(Russian language)
Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word
In accordance with the morphological principle of Russian spelling, unstressed vowels in the stern of a word are written as they are pronounced under stress. The spelling of unstressed vowels cannot be checked using imperfective verbs with suffixes - to come, -to live, as in these verbs...(Russian language and culture of speech)
Hyphenated spelling of adverbs
1. Adverbs with a prefix are written with a hyphen By-, formed from full adjectives and pronouns ending in -mu, -him, -ki, -i, For example: work in a new way, act in your own way, treat like a comrade, speak in German, bark like a fox, apparently in vain,...(Russian language)
Hyphenated spelling of particles
1. Affixes are written with a hyphen -something, -either, -something, particles -yes, -ka, -s, -de, -tka, -tko, For example: someone, something, some, somebody(for the spelling of these particles with adverbs, see § 57, paragraph 3), Still, sit down, here, here, yes, no, he is. 2....(Russian language)
RULES FOR WRITING INDIVIDUAL WORDS AND PHRASES IN OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS
1. When the organization is first mentioned, the phrases used must be given their full name (with the abbreviation indicated in parentheses). When using abbreviations, it is necessary to maintain uniformity within one document, including the use of lowercase or capital letters (for example,...(Fundamentals of office work in state and municipal administration)
LIMITS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE DANGER OF VIOLATION OF THESE LIMITS ON THE INTERNET
In the conditions of the developing information society, virtual space is becoming the main means of obtaining information and communication. Thus, the Internet provides users with ample opportunities to exercise rights and freedoms and exchange various types of information. At the same time, the number of...(Modern legal science and practice)
We will study their categories, grammatical features, as well as their other functions in more detail in this article.
Interjections
This part of speech, according to the school curriculum, is studied in the sixth or seventh grade. Although they stack with her much more often. Even in childhood, when a child cannot speak, these are his first sounds. In our language, interjections are usually called a special group of speech that helps to express. Linguists classify them as a special category. From a morphological point of view, they are part of speech. However, they stand apart from independent and function words. In terms of functionality, they do not carry any semantic meaning. That is, these words have no meanings, only indirect ones. Then they cannot be called independent.
As for the auxiliary ones, which help connect words in a sentence and text, they also did not transfer their functions to interjections. These words do not “serve” anyone and do not mean anything. What is it then? These are the most common emotions when we don’t have enough words to express them more formally. Let's say: “Ah!”, and everyone will understand that something surprised us. We hear: “Shh!”, and immediately fall silent, since this word means the cessation of conversations or any actions. Sentences with interjections are more emotional and convey much more deeply what cannot always be said in words.
Compare: “Oh, it hurts!” and “It hurts me.” Both of these sentences convey the same meaning. However, the first conveys a person’s momentary sensation, while the second can also mean a long-term feeling of pain. It will be enough just to groan, and those who are nearby will understand us.
Origin
The terms “onomatopoeic words” and “interjections” appeared a long time ago, back in the early seventeenth century. The linguist Smotrytsky introduced them into use in 1619. Then he called them “interjections,” that is, what was said between words. In fact, that is what they are.
Some were formed, as they say, spontaneously, from our cries. For example, such as “A”, “O”, “Fu”, “Ah” do not have a special origin story. This is our involuntary reaction to any stimulus.
The well-known word “Bayu-bai” takes its roots from the ancient Russian word to speak (bayat). Thus, when putting the baby to bed, parents seem to be telling him to fall asleep.
The familiar word “hello”, which we say when answering a call, came to us from England. Its direct meaning is hello, which translates to “Hello.” By picking up the phone, we let you know that we can hear the other person, while at the same time greeting him.
Modern slang creates new onomatopoeic words and interjections every year. The forms “Oops”, “Cool”, “Blah blah” appeared. All of them are related to our usual “Ah”, “Wow”, “Yes-yes”.
That is, over time, some interjections disappear, and are replaced by others, more relevant today.
Word formation
Like any part of speech, interjections have their own special ways of formation. The following are distinguished:
- Using affixes. From the word “A” the more affectionate “Ainki” is formed.
- Transition from one b.r. to the other: “Fathers! "(from noun), "Stunned!" (from the verb), "Cool!" (from an adverb).
- Fusion: “Here you go,” “Don’t tell me.”
- Addition: "Kiss-kiss."
The variety of word formation methods proves that this part of speech is not as simple as it seems at first glance.
Structure
Several types of interjections are classified depending on how many parts they consist of. The first group is simple. Their structure contains only one word and one root. Examples: “Oh”, “Alas”, “Eh”.
