Slide 2
Goal: To attract students’ attention to family problems, cultivating a respectful attitude towards the positive experience of family life L.N. Tolstoy and Tolstoy’s heroes, build relationships with parents on an adaptive basis. Objectives: To show that Tolstoy’s ideal is a patriarchal family with its sacred care of the elders for the younger and the younger for the elders, with the ability of everyone in the family to give more than to take; with relationships built on “goodness and truth.” Organize the intellectual and cognitive activity of students in the process of working on the topic of the lesson. Develop students' individual abilities and creativity. To form stable moral and ethical standards of relationships in the family and teach children to follow them in everyday life.
Slide 3
“What does it take to be happy? A quiet family life... with the opportunity to do good to people.” (L.N. Tolstoy)
Slide 4
1st group: systematizes material about mother and father based on the read chapters of the story “Childhood.” 2nd group: studies materials related to traditions and legends in the family of L. N. Tolstoy. Group 3: analyzes scenes showing family life in the novel War and Peace. Individual assignment: The theme of family in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina.”
Slide 5
What is family? This word is clear to everyone, like the words “bread” and “water”. It is absorbed by us from the first conscious moments of life, it is next to each of us. A family is a home, it is a husband and wife, it is children, grandparents. These are love and worries, labors and joys, misfortunes and sorrows, habits and traditions.
Slide 6
“This morning I walk around the garden and, as always, I remember my mother, about “mama,” whom I don’t remember at all, but who remained a holy ideal for me...” (L.N. Tolstoy). “... All day long I was in a dull, melancholy state... I wanted, as in childhood, to cling to a loving, compassionate creature and... to be comforted. But who is this being that I could cling to like this? I go through all the people I love - not a single one is good. Who should I cling to? To become small and to my mother, as I imagine her. Yes, yes, mummy, whom I have never called before, not being able to speak. Yes, she is my highest idea of pure love - but not cold, divine, but earthly, warm, maternal. My best, tired soul was drawn to this one. You, Mama, caress me. It's all crazy, but it's all true."
Slide 7
“Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood!” L. N. Tolstoy.
Assignment: Systematize the material about the mother and father based on the chapters of the story “Childhood” read. Epigraph: “Early childhood is that period “in which everything is illuminated with such a sweet morning light, in which everyone is good, you love everyone, because you yourself are good and they love you.” (L.N. Tolstoy).
Slide 8
MOTHER.
What events happen in the chapter "Maman"? What kind of mother do we see here? What is your overall impression of the mother in this chapter? Why doesn’t L.N. Tolstoy give a clear portrait of his mother? Is Natalya Nikolaevna happy in her personal life? How does she face her near death?
Slide 9
FATHER.
What do we learn about the father from the chapter "Dad"? What two passions does Tolstoy note in his father in the chapter “What kind of man was my father”? How does your father treat people? Did those around him love him? What did he love in life? What brought him joy and happiness? Why does this person live? In what atmosphere did Nikolenka live?
Slide 10
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and his family.
Epigraph: “Happy is he who is happy at home.” L. N. Tolstoy. Assignment: Study materials related to traditions and legends in the family of Leo Tolstoy.
Slide 11
L.N. Tolstoy remembers his childhood as something especially bright, beautiful, and harmonious. “If I were given a choice: to populate the earth with such saints as I can imagine, but only so that there would be no children, or with people like now, but with children constantly arriving, I would choose the latter,” wrote L. N. Tolstoy in his diary. This was his house, populated by children.
Slide 12
“Family Thought” in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
Assignment: Analyze scenes showing family life in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Epigraph: “This is not a novel at all, not a historical novel, not even a historical chronicle, this is a family chronicle... this is a true story, and there were family ones.” (N. Strakhov). “There are eternal songs, great creations, bequeathed from century to century.” (A.I. Herzen).
Slide 13
The Rostov family.
Which version of family, clan connections is acceptable for Tolstoy? What type of family do the Rostovs belong to? What does parental home mean to them? In what situations do we meet the Rostov family? What is the relationship between parents and children? Pay attention to the ethics of this relationship. What will family mean in the life of Natasha, the mother?
Slide 14
Bolkonsky family.
What is the relationship between members of the Bolkonsky family? Do they constitute a “breed” like the Rostovs? What do they all have in common? What is hidden behind the external severity of old man Bolkonsky? The most striking, in your opinion, details are in the depiction of the internal and external appearance of the Bolkonskys. How will Princess Marya embody her father's ideal of a family? How are the Bolkonsky house and the Rostov house similar?
Slide 15
Kuragin family.
What ethical principles guide the members of the Kuragin family? Are there such concepts as “honor”, “nobility”, “clear conscience”, “sacrifice” in their value system?
