. Before the performance, one of the main characters deliberately asks the other about the existence in his life of a girl who works in a brothel, calling her not by her own name, but by the name of a slutty woman from a famous novel. “Are you saying that “Pan Jinlian” has appeared in your life?? The effectiveness of any communication contacts is determined not only by how clear the words or other elements of verbal communication are to the interlocutor, but also by the ability to interpret information that is transmitted at the non-verbal level through gestures, facial expressions and voice timbre. Thus, we are faced with the problem of translating lexical units that express a person’s aggressive state using paralinguistic means of communication. The meaning of a statement largely depends on what intonation, rhythm, and timbre of the voice were used to convey it. Speech tones influence the meaning of a statement, signal about emotions, a person’s state, and his attitude to the communicative process. If we only see credits from a movie, then it is not always possible to understand where aggression is present, expressed in insult, irritation, spreading gossip, etc. The same words can be said in different ways. Only by watching a movie can you understand where aggression is present and what words are best chosen during translation in order to display them on a verbal level. For example: While reading his role, the boy makes a mistake, thereby angering his teacher. This proposal does not carry any aggression. Only when watching a movie, based on the tone in which this sentence was said, can one understand that this is aggression expressed by a threat: −Jiào nǐ cuò …Xiǎozi zhǎng diǎn jìxìng - Did I ask you to make mistakes? You will remember her for the rest of my life. .3 Methods of translating expressions reflecting a person’s aggressive state
In paragraph 2.2. we looked at the problems that arose when translating the film “Farewell My Concubine”. In this section we will try to find ways to solve these difficulties. The role of the translator as a link in intercultural communication. The responsibility for adequate transmission of the text falls on the shoulders of the translator. The art of “conveying the author” to the reader now lies not only in the ability to convey the text without violating the usual norms of the translating language, but also in maximally reflecting the cultural (mental) characteristics of the original language. One of the “problem” layers of the vocabulary of any language remains the layer of taboo vocabulary, which is closest to live communication and most clearly reflects the mentality of native speakers. Quite often, when expressing an aggressive state, the heroes of the movie “Farewell My Concubine” use profanity to express their aggression, to characterize the person at whom it is directed. As already mentioned in paragraph 2.2., taboo vocabulary is used among illiterate, uneducated people, people from the lower class of society. According to I.S. Alekseeva, translation of taboo vocabulary due to partial compensation with the help of rude words (expletive), there may be an increase in their number. This type of vocabulary is present in the original text of the film dialogue and has a direct analogue in Russian, but is perceived as unacceptable for use in the text of the target language. The degree of correlation between the expression of foreign language and native vocabulary is currently a rather complex issue due to the problem of translating such lexical units by translators of foreign literature, cinema, etc. Often translators, taking into account such a discrepancy in the degree of expression, give translations with less expressive equivalents of the Russian language. It must be taken into account that in this film we cannot replace taboo vocabulary with softer, literary forms. Because this is the speech of illiterate, uneducated boys who have no family, they were often beaten, it will be ridiculous if we translate the abusive speech into phrases of literary speech, especially when we are not dealing with a static, printed text, but a dynamic one (subtitles, or the speech of actors dubbing). Therefore, the use of swear words only when there was a need to emphasize any statement as much as possible. Often, translators, taking into account such a discrepancy in the degree of expression, give translations using less expressive equivalents of the Russian language. If the meaning of the transmitted message is not lost, then profanity can be omitted. Let's look at an example from a movie. After the children gave a performance on the street, at school the Teacher punishes one of the boys because, in the Teacher’s opinion, he played his role poorly. The teacher, punishing him, says the following phrase: − Nǐ gè gǒupì dà sh īxiōng, nǐ tā mā li án gè hóu er d ōu yǎn b ùliǎo .
- You are a worthless little man! You can't even play the role of a monkey. When translating this phrase into Russian, trying to preserve emotionality and aggressiveness, we replaced the swear word with an expressive expression with a negative connotation - “worthless little man.” They omitted the phrase that when translated sounds like “your mother.” We believe that this omission did not affect the degree of expression of aggression. I would like to note that, despite the fact that, according to many researchers in the field of translation studies, taboo vocabulary can be translated due to partial compensation using rude words (expletive), sometimes swear words need to be translated using functional analogues existing in the target language . This is necessary to express extreme aggression and hostility towards another person. For example, the best girl leaves the brothel. The owner is angry with this news and does not want the girl to leave. Says the following words: − Wǒ gàosu nǐ, nà yáoji ě yǒngyuǎn sh ì yaoji ě. Nǐj Ð zhù wǒ zhè huà. Zhè jiùshì nǐ de mìng - I'll tell you what. A street bimbo remains a street bimbo all her life. Remember this. This is your destiny! As noted in paragraph 1.2., aggression can be direct and indirect, i.e. a person can express his aggressive attitude, while speaking in an absolutely calm, even tone. At first, the hostess screams, throws things off the table, but, realizing that she will not restrain the girl with this, she speaks in an even tone, but at the same time expresses her aggression. According to the translation given in the Chinese-Russian slang dictionary by S.Yu. Sizov, the word " 窑姐” translates as “Whore, prostitute,” which is a very swear word. We decided to replace it with the colloquial expression “Street wench,” which also shows the hostess’s negative, aggressive attitude towards the girl. In a brothel, a bunch of tipsy guests pester a girl, but she is saved by one of the main characters. She jumps from the second floor, and one of the main characters catches her. The girl shouts to her offenders: − Gūnǎinai ti ào le, z ěnmezhe ?Wangb d an, d ōu sh М t ā mā yātou yǎng de - Even the woman jumped. Now you. You are a bunch of dirty freaks. We took into account that these words are spoken by an uneducated person, a person from the lower class of society. This girl is aggressive towards a group of men who forced her to drink wine mouth to mouth. The second phrase contains taboo vocabulary. Literally, the second phrase translates as “You are all illegitimate bastards,” which is an extremely rude statement. This expression was replaced by a more relaxed version of the translation. To express a negative attitude towards another person, words with an emotional and evaluative meaning were used in the film. Words with their own emotional-evaluative meaning are divided according to the method of word production into two groups: words formed by adding roots and words formed by suffixes. Some morphemes, when used as a word-forming device, completely or partially lose their direct subject-logical meaning, but, while retaining their emotional meaning, form nouns with a negative, aggressive subjective-evaluative characteristic. To express an aggressive attitude towards the subject of thought, it is typical to use words with an emotional-evaluative meaning, formed with the help of the morpheme (Guǐ) damn, (D an) egg (used in phrases to express a negative attitude (insult) to various qualities of a person). For example: (Jiǔguǐ) drunk, (qi ongguāngd an) hungry man, (h útú dàn) jerk . Consider the following line from the movie Farewell My Concubine. In a brothel, guests forced a girl to drink wine from her mouth. She says this phrase: (Wángb d an) - (Wángb ā dàn jiù wángb d an) Yes, we are freaks. The literal translation is “Turtle Eggs”. Some Chinese researchers defend the version that this definition comes from the expression W ang b ā duān, that is, "Forget the eight Confucian virtues", namely: xi ào) sons piety, (t ì) respect of the younger brother to the elder, (zh ōng) devotion, (x ìn) honesty, sincerity, (lǐ) politeness, (y ì) justice, (li án) unselfishness, incorruptibility, (chǐ) conscience, modesty, and then they began to name it according to phonetic consonance and in accordance with the semantic (emotional, abusive) load. Translated as: bastards, bastards, freaks. Words formed by suffixes: The expressive capabilities of Chinese morphology in the sphere of affective vocabulary are represented by only two suffixes er zi. The first suffix denotes a positive meaning, and the second a negative meaning (a derogatory connotation indicating a feeling of hostility). To denote a negative, aggressive attitude, the second suffix is used. Consider an example from the movie “Farewell My Concubine.” During the Cultural Revolution in China, angry crowds saw the main characters continue to perform in Peking Opera, and they also performed for the Japanese military. Zhè bùshì zhàopiàn shàng nà liǎ xìzi ma? Look! Are these the two actors from the photo? Taking into account the negative, aggressive state of the crowd towards the main characters, as well as the suffix that gives a negative meaning, we selected a word with a pronounced expressive connotation. An additional element of degree can be added to verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, which is placed immediately after the words, expressing the degree of the emotional state; after this, after this element the modal particle le is often used. For example, in a brothel, guests pester one of the girls, they grab her clothes and shake her. To be left alone, she shouts the following words: − (Gàosu nǐ, wǒ zh ēn jí le). − (Jí le…jí le hǎo ya). - I'm telling you, I'm mad as hell. - Well, get angry, get angry... In this example, the particle le adds even more emotionality and irritation to the spoken remark. Considering the situation and the timbre of the voice, we translated the line as “I’m fucking angry.” Those. in this situation, when a person is irritated, aggressive, wants to be left alone, such a remark would be said by a Russian person. In paragraph 2.2. the problem of translating images from precedent texts was mentioned, i.e. comparing a person with some hero from famous works. For example, with the image of a negative hero, a slut, a villain, etc. This is outright aggression. In the film, one of the main characters compares a girl from a brothel with a libertine from the famous Chinese novel “Plum Blossoms in a Golden Vase.” - Do you want to say that a walking “Pan Jinlian” has appeared in your life?? The problem of transmitting lexical units expressing a person’s aggressive state at the non-verbal level, which is mentioned in paragraph 2.2., is the most important, because Quite often the meaning of words depends on what intonation and timbre of voice were used to convey it. The translation depends on what situation occurs. When viewing the credits, we cannot immediately recognize which lines contain aggression, because Most aggression is contained in nonverbal means of communication. Therefore, it is necessary to select words that would convey the emotional state of the speaker, taking into account the situation in which they are pronounced. Let's look at an example from the movie. Example: A girl, before leaving a brothel, comes to the owner, demonstratively takes off all her jewelry, gives away all her money, even takes off the shoes she was wearing. He leaves without saying a word. This development of the situation greatly irritates the hostess; she angrily throws off from the table everything that the girl had set aside for her. She irritably shouts after the girl: (Zhēn tā mā xiǎng dāng t àitài nǎinai la nǐ? Zuò nǐ niáng de b ōl í mèng qù ba) - What, you really want to become the wife of a decent man, damn it! She rolled her lips! Dream dream! In the first phrase, the swear word was replaced with the colloquial word “Damn it,” but the phrase did not lose its emotionality. It is necessary to take into account the situation in which these words are spoken, the timbre of the voice, and the aggressiveness towards this girl. To convey the hostess's dissatisfaction and anger because the best of her girls is leaving her, we selected an analogue in Russian, used in situations when a person has a negative attitude towards another person. All aggression directed towards this girl is expressed through this analogue. Conclusion
In this diploma work We examined the features of the translation from Chinese into Russian of expressions reflecting the aggressive state of a person based on the material of speech dialogues from the film “Farewell My Concubine”. In the theoretical part, the author analyzed the concept of aggression, the phenomenon of aggression, the role of aggression in society. In the process of work, the author sought to compare two types of language in order to achieve an equivalent and adequate translation when translating. The following conclusions were drawn from this study: Emotions are non-verbal in essence, that they manifest themselves mainly in non-verbal components of communication - facial expressions, gestures, prosody, etc. Emotions are one of the main components of the nonverbal aspect of the linguistic personality. This is why it is incredibly difficult to express an emotion in words. Aggressive states and aggressive behavior of an individual, as well as the expression of aggression through language, is one of the important problems of study in linguistics. Among linguists dealing with this problem, there is no unity in understanding the essence of aggression in speech, as well as in the choice of a term to denote it. Such phrases as verbal aggression, verbal aggression, linguistic aggression, etc. are widely used. To describe the translation process, the following translation models, situational and psycholinguistic, can be effective. At the same time, the most linguistically relevant for the study of translation processes is a combination of situational and psycholinguistic models. Using translation transformations When translating subtitles, it is necessary to rely on the audio-visual sequence of the film. In the second chapter, translation models were demonstrated that were used when translating speech dialogues for this film, and problems of translating lexical units expressing a person’s aggressive state and methods of their translation were also identified. Bibliography
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The best way to protect yourself from both psychological and all other types of blow is a special, deeply thought-out, clear, internally peaceful and at the same time very secure strategy of behavior when other people don’t even want to attack you. But it is impossible to live life without having a single enemy and without receiving a single blow. We all defend our position, and someone may not like it, even if you make no visible mistakes.
So, you are calmly communicating with some person, and nothing foretells a storm. However, at some point, an elusive click occurs, and your interlocutor, unexpectedly for you, comes into a state of aggression and, with his voice, gestures, movements or other means, inflicts a strong psychological blow on you. You feel that you are completely or half out of the game, but you need to continue it. Another scenario is also possible: you actively argue, conflict, attack, hit, they hit you in response, but you are not afraid of this, because you have enough strength to parry all your opponent’s blows. And suddenly he does something unexpected for you - he breaks through the armor of your defense, and you feel discomfort, weakness, loss of energy, stupor in your thoughts... You have been hit, but you do not have the opportunity to crawl into a corner and calmly lick the wound. You need to continue the fight, communication, contact and defend your position, no matter how bad it is. Perhaps you haven’t felt bad yet, because although the blow was struck, you partially repelled it.
What methods can you apply in this case?