The next type is called complex. They received this name due to the fact that they are made up of several roots. For example: “ah-ah-ah”, “yes-yes-yes”, “father-lights”, “whoa”.
The last group in terms of structure is compound interjections. They are formed from a few simple words: “alas and ah,” “here you go.” As a rule, this group comes from nouns to which interjections are added.
Kinds
It is customary to subdivide them into several types.
- Incentive. They, replacing full-meaning words, signal that it’s time to act: “Come on faster!”, “Hey, tell me how to get here!”, “Shh, speak more quietly - the child is sleeping.”
- Emotional. Such words involuntarily escape from a person when he is surprised or frightened: “Oh, how sweet it is!” “Oh, what a strong thunderstorm!”
- Label. Not everyone knows that the words “Hello”, “Goodbye”, “Thank you” that are familiar to us belong to the class of interjections. They have no independent meaning, conveying only our polite intonation. For example: “Please let me go for a walk. Thank you very much for your help! Hello, friends!”
Without the words of this group, it is unlikely that a well-mannered person can imagine his life. They help not only to decorate our speech, but also give it a certain charm.
Punctuation
How is this part of speech distinguished in writing? Sentences with interjections usually have commas.
For example: “Oh, how quickly the vacation flew by!” A comma is placed after the emotional word because it is at the beginning of the sentence. Similar examples: “Wow, there are so many of you here!”, “Ugh, how ugly of you.”
The interjection “o” occupies a special place. When used together with other words, it is not separated by commas: “Oh, the air, how pure you are!”, “Oh no, I have to refuse you in this matter.”
In the sentence “Well, how can you decide and call?!” the word “well” is not isolated, since it has the meaning of reinforcement. In the case when it denotes the duration of an action, it must be highlighted with a comma: “Well, I don’t know how long this will last.”
The interjection “what,” which is used as the highest degree of something, is not isolated: “What a wonderful evening!”, “What a slob you are!”
Onomatopoeic words and their difference from interjections
A special category includes words that imitate any sounds. They, unlike interjections, do not carry any emotionality. Their main function is to convey a similar sound. For example, the ticking of a clock is conveyed in writing by the word “Tick-tock.” When we hear a beetle flying past, we will reproduce its flight as “Zhzhzh.” And there are many such examples.
In addition, this part of speech is actively involved in the formation of various words: woof - bark, oink - grunt, hee-hee - giggle.
Their most important difference from interjections is their different role in the language. At first glance, they are very similar. However, there is no point in confusion, since onomatopoeic words do not convey a person’s feelings and emotions. They just repeat the sound.
Rank
Onomatopoeic words in Russian are divided into several subtypes:
- Animal voices (including birds): crow (rooster), meow (kitten), ooh (owl), pee-pee (mouse).
- Natural sounds: bang-bang (thunder), boom (something fell), pshsh (the hiss of water).
- Imitation of musical instruments: ding-dong (ringing a bell), strumming (playing a guitar).
- Sounds made by people: crunch (eating a carrot), stomp stomp (someone is walking), clop (wearing heels).
These are the most common categories of this part of speech. Onomatopoeic words and interjections form a special group in the Russian language, being neither independent nor functional.
Syntactic role
It is very interesting that in rare cases such small words can be different parts of a sentence. Interjections and onomatopoeic words, examples of which we have repeatedly given above, are:
- Definitions. For example: “Oh yes, it’s a holiday!” In this case, the interjection “Oh yes” answers the question “Which one?”, replacing the word “Wonderful”.
- Addition: And suddenly in the distance we heard a quiet “Aw!”
- Predicate: And the door suddenly - “Blam!”
- Subjects: And then a loud “Hurray” was heard.
The role of interjections and onomatopoeic words in speech
Without these seemingly simple words, our language would be very poor. After all, most of them are formed impulsively, regardless of our desire. Call for help, cry out in fear, be surprised by an action - all these are interjections, onomatopoeic words. with the first ones we looked at earlier. But the sounds made by someone or something do not stand out in writing. If necessary, only quotes are placed in sentences where there is direct speech.
Speech using this category becomes much more emotional. It's hard to contain our joy when something happens that we've been waiting for a long time. For example: “Wow! Finally, it happened!” Or in a difficult moment, when a person involuntarily sighs: “Eh, nothing good came of it.”
But how to convey the sounds that animals make? Only with the help of special words. Without them it is almost impossible to do this. Such words try to convey similar sounds, such as the moo of a cow or the grunt of a pig.
Exercises
In order to consolidate the material covered, the children perform special tasks, repeating onomatopoeic words. Exercises on them and on interjections are usually simple.