Slide 16
What kind of family is Tolstoy’s ideal, what kind of family life does he consider “real”?
Slide 17
“Tolstoy’s novel differs from an ordinary family novel in that it is, so to speak, an open family, with an open door - it is ready to spread, the path to the family is the path to people.” (N.Ya. Berkovsky).
Slide 18
And with its ending, “War and Peace” resembles an open book: the last words of the story are the dreams of a child, plans for the life that lies ahead. The fate of the novel’s heroes is only a link in the endless experience of humanity, of all people, both past and future, and among them that person who today, at the beginning of the 21st century, 139 years after it was written, reads “War and Peace” ” with the hope of finding answers to “eternal” questions in it. And now “the young man, clenching his mouth, redefines: for what does he live, for what does he suffer? What is love? Where does conscience live? And everything – not in the eye, but in the eyebrow, in the very soul, that is.” (A. Yashin).
Slide 19
“The theme of family in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina.”
Epigraph: “For a work to be good, you must love the main, main idea in it.” So, in “Anna Karenina” I loved the idea of family…” (L.N. Tolstoy).
Slide 20
Each family is a big, complex world with its own traditions, relationships and habits, even its own view of raising children. They say that children are an echo of their parents. However, in order for this echo to sound not only due to natural affection, but also mainly due to conviction, it is necessary that in the home, in the family circle, customs, orders, and rules of life are strengthened, which cannot be crossed not out of fear of punishment, but out of respect for the foundations of the family, to its traditions. Do everything to ensure that your children’s childhood and future are wonderful, that the family is strong and friendly, that family traditions are preserved and passed on from generation to generation. I wish you happiness in your family, in the one in which you live today, which you yourself will create tomorrow. May mutual assistance and understanding always reign under the roof of your home, may your life be rich both spiritually and materially.
Slide 21
We stopped rejoicing, but the worst thing is that we stopped being surprised. Be surprised by everything: the birth of a child, the sunrise, the arrival of spring. Don’t be rude to an elderly person, feed him something tasty, even if he has no teeth; Before you die, say one last kind word. Give your time and pay attention to the child. Have pity on the woman. As for the woman, be patient a little if your husband is worthy of it. Turn to your friends. Return to the traditions of home gatherings, visiting each other, and joint holidays. The starting point in the process of our revival is home, family. This is what I believe." People's Artist of the USSR Olga Volkova
Slide 22
About the authors:
Venina Vera Aleksandrovna – teacher of Russian language and literature, head of the school of teachers of Russian language and literature of the Municipal Educational Institution “Topkanovskaya Secondary School”; Savinova Valentina Mikhailovna - teacher of Russian language and literature at the Topkanovskaya Secondary School; Nadezhda Alekseevna Fedorova - teacher of Russian language and literature at the Topkanovskaya Secondary School; Shiryaeva Irina Ivanovna – educator, English language teacher at the Topkanovskaya Secondary School.
View all slides
Sections: Literature
Class: 10
Target(slide 2): to attract students’ attention to family problems, cultivating a respectful attitude towards the positive experience of family life L.N. Tolstoy and Tolstoy’s heroes, build your relationship with your parents on an adaptive basis.
Tasks:
- Show that Tolstoy’s ideal is a patriarchal family with its sacred care of the elders for the younger and the younger for the elders, with the ability of everyone in the family to give more than to take; with relationships built on “goodness and truth.”
- Organize the intellectual and cognitive activity of students in the process of working on the topic of the lesson.
- Develop students' individual abilities and creativity.
- To form stable moral and ethical standards of relationships in the family and teach children to follow them in everyday life.
Equipment: portrait of L.N. Tolstoy, book exhibition, decorated board, TV, DVD, DVD “Literature for grades 5–11”, DVD with the feature film “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, audio recorder, audio cassette with recorded music.
Epigraph:(slide 3) “What is needed for happiness? A quiet family life... with the opportunity to do good to people.” (L.N. Tolstoy).
Preliminary tasks for the lesson(slide 4)
- The 1st group systematizes the material about the mother and father based on the read chapters of the story “Childhood”.
- The 2nd group studies materials related to traditions and legends in the family of L. N. Tolstoy.
- The 3rd group analyzes scenes showing family life in the novel “War and Peace”.
Several students are preparing an individual assignment using the presentation: The theme of family in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “Anna Karenina”.
Each group has its own leader, a strong student prepared in advance, who summarizes the material on the topic. At the end of the lesson, he hands over sheets with preliminary assessments of the answers of the students in his group.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Teacher's introduction(slide 5).