Impact force rating
To do this, turn on the full power of your intuition and awaken your consciousness as much as possible. Try to turn off the mind that usually thinks like some cautious rationalists - slowly considering options, weighing consequences, choosing the path of least cost, including verbalization. Intuitive thinking should be used - awareness by the body, subconscious and will. The most interesting thing is that our inner intuitive being (provided we know how to ask correctly) almost always knows the correct answer. If our intuition is currently working poorly and is silent, then we should often ask ourselves in the most ordinary, simple situations - what should we do? An instant question, listening to yourself with full concentration of attention, then catching the answer (in the form of a still vague feeling, a fuzzy image, a barely formed thought-guess) and, finally, an action - something like this could be a training scheme that can be used in in our case - repelling a blow.
Listening to yourself, to your inner memory, try to extract from your own depths this hidden knowledge - how to act, the image of the correct response - and feel how fast the answer should be, is there an opportunity to gain time and delay it, specially preparing your strength for new ones? collisions.
Impenetrable reaction, or hiding weakness
This rule should not always apply. Sometimes it is useful for the enemy to see how angry you are and how unpleasant you are with what he did (if you are sure that he is an intelligent person, not devoid of nobility, or if you are going to use his “hitting” at you in order to respond “ run over" many times stronger). However, in any case, you should not show your vulnerability, weakness and dependence on his strength. Try to continue the conversation in the same intonation key, without changing the volume of your voice, the nature of your phrases, your eye expression, or your posture. If possible, be able to never flinch, as if extinguishing the fire of his aggressive blow in the space of your impenetrability and uncertainty. You can, however, take a short pause before you answer him, framing it, however, as a hidden threat or, at least, as a force. Let him be afraid.
The good thing about impenetrability is that sometimes it gives you the opportunity to buy time and prepare the most effective response. It is expressed not only in closed poses and facial expressions, sometimes reminiscent of a mask. People from special departments know how to use it well, and since they have come out of the shadows today, and you can see dozens of them on TV every day, I see nothing wrong in learning elegant professional restraint from them. The highest aerobatics of impenetrability is to behave extremely freely on the external level. Never show your weakness and vulnerability to your opponent, even if the blow actually hits your weak spot. Better to dress your weakness in the armor of a confident posture and smile. Remember the words of one of the most vulnerable and therefore suffered people of his time - Sergei Yesenin:
In thunderstorms, in storms, in everyday shame. During heavy losses And when you are sad Appearing smiling and simple is the highest art in the world. ("Black man")
Liberation from negative energy
If you have just received an energy breakdown or feel that at the moment you will not be able to repel the blow, then get ready to immediately at least partially remove negative energy from your aura. You will do this completely later. Without such situational instant release from energy poisons, you will not be able to successfully continue communicating and fighting the enemy.
You can remove negative, traumatic energy from the aura: a) with the help of several inhalations and exhalations, during which a person mentally focuses on the affected organ, subtle center or area of the body; b) due to muscle tension and subsequent relaxation of that part of the body that responded most painfully to the blow; c) through the mental transfer of the strong-willed “I” to a de-energized, traumatized area of one’s consciousness, followed by concentrating attention on it for some time; d) by adopting the most comfortable relaxing poses, invisible to the enemy; e) through stimulating images of positive energy.
In other words, you will have to separate its energetic part from the psychological blow. In this case, it will be much easier for you to bear its consequences and mitigate them.
The state of readiness to respond to a blow
Having freed yourself from someone else's negatively charged energy, enter a state of maximum strength, confidence and self-control. Remember if you had a similar state in the past, and resurrect it in your memory, not only at the level of the mental picture, but also at the level of the entire being, including the body. Achieve a feeling of strength and confidence in which you are not held back by images of possible failure or fear of being defeated. Try to feel that you are stronger than your offender, or at least not weaker than him. A state of strength should convince you that you are capable of competently responding to the challenge that the offender throws at you. Once you have this strong sense of self, you can finally respond.
All the described techniques, which are stages of a single response to a blow (assessing the force of the blow, the reaction of impenetrability, removing the negative energetic consequences after the blow, entering a state of confident strength) can arise in your mind and body almost instantly, in a few fractions of a second, and may extend over a longer period of time. The brain is a gigantic, complex biocomputer that continuously solves certain problems by analyzing options. When choosing an answer, try to listen to yourself with your whole being and ask what you want from this situation: to trample the enemy or to defend your right to free action? If you want to trample, you must understand that you are getting involved in further communication with an unclear outcome. Try to appreciate everything Negative consequences, find the strength to give up the fight and move on to the second answer.
Overcoming the wrong attitude that left us open to attack
Any blow that we received, and most importantly, missed, indicates that at that moment we perceived other people incorrectly, the world and ourselves. Deviations from a more correct perception can be directed in any direction - from too much overestimation of oneself to too low self-esteem, but they are almost always associated with an erroneous disarming attitude. A person insists more than necessary on his approach, decision, demands on people and circumstances, and when his expectations are not confirmed, he loses his balance and misses a blow. We too often and unreasonably expect a good attitude from people, and when we encounter a bad or indifferent attitude, sometimes we even lose our temper. It happens even more often that we are simply immersed in a psychological sleep, therefore any mocking word, irritation or pressure is perceived by us as an extremely painful effect. In short, we are not ready to face the attack with dignity and security, because we are filled with a false attitude that convinces us that there will be no attack. Then, when the blow does occur, this false attitude triggers erroneous ego-protective reactions in us, forcing us to repress unpleasant information or attribute our vices to other people instead of thinking about why, in fact, we missed the blow.
Carefully analyze your attitudes and expectations in three situations:
When there is already a conflict;
When it is not there, but most likely it is about to begin;
When everything is fine and no collisions are expected.
Try to answer the question: what do you want in each case and how are you most likely to behave? If your preliminary attitude does not carry the elastic energy of true security, try changing the attitude. But for this you need to deeply understand and experience that your attitude is wrong and that sooner or later it will open you to new blows. Refusing false installation is not just an intellectual decision that is easy to implement. An attitude of anticipation or readiness to act includes several elements:
Emotional attitude to the situation;
State of consciousness (in this case it is careless, sleepy, lazy);
Energy tone (as a rule, it is reduced);
Muscular condition (either too relaxed or, on the contrary, too tense).
Observe the installation from the point of view of a possible impact and think about how all its elements will change if it does happen. What will happen to your emotions? Will they be even more depressed or will there be an outbreak of aggression followed by oppression? Will your consciousness go into a completely different state, oscillating from sleep mode to panic mode? Will your energy tone decrease? Will your thoughts become fixed? But if all this is so, and a missed blow will increase your suffering in all directions, is it not worth abandoning the erroneous and harmful attitude?
Tune in to a different, more adequate, positive and internally collected attitude towards people, the world and yourself. Include in your consciousness the recollection that all people and situations are different from each other, and therefore at any moment you can meet unexpected aggressive resistance in the form of a blow. Be prepared to accept it calmly, without unnecessary tension, which would only attract new blows. To be prepared means to have several types of adequate response in stock. Therefore, think and answer the question: in what forms, words, actions, actions will your response to the blow be manifested. In other words, create several internal images of the correct response to a blow, charge them with energy and put them into the subconscious, no longer thinking about the attack and even trying to prevent it, radiating a friendly attitude towards people and the world. You will extract the image of the correct answer only after the blow or immediately at the moment of its delivery.
Ignoring the attack
Even though you have received a blow, you ignore it, defend your arguments and continue communication, perhaps even intensifying it and increasing your offensive fervor. By doing this you make it clear that this does not affect you in any way and will not make you angry under any circumstances. Ignoring is a strong response, but your strength will be real if you do not break under pressure and are able to defend your interests. Ignoring can be done without any fixation of the blow. When you send a signal to the enemy, you do not see him at point blank range. As a rule, such ignoring hurts the attacker and can cause him to retreat.
Evasion is like victory
In a number of cases, a direct clash with the enemy in a psychological conflict, even in the event of your moral victory, will bring you so much trouble and problems that it would be better to avoid the fight. This is not cowardice at all, but an act of prudence, which can certainly be considered a victory. Is it worth taking on every market woman or incorrigible brawler, even if after long battles you manage to pin them to the wall? Isn't it better to save your strength for the real enemy and think carefully before getting involved with unworthy people? As one martial arts master I know so well said: “If some foreign car splashes my suit and doesn’t escape, of course, I can punch the driver’s face, but that won’t save the suit and therefore I will consider myself a winner only if I manage to evade splash." The Eastern parable “He who overcomes without laying hands” speaks of the same thing.
“Once upon a time, when Bokuden was sailing with his fellow travelers on a large boat on Lake Biwa, a cocky young samurai challenged him to a duel. “What kind of school do you have?” the young fanfare asked arrogantly. “The school of those who conquer without laying hands,” he calmly answered Bokuden. It was decided to fight on a small island in the middle of the lake so as not to harm other passengers. When the boat approached the island, the dueling enthusiast was the first to jump ashore. Then Bokuden took an oar and pushed off from the stone, the boat floated away from the island, where the unlucky fighter remained. “This is the school of those who conquer without laying hands,” summed up Bokuden, who did not want to shed the blood of a milksucker in vain.”
Avoiding a fight, done consciously and without any fear, based on a sober assessment of the situation, cannot be considered escape. It is a type of defense, and its implementation requires a certain skill. Anyone consciously avoiding unnecessary conflict must use several tactics:
Evading the attacker's oncoming gaze;
Spatial distance from the aggressor;
Conscious avoidance of any emotions or thoughts about a person who is unpleasant to you, if he does not yet see you, but is about to see you;
Mentally surrounding yourself with a shield of invulnerability;
Defusing a tense situation with humor, jokes, nothing meaningful words, sounding complimentary to a potential or actual aggressor;
Any form of controlled stupidity, when you either pretend not to notice aggressive attacks directed at you, or do not understand that you are being attacked, or say something completely different in response.
It is very important on the subtle plane, that is, in thoughts and feelings, not to allow strong energy emissions towards the aggressor, which he is able to feel even with your external silence. If you still get hooked on it at the energetic level, then the conflict, as a rule, cannot be avoided, and it moves from the latent, hidden phase into a real clash. But if you managed, with a purely external neutrality of your behavior - when the enemy, no matter how much he wants, fails to drag you into a conflict, because he simply has nothing to cling to - to maintain internal neutrality and distance from the aggressive energy field, then you - winner.
Recognizing deception and anticipating aggression
Serious behavioral defense necessarily requires the ability to understand the true motives of the people with whom you communicate, especially if they have bad intentions. Recognizing ulterior motives helps prevent a blow because you anticipate its direction and can take action in advance. Thus, recognition can be considered a mental counterattack to the enemy’s aggressive plans, neutralizing them in the bud. Recognition is important on all three levels - psychological, subtle, auric, and spiritual. The last type of recognition is the most difficult. A person who mastered this art was considered a sage. Almost all traditions have emphasized the importance of this skill. At the behavioral level, recognition makes a person a “grandmaster of communication”, capable of foreseeing well-thought-out intrigues that his enemies are weaving against him, and impulsive outbursts of irritation directed against him, which unexpectedly manifest themselves in the actions and speeches of unrestrained people.
The greatest sages advised people not to run away from life, but to plunge into the thick of it in order to better understand the laws of existence, comprehend the entire abyss of human nature and learn the art of recognizing human faces, especially important if the forces of evil prevail in them. Ramakrishna encouraged his students to cultivate calmness, patience and deep discernment, which is very necessary when dealing with evil people. This is what his parable “Society of Evil Men” is about:
"Ramakrishna: You must love everyone, because God lives in all beings. But it is better to bow down to bad people from afar.
Bijoy (with a smile): Is it true that people blame you for mixing with people who believe in a personal God who has form?
Ramakrishna: A truly devoted person should have absolute peace and should not be disturbed by the opinions of others. Like a blacksmith's anvil, he will endure all insults and all persecution and remain firm in his faith and always the same. Evil people may say all sorts of unpleasant things about you and scold you; but if you thirst for God, you will endure everything with patience. A person can think about God even among the most evil people. The ancient sages who lived in the forests could meditate on God, surrounded by tigers, bears and other wild animals. The nature of an evil person is similar to the nature of a tiger or a bear. They attack innocents and cause them grief or harm. You must be especially careful when you come into contact with the rich in the first place. A man who has wealth and has many servants can easily harm another by speaking to him. Sometimes it may even be necessary to agree with his opinion on something. Secondly - with a dog. When a dog barks at you, you should not run; talk to her calmly and she will calm down. Thirdly - with a bull. When a bull is chasing you, you can subdue him again in calm words. Fourthly - with a drunk person. If you make him angry, he will swear and call you bad names. But if you talk to him as if you were a dear relative, he will feel happy and will be extremely kind to you.
When evil people come to me, I am very careful. The character of some of them is similar to that of a snake. They can bite you without knowing it in a minute. It may take a lot of time and understanding for the bite to wear off. Or it may happen that you want to take revenge on them. Therefore, it is necessary to be in the company of holy people from time to time. Through communication with them, a person develops a clear understanding and recognition of people (“Proclamation of Ramakrishna”).
E. I. Roerich assessed the role of recognition on the spiritual path as the most important quality:
“Many faces are revealed before us, for recognition of faces is the most important thing. Recognition of people is the touchstone for those walking the path of great service to humanity. Recognition of reality and people is the first requirement and condition on the path of true discipleship. So, to a certain extent spiritual development one can occultly see the structure of the spirit, those around us and the people approaching us. Without acquiring this quality, it is impossible to count on getting closer. For how can you entrust anything to a student who cannot distinguish light from darkness and friend from traitor? All structures will be destroyed by such ignorance. Of course, it is straight-knowledge that helps so much in this recognition.”