- For example, it is necessary to determine the category of a certain group: “Ah!”, “Oh!”, “Fathers!”. By all indications, these are emotional interjections, simple in structure.
- Find onomatopoeic words in sentences.
“Slap-slap” was heard outside the window. “Chick-chirp” - this is how sparrows attract attention. Approaching the platform, the train sang: “Too-too.”
- Determine what sounds can be made by a violin, a dog, raindrops, thunder, a yawning person, an object falling to the floor, shaking from the cold.
- Distinguish whether interjections or imitative words are used in sentences:
Hello, my comrades.
- “Bang!” - was heard in the silence.
Come on, hurry up already!
- “Chick-chick!” So we tried to call the little birds.
Fathers of light! What a “bang-bang” the thunder said to us!
Exercises on sentences with onomatopoeic words, as well as interjections, can be very diverse. But for the most part, they usually do not cause any difficulty among students.
Morphological analysis
Like any part of speech, these two small subgroups have their own parsing algorithm. At the same time absolutely identical.
- Determine the part of speech.
- We designate morphological features:
Structure
Discharge by transmitted value
Immutability
- Role in a sentence.
Let's give an example of analysis. “Here you go! We weren’t expecting rain, but it poured!”
- Here you go - interjection.
- Composite in structure (several words).
- Emotional, conveys surprise.
- Immutable (can neither be inflected nor conjugated)
- It does not play any syntactic role in a sentence, since it does not replace an independent part of speech.
Next example: And then - “Whack-whack!” - the ball flew past us.
- Onomatopoeic word (represents the flight of the ball).
- Complex, consists of two repeating bases.
- Discharge is the sound of inanimate nature.
- Immutability.
- In the sentence it will be a circumstance (answers the question “how”).
Another example: How inattentive you are to me!
- Interjection
- Simple, one word.
- Emotional, conveys outrage.
- Immutability.
- Circumstance (replaces the words “very” or “very”).
Conclusion
Spelling onomatopoeic words and interjections similar to them usually does not cause difficulties. They all convey emotions or sounds exactly as we hear them. It is important to remember that repeated stems, such as woof-woof, will always be written with a hyphen.
The spontaneity in their formation makes them an integral part of our lives. Babies who cannot speak shout only certain sounds to their mothers. Parents use them to determine what their child wants. As adults, we still continue to use these parts of speech. No one can force us to give up expressing our own emotions. What about the sounds of nature? We can all draw them, but writing them on paper is not always easy. This is why onomatopoeic words exist. They easily repeat what we hear, only in writing.
We simply cannot do without such seemingly insignificant parts of speech. Every day we encounter them in oral speech, and in some cases we have to use them in writing.
They should not be confused with functional parts of speech, for example, with particles. Sometimes they are very similar to each other. It is worth remembering one immutable rule: these words convey emotions, feelings and sounds. No other speech groups can do this. As they say, everyone has their own necessary role.
A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods and motives. Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of conversational style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.
Groups of interjections by meaning
There are interjections non-derivative (well, ah, ugh, eh etc.) and derivatives, derived from independent parts of speech ( Give it up! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).
Interjections do not change and are not members of the sentence . But sometimes an interjection is used as an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. There was an “au” sound in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “cry” and is the subject. Tatiana ah! and he roars . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection “ah” is used in the meaning of the verb “gasp” and is a predicate.
We need to differentiate!
It should be distinguished from interjections onomatopoeic words. They convey various sounds of living and inanimate nature: humans ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow-meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, or motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bul, woof, drip) or repeated syllables (gul-bul, woof-woof, drip-drip - written with a hyphen).
From onomatopoeic words, words of other parts of speech are formed: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shook, and the girl hee-hee-hee yes ha-ha-ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed” and are predicates.
Interjection is a part of the Russian language that expresses motives, feelings and emotions, but does not name them. Like auxiliary parts of speech, interjections do not change.
Are not interjections the following words:
- onomatopoeic(imitating ordinary sounds and sounds made by birds, animals or insects): knock-knock, woof-woof, chirp-tweet.
Indicating instant actions: stomp, slap, jump.
Types of interjections.
Interjections vary in composition, origin and meaning.
According to the composition of the interjection there are:
- Simple interjections- consisting of one word: great, wow, bravo;
- Compound interjections- consisting of two or more words: wow, here you go, pray tell;
- Complex interjections- consisting of two or more bases: Ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh.
By origin distinguish:
- Derivative interjections- formed from other words and phrases (syntactic constructions): come on, just think, pipes, pray tell and etc.