- What is family? This word is clear to everyone, like the words “bread” and “water”. It is absorbed by us from the first conscious moments of life, it is next to each of us. A family is a home, it is a husband and wife, it is children, grandparents. These are love and worries, labors and joys, misfortunes and sorrows, habits and traditions.
And today we will talk about what role the family played in the life and work of L.N. Tolstoy.
2. Teacher's word:(slide 6)
“This morning I walk around the garden and, as always, I remember my mother, about “mama,” whom I don’t remember at all, but who remained a holy ideal for me...” (L.N. Tolstoy).
L.N. Tolstoy, who lost his mother when he was 18 months old, carefully collected and stored in his memory everything that he managed to learn about her from his relatives. In “Memoirs” he wrote: “... everything I know about her is wonderful...”
Maria Nikolaevna had an extraordinary creative gift: she was an excellent storyteller - she composed fascinating magical stories and fairy tales, - an excellent musician, wrote and translated poetry.
Maria Nikolaevna and Nikolai Ilyich sought to give their children - they had five of them: Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev and daughter Maria - a free, humane, patriotic education. The moral and intellectual character of the parents, the family happiness they achieved - this is what determined the special atmosphere of Yasnaya Polyana, where the origins of the “purity of moral feeling” were laid, which later delighted N.G. Chernyshevsky in Tolstoy’s first works.
Lev Nikolaevich always remembered with love his parents, whom he lost in early childhood. He captured the features of their lives and characters in his works. The appearance of Maria Nikolaevna is guessed in the poetic image of Maman in the story “Childhood”.
Work of the first group(slide 7)
“Happy, happy, irrevocable time of childhood!”(L.N. Tolstoy).
Epigraph:“Early childhood is that period “in which everything is illuminated with such a sweet morning light, in which everyone is good, you love everyone, because you yourself are good and they love you.” (L.N. Tolstoy).
Systematize the material about the mother and father based on the read chapters of the story “Childhood.”
MOTHER (slide 8)
1. What events take place in the chapter “Maman”? What kind of mother do we see here?
2. What is the overall impression of the mother left in this chapter?
3. Why doesn’t L.N. Tolstoy give a clear portrait of his mother?
4. Is Natalya Nikolaevna happy in her personal life? How does she face her near death?
FATHER (slide 9)
1. What do we learn about the father from the chapter “Dad”?
2. What two passions does Tolstoy note in his father in the chapter “What kind of man was my father”?
3. How does the father treat people? Did those around him love him?
4. What did he love in life? What brought him joy and happiness? Why does this person live?
5. In what atmosphere did Nikolenka live?
(The assistant summarizes).
The teacher summarizes. (The teacher uses this material both for generalization during group work and for final generalization). In this work, Tolstoy does not give a clear portrait of his mother, since he only had general impressions of something very kind and affectionate in his memory.
The mother showers love and affection on the child. And, like any mother, she is afraid of leaving him an orphan: “So you love me very much? Look, always love me, never forget. If your mother is not there, will you forget her? Won't you forget, Nikolenka? “She kisses me even more tenderly.”
Maternal tenderness gives rise to feelings of endless love and happiness in Nikolenka’s soul; and from his eyes tears of love and delight flow in streams for his “darling” and “darling” mother.
And this ardent child’s love for the mother brings forth from the child’s soul the first, pure, heartfelt prayer for mother and father: “Oh, God, save daddy and mummy.”
Let’s read the parents’ conversation: after all, this is an argument on the verge of conflict, but how tactful and delicate it is! And the father shows a sense of tact, ending the conversation with a smile and a joke. How is the mother behaving? Delicate and firm at the same time, with self-esteem. She knows how to defend her opinion and the right to her inner life.
What kind of person was your father? For dad, convenience and pleasure in life are the main thing, he has no business that would occupy him (we see what kind of landowner he is), no serious hobbies, no goals in life, he has not made a military career. He lives for himself, for his own pleasures, and is happy with this (although he loves his wife and children in his own way, but himself more, the children notice).
Pristine purity, freshness of feelings, trustfulness of a child’s heart, sincerity of love for others - this is what the happiness of childhood is for Tolstoy. But Lev Nikolaevich does not hide the shadow sides of his childhood years. Nikolenka, the main character of the trilogy, realizes that there is trouble in the relationship between his parents, that life is not as cloudless and joyful as it seemed in those days when his mother’s love protected him from all adversity. He is deeply upset when faced with manifestations of cruelty and insincerity. It is difficult and unpleasant for him to find these qualities in his relatives - his grandmother and father, and his tutor. But still, Tolstoy always saw in childhood the best time of a person’s life.