Recognition and anticipation are similar properties. One concerns the confused present, the other concerns the as yet unclear future. In order to correctly use these properties to repel blows, you need to cultivate them purposefully and persistently, without counting on what life itself will teach you. I have come across people who have lived long lives and possessed precisely that gullible simplicity that the proverb says is worse than theft. Of course, it is impossible to teach life wisdom to a narrow-minded person with the help of special exercises: blows and bumps received in everyday battles teach much more effectively. However, for those who know how and want to improve their recognition ability, I would recommend trying the following tips.
1. Make the assumption in your mind that all people have their own interests, which do not always coincide with yours. Many people, on a purely external level, treat you well because it doesn’t cost them anything, but if interests diverge, their attitude changes. They can start a war in which they will use a wide variety of methods, including deception. If you do not want to get into trouble and constantly be deceived, you must remember this property of human nature and not reveal more of your soul to people whom you do not know well than is required.
2. Think about which of your friends, acquaintances, or colleagues is capable of betraying you in a critical situation. Imagine this situation and, like an experienced director, try to place everyone in those places and roles that are closest to their nature. Imagine how they will react to the pressure of other people and circumstances, to inevitable temptations, to the threat of losing things that are important to them. If your idea is not in their favor, then think about whether you are being too trusting and open with them now. Remember that getting too close to unreliable people is fraught with subsequent conflictual distance, as a result of which you may find yourself much further away than before getting closer.
3. Learn to listen deeply to yourself when meeting people and any new serious undertakings, determining the nature of your first impression and your own reaction to a person or business. The first impression is a very strong argument in favor of further choice of course of action, although it cannot be absolute. Learn to observe, in full wakefulness and clear consciousness, your first impressions of people, events and actions, gradually transforming vague sparks of intuition into accurate and unmistakable straight-knowledge.
4. When observing the situation, try to see it as a whole, as if detached and without emotions, taking into account all possible nuances, causes and consequences. Put yourself in other people's shoes and ask yourself questions:
Are they sincere with you or not?
Would you be sincere if you were in their place?
Why do you believe them unconditionally if you have hesitations?
5. When starting this kind of inner work, take courage. In order to recognize the real deception of people today and the supposed deception of tomorrow, considerable courage is required. Gullibility often comes from lack of courage. After all, recognition brings not only relief, but also difficulties. Life is difficult, and we cannot immediately part with everyone who deceives us. And living and realizing this deception is sometimes even more difficult than being blind and gullible. However, the master of security will prefer this difficulty to blind gullibility.
6. Learn to recognize deception by external signs. See what a person’s eyes emit, whether they move or not, how often a person looks away, how he gestures. Observe also the relationship of the main idea that the person is trying to justify with his emotional state and how the internal content relates to the external expression. Is there a discrepancy here? When you stop understanding what a person is getting at, ask yourself a question - what is his true interest? This is not about stopping believing people or introducing an attitude of suspicion into yourself. Simply being sighted is enough.
7. Analyze your present in terms of the number of life blows you receive from people and circumstances. Whether there are many or few of them, in any case they are a natural result of your past deeds and aspirations. Your present is a consequence of your past, and your future is a consequence of your present. Those blows and cones that will rain down on you in the future are earned today. Think about what mistakes today can make your future vulnerable to possible attacks and aggression in order to prepare for them in advance.
Silence
Unlike ignoring, which involves continuing a harsh dialogue (as if you did not notice that you were attacked), silence is a quite distinct reaction. You were hit, you noticed it perfectly and decided to act in this way. Pursed lips and ending an unpleasant conversation are intended to emphasize that you do not like how you are being attacked, and you do not want to continue such communication. It is only very important what kind of silence you choose - the silence of strength or the silence of weakness. If you think that you are strong, but your opponent thinks that you are silent because of weakness and continues to attack, then you have lost the situation. Therefore, when using this method, take care of two things: 1) silence should be filled with your strength, unshakable power and a sense of justice; 2) your silence must be supported by some external gestures indicating your strength and dignity.
In addition to complete silence, an effective method of protection is partial silence, which can be called restraint. A restrained person, stingy with words, gives them special strength and power, therefore he seems much more secure than a talkative person who loses energy and is unconvincing in his verbosity. Ancient teachings attached exceptional importance to verbal restraint. Here is a summary of advice given by the Sufi source “The Big Book of Life Rules” by Ibn al-Muqafa:
“Do not be greedy with words and stingy with greetings, but do not lavish speeches in front of everyone and do not smile right and left, for the first will be attributed to arrogance, and the second to stupidity and frivolity.
It is better to remain silent than to speak unsuccessfully, for one word spoken at the right time and at the right place is better than a hundred words that did not reach the goal. A hasty word is often thoughtless and erroneous, even if at first glance it seems successful and eloquent.
Do not boast of reason and eloquence everywhere, keep them in reserve, for showing reason and eloquence where it is not appropriate is a sign of unreason.
If you want to be revered and loved by both noble people and common people, then, having knowledge, be like the ignorant in modesty and, being eloquent, surpass the tongue-tied in silence.
They despise the one who is generous in promises but meager in their fulfillment; they honor the one whose words do not diverge from their deeds.
Know that the tongue is like a naked sword in the hands of anger, passions and intemperance, defeating reason and all prudence. Don't give free rein to your tongue, otherwise it will destroy you. Subdue him to reason, and he will become your friend: if passions take possession of him, then he is your worst enemy and the cause of all misfortune.
If you can subjugate your tongue, it will protect you; if you lose power over it, it will become your enemy."
This type of protection is universal and can be used in any situation and together with any other method. Irony is a demonstration of the frivolity of the blow and the behavior of the aggressor, devaluing the significance of the blow for the injured party. It seems to reduce the size of the image of the one who attacks, turning him into a caricature character. From a bioenergetic point of view, the inclusion of the method of irony in the system of human defensive reactions before an attack means that new energies are brought to life and new energy centers are involved, for example, the channel of the mind and intellect. Why does a primitive rude person or bully in communication often give in to the smart and harsh irony of his potential victim, who refused to be submitted to psychological slaughter and successfully parried the blow? Because both the rude and the brawler achieve results through a frantic force of will and a game without rules, which does not decorate any communication, and do not use the potential of the mind and consciousness at all. Because they are not used to thinking seriously about anything during calm communication, and especially during an active conflict.
Good irony creates for a person the effect of detachment from the struggle, helps to look at the situation from a position “above the fray”, which helps to more freely find arguments in a dispute that reflect pressure, insult and manipulation. A person who defends himself from blows and uses a sharp mind to defend himself is always more successful than one who acts with sheer force and will.
Counterattack
If such a reaction follows, therefore, there is a risk that the conflict has escalated, which means that reconciliation is postponed. We must carefully weigh the situation and answer two questions: a) is it worth responding to a blow with a psychological blow at all, and b) if so, what strength should the response be? It is also important to choose the form of the answer, which can be expressed in words, or maybe without words, in the form of a silent pause; It can be serious, or it can be playful, etc. Moreover, the situation can be so tough that the computer of consciousness must go through the proposed options for a defensive reaction with enormous speed. But if the decision is made, act in the chosen direction, without changing it until you are seriously convinced that it is wrong. It is important to understand what the blow should be, what consequences it will cause. Therefore, when preparing to respond to the blow that was dealt to you, check your motives with such concepts as conscience and justice. Remember that although “good must come with fists,” retaliatory blows, devoid of conscience, come back to you in the form of retribution for mistakes.
It is important to understand what is the correct technology for striking back a fair blow. Have you ever acted in a similar way, parrying a blow from an enemy, or in your subconscious you do not have the slightest idea of what exactly needs to be done, nor an image (or, as a Buddhist would say, an “imprint of an image”) of your reaction, how this can be done what's the best thing to do? Try to think about whether you have a similar image and experience or not, and if you don’t, try to create such an image in your mind in advance, then it will be much easier to act. The image must be very bright and complete, and all doubts about its success are simply an obstacle to success. Therefore, it is useful to train yourself in the following way: quickly create a vivid image of a protective action, immediately release it outward, translating it into action. To do this, you need to be able to put energy into your verbal or silent response, be able to rely on your own body as a kind of springboard for a jump, and include intuition and the subconscious.
Release with humor
If irony is the continuation of the struggle by other means, sometimes implying its aggravation, then humor refers to methods that defuse the tense atmosphere psychological warfare. By uttering a phrase charged with humor, we seem to make it clear to the enemy: instead of a mortal fight with knives, you can move on to a fight with fists, if not end the matter peacefully. It is important that your humor be understood by your opponent, because when your humor is too weak, it is not noticed, and the fight continues, and when it is too annoying, it either turns into a mockery, causing even greater rage, or looks stupid. Humor as a method of struggle is a powerful and even subtle means, but in order to use it, you must have the corresponding property, which is called a sense of humor. And of course, you need to learn this property (if it can be learned in principle) not at the moment of conflict, but much earlier.
Humor is not some special response, but a kind of mitigating force that can be added to any of the listed methods of repelling an attack. Most often, humor helps to defuse, but this does not always happen - either you come across an opponent with an atrophied sense of humor and simply does not hear you, or he takes humor for irony and mockery and becomes even more furious, or he prefers not to notice your attempts to soften the situation, because he himself is interested in its aggravation. Then you have no choice but to move on to a very serious battle again.
Partial retreat while saving face
There is no method against crowbar, including psychological ones, so sometimes there is nothing left to do but retreat. Everyone, even the strongest person, is sometimes forced to resort to this, perhaps not very pleasant, but inevitable way of repelling a blow. What to do if the enemy turns out to be much stronger? It is important to be able to take this step beautifully, almost imperceptibly, without bending your lower back or bowing your head. There can be a lot of specific options for such a retreat - this includes partially ignoring the attack or calmly accepting attempts to insult you, and accepting part of the conditions demanded by your opponent, and maintaining a calm tone in response to screams, and refusing all the demands you originally stated. The main thing is that you maintain your dignity and the boundaries of concessions are clearly defined. If you give in to pressure and give in even more, then face is lost. When agreeing to this step, try to understand whether your opponent agrees to sit down at the negotiating table or whether his mood is to finish you off to the end. If you feel that this is the case, then think three times whether it is worth using this method. Life practice shows that it is in principle impossible to pacify an unruly aggressor. Your attempts to resolve the conflict peacefully provoke him to demand more and more concessions. In this case, you need to assess the situation: if the forces are far from equal, try not to participate in the clash at all, and if a fight (primarily psychological) cannot be avoided, it is better to provide the maximum possible resistance at the stage of exchanging the first blows. Then, having received a noticeable painful push from you, he may reduce the size of his demands.
Convincing the enemy to switch to a partnership strategy
To effectively implement this method of responding to a blow, you must be able to absorb its traumatic force and in no case allow the appearance of a purely reflexive reaction of resentment or irritation. Having repulsed the charge of aggressive energy released against you and remaining calm, you directly, verbally or indirectly, using all the logic of behavior, try to convince the enemy to abandon the ridiculous struggle, where there is no winning side, and move on to a normal dialogue. It is very important that your intonation compares favorably with his emotions or aggression with emphasized calm and balance, then he will also calm down. Try to ensure that it is not he who throws you out of emotional balance, but that you are able to extinguish his rage with a few calm words, movements and gestures. If he is a person prone to logical reasoning, convince him that negotiating for him, as for any person, is much more profitable than fighting. A strategy aimed at agreement, partnership and cooperation is always better than the absence of agreement and complete arbitrariness in desires and actions.
Disidentification with blow and attack
(in Yogic, Buddhist and Taoist versions)
This method, common in the Eastern tradition, is aimed at protecting the internal integrity of the individual. To successfully use it in a combat situation, it is useful to train this skill in real life. It can be used in three versions - yogic, Buddhist and Taoist.
Let's start with the yogic approach. Get used to thinking that your deepest self is not a body, not emotions, not a mind, not an aura, but a completely autonomous formation that cannot be influenced from the outside. The body, emotions and mind under the gaze of the deep self turn into shells that can suffer from external attacks and attacks. But the “I” itself (the inner observer, the spectator looking at the world from the depths of the innermost spiritual sphere) is invulnerable; no blows can touch or damage it. Cultivate this attitude and outlook on things and events as often as possible, and gradually your sense of “I” will become much stronger and more stable than before. You will not need to defend your “I”, because it will cease to be identified with the periphery of existence - bodily sensations, superficial emotions and vain thoughts. The “I” will go inside and from the depths will contemplate how the surface shells of the spirit sway under the influence of blows, bend, and then recover again. The main thing is to remember that you are not the body, not the feelings, not the mind, but only the “I”, and do not turn off the attention of your “I” from the shells during the blows.
Buddhist non-identification is somewhat similar to yogic non-identification. However, there is a significant difference. Buddhists claim that the "I" is a fiction, a flow of mental states. Blows and attacks seem to them to be an even greater fiction, illusory for perception. Neither the one who attacks nor the one who is attacked exists - all this is a flow of energies and rapidly changing psychological states. Painful sensations caused by blows for a short moment are also illusory - after a while they will pass. Therefore, you need to cultivate a detached view of all psychological attacks, which are essentially short-term and illusory.