- Non-derivative interjections- first-born, having no genetic connections with other parts of speech: oh, ah, uh and etc.
- Borrowed interjections- interjections that came into the Russian language from other languages: bravo, that's it, guard, wow and etc.
By value distinguish:
- Incentive interjections: hey, come on, chick, but-but, bye-bye and others.
- Emotional Interjections: great, bravo, wow and etc.
- Etiquette interjections: hello, please be kind, goodbye, thank you and others.
The syntactic role of interjections.
Usually interjections are not part of the sentence. But when interjections act as other parts of speech in a sentence, they take their place among the members of that sentence. Let's consider, what parts of a sentence can an interjection be used in?, replacing other parts of speech:
- An endless “ow” came in response from the darkness. In this sentence “ay” replaces the noun and acts as subject.
- Hey girl! In this sentence, the interjection “ah yes” replaces the adjective, therefore it acts as definitions(what girl?).
Interjections and punctuation marks.
Consider the following Rules for placing punctuation marks for interjections:
- Exclamatory interjections are marked with an exclamation mark if pronounced with pronounced intonation: Ba! Who came to us! Yeah! Gotcha!
- The same exclamatory interjections can be separated by commas if pronounced with normal intonation: Oh, something squeezed in my chest! Ba, how smart!
- Onomatopoeic words and imperative interjections are also used with a comma or exclamation mark: Stop! The passage is closed! - Stop, car! Knock Knock! Can I come to you? - Ay, Is there anyone alive?
- Interjective expressions expressing the author’s attitude to the facts expressed are also separated by commas: Fortunately, the injury was not serious. To my delight, Mom answered the phone call.
How to distinguish interjection from particles?
Some interjections may have homonyms, which are spelled the same but are actually particles used to enhance the emotional tone of the sentence. How to distinguish interjections oh, ah, oh, well and others from homonymous particles?
1) The particle “o” is usually used in addresses and exclamatory sentences before the words “yes” or no”: Oh yes, this is what you need!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this day is!)
2) The particle “well” is used in sentences with an intensifying meaning: Well, how you have grown, my boy!(compare with interjection: Well, are we going for a walk or not?)
3) The particle “ah” is most often used with personal pronouns: Oh, you cunning fox face!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this garden is!)
In cases where we are faced with not an interjection, but a particle, commas are not used. Interjections in a sentence are always marked with punctuation. Exceptions are the phrases: “oh you”, “wow”, “oh yes”, “oh you”, “oh and”, etc.
Interjections are unique in that they do not belong to either auxiliary or independent parts of speech. They are designed to express feelings, emotions, motivations, without naming them. The article gives a complete definition of interjections, provides their characteristics, and examples of use in speech.
Words that help express expressions of will, motives, and the entire versatility of emotions and feelings without specifying them are called interjections. They stand alone and do not belong to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Phrases expressing feelings and emotions are classified according to several criteria:
- meaning(motivational, emotional and etiquette);
- structure(compound, simple and complex);
- origin(non-derivatives and derivatives).
The general meaning of such phrases is to express feelings, motives, emotions without naming them. The same word can express different feelings, which can be determined from the context. For example, "uh" may mean:
- joy: Uh, good!
- fright: Wow, what a scary one.
- astonishment: Wow!
- threat: Wow, I'll ask you!
Such words do not answer questions and have no lexical meaning. Most often they do not act as members of a sentence. How to determine which part of a sentence is an interjection? This can be done when it replaces other, significant parts of speech.
For example: There, in the distance, a drawn-out “au” was heard. - "Aw" acts as the subject.
Wow, smart girl! - "oh yes" is the definition.
Spelling interjections
Words related to this part of speech can be written:
TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this
- separately
- complex and compound interjections - My fathers, where have you been?
- expressions with the abbreviated form of the pronoun you, you- those. For example: I'll show you those right now.
– hyphenated
- complex words like oh-ho-ho, by the way, By God;
- words with a repeating stem - ah-ah-ah, ah-ah, just about, etc.
In writing, interjections are always highlighted with punctuation. It could be:
- Comma- put if the statement is said with usual calm intonation, on one or both sides, depending on the position in the sentence.
For example: Oh, it hurts me. Okay, eh. Vanya, damn it, what have you done?
- Exclamation mark- used after expressions with pronounced intonation.
For example: Bravo! Well done! Hooray! We won!
However, there are cases when the interjection is confused with particles and punctuation marks are not used. It's about words oh, well, ah, in certain positions they do not stand out in the letter.
For example: Oh no not this. Well, this has to happen.
Positions before words are also not marked with punctuation marks. how, what, when they express a high degree of a trait.