In what atmosphere did Nikolenka live? This is an atmosphere of love, joy and happiness. Everyone loved Nikolenka: mother, father, Karl Ivanovich, Natalya Savishna. The boy is surrounded by love, lives in a kind, good family (all the difficulties of adult life are revealed to him after only a few years), and life should probably be easy, carefree and happy.
According to the writer, everything that happens to a child as he grows up depends entirely on his upbringing, on the influence of the environment and circumstances on him.
Work of the second group(slide 10)
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy and his family
Epigraph:“Happy is he who is happy at home.” (L.N. Tolstoy).
Study materials related to traditions and legends in the family of Leo Tolstoy.
(The assistant summarizes).
The teacher summarizes(slide 11). Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy remembers his childhood as something especially bright, beautiful, and harmonious. “If I were given a choice: to populate the earth with such saints as I can imagine, but only so that there would be no children, or with people like now, but with children constantly arriving, I would choose the latter,” wrote L N. Tolstoy in his diary. This was his house, populated by children.”
Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya created, took care of this house, “stood on guard” over it. The mistress of a large house and estate, the mother of fifteen children, an inexorable assistant in her husband’s literary affairs, Sofya Andreevna could rightfully be considered the true keeper of the hearth of Tolstoy’s house. The children knew what their mother was doing for them: she looked after their food, sewed shirts for them, darned their stockings, “made” dolls or compiled a herbarium, and she scolded them if their boots got wet from the morning dew.
But the children did not know that at night she often sat for three to four hours over her father’s manuscripts, that she many times copied chapters of “War and Peace” and other works in her own hand.
The children were sure that their mother could not be tired or out of spirit. After all, she lived for Seryozha, for Tanya, for Ilyusha, for Lesha, for all their brothers and sisters.
Only later, when they became adults, did they understand what an amazingly selfless woman, mother and wife she was.
And here’s how one of Lev Nikolaevich’s sons, Sergei Lvovich, recalled about his father: “In childhood, we had a very special attitude towards our father. For us, his judgments were unquestioning, his advice was mandatory. I couldn’t stand the gaze of his inquisitive little steel eyes, and when he asked me about something... I couldn’t lie. We always felt his love for us, although Tolstoy, the father, did not have the usual affection. He did not spoil the children with kisses, gifts, or overly affectionate words. And yet the children always felt his love!”
Sergei Lvovich wrote: “In childhood, our first pleasure was for our father to take care of us, for him to take us for a walk, around the house, on a hunt or on some trip, for him to tell us something, to do things with us.” us gymnastics. My father never punished: he never beat me, never put him in a corner, and very rarely did he get irritated. He corrected, made comments, hinted at shortcomings, made it clear with a joke that behavior at the table was not so great, and at the same time told an incident or anecdote that contained a corresponding hint. He could look into the eyes so intently that this gaze was stronger than any command. Punishment was usually expressed in “disfavour”: he doesn’t pay attention, he won’t take him for a walk.”
The family had a strong tradition of reading aloud. Lev Nikolaevich attached great importance to the selection of books for reading. He advised not to rush to read the masterpieces of the classics, believing that, having matured, they would be better able to experience them. Therefore, children read Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol quite late. My father suggested for reading what he loved.
Work of the third group(slide 12)
“Family Thought” in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
Epigraph:“This is not a novel at all, not a historical novel, not even a historical chronicle, this is a family chronicle... this is a true story, it was a family story.” (N. Strakhov).
Analyze scenes showing family life in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
Teacher's word.“There are eternal songs, great creations, bequeathed from century to century” (A.I. Herzen). Among such creations is the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". We open the pages of volume 2, where Tolstoy contrasts the senselessness and inhumanity of the war of 1805 with the life that he calls “real.” Being himself in a tireless search for truth, the writer believed: “To live honestly, you have to get confused, fight, make mistakes, start again and give up... And forever fight and suffer.” What's bad and what's good? Why live and what am I? Everyone must answer these eternal questions for themselves. A subtle researcher of the human soul, Tolstoy argued that “people are like rivers”: each has its own channel, its own source. This source is the home, family, its traditions, way of life.
The world of family is the most important “component” of the novel. Tolstoy traces the fates of entire families. His characters are connected by family, friendship, and love relationships; Often they are separated by mutual hostility and enmity.
On the pages of “War and Peace” we get acquainted with the family nests of the main characters: the Rostovs, the Bezukhovs, the Kuragins, the Bolkonskys. “The family idea” finds its highest embodiment in the way of life, the general atmosphere, and in the relationships between close people of these families.
I hope that after reading the pages of the novel, you have visited these families. And today we have to figure out what kind of family is the ideal for Tolstoy, what kind of family life he considers “real.”