Non-identification, as practiced in Taoism, comes from the concept of Tao, the world emptiness that lies at the foundation of the universe. You just need to continuously remember this and try to be in the flow of Tao - then all the impacts and the sensations generated by them will be perceived as illusory bubbles and darkening within the vast and bright space of the ocean. They will easily dissolve in the volatile and free elements of Tao and will not be able to cause serious suffering.
All three of these eastern methods are considered potent remedies for protecting against attacks. If you truly learn to apply them, many of life's troubles will bypass you. However, there are some serious limitations to the fruitful use of this method that you may want to be aware of.
First, in order to deal with shocks or problems using a yogic, Buddhist or Taoist approach, you must at least to some extent subscribe to and accept the systems of yoga, Buddhism or Taoism. Otherwise, it will be pulling out a separate effective technique from common system, which can only give a partial effect.
Secondly, in order to qualitatively apply this method in real life, you need to have very good self-control and be constantly on the alert, training in non-identification with any life situation, including one that is subjectively pleasant and conducive to bliss and laziness and relaxation. Then the inner observer and awakened consciousness become truly independent of any circumstances. In addition, a person who is in a state of constant self-control becomes accustomed to an instant reaction to any attacks, and more easily perceives them as an illusory game of energies and impressions. If a person is prone to spiritual sleep, immobility of consciousness, absent-mindedness, then he will not be able to apply this method at all, especially if he is in the living flow of life and communication. He manages to use this method at best as a means of prevention or, what happens much more often, after receiving traumatic blows and getting psychological bumps.
An attempt by an untrained person to use this technique during a tough exchange of blows can, on the contrary, weaken his natural security, since attention will fall out of the context of a specific, current situation, and the person risks missing a strong blow. Therefore, common sense and proportionality are needed in everything.
Left cheek method
Christian forgiveness, expressed in the well-known words about the need to turn the left cheek when a blow is struck on the right, is also a very powerful means of influencing the aggressor. This method can be applied in different ways: a) externally softening the position while maintaining a feeling of resentment towards the enemy; b) internal forgiveness and external surrender. Which option will be more effective depends on your taste and what goals you are pursuing. From my point of view, the main thing is to avoid internal weakness and capitulation, after which the enemy simply destroys you as an individual. If you feel so strong that you can allow yourself to make a concession on the external plane, then such an act is a really strong move, which, under certain conditions, can disorganize the behavior of the aggressor. It is important that he feels: you are taking this step not out of weakness, but out of consciousness of your strength and generosity.
You can forgive the offender at any stage of the conflict, but the most appropriate act of forgiveness is after the end of the “combat operations” - during the battle there is no time to do this. Don’t hold a grudge against someone with whom you just “clinched” in the ring of life and who dealt you painful blows. Maybe he doesn't know what he's doing. This position will take you to new heights where you will be harder to reach. In addition, you will free your psychoenergetic shell and consciousness from the fluids and influences of your opponent.
Not only Christians, but also martial arts masters attached great importance to the concept of humility and peacefulness, as evidenced by the parable called “The Last Exam”:
"The teacher asked:
If people beat you with sticks and swords, what will you think?
That these people are kind and gentle, since they only beat me with sticks and swords, but do not completely deprive me of my life.
But if they finally took your life, what would you think about it?
That these are kind and meek people who, with so little suffering, deliver me from this body full of impurity.
“Okay,” said the teacher, “you can live among people.” Go."
The ability to say “no” with your whole being
In cases where the purpose of the attack is to force you to do something that you do not want, one of the most effective methods of defense is the ability to say “no” with your whole being. As a rule, an unprotected person, even if in such cases he finds the strength to say “no,” does so hesitantly, opening up the possibility of a second strike or new pressure. Therefore, it is important to track this weak, insecure beginning in yourself in advance and dissolve it, tuning in to a feeling of monolithic strength and confidence. Try to enter into this image of strength and confidence and mentally replay the scene of refusing pressure several times in your mind. It's even better if you rehearse this scene alone in front of the mirror and out loud. When you rehearse, try to put into action all the resources at your disposal: the body (posture and decisive gestures), and the voice, and the mood, and a clear consciousness and concentrated will, and an elastic aura. Know how to create the impression that even more powerful potential energy is hidden behind the energy of your refusal, and do this in such a way that the attacker will not have the desire to repeat his offer.
Disconnecting from the situation
If during communication you are subjected to a psychological attack, and at the same time the matter does not require you to use any response solutions, actively think, or study the problem, then you can consciously apply the method of disconnecting from the situation, which people resort to spontaneously. Put an impenetrable mask on your face and, keeping an eye on the aggressive partner who is shouting at you or accusing you of mortal sins, mentally leave the situation in any other space, start remembering something, imagining the future or thinking about some objects and people . The main thing is to stop listening and accepting all the aggressive nonsense coming from your opponent. It should be emphasized that this method is applicable only in cases where the attack is primarily psychological character and carries a weak energy charge (for example, a wife sluggishly, rather ritually, argues with her husband). If a strong energy wave of aggression is coming at you, then you cannot relax, because this energy can enter you.
Role protection
Try to understand what role the person attacking you plays. To what extent is his aggression an involuntary outburst of discontent, and to what extent is it a role-playing game with getting into character. In both cases, the role you take on may well act as a shield repelling an attack. If this is a spontaneous outburst of discontent energy, then your decisive image can demonstrate to the aggressor such strength that it is better not to mess with. If this is partly a game on his part, then you can play along with your opponent. The only main thing is to find your role for this game, which neutralizes his position to the greatest extent. Think - what is his greatest weakness, what is he most afraid of and what does he give in to? What kind of person is capable of outplaying him? Choose such a role, enter into it in much the same way as an actor enters into a stage character, and imagine that your role is a kind of psychological body armor that is capable of repelling any arrows, blows and outbursts of obvious and hidden aggression. Having chosen a role, be consistent and do not go beyond it under the influence of fear and self-doubt. And then this role can express the image of a strong, tough and absolutely protected person. Sometimes it is preferable to play the role of a soft and delicate person, who flawlessly builds his relationships with other people and is so charming that you don’t want to attack him.
Of course, you shouldn't limit yourself to any one role for a long period of time. In this case, they may take a closer look at you and find a weak point. A true master of defense wields many types of weapons. If necessary, roles can and should be changed. The more roles a person can play in such cases, the more protected he is. It is also important not to identify with your roles, remembering their secondary nature. Roles are shells that you need to be able to change like clothes, remembering that such clothes tend to stick to the body. Therefore, use this tool as an auxiliary, but quite effective for repelling blows.
"Controlled Stupidity"
The term and method, which came to the world from the books of the famous Carlos Castaneda, preaching the mystical teachings of Don Juan, are based on the idea that, on the one hand, nothing in this world can be internally taken seriously, and at the same time it is necessary to observe many conventions with a serious look , not paying attention to their obvious stupidity. This is how adults communicate with children or, for example, an experienced man reacts to the whims of a young woman. A more detailed answer to what controlled stupidity means is given to Carlos Castaneda by Don Juan himself:
Please tell me what this is all about - controlled stupidity.
Don Juan laughed loudly and loudly slapped his thigh with his cupped hand.
This is controlled stupidity. - He exclaimed with a laugh and clapped again.
Didn't understand…
I'm glad that after so many years you finally matured and bothered to ask this question. At the same time, if you never did this, I wouldn't care. However, I chose joy, as if I actually cared whether you asked or not. As if this is more important to me than anything else. Understand? This is controlled stupidity.
Then I asked if this meant that he never acts sincerely, and that all his actions are just acting.
“My actions are always sincere,” Don Juan replied, “yet they are nothing more than acting... Nothing has much meaning, so a man of knowledge simply chooses an action and performs it. But he does it as if it matters. Controlled stupidity makes him say that his actions are very important and act accordingly. At the same time, he understands perfectly well that none of this matters. So, by ceasing to act, the man of knowledge returns to a state of peace and balance. Whether the action was good or bad, whether it was completed, he has nothing to do with that. On the other hand, a person of knowledge may not perform any actions at all. Then he acts as if this detachment matters to him. This is also possible. Because this will be controlled stupidity."
Controlled stupidity can be defined as the wise and sincere acting performed by an experienced, secure person in the everyday theater of life. If any situation requires a person to perform ritual actions, he calmly and with an inner smile performs them, condescendingly treating people who, due to the level of their consciousness, seriously demand the performance of the ritual. If to soften aggression it is enough to give in a little, playing along with the opponent, then the protected person will agree to this game.
Try to loosen up a little and, as it were, enter into new roles, images and styles of behavior. Learn to behave both seriously and frivolously at the same time. Adapt to situations purely externally (the so-called “external assessment”, the importance of which in the world was spoken by the Russian esoteric philosopher P.D. Uspensky), at the same time without giving up and without giving in to internal positions (that is, without falling into the harmful position of internal assessment of the situation based on the habit of identification).
"Fooling around"
This method also goes back to the practice of Don Juan. It is described by one of Castaneda’s followers, Victor Sanchez, in the book “The Teachings of Don Carlos” and is aimed at increasing the security of precisely those people who care too much about how they look, and therefore receive blows precisely when their expectations are not met. Victor Sanchez writes:
“This type of person likes to constantly attract attention to himself, always appearing as the one who is the most affected, the most skillful, the best athlete, the best friend, the most beautiful, the most wonderful, the best lover, the one who never loses in an argument, and so on. In short, , the one who does everything well.
The best method to combat this compulsion is to simply consciously practice creating the opposite effect.
To exclude consciousness of what we are doing, it is necessary to consciously play the role of a fool. For example, a person who is careful and dexterous in his movements can become clumsy, bumping into things and dropping them. When it comes to an argument, you have to make idiotic arguments in order to look stupid and lose the argument. If we are talking about someone who pretends to impress with his appearance, he should make the same appearance as a regular idiot.
Obviously, anyone who can play the role of a fool without feeling hurt can make a fool of anyone himself."
Physical distancing
It would seem that this is such a clear and simple method of defense that there is no need to talk about it. Any normal man, without any special training, knows perfectly well that the best way to react to the screams of a scandalous wife is to go to another room. However, people often forget about this method and do not fully understand the mechanism of its action.
During a conflict, a negative aura is created, which, on the one hand, repels opponents from each other, and on the other, attracts them. Waging a psychological duel, angry people cannot tear themselves away from each other until they have used up their entire supply of psychic energy.
Certain places in the room (in an apartment this is most often the kitchen) are charged with negative energy, provoking conflict. During a scandal, people are often in their usual places and this increases mutual aggression. It is difficult for them to leave their place not only in a figurative, psychological sense, but also in a direct, spatial sense. Therefore, if you want to more effectively repel a blow or attack, try (if this is possible according to the logic of the situation) move to another place.
Move away from the aggressor (just so that it doesn’t look like running away) and, once in a different place, check your feelings. Do you feel more relaxed? You can change tactics and start moving around the room, either approaching the aggressor or moving away from him. At the same time, this demonstrates some indifference to him, which reduces the severity of the blow.
In any case, such an action, in addition to purely psychological effect It also gives energy: strong auric connections are broken, provoking a scandal, and the enemy loses his usual comfort and sense of security.
I once observed how brilliantly this method was used by a professional director who was under attack from a parent who was unhappy that his son had not been accepted into the professional theater he had been attending for several years. The director first listened to the attacks in silence and sitting in one place. Then he stood up, began to move, speak and gradually launched a counterattack. His movements, accompanied by the brilliant play of his voice, now fading and soulful, now turning into thunderous peals, completely disarmed the parent, who was in the mood for a serious moral fight. He was silent for a while and left.
Mental distancing from the aggressor
Any blow is more difficult to take at close range. That’s why people endure the aggression of their loved ones much more painfully than the injections of complete strangers. When Jesus Christ said that “a man’s enemies are his own household,” he also meant this side of human life. Therefore, often psychological distancing (if it is impossible to leave or leave the room for a while) from the attacker, the temporary transformation of the “near” into the “far” and even greater distance from the “far” is very effective. This is not a manifestation of indifference, but, on the contrary, a reaction of wise love, for if you leave a wounded and caring victim next to the aggressor, then much more often she will rush at him again and enter a psychological “clinch.” Mentally tell yourself several times that in the name of the love and good of your neighbor, relative or household member, during the aggression you completely cease to be interested in his opinion of you. You move away from him. You can close your eyes for a few seconds and imagine that you are being transported over a great distance and, in addition to stopping hearing him, tear your attention and interest away from him as a result of communication. Or try to imagine that you are not you, but some other person, unfamiliar to the aggressor, who is not at all interested in listening to his attacks and who is not burdened with family closeness, which sometimes interferes with the manifestation of firmness. So:
1) first you distance yourself from him at the level of mental transfer to a further distance;
2) then you distance yourself from him at the level of emotional distance from his attitude towards you;
3) finally answer him or act in relation to him, constantly feeling a very large distance between you.
Distancing from yourself and your sense of self-importance
The previous method of defense does not always work because the person takes himself too seriously. It is very difficult for us to imagine how we can distance ourselves from the aggressor and speak to him with calm indifference when he behaves towards us, who are so respected and worthy people, so outrageous. The painful attachment to oneself is so strong that we easily become defenseless victims of any attack that questions our dignity. Carlos Castaneda calls this quality a sense of self-importance and insists on the need to overcome it.