Rostov family(slide 13)
1. Which version of family, clan connections is acceptable for Tolstoy?
2. What type of family do the Rostovs belong to?
3. What does parental home mean to them? In what situations do we meet the Rostov family?
What is the relationship between parents and children? Pay attention to the ethics of this relationship.
What will family mean in the life of Natasha, the mother?
(Assistant summarizes)
The teacher summarizes. L.N. Tolstoy stands at the origins of folk philosophy and adheres to the popular point of view on the family - with its patriarchal structure, the authority of parents, and their care for children. The author denotes the spiritual community of all family members with one word - Rostov, and emphasizes the closeness of mother and daughter with one name - Natalya. Mother is synonymous with the world of family in Tolstoy, that natural tuning fork by which the Rostov children will test their lives: Natasha, Nikolai, Petya. They will be united by the important quality instilled in the family by their parents: sincerity, naturalness, simplicity. Openness of soul and cordiality are their main properties. From here, from home, is the Rostovs’ ability to attract people to themselves, the talent to understand someone else’s soul, the ability to worry and sympathize. And all this is on the verge of self-denial. The Rostovs do not know how to feel “slightly”, “halfway”; they surrender completely to the feeling that has taken possession of their soul.
It was important for Tolstoy to show through the fate of Natasha Rostova that all her talents were realized in the family. Natasha, a mother, will be able to instill in her children both a love of music and the ability for the most sincere friendship and love; she will teach children the most important talent in life - the talent to love selflessly, sometimes forgetting about themselves; and this study will take place not in the form of lectures, but in the form of daily communication between children and very kind, honest, sincere and truthful people: mother and father. And this is the real happiness of the family, because each of us dreams of having the kindest and fairest person next to us. Pierre's dream came true...
How often Tolstoy uses the words “family”, “family” to designate the Rostov house! What a warm light and comfort emanates from this word, so familiar and kind to everyone! Behind this word is peace, harmony, love.
Teacher's word. Now let’s stay a little with the Bolkonskys, in the Bald Mountains.
Work of the third group on issues.
Bolkonsky family(slide 14)
1. What are the relationships between members of the Bolkonsky family? Do they constitute a “breed” like the Rostovs? What do they all have in common?
2. What is hidden behind the external severity of old man Bolkonsky?
3. The most striking, in your opinion, details in the depiction of the internal and external appearance of the Bolkonskys.
4. How will Princess Marya embody her father’s ideal of a family?
5. How are the Bolkonskys’ house and the Rostovs’ house similar?
(The assistant summarizes).
The teacher summarizes. The distinctive features of the Bolkonskys are spirituality, intelligence, independence, nobility, high ideas of honor and duty. The old prince, formerly a nobleman of Catherine, a friend of Kutuzov, is a statesman. He, serving Catherine, served Russia. Not wanting to adapt to the new time, which demanded not to serve, but to be served, he voluntarily imprisoned himself on the estate. However, even disgraced, he never ceased to be interested in politics. Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky tirelessly makes sure that children develop their abilities, know how to work and want to learn. The old prince was involved in the upbringing and education of children himself, without trusting or entrusting this to anyone. He does not trust anyone not only with the upbringing of his children, but even with their fate. With what “outer calm and inner malice” does he agree to Andrei’s marriage to Natasha. And a year to test the feelings of Andrei and Natasha is also an attempt to protect the son’s feelings as much as possible from accidents and troubles: “There was a son whom it was a pity to give to a girl.” The impossibility of being separated from Princess Marya pushes him to desperate, evil, bilious actions: in front of the groom he will tell his daughter: “... there is no point in disfiguring yourself - she’s already bad.” He was insulted by the Kuragins’ matchmaking “for his daughter. The insult was the most painful, because it did not apply to him, to his daughter, whom he loved more than himself.”
Nikolai Andreevich, proud of his son’s intelligence and his daughter’s spiritual world, knows that in their family between Marya and Andrey there is not only complete mutual understanding, but also sincere friendship based on unity of views and thoughts. Relationships in this family are not built on the principle of equality, but they are also full of care and love, only hidden. The Bolkonskys are all very reserved. This is an example of a genuine family. They are characterized by high spirituality, true beauty, pride, sacrifice and respect for other people's feelings.
How are the Bolkonsky house and the Rostov house similar? First of all, a sense of family, spiritual kinship of close people, patriarchal way of life, hospitality. Both families are distinguished by the great care of their parents for their children. The Rostovs and Bolkonskys love their children more than themselves: Rostova, the eldest, cannot bear the death of her husband and the younger Petya; old Bolkonsky loves children passionately and reverently, even his severity and exactingness comes only from the desire for good for the children.
Teacher's word. Against the background of the characteristics of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys, the relationships in the Kuragin family will sound in contrast.
Work of the third group on issues.
Kuragin family(slide 15)
1. What ethical principles are the members of the Kuragin family guided by?
2. Are there such concepts as “honor”, “nobility”, “clear conscience”, “sacrifice” in their value system?
3. As Tolstoy proves his thought, “there is no moral core in parents, and there will be none in children either.”
(The assistant summarizes).
The teacher summarizes. Actually, the Bolkonskys and Rostovs are more than families, they are entire ways of life, each of which, for its part, is covered in its own poetry.
Simple and so deep for the author of “War and Peace” family happiness, the same one that the Rostovs and Bolkonskys know, it is natural and familiar to them - this family, “peaceful” happiness will not be given to the Kuragin family, where an atmosphere of universal calculation and lack of spirituality reigns . They are deprived of generic poetry. Their family closeness and connection is unpoetic, although it undoubtedly exists - instinctive mutual support and solidarity, a kind of mutual guarantee of selfishness. Such a family connection is not a positive, real family connection, but, in essence, its negation.
To pursue a career, to “make” a profitable marriage for them - this is how Prince Vasily Kuragin understands his parental duty. What his children are essentially like is of little interest to him. They need to be “attached”. The immorality allowed in the Kuragin family becomes the norm of their life. This is evidenced by Anatole’s behavior, Helen’s relationship with her brother, which Pierre recalls with horror, and Helen’s own behavior. There is no place for sincerity and decency in this house. You noticed that in the novel there is not even a description of the Kuragins’ house, because the family ties of these people are weakly expressed, each of them lives separately, taking into account, first of all, their own interests.
Pierre said very accurately about the false Kuragin family: “Oh, vile, heartless breed!”
(slide 16)
The teacher summarizes the material
Family
Ilya Andreevich Tolstoy (1757-1820) - grandfather of L. N. Tolstoy
He studied in the Naval Corps, was a midshipman in the navy, later transferred to the Life Guards, to the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and retired in 1793 with the rank of brigadier. He owned estates in the Tula province and a magnificent mansion in Moscow, but preferred to live in Polyany, a vast estate in Belevsky district. Ilya Andreevich had four children: two sons (the youngest of them, Ilya, died in childhood) and two daughters. “My grandfather Ilya Andreevich... was..., as I understand him, a limited man, very gentle, cheerful and not only generous, but stupidly wasted, and most importantly, gullible. On his estate... there was a long, non-stop feast, theaters, balls, dinners, skating... it ended with the fact that his wife’s large estate was so entangled in debt that there was nothing to live on, and the grandfather had to procure... the place of governor in Kazan” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 359).
Pelageya Nikolaevna Tolstaya (née Gorchakova, 1762-1838) - wife of I. A. Tolstoy
The family of princes Gorchakov, dating back to Rurik, became famous in the 18th and especially in the 19th centuries for their military leaders, one of whom, Pelageya Nikolaevna’s second cousin Alexei Ivanovich Gorchakov, was a minister of war, and the other, Andrei Ivanovich, was a military general. Pelageya Nikolaevna - daughter of Prince. Nikolai Ivanovich Gorchakov - “she was narrow-minded, poorly educated - she, like everyone else then, knew French better than Russian (and this was the limit of her education), and very spoiled - first by her father, then by her husband, and then... by her son - woman. In addition, as the daughter of the eldest in the family, she enjoyed great respect from all the Gorchakovs...” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 359).
Nikolai Sergeevich Volkonsky (1753-1821) - grandfather of L. N. Tolstoy
Information about N. S. Volkonsky is scarce and not always accurate. According to the custom of his time, at the age of 7 he was enlisted in military service, as a young man he served in the guard and in 1787, as part of the retinue of Catherine II, he accompanied the Empress during her trip to Crimea. In 1794, for unknown reasons, he took leave for two years. With the accession of Paul I, Volkonsky returned to service and was appointed military governor of Arkhangelsk. In 1799 he retired and began raising his only daughter. “My mother lived her childhood partly in Moscow, partly in the village with an intelligent, proud and gifted man, my grandfather Volkonsky” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 351). “My grandfather was considered a very strict master, but I never heard stories about his cruelties and punishments, so common at that time... I heard only praise for his intelligence, thriftiness and care for the peasants and, in particular, my grandfather’s huge servants” ( Tolstoy L.N. t. 34, p. 351). In 1784, after the death of his father Sergei Fedorovich Volkonsky, Nikolai Sergeevich received the Yasnaya Polyana estate into personal possession and began to develop it. “He probably had a very subtle aesthetic sense. All his buildings are not only durable and comfortable, but extremely elegant. The park he laid out in front of the house is the same” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 352).