One of the first and best ways to overcome feelings of self-importance is to begin to consciously observe yourself from the outside. Stop calling the name “I” an important, inflated, personal being who reacts painfully to every joke. It’s better to call him “he” and understand that as long as you and him are fused into a single whole, you will not see a happy and protected life like your ears.
Enter the state of a clear, awake observer and look at “him” or “her” - your important, overly sensitive personality, constantly surrounding itself with artificial fences of false defense - from the outside. You can also place your observer in the position of inner height or, on the contrary, depth and look at your personality, either mentally moving away from it upward, or plunging inside yourself.
Agree with yourself not to call this person “I.” Consider that “I” is only the one who observes and controls desires, thoughts and actions. The goal of such distancing is to stop taking yourself too seriously, and then many types of attacks will be taken much easier.
Gaining time, or playing during pauses
If the situation is not a fire emergency and does not require immediate action, try to pause. Fill it with strength, be silent like a strong, confident person. During this time, tune into your inner intuition and ask your higher self what verbal response you should give in response to attacks. Sometimes the silence that arises during such a pause gives very great energy. By gaining time for a correct, energy-filled response, you increase your security.
Enabling internal security resources
Have you always missed the beat and been a defenseless lamb? Search your memory, and you will certainly remember a number of cases when you successfully put someone in their place, parried blows, easily reflected ridicule and at the same time felt confident, inner strength and the energy of security. Remember these incidents again as clearly as possible.
Try to evoke in your deep memory the sensations of increased energy and fullness of strength that accompanied these cases. Try to sum up these sensations and fill yourself with a feeling of super-protection. Achieve a physical sensation of merging together the previous images of security with energy that repels blows. Remember that hidden resources of security always live inside you, and you can turn to them at any time, calling on their energy to more effectively repel a blow.
Attracting Allies
If you are attacked psychological level, and you are used to defending yourself exclusively, without resorting to anyone’s help, then perhaps this increases your sense of self-esteem, but sometimes this is not enough to repel blows.
At a difficult moment, it is useful to attract allies to your side. These can be different people: your friends, relatives, loved ones, or, conversely, complete strangers who happen to be nearby.
The ability to attract them to your side and force them to participate in the conflict, either in the form of direct opposition to the now common aggressor, or in the form of tacit support, belongs to high protective technologies of behavior.
Allies, even if they just treat you with sympathy, greatly change the psychological climate of the situation. They strengthen your position and weaken the aggressor's position. This law applies to everything.
The clearest example is football. Everyone knows that playing on your own field, where there is strong support from fans, always gives an advantage than playing on a foreign field, where local fans fight against you psychologically and energetically. Learn to unite your aura with the aura of your allies who sympathize with you and reflect blows as if on behalf of a new, stronger team of like-minded people.
Deep disinterest
Most often, an attack achieves its goal when the victim is overly interested in being saved, so that the blow is not too strong, so as not to anger the aggressor beyond measure, and, finally, so as not to look funny. Excessive interest in strengthened defense always enslaves at all levels and, on the contrary, facilitates the path for effective strikes. Think back to your life, wasn’t there anything like this in your personal practice?
Muscular and psychological tension almost always arises as a result of increased interest in the outcome of the situation that is favorable to you. Therefore, try to completely let go not of the situation itself (you don’t need to do this!), but of your interest in its course. Whether you are beaten in a psychological sense or not, you or your partner will be at the mercy of circumstances, whether he achieves his goals or not, you should not care at all.
You can take the necessary actions to protect your interests, while acting diligently, but without being obsessed with success and victory. Any blows bounce off the strong armor, protected by an aura, which is fueled from within by personal disinterest.
Deep relaxation
Sometimes purely psychological blows not only deprive us of balance, but also pierce the protective shell at the auric level, because the normal circulation of energy flows, which creates the elasticity of the aura, is blocked by muscular and emotional clamps. When we are too stressed, we are more vulnerable than in our normal state. Therefore, try to relax your entire being as deeply as possible - from muscles to will and consciousness. This relaxation is useful before a possible blow, when you know that you may soon find yourself in a difficult situation when you are attacked, and also in a moment of aggression, regardless of whether you prefer to remain silent or, on the contrary, reflect the blow with a word.
Learn to relax instantly, and try to strengthen your shield with new additional energy that was pinched by tense muscles or suppressed by a psycho-emotional knot, and now, after relaxation, is at your disposal.
The scheme for repelling a blow with the help of relaxing energy is simple: release all the clamps and as soon as you feel that new relaxation energy appears, direct it to the goals of protection.
This method seems very complicated, but in fact, with regular short-term training, it can be applied almost automatically, and it gives good results.
Order in actions and deeds
Most often, a person receives blows when colliding with other people and other people's interests. Sometimes the blows reach their target after some time, when he is no longer involved in the direct action.
In this case, they come as retribution and the result of a person’s previous mistakes. As a rule, a person performs such actions without proper order, chaotically, and insufficiently meaningfully, which makes him vulnerable. Therefore, try to act and perform actions consciously, introducing the idea of order and meaning into your actions. Ordered activity, consisting of smaller actions and deeds, each of which is a link in an absolutely single, consistent chain.
Such consistency and clarity carries positive energy that has protective functions.
When you consistently went through different stages of activity, you developed a certain speed of movement along the road of life, which gave you one degree or another of security. If for a long time you have generally acted correctly and in an orderly manner, then if you find yourself in a situation of shelling and aggression, you will be at least somewhat protected. You will develop a sense of rightness, which in itself has a powerful protective function.
Verbal defense
In life, we face attacks either in the form of words or in the form of actions and circumstances. Accordingly, we can defend ourselves on a purely psychological level with words and deeds, not to mention connecting powerful positively charged energy to them.
Of course, on the one hand, verbal defense may be insufficient, but on the other hand, the word is a weapon. Nikolai Gumilyov wrote in one of his poems: “...And the Gospel of John says that the word is God.” It is true that Scripture speaks of the Word with capital letters, but any word carries an echo of the Divine Word.
Does this mean that any offensive word must be answered in a touchingly unctuous tone, using religious vocabulary? Of course not. In each case special words are required. Sometimes, to put the offender in his place, elegant, cultural vocabulary is required, sometimes sharp, rude phrases are needed, using those words and expressions that are popular in common parlance. And sometimes even more radical language is required.
One of my clients, a candidate of sciences, who today runs a small business and “on duty” constantly deals with bandits, racketeers and a criminalized environment, admitted to me that he had to break himself and master Russian swearing in all its diversity, because “this audience is different He just doesn’t understand the language.” Growing up in a professorial family, he deliberately listened to dialogues between the police and traders at the clothing market so that his answers would look more believable. After that, his business began to go better. True, one small detail: he had high dan in karate, and the power of his words was backed up by physical strength.
But every stick has two ends.
The client, who became a more protected person in this semi-criminal environment, admitted to me that after such a “dive to the bottom”, the positive effect of exercises in the Chinese qigong system and breathing practices, which he used to love so much and which gave him a feeling of purity and subtlety, almost disappeared in organism.
So, what do you need to do to learn not to mince words in every case when you are attacked?
First, you need to learn to speak easily, freely and confidently in all cases, without difficulty translating your thoughts and inner experiences into words. In other words, you need to have a well-spoken tongue. Learning such a language is not easy, but it is still possible. Of course, a good education and reading, which facilitates the competent translation of thoughts into words, will never hurt a person; however, the role of education should not be overestimated, and the example with the client is a clear confirmation of this.
In addition, you need to grasp the following idea: successful verbal defense is not just the ability to deliver glib, wordy tirades. It is, rather, the ability to concentrate the entire meaning of one’s defensive actions in one short, succinct phrase.
If the attack turns towards intellectual balancing act and logical accusation, then you can take the path of intellectual evidence and long phrases. But at first it is worth trying to transfer the fight to the mode of exchanging short, precise remarks - this way it is easier to extinguish the beginning scandal. In short, to use a literary metaphor, know how to be in your defensive verbal practice both a stylist who loves a long phrase (period) in the spirit of Turgenev, Tolstoy, Bunin and Nabokov, and a master of dialogue in the spirit of Hemingway or any good playwright from Shakespeare and Ostrovsky to Vampilov .
In this sense, antipodes in terms of the methods of defense used are two bright personalities of our political Olympus, who are very critical of each other - Zhirinovsky and Lebed. Vladimir Volfovich is a master of flamboyant verbosity, happily drawing any opponent into his element own monologue, where he feels like a fish in water. True, he knows how and loves to conduct a dialogue, but only one where there is time for more or less detailed answers.
He sours in routine work and situations that require a detailed conversation on the merits in the absence of spectators. But his skill lies in the fact that he knows how to color almost any conversation.
Lebed is a master of a short, biting phrase that contains a challenge to the interviewer and, as it were, invites him to new questions. Coloring his words with a special intonation and tints of his famous bass, he knows how to create the feeling that, firstly, he is absolutely calm and is not afraid of anything, and secondly, that the interlocutor should not go beyond a certain limit in his words, because the general’s further reaction will be unpredictable.
Not only the words are indicative, but also the psychological programs that stand behind the words of these two politicians and can manifest themselves in their reaction to a possible danger.
I will never forget a TV show in which Zhirinovsky and Lebed simultaneously answered the question of how they would behave in a dark alley, where several trained male figures were approaching them with an air that did not bode well.
The LDPR leader demonstrated his favorite method of blackmail and threats. He said that he would try to portray himself as a representative of the security forces, which is confirmed by the relevant documents.
Swan said that he would go out to meet these people and welcome them. And if they did not accept his greetings and began to threaten him, he would declare that he was a general airborne troops; after which he would make his significant pause and promise that if this fight was his last, then they would remember it well.
Do I need to comment on whose answer was more winning?
True, these are still the words of politicians, who can quite often diverge from their deeds, as has happened more than once with both.
Despite the declared courage and opposition, one of them always took the side ruling regime and never seriously objected to him, and the other, faced with the real power of the Chechen region, after his “greeting” to the militants, chose not to engage in battle (which would be the last for the bandits, and not for the general), but in the name of a successful personal career conclude agreements unfavorable for Russia in Khasavyurt. However, this ultimately did more harm than good to his career.
Secondly, learn to think clearly, trying to understand the meaning of the attack and the situation as a whole, immediately and completely penetrating into the depths. Let us remember Napoleon with his words: “He who thinks clearly, speaks clearly,” and let us ask ourselves the question: do we know how to think clearly?
Thirdly, try to be in the flow of the Great Life, to which you need to be consciously connected. If you have a Spiritual Teacher, and you belong to any religious or esoteric tradition, you seriously believe in it and try to follow it every day, then you don’t need to worry too much - the right words will come at the right moment. This is exactly what Christ said: “When they persecute you...”
Fourthly, be able to put the right words in the right intonation that corresponds to the given moment: passionate, filled with a sense of dignity and rightness, or calmly impartial, accurately explaining the essence of the matter and the motives of your behavior, or ironic, putting the offender in his place. To do this, you need to be internally alive, flexible and fluid, like the Chinese Taoists, constantly listening to the ever-changing flow of the Tao.
On the other hand, it is sometimes useful to distance oneself from oneself so as not to freeze in the same emotional register, and to choose new, more effective reactions to environmental threats.
Fifthly, it is useful to study the practical experience of people who can be called masters of verbal security. To do this, it is not necessary to enroll in the Faculty of Rhetoric or complete expensive courses. We all have a great and completely free opportunity to learn the art of verbal security while watching the TV screen.
I am convinced that this is one of the few properties of television that justify the existence of this technical means, which most often plays a destructive role and is called in America the “idiot box.” It is television that gives us the opportunity to learn from people who have perfected the ability to instantly find the right words when they are attacked in the presence of tens of millions of viewers. These are TV presenters and TV journalists, these are “sharks of the pen” and pop stars who confidently answer the most tricky questions, these are professional politicians and parliamentarians (as is known, French word"Parliament" comes from the word "porter" - to speak).
An intelligent person who wants to increase his security and master the modern language of defense can easily learn from such word virtuosos who brilliantly juggle phrases. I love watching talk shows and many other television programs from this point of view; it brings me purely aesthetic pleasure.
Let us recall the most striking dialogues of recent years: Nemtsov - Zhirinovsky, Mikhalkov - Zyuganov, Mikhalkov - Kiriyenko, Yavlinsky - Chubais, Govorukhin - Yavlinsky. Let us remember how masterfully the TV journalists Dibrov, Kiselev, Leontiev, Kucher, Nevzorov, and Dorenko use their words.
Let’s not give a moral assessment to glib rhetoricians who, for the sake of a good word, will not spare their mother and father - it is obvious. But let’s think about how useful it is to learn even from those who are not close to us in a spiritual sense or in their political views.
Sixth, when training verbal security in yourself, remember that the main strength is not in the words themselves, but in their internal filling with special non-verbal energy. The look, feeling, intonation, mood conveyed in words often play almost a primary role in relation to the meaning of the statement. It is not for nothing that a song affects most people in general much more strongly than just poetry. Let your non-verbal energy radiate such strength and power that the aggressor will think twice before continuing the attack. How to increase this subtle force behind words and how to bring it into your speech is described in detail in the other two chapters of the book, devoted to the topic of increasing psychoenergetic potential and subtle methods of protection from blows. Study and dare!