Ekaterina Dmitrievna Volkonskaya (née Trubetskaya, 1749-1792) - wife of N. S. Volkonsky
Ekaterina Dmitrievna is the youngest daughter of Prince Dmitry Yuryevich Trubetskoy. The Trubetskoy family belonged to the old Russian aristocracy, famous for its liberalism and broad cultural interests. The Volkonskys had two daughters: Varenka, who died in childhood, and Maria. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died when her daughter Maria was barely two years old.
Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794 - 1837) - father of L. N. Tolstoy
Nikolai Ilyich is the eldest of four children of gr. I. A. Tolstoy. He had all the qualities of a young man of good taste: he knew French and German perfectly, was interested in poetry, music, painting, danced the mazurka and waltz... From the age of 6 he was enlisted in the civil service, at the age of 17 he transferred to military service, took part in foreign campaigns against Napoleon (1813-1814). For distinction in battles he received the Order of Vladimir, 4th degree, and the rank of captain. In 1822 he married Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya. After the death of his wife, he lived on the Yasnaya Polyana estate, and shortly before his death he moved with his children to Moscow. He died on June 21 in Tula, where he arrived on business, from a “blood stroke,” as stated in the medical report. “The father was of average height, well-built, lively sanguine, with a pleasant face and always sad eyes” (Tolstoy L.N. vol. 34, p. 355). “... Father never humiliated himself before anyone, did not change his lively, cheerful and often mocking tone. And this self-esteem that I saw in him increased my love, my admiration for him” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 357).
Maria Nikolaevna Tolstaya (née Volkonskaya, 1790-1830) - mother of L. N. Tolstoy
N. S. Volkonsky made sure that his only daughter received an excellent education. Teachers and governesses taught her German, English, Italian and the humanities; from childhood, she spoke French as a native language. Her father taught her exact sciences. Maria Nikolaevna devoted a lot of time to music lessons and read a lot. Her diaries testify to her undoubted literary talent, which is confirmed by her other works: poems, stories, literary translations. At the age of 19, Maria Nikolaevna was introduced to the high society of St. Petersburg. By the time she entered the world, she had become a sensible, lively and independent girl. She was not a beauty; they said that the most remarkable thing about her appearance was her expressive, radiant eyes. Portraits of her have not survived; only one image of her has reached us - a silhouette as a child. “... In my idea of her there is only her spiritual appearance, and everything I know about her is wonderful...” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 349). On July 9, 1822, Maria Nikolaevna married N.I. Tolstoy. Over the 8 years of marriage, five children were born into their family: Nikolai, Sergei, Dmitry, Lev and Maria. Six months after the birth of her daughter, Maria Nikolaevna died of “childbirth fever,” as they said then. “She seemed to me such a high, pure, spiritual being that often in the middle period of my life, during the struggle with the temptations that overwhelmed me, I prayed to her soul, asking her to help me, and this prayer always helped me” (L. N. Tolstoy vol. 34, p. 354).
Tatyana Aleksandrovna Ergolskaya (1792-1874)
After the death of her mother, Tatyana Alexandrovna was raised in the family of I. A. Tolstoy. She probably loved L.N. Tolstoy's father, but did not marry him so that he could marry the wealthy heiress M.N. Volkonskaya. Both of these generous women became friends, and after the death of Maria Nikolaevna, Tatyana Alexandrovna took upon herself the care of the orphaned children. “... Aunt Tatyana Alexandrovna had the greatest influence on my life. This influence was, firstly, in the fact that even in childhood she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love... The second is that she taught me the delights of a leisurely, lonely life” (Tolstoy L.N. vol. 34, p. 366 -367). “She never taught how to live in words, she never read moral teachings, all moral work was processed inside her, and only her deeds came out - and not deeds - there were no deeds, but her whole life, calm, meek , submissive and loving, not with anxious, self-admiring love, but with quiet, imperceptible love” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 368).
Nikolai Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1823-1860) - elder brother of L. N. Tolstoy
Of the brothers, Nikolai was more like his mother than others; he inherited from her not only character traits: “indifference to people’s judgments and modesty...” (Tolstoy L.N. vol. 34, p. 350), tolerance towards others. “The most dramatic expression of a negative attitude towards a person was expressed by his brother with subtle, good-natured humor and the same smile” (Tolstoy L.N. vol. 34, p. 350). Like his mother, he had an inexhaustible imagination, the gift of telling extraordinary stories. About Nikolai Nikolaevich I. S. Turgenev said that “he did not have those shortcomings that are needed in order to be a great writer...” (L. N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 350). It was Nikolai who told his younger brothers, “that he has a secret, through which, when it is revealed, all people will become happy, there will be no illnesses, no troubles, no one will be angry with anyone and everyone will love each other... . .. The main secret... was, as he told us, written on a green stick, and this stick was buried by the road, on the edge of the Old Order ravine...” (Tolstoy L.N. vol. 34, p. 386). Nikolai Nikolaevich studied at the Faculty of Mathematics of Moscow University, and in 1844 he graduated from Kazan University. In 1846 he entered military service and was enlisted in an artillery brigade going to the Caucasus. In 1858 he retired with the rank of staff captain and spent time in his small house in Moscow and in Nikolskoye-Vyazemsky. In May 1860 he went for treatment to Soden, Germany, then moved to the south of France, to Gier, where he died of tuberculosis on September 20, 1860 at the age of 37 years.