Seventh, do not forget that the power of words must be supported by the power of deeds. If there is no well-organized, thought-out business behind the words, then they resemble counterfeit credit checks, not backed by either a real bank account or real production.
In this sense, it is good to return to clear historical examples and look at such a major champion of security, which was Stalin. By the way, it was no coincidence that he took this pseudonym, under which he became known throughout the world. The name not only expresses the essence, but also shapes it over time. Stalin from the beginning of the century and the Great era Patriotic War- these are in many ways two different people. The first was not taken seriously by many brilliant revolutionary demagogues of those years. The whole world was in awe of the second and the leaders of the largest states stood at attention.
Stalin, as we know, did not have a flamboyant style of behavior. He spoke very simply, clearly, restrainedly, without oratorical pathos and rich modulations of his voice. But he managed to develop a special manner of speech and positioned himself in such a way that the interlocutor was forced to catch every word. You can blame him for anything, but not for throwing words to the wind and making empty promises. Every word he said, even the most insidious, was supported by deeds. This distinguished him from his political opponents, who spoke much brighter and more beautifully than he did.
We are talking primarily about Trotsky, Bukharin and, to some extent, Zinoviev. They not only spoke brightly and radiated energy, but also got things done. Historians consider the same Trotsky to be the main creator of the Red Army. And yet, the triad of the power of words, non-verbal energy and a well-thought-out business strategy turned out to be stronger for Stalin, and he crushed his opponents, who at the early stage of the revolution did not see him as a real threat at all.
Stalin knew how to respond effectively not only at the verbal level, but even through a gesture or movement.
Once, the German ambassador in Moscow, Ribbentrop, when meeting with Stalin, unexpectedly greeted him with the Nazi exclamation: “Heil!” with throwing out the right hand. Those present were dumbfounded and froze, waiting to see how the leader would get out of the ambiguous situation. But the confusion of the “leader of the peoples” lasted only a moment: a second later, in response to Ribbentrop’s demarche, he... made a curtsey. Everyone laughed, but Ribbentrop was embarrassed.
Another case concerned Stalin’s reaction to Mehlis’s complaints that one of the highest ranks of the generals was having an extramarital relationship with a woman. Stalin ignored Mehlis's remarks. But he did not let up and after a while he repeated his question again: “So what are we going to do, Comrade Stalin, with General R.?” "What do we do?" - the Secretary General asked and immediately answered - “We will be jealous.”
Stalin felt confident and protected not only with his subordinates, any of whom he could send to a concentration camp with one word or gesture, but also in relation to the leaders of the Allies in World War II, who were formally his equals. Here is another interesting incident told by journalist I. Atamanenko, confirming Stalin’s restraint and composure in a situation of psychological blackmail undertaken by Truman and Churchill, who tried to gain an advantage in negotiations with “Uncle Joe”:
“On July 21, 1945, on the fourth day of the Potsdam Conference, Truman received a long-awaited three-word telegram from the United States: “The birth was successful.” This meant that the period of testing the atomic bomb had been successfully completed and the production lethal weapons can be placed on a conveyor.
The US President was eager to let Stalin know what trump card he now held in his fist. After waiting three days, during which he carefully considered how and what to tell the Generalissimo about the atomic bomb, Truman decided to do this without going into detail, but limiting himself to remarks of the most general nature.
Churchill, for his part, advised that information about the atomic bomb be presented in a grotesque form or presented after the telling of some anecdote.
At the end of the plenary session, the president and prime minister, smiling broadly, approached the Soviet leader and playfully invited him to listen to the content of their dreams, which they allegedly saw the night before.
“You know, Mr. Generalissimo,” began Churchill, who was assigned the role of lead singer, “tonight I had a dream that I became the ruler of the world...”
“And I, Mr. Stalin,” Truman picked up the topic, “dreamed that I became the ruler of the universe!”
Stalin, sensing a catch, was in no hurry to answer. Having carefully examined the jokers from head to toe (this is how a teacher looks at students who have misbehaved), he puffed a couple of times on his invariable pipe and said separately: “Is that so? And last night I dreamed that I did not confirm you in the indicated positions!”
Truman realized that the joke had failed, and quickly announced that the United States had created a new weapon of “extraordinary destructive power.”
And although the phrase was thrown by Truman in passing, all participants in the performance - Churchill, the US Secretary of State, Foreign Minister Biris and the American President - closely watched Stalin's reaction.
He shrugged his shoulders and, remaining completely calm, proceeded to his apartment.
The organizers of the failed show came to the conclusion that Stalin simply did not understand the meaning of what was said. Truman was clearly at a loss. He was disheartened that the first attempt at atomic blackmail did not achieve its goal, because in the following days Soviet delegation and Stalin himself behaved as if nothing had happened.
In fact, having returned to his office, Stalin immediately contacted Kurchatov and briefly said: “Immediately speed up our work!”
Let us pay attention to the techniques that Stalin used in this short but very significant skirmish:
1) he waited a long pause before answering, during which he probably made his interlocutors shiver under his famous piercing gaze;
2) he took up the gauntlet of humor and continued the joke by declaring that he, too, had a dream - any other, more serious answer in form would have looked somewhat awkward;
3) declaring that he did not confirm his interlocutors in those positions of rulers of the world that they allegedly dreamed of, he made it clear to them that he himself was the true ruler of the world;
4) he reacted impenetrably to Truman’s words about the creation of powerful weapons, which led the American president, who was expecting a more interested reaction, into a state of confusion;
5) in the future he behaved as if nothing had happened, and thereby devalued the information that Truman seemed to be such an important bargaining chip for negotiations;
6) in fact, he instantly responded to Truman’s information, giving the order to Kurchatov to “immediately speed up the work.”
So try to back up your words with actions, learning from any examples, including the examples of the largest dictators of the 20th century and, of course, imitating them only in the thoroughness of their speech, and not in the evil that they did.
"Cold therapy"
If the thief of your energy acts with annoying activity, if he constantly complains about fate, problems and illnesses, but does absolutely nothing to improve his own life, then a very effective means of protection against such vampirism will be the so-called cold therapy, which Agni Yoga talks about : “You think correctly about the diverse impact of human radiation on the environment. A convincing example can be seen in the human impact on animals and plants. Give an animal or plant into the hands of a person, and you can notice the difference in the state of objects and the types of destruction of life energy. Like a vampire, the rider sucks a horse, or a hunter, a dog, or a gardener, a plant. Look for the cause in human radiation.
Observe and write a history of the spirit's illness. The physical obvious has its roots in ancient accumulations. I advise you to treat people with radiation sickness coldly. Cold treatment will likely strengthen them. Cold therapy should not be taken as cruelty; after all, We remind you to sensitively open the door to everyone who knocks" (Signs of Agni Yoga), emphasizing that this method has nothing to do with cruelty and indifference. On the contrary, in such an attitude towards people who are sick with vampirism lies the highest manifestation of humanity, aimed at awakening independent activity. Deprived of the usual illegal artificial inputs of alien power, energy vampires will be forced to strain their own will in order to legally, through spiritual work, extract energy. A different, softer attitude or an attempt to convince the vampire that his behavior is wrong, immoral and completely fruitless, will be unconvincing for him. A cold attitude, firstly, heals the vampire, and secondly, protects the victim, because it helps her collect her own energy into a single whole.
Psychological affirmations
(positive verbal statements)
If you are in a state of subtle struggle that you could not avoid and at the same time are repelling an attack, try using the affirmation method. Come up with a phrase or several different phrases, the utterance of which puts you in a state of active mobilization of all internal resources, such as:
"I am absolutely confident and protected." "There is a powerful energy surrounding me." "I'm not afraid of anyone, I'm fearless." "I am the strongest and most resilient in the world." "The divine energy in me reflects any blow."
Repeat this phrase for several minutes, like a spell, imbuing every cell of your being with its power. Saturate your aura with energy, imbued with faith and a strong feeling that you are protected and nothing will happen to you. Achieve a feeling of confident, elastic security, try to find the most suitable rhythm for pronouncing the affirmation. Also try to combine saying the formula with breathing, inhaling and exhaling the affirmative phrase and passing its energy through yourself. After this, bring the accumulated strength into your own behavior, actions and deeds. You can repeat it during pressure and strong-willed struggle with the enemy.
Renaming a beat
Sometimes, by calling a slight and insignificant energetic pressure or clash of wills a blow, we fix this impact in our consciousness, as if we had actually been attacked so strongly that we were injured. In short, we take the impact more seriously than we should. Not the least role in this is played by the purely verbal designation of the blow. Reconsidering the perception of a blow as a serious injury and replacing its image with another, less severe and dangerous one, can be achieved by replacing the definition of a blow with another word. Another name carries a change in the function of the image and, often, the force behind it. Try to mentally call the blow (even if it is quite strong and painful) a touch several times, and you will notice a significant reduction in painful sensations.
"Closer to the point"
It often happens that an attack occurs in a business atmosphere, but the attack is directed not at your professional qualities, but at your personality. Many people completely in vain succumb to this “transition to personality” and begin to either make excuses or blame others on the principle of “the fool himself.” Meanwhile, there is an excellent way to repel an attack in a calm, firm manner: leaving aside emotions, urge the aggressor to speak only to the point. It is important not only to periodically repeat the phrase “closer to the point,” but to be able to remain calm, able to analyze the essence of the matter and focused primarily on business goals. Enter the image of efficiency, button up your business suit, both literally and figuratively, and try to demonstrate to everyone present evidence of your own dedication to the interests of the business. You can tell the “critics” that the personal assessments made by someone do not interest you, and offer to discuss the current situation.
Bureaucratic ritual, or formalization of communication
This method is well developed historically in the Russian tradition and, to some extent, is the logical conclusion of the previous method. If you do not have the ability to directly reject offers or pressures to which you are subjected, if unnecessary activities and goals are constantly being forced on you, then you can resort to a purely bureaucratic form of defense, which is an excellent time-saver. Start talking to the person in an official tone, refer to the opinion of your superiors and the immutable rules that have been established in your organization, fill out papers for a long time, force your interlocutor to sign each of them - in short, formalize the communication. This method helps to establish a distance between the aggressor and you, consolidating such forms of communication that either completely exclude open outbursts of irritation on the part of the potential aggressor, or make them obviously disadvantageous for him, because what is the point of rebelling against the established order?
When used incorrectly, as in the hands of seasoned bureaucrats, the formalization of communication becomes a dangerous weapon. This technique should be used in extreme cases, when you feel you are morally right, but you do not have the strength to put an presumptuous boor in his place. Otherwise, it will serve to protect your poorly performing organization or department from justified consumer dissatisfaction. If their claims are true, it is better to correct the mistakes than to defend the “honor of the uniform” in this way. Nevertheless, formalization of communication can be used as a “weapon” special purpose"in situations where mutual emotional bitterness interferes with the business part of solving the problem.
“Aren’t you afraid that your method will be adopted by bureaucrats of all stripes and will finally formalize the country?” a colleague asked me, to whom I told that I was going to describe this form of protection. “I’m not afraid,” I answered, “because they know this method immeasurably better than me.” But to a sensitive, naive worker emotional type"It is useful for someone who is being unfairly attacked to at least spend a little time in the shoes of a seasoned Russian bureaucrat."
Loneliness, or a halo of inaccessibility
Sometimes, to protect yourself, you just need to keep communication to a minimum or even be alone. The image of a lonely, low-contact person that you demonstrate will automatically reduce the number of people who want to even just communicate with you, not to mention those who want to conflict. It is only important that it be a loneliness of strength, as if not in need of people and very selectively accepting communication with them. To do this, you need to carefully monitor yourself so as not to ask unnecessary questions, not to be the first to make contact, but only to react to the nuances of changes in attitude towards you.
“I imagine that I am a celebrity, and everyone around me is journalists who are going to do an interview,” a man who was considered a difficult partner for communication and negotiations once shared with me his secrets. They were afraid of him and tried not to argue, which he skillfully used. Taking a closer look at him, I noticed that he only occasionally communicates his distinctly special, “harmful” opinion and retreats into the shell of public loneliness. The rest of the time, he shows himself as a reserved, but at the same time warm-hearted person, who speaks little, to the point, but is always ready to help with advice if he is approached. By acting in this way, he ensured that they practically did not argue with him and carefully caught his every word, thanks to laconicism and pauses that seemed very weighty. The attention that he shows restrainedly and matter-of-factly to other people, against the background of this silence, looks like a gift, like a ray of sunshine appearing from behind the clouds that have covered the sky for a long time.
This strategy works well in teams with a tense atmosphere and many conflicting factions, where the best way to survive is to stay away and at the same time be known as a great specialist who will always help if asked. Of course, this method is intended for amateurs. For most people, especially those who are emotional by nature, the very prospect of closing their souls like shutters on a window and escaping unpleasant contacts into loneliness looks unattractive.
“Even if they beat you, it’s better to be with people than to sit at home alone,” one woman admitted to me, experiencing difficulties due to the ridicule to which she is exposed in a company, but because of the fear of remaining within four walls, she is ready to endure such treatment.
Demonstration of rage not directed against the aggressor
I couldn't find more short name for a method that a friend shared with me. This method works very well in situations of danger.
“When I need to be left alone, I enter into the image that I am so immersed in some feeling that I don’t seem to hear, and I don’t want to hear others,” a man told me, whose appearance left no doubt in his strength and security. When I asked what signal he was sending to people, the man grinned and said: “Well, for example, I’m starting to talk out loud to myself.” To my counter question whether he was afraid that he would be taken for a madman, he replied that “it would be better to be accepted than, for example, to be killed.” After which he told me a story about how one evening he noticed a group approaching with a rather aggressive look to a telephone booth where he was having a conversation with a friend. “I don’t know where this came from, but I quickly managed to tell my friend: “Don’t be surprised, now I need a performance,” and in a loud voice, with rage, I began to threaten him with a major showdown. When the company approached, I talked to him for another minute in approximately the same tone, letting them hear how furious I was (and, interestingly, none of them decided to interrupt me, but on the contrary, they all listened with their mouths open.) Then I promised my friend that the “boys” would come to me now , and in fifteen minutes we will be with him, after that he hung up the phone and asked one of the company for a cigarette with the words: “Man, give me a cigarette, I’m mortally late.” The most interesting thing is that they gave me a cigarette, and, having said thank you, I quickly walked away from this place."
I tried this method and was convinced of its effectiveness. If you demonstrate a strong emotion directed against an unknown enemy, not every aggressor will dare to disturb your rage. Only the game must be genuine and used extremely rarely.
Overcoming mental trauma
This method is considered to be a training method. It is no secret that each of us probably met and conflicted with people who were stronger and won, leaving a traumatic feeling of defeat in our deep memory. Whenever we encounter something similar in life, this feeling awakens and invades consciousness, blocking the path of free circulation of psychic energy and preventing the manifestation of confidence in behavior. If we want to become protected, we need to overcome the negative image of past failure.
Bring to mind an unsuccessful situation from the past in which you suffered a psychological defeat, or imagine the image of a person who overpowered you on a volitional level. Observe your attitude towards this image. If you notice that, when you remember him, you still experience tension and fear, that is, you are afraid not of the person himself, but of his image, then first of all, achieve the dissolution of your negative emotions and the elimination of muscle tension and blocks. Do this exercise several times. After you can perceive the traumatic image with complete ease and calm, try to completely erase from your memory information about your own weakness, manifested in the past and, to some extent, continuing in the present. On the cleaned tape of consciousness, make another, completely opposite “record”: mentally enter into the image of strength, confidence, psychoenergetic power and transfer your renewed consciousness to this situation, imagining that you are successfully coping with it and completing it in the victorious way that is desirable for you . Make a mental “rewrite” of an unsuccessful situation into a successful, victorious one several times. Gradually, the trauma will resolve and give way to a feeling of wholeness, confidence and health.
Using the protective power of the "uniform"
No, I’m not talking about the protective power of a military uniform, which is usually painted (pardon the pun!) in protective tones, and not about the formula “protection of the uniform,” which means that this or that organization, in the face of fair accusations against it, does not protect the truth or the interests of the business, and above all, one’s own reputation. What I mean is that in many life situations, the protective function is performed by the “uniform” itself, that is, a person’s belonging to a certain organization. Of course, it must be powerful and ready to defend the interests of its members if they are threatened by other structures or forces. Clan-corporate affiliation gives rise to pride and confidence in a person, sometimes even excessive and unfounded. This is clearly seen in the example of employees of large corporations and concerns. And in our history there have been many such structures. When a person remembers that he belongs to something like this, his chest expands, and he begins to feel that he is not afraid of any blows.
To feel the protective power of the “uniform,” you need to “put on” it and “wear it” for some time, in other words, get a job in a good, successful organization. An employee who is in his place must feel that not only he loves his job, but also the work in the person of the employer, the team and the entire system loves him. Try to find a job that you both like and succeed in. Try to establish deep internal contact with the very system that animates your company. Tune in to the feeling of importance and necessity of what you do. If you learn to sincerely and reasonably, without unnecessary complacency, be proud of your organization, team, work and your place in this system, that is, the “uniform”, be sure that such a “uniform” will protect a good worker in all situations.
Awareness and competence
A person’s personal psychological security includes the concept of awareness and competence. Anyone who does not understand either the essence of the issue over which the conflict occurs, or the psychology of the person striking, will never become truly protected. Awareness and competence can be broad, related to the level of education, and a person’s general awareness of everything that is happening in the world, and narrow, related to the specifics of the conflict and attack. No matter how good a person’s health is, no matter how strong his aura is purely energetically, he will not be able to respond correctly to any sophisticated psychological blow that involves introducing the victim into a state of mental confusion and demobilization, unless he is competent and informed and even educated. Competence is essentially not a technique, but a general property of a person that helps in repelling the sometimes very complex and confusing blows of the modern world.
Narrow awareness is closer to what can be called reception. Before a serious clash, ask yourself: have you studied your opponent well? Remember everything you know about him, including knowledge of his strengths and weaknesses, as well as information about the merits of the matter that caused the clash. Try to absorb this knowledge into yourself, into your own heart, and on its basis rebuild your defense system. Just do not burden your spirit, ready to confront evil, with such an assessment and knowledge of the enemy that will prevent you from meeting a new blow with full strength. The information should not be more than a warning. Don’t forget about the completeness of information about yourself that the process of self-observation can bring you. Without so-called subjective awareness, it is impossible to bring oneself into a state of harmony and balance. If it is complemented by education or objective information, then you can avoid many unnecessary blows of fate generated by ignorance.
The elastic force of confidence
Find the center of your being. Focus on it and remain in this state until the hidden energy of consciousness manifests itself. Mentally connect it with a feeling of health, a sense of rightness and willpower. As a result, an elastic force of self-confidence should be born in your personality, which is expressed in inner feeling readiness to immediately respond to any accusation and parry any blow. Tune in to bring this strength into your every action, word or reaction, especially if you are dealing with an aggressive environment and conflicting people. Then try to learn to evoke it in yourself almost instantly, as soon as the smell of a possible conflict and the premonition of an attack are in the air.
Set a goal to create around yourself an elusive but very real aura of elastic, confident strength, and you will significantly reduce the number of attacks on yourself. Who wants to attack someone who exudes a powerful force of confidence, capable of giving a sensitive rebuff? Remember all the cases from past years of life when you managed to successfully parry blows and put the aggressor in his place. Try to remember the very feeling of elastic strength that accompanied these cases and helped you repel the onslaught. After this, recall this feeling that manifested itself in different episodes of your life, summarize it together and attract the energy of memories into your current sense of self. Filled with an elastic feeling of energy and strength, try to get used to the image of confidence at the level of behavior and actions and this will finally convince yourself that you are a strong, confident person who can stand up for yourself.
Mental manipulation of the image of the aggressor
In cases where the aggressor knows you well, and you are firmly convinced that you will receive sensitive blows from him more than once, you should prepare for them and develop the correct reaction to both aggression and its source. Do not underestimate or, conversely, overestimate the aggressor. If there is such an inadequate assessment on your part, then in any case it will backfire on you. The underestimator misses the blow because he has not built any shields around himself, and he will not have any correct reaction embedded in his subconscious to repel the blow. He who overestimates the danger internally exaggerates the severity of the blow and creates in himself incorrect images, blocks and clamps that make it easier to strike and pass through the thin fabric of the human personality. An effective method that improves a person’s security is to mentally work with the image of an aggressor.
Ask yourself a question: in your conflicts with Mr. N, during which you receive sensitive blows, do you continue to underestimate the seriousness of your opponent or, on the contrary, tend to overestimate him? Analyze the image of the enemy imprinted in your mind and try to understand whether such an idea helps you better repel blows or not? If you underestimate the enemy, and in your mind there is no clear image of the danger threatening you that needs to be repelled in some way, then you must: a) introduce into your mind an idea of the size of the real threat; b) think and choose which type of defensive reaction will best repel aggression; c) mentally repeat this reaction in your mind as many times as necessary to turn it into an energetically saturated, living, really working image. In a difficult moment, it will be much easier for you to repel a blow - you will simply extract a protective image from your subconscious and give the desired reaction based on it. If you overestimate the aggressor, and there is a horror image in your subconscious (it doesn’t even matter whether it is confirmed by life truth or based on an incorrect perception), then you can try to distance it from yourself and even reduce its spatial dimensions.
I advised one person, who was terrified of his tough, loud boss, to mentally reduce her image to microscopic size and to do this procedure during the scoldings she gave, and while waiting for them, and after, until his attitude towards the boss became completely indifferent until the fear passes. He hesitated for a long time whether to decide to take such a step or not, because he was so internally dependent on her that he was afraid to even mentally resist her. But when he made up his mind and performed this procedure several dozen times, the fear passed, and in a correct manner, but firmly, he told her everything he thought about her screams and empty nagging. The boss became hysterical - in several years of work, her subordinates objected to her so seriously for the first time. After that, he was about to write a letter of resignation, but after a while a miracle happened: the entire team refused to trust the boss, and she was forced to resign herself!
Remember that it is not enough to create a vivid and accurate image of your protective actions - you need to charge it well with energy and then confidently release it into the world.
Image protection
If mental protection refers to purely internal methods, and role protection refers to external methods, then protection using image, which presupposes a person’s ability to dress correctly and look decent in each specific situation, glides along the very surface of human behavior. However, this type of protection is very important, since it largely determines the perception of a person by other people. As everyone knows well from the Russian proverb, the meaning of which has become significantly stronger in our time, fully worthy of the name “vanity fair,” “one is greeted by his clothes.” If the clothing is bad or sharply contrasts with people's expectations, is provocative or does not correspond to the situation, then you may be met with very aggressive behavior. If you want to achieve your goals in a problematic communication situation (an upcoming conflict, an exam, a difficult explanation, an acquaintance where it is especially important to make a positive impression, contact with an obviously unfriendly or conflicting person), and your position is not accepted in advance, then you must protect your purely psychological image not only with a well-thought-out role, but also with appropriate clothing. Nowadays, many manuals and brochures have been published on the issues of creating an external image, where fashion issues are combined with security issues, so I will not retell them. I will limit myself to only general advice, perhaps even known to readers.
1. If you go somewhere where you have a difficult explanation, then provocatively bright colors of clothing are likely to provoke an outburst of negative emotions.
I remember such a case. One person was expelled from the university. In order to recover, he needed to go through several instances. The success of passing each instance depended, among other things, on his clothing - as soon as he put on a dark brown suit instead of a bright red sweater at the second stage of elimination, the elimination process was suspended.
Of course, in this and other similar stories one should not reduce everything to the effect of colors in clothes, but one should not completely discount this factor.
2. If you go to a fashionable party, birthday, presentation, then, on the contrary, you will be better psychologically protected by brighter, more colorful, expensive clothes. I have repeatedly observed how, at such events, people of a self-confident and arrogant type made psychological attacks on people in a “wretched outfit,” as one businessman, a lover of nightclubs and high-society groups of businessmen, athletes and rock musicians, once put it, where a completely random Human.
3. It is very important to maintain color combinations, even if not classic, but at least not annoying. According to classical ideas, the combination of red and green is completely unacceptable, although in modern fashion, especially in its party version, this barrier has already been passed.
4. Obviously, open clothing suggests that a person is more open to the attention and negative energy of another person and provokes not only friendly impulses and expressions of sympathy, but also aggression, familiar antics, and sexual harassment. Accordingly, closed-type clothing (closed and high collars, all buttons and zippers of a jacket, etc.) creates and enhances the feeling of psychological closedness and partially blocks interest, attention and the desire to make contact and thereby diverts possible psychological attacks from it. On the other hand, many situations require either only “open” or, on the contrary, “closed” clothing, and if a person comes to a good warm and friendly company in literally buttoned up, this will cause tension, attract negative emotions and negative energy to it and, paradoxically, weaken the defense. “Open” clothing in such a situation will perform a protective function to a much greater extent than “closed” clothing.
5. Important role in the image of a person is performed by the material from which the clothes are made. The stronger and thicker the fabric, the greater the effect of closure and security. The pinnacle of the sense of enclosure comes from camouflage fabric and leather. This is why security guards and “lads” love leather so much. On the other hand, statistics claim that in acute situations of fights, showdowns, police raids, and criminal shootouts, the majority of victims are among people dressed in camouflage and leather, even if they happen to be nearby by chance. Therefore, think about when, where and what to wear.
6. In addition, try to ensure that your purely psychological image and style of behavior matches your clothes. There is nothing funnier than a person with the manners of an insecure neurotic, dressed in the style of a tough businessman or security guard. Therefore, look for your style, follow fashion if possible, read magazines on this topic and try to understand what clothes provide you with the greatest success and confidence. We can confidently say that ridiculous or unsuitable clothing for a person not only spoils his image in the eyes of people, but also deforms his aura, giving rise to low self-esteem, psychological complexes and causing energy losses.
7. If you have the opportunity, get yourself a stylist who has at least a little understanding not only of clothes and hairstyles, but also of the subtle energy mechanisms of the impression made by a person and his psychological problems. In short, work on your style. Paraphrasing and supplementing the well-known saying (albeit related to writing): “Style is a person,” we can say that style is a person with his own defense.
Psychological tennis
I call this type of defense a sports term because it involves an instant reaction to any psychological attack from the enemy, be it a word, accusation, gesture, look, movement or deed. Psychological tennis (and I mean table tennis rather than tennis) involves communication at a fast or even super-fast pace. Most often this refers to the verbal type of defense. Learn to instantly respond to the point with a short phrase. Some people speak at such length that their statements resemble extended newspaper articles. Others briefly outline the main ideas at the beginning and only expand on them in more detail if necessary.