Sergei Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1826-1904) - elder brother of L. N. Tolstoy
Sergei Nikolaevich stood out among his brothers for his stature and beauty, he was witty, brilliant, multi-talented, and easily achieved success in his studies. “I respected Nikolenka, I was friends with Mitenka, but I admired and imitated Seryozha, loved him, wanted to be him. I admired his handsome appearance, his singing - he always sang - his drawing, his joy and, in particular, oddly enough to say, his spontaneity, his selfishness... I loved Nikolenka, and I admired Seryozhey as if he were something completely alien to me, incomprehensible. It was human life, very beautiful, but completely incomprehensible to me, mysterious and therefore especially attractive (Tolstoy L.N. vol. 34, pp. 387-388). S. N. Tolstoy graduated from the mathematics department of Kazan University in 1849, where he was a student of the great Lobachevsky. In 1855-1856 he took part in the war with Turkey, and in 1856 he retired with the rank of staff captain. In 1876-1885. was the leader of the nobility of Krapivensky district. In 1867, he married M. M. Shishkina, a “state gypsy peasant woman,” with whom he had been in a civil marriage since 1850. The children of Sergei Nikolaevich: son Grigory, daughters Vera and Varvara were not happy and brought more grief to their father than joy. . Once a brilliant aristocrat, cheerful, sociable, in old age Sergei Nikolaevich became irritable, lived secludedly on his estate Pirogovo, where he died on August 23, 1904.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1827-1856) - elder brother of L. N. Tolstoy
“... He grew up unnoticed, communicating little with people, always, except in moments of anger, quiet, serious, with thoughtful, stern, large brown eyes. He was tall, thin, quite strong... with long, large arms and a stooped back.” “He was always serious, thoughtful, pure, decisive, quick-tempered, courageous, and what he did he brought to the limit of his strength” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 380). In 1847, Dmitry Nikolaevich graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of Kazan University, tried to enter the civil service in St. Petersburg, but not finding support, he entered a modest position in the Kursk province. Owned the Shcherbachevka estate. Died of consumption on January 21, 1856.
Maria Nikolaevna Tolstaya (1830-1912) - younger sister of L. N. Tolstoy
Maria Nikolaevna studied at the Kazan Rodionovsky boarding school for noble maidens. I. S. Turgenev, who once had tender feelings for her, wrote about her: “... one of the most attractive creatures I have ever met! Sweet, smart, simple, - I couldn’t take my eyes off... “I haven’t seen so much grace, such touching charm for a long time” (S. M. Tolstoy, “The Only Sister”). In 1847 she married Count. Valerian Petrovich Tolstoy, her second cousin, with whom she separated in 1857. From this marriage she had 4 children. In 1861, while traveling abroad, she met Viscount Hector de Clain, from whose civil marriage a daughter, Elena Sergeevna, was born. Returning from abroad, she lived with her brother Sergei Nikolaevich in Pirogovo, where a house was built for her. She owned her mother's estate Pokrovskoye in the Chernsky district of the Tula province. After the premature death of her son Nikolai in 1879, Maria Nikolaevna experienced a period of in-depth religious quest. In 1888 she visited Optina Pustyn, met and talked with Elder Ambrose, in 1889 she settled near Optina Pustyn, in the Shamordino Monastery, and in 1891 she took monastic vows. Having lived in the monastery for 21 years, she left the best memory there.
Alexandra Ilyinichna Osten-Sacken (1795-1841) - aunt of L. N. Tolstoy, guardian of the children of N. I. Tolstoy’s deceased brother
As a young girl, she shone in St. Petersburg society and was the queen of the ball more than once. An unsuccessful marriage to Count Karl Ivanovich Osten-Sacken, who suffered from a mental disorder, turned her from a carefree, cheerful, flirtatious girl into a recluse, a “boring praying mantis,” as she called herself. “Auntie... was a truly religious woman. Her favorite pastimes were reading the lives of saints