Learn to speak in short, succinct phrases, putting the most concentrated energy into them; an answer that is too long will wash away the power of persuasiveness from the words. When starting to train this skill, first try to say anything, even if the meaning of speech is lost, but you maintain a fast pace and a confident appearance. This method is somewhat similar to Zen parables, riddles and paradoxes of existence, to which you need to react instantly and in an extraordinary way. The best answer is considered to be a reaction that is given by a person instantly and absolutely freely, without much thought. Learn to parry any threats, accusations, claims and ridicule instantly and easily, like a tennis champion parries an opponent's blow.
Absurdization of the attack
This type of defense is possible in those types of communication when it occurs in verbal form, and you have time to convince the enemy of the pointlessness of actions against you. To do this, you must resort to exaggeration of the arguments or the roles of behavior to which you resort. Try to show artistry and enter into an image that sharply contrasts with the aggressive behavior of the enemy thanks to humor, subtle irony, play of intonation or a diametrically opposed position, against which further attack seems pointless. Sometimes it is necessary to use good logic, with the help of which a person is quickly, clearly and wittily explained where his aggression will lead him and what a big price he will have to pay for the escalation of the conflict. Try this technique in different variations until you achieve the virtuosity of persuasion in a few phrases.
Protection of honor and dignity
A Russian proverb suggests preserving honor from a young age. The universal spiritual culture considers the loss of honor as a loss of the right to life, because the loss of honor and dignity makes life unbearable. The essence of dignity is the awareness and experience of one’s right to be unique and to treat one’s own personality with a sense of self-respect. Dignity is a kind of armor that surrounds a person. Living life is not a field to cross, and therefore in the process of communication this armor constantly receives arrows. Everyone has a choice: to defend honor and dignity or to lose them, chasing profit in the broadest sense of the word. Protection of honor and dignity involves, first of all, a change in the general position of the individual and his attitude towards himself and, secondarily, is associated with various techniques and methods. If you want others not to offend your honor, you must have this honor. Remember the expression from the officer’s regulations: “I have the honor!” In order to have honor and radiate dignity, a person must kill the slave within himself - the inner being, for the sake of profit or a good attitude towards himself, going to all sorts of humiliations and deals with conscience. Straighten your shoulders literally and figuratively, try to see that you, with all your shortcomings, are the only creature in the world who, based on this one sign, has the right to self-respect.
Understand, if you are not filled with this impulse from within, then where will other people get it from? The respect that other people give you is derived from the respect you give yourself. We are, of course, talking about self-respect, backed up by real deeds, and not about artificial pout and importance, behind which there is nothing but empty narcissism. If you radiate such a sense of self-importance, not backed by genuine achievements in life, people will quickly figure it out and return this energetic impulse back to you with an additional measure of ridicule, contempt and hostility. But if you truly respect yourself, and your feelings are backed by good deeds, people will pay you back with deep respect, sometimes giving you advances that are excessive. Therefore, the best way to develop your self-esteem is the calm, measured performance of worthy deeds for which you are respected.
Also, think seriously about your image. If you want to be perceived the way you would like, make sure that your external reactions do not conflict with your internal attitude. Don’t fuss, don’t make sudden movements, speak significantly, smoothly and weightily, as if imbuing your entire being with the energy of dignity, from muscle patterns to voice modulations.
One of my clients had the opportunity to get a good post, but, unfortunately, for such a post, his appearance was somewhat lightweight. Sharing my client’s fears of seeming funny and frivolous, I suggested that he first change his gait: learn to walk more smoothly, slowly, importantly, imagining that he was carrying a jug on his head. The person liked the image. He began to work in this direction in earnest. Six months later the person was unrecognizable. He admitted to me that he even began to perceive the world differently, which is no wonder - the adoption of a new external manner of behavior changes everything, right down to the inner sense of self.
Protecting dignity involves combining security and honor. First, a person protects his dignity, and then the earned, felt and strengthened dignity protects his personality from attacks and blows. When people see such a person’s attitude towards themselves, they, as a rule, do not dare to cross the boundary surrounding him and invade someone else’s personal territory.
Another aspect of dignity that needs to be cultivated in oneself, because it is directly related to the protection of a person, is the social aspect. If a person who is worthy on a personal level is socially humiliated, the armor of his external confident image is pierced, and he, at best, feels great discomfort. In Russia there has always been a lack of a sense of civic and social dignity, and a significant percentage of the population has always been inclined to bend their heads before the authorities and the state. Taking the situation to the extreme degree of humiliation, such people explode at the last moment and start a riot, which has already happened many times in our history. Today, as the country takes a new course that involves further growth of social inequality, it can be assumed that many people will experience an acute sense of humiliation that is debilitating. A true sense of dignity necessarily includes social and civic self-respect and the ability to assert one's rights. A truly protected person must be able to demand that the state fulfill its obligations. This applies to the personal psychological security of an individual in front of a specific official and representative of the state, and to the community of people humiliated by blackouts of light, heat or exorbitant price increases. People must learn to unite in organizations or movements, with the help of which they will bring their demands to the authorities, firmly and consistently achieving their goals. If the population of our country does not awaken a sense of civic dignity, then it will remain in a state of social humiliation, accompanied by massive stress and psychological depression.
Peaceful attack
If you are attacked, and you have tried various methods to no avail, try to respond by psychologically stopping the enemy yourself, while acting through peaceful means. While maintaining an even and friendly tone, try accusing him of an incorrect approach to business, errors of vision, or bias. You can even slightly, in a correct form, hurt his personal well-being, just enough to confuse him, but do not focus on accusations, but soften your tone and get to the essence of the matter. Peacefully, but very energetically and assertively, begin to prove the correctness of your point of view. In short, overwhelm him with peaceful initiatives so that he does not have time to react and becomes embarrassed. Remember that this is not a program of action, but demonstrative behavior designed to knock off your opponent’s offensive ardor and soften his aggression. By behaving in this way, you paralyze his aggression and confuse him, because your actions do not fit into his expectations.
A peaceful attack is very effective in cases where your opponent is not a super-aggressive person who is ready to go into conflict to the end. Otherwise, he may become enraged, either because he sees your relative resistance, which he does not tolerate, or because he interprets the peaceful nature of your actions as weakness.
Changing the battlefield
When the conflict becomes protracted and requires your continuous participation and attention, and the result of the conflict is likely to be undesirable for you, or at least not what you expect, then it is more advisable to leave the conflict and apply your efforts to some new task. Under no circumstances lose the energy of response and movement. Just change the object of struggle and gradually switch your attention to a new goal. At every moment a person has an alternative choice and it is important to be able to change the battlefield in a timely manner.
Defense of Beliefs
Before we talk about protecting beliefs, we need to make sure that they exist. It often happens that by beliefs people understand personal tastes or selfish interests. Beliefs are a system of a person’s conscious views on a wide range of issues, permeated with some idea or even a series of ideas that a person believes in because they are dear to him. Defending one's beliefs has nothing to do with an empty, ambitious debate started for self-affirmation. Beliefs are not a suit that a person can change three times a week. Changing beliefs is a long process, often stretching over years or even decades. The rapid change of beliefs that one sometimes observes in the sphere of politics is evidence of extreme superficiality and opportunism. A serious person cannot radically change his beliefs for short term without stress, shock and breakdown.
To defend beliefs means to defend oneself, the deep spiritual and psychological basis of one’s existence. The alternative to “surrendering” one’s beliefs is the death of a person as an individual and spiritual unit. Think seriously, do you have them or is it just your imagination? Maybe what you call with the sonorous word “beliefs” is just a set of boastful thoughts that are convenient for your ego to use, for which it is impossible to put any serious ideological basis? But if you do have a belief system that you value, and it is extremely painful for you to see someone trashing them, then, of course, they are worth fighting for. However, before you get involved in the fight, think again - are your beliefs true? Are they imbued with some meaning, light, positive content, or are they the usual kind of blind personal preferences, in real life always directed against the interests of other people? Of course, a person himself cannot determine one hundred percent how true his views are; this is determined by life itself; however, something also depends on his recognition.
So, if your beliefs are valuable to you and if they are not objectively directed against other people, life, God, then defend them! Defending one's beliefs can come in many forms, both in words and in deeds. Of course, defense by deeds and actions is preferable. Orthodoxy has a wonderful formula: “Truth is not proven, but shown.” The Apostle Paul said on the same occasion: “Faith without works is dead.” But words imbued with faith turn, if not into deeds, then at least into an important element of deeds, especially if a person is subjected to psychological attack precisely for his beliefs. This means that if you want to seriously defend your beliefs, learn to effectively defend them with both deeds and words. Deeds and actions should be clear, energetic, successful, professional, that is, those that cause as few claims and penalties as possible from those around you. Try to ensure that your actions are imbued with faith in their meaning and that they do not diverge from the words with which you justify yourself to the world. If you stop believing in what you are doing, ask God to restore your faith, but if this does not happen, stop doing dead work until you believe again. And if faith never returns, forget about your unsuccessful deeds. Actions performed without faith, that is, without awareness of their necessity and value, are doomed to failure.
Verbal defense of beliefs is a dialogue, explanation, argument, sometimes conflict, which must be conducted competently and correctly. Several principles of such protection can be identified: a person must be well versed and understand what he is protecting. Clarity of understanding, generated by incompetence and unprofessionalism, sharply reduces the persuasiveness of what is spoken and causes a comic effect, aggravated by the degree of emotionality of the person. In fact, if such a person defends a thesis and is convinced that he is right, then the more passionately he does this, the more unconvincing his words look to his listeners, because they see the full extent of his misunderstanding. Unfortunately, many people defend views and ideas that they do not fully understand. Try not to be like them.
When defending your beliefs, do it emotionally, passionately, with faith in the correctness of the views that you defend. A person who speaks in such cases with sluggish intonation, without sparkle, with indifferent detachment, weakens the positive meaning of his arguments. Passionate belief in the correctness of what is being said, combined with the logical clarity of the arguments, makes any speech convincing and effective.
Avoid imposing your beliefs - it gives nothing but the opposite result. Try to influence the mind and emotional nature of your interlocutor, but do not put pressure on his will. He must make the decision to accept or not accept your arguments and views on his own.
Learn to be creative in choosing arguments that convince others of the correctness of what you say. The defense of beliefs should not be based on the exploitation of one or two arguments.
Don't let those who attack your views do so with too much irony. Make it clear that it would be better if they make fun of you personally, but they don’t touch your beliefs, just as you don’t touch the beliefs of your opponent. In this case, you will be perceived as a more fair and significant person, for whom it is not her selfish interests that are more important, but her internal value system.
Externally, the analytical table consists of a general header, a system of horizontal rows and vertical graphs (columns, columns). As you know, each table consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject shows what is being discussed and contains a list of indicators characterizing the phenomenon. The predicate indicates what features characterize the subject.
Each table should have a title that briefly expresses its contents. It must be precise, concise and expressive.
Columns containing a subject are numbered with capital letters of the alphabet, and columns containing a predicate are numbered with Arabic numerals. All words in subject and predicate headings must be written in full. If necessary, the column headings must indicate the unit of measurement of the indicator. If all elements of the table are expressed in the same units of measurement, then this unit can be placed in the table heading by placing it in brackets. For ease of use of tables with absolute and relative indicators, you should first provide absolute and then relative data. When reflecting the dynamics of indicators, the data must be arranged in chronological order.
According to the analytical content, tables are distinguished: reflecting the characteristics of the object being studied according to one or another characteristic, the procedure for calculating indicators, the dynamics of the indicators being studied, structural changes in the composition of indicators, the relationship of indicators according to various characteristics, the results of calculating the influence of factors on the level of the indicator being studied, the methodology for calculating reserves, summary results of the analysis.
In tables of the first type indicators characterizing this or that economic phenomenon are recorded, and the level of this indicator for the reporting period for one or several objects is reflected (see Table 4.8).
To reflect in tables the procedure for calculating analytical indicators First, the initial information is provided, and then the derived data necessary to calculate the required indicator are calculated. For example, to calculate the correlation coefficient it is necessary to perform calculations and then use formula (7.7) to find its value.
When studying the dynamics of indicators First, initial information is provided for a number of years in chronological order, on the basis of which basic and chain growth rates and increments, expressed as percentages or indices, are calculated (see Table 4.6).
In the tables characterizing the implementation of the plan, planned and actual data for the reporting period for each object are reflected, after which the absolute deviation from the plan and the percentage of plan completion are calculated (see Table 4.1).
When registering structural changes in the composition of indicators provide data on the composition of the phenomenon being studied in the base and reporting years, on the basis of which the specific weight of each element or part in the overall whole is calculated and deviations from the plan are established (see Table 4.14).
To reflect the relationship between phenomena a table is compiled in which individual or group data for one of the indicators is ranked in ascending or descending order and, accordingly, data for other indicators related to it is arranged (see Tables 4 7 and 4.16).
In the tables intended to present the results of factor analysis, it is necessary to first reflect information on factor indicators, then on the effective indicators and the change in the latter as a whole and due to each factor separately (see Table 6.2).
Tables reflecting results of reserve calculations. They provide the actual and possible level of factor indicators and the reserve for increasing the effective indicator due to each factor (see Table 7.12).
To summarize the analysis results they compile summary tables in which the research material on certain aspects of the enterprise’s activities is systematized (Table 24.18).
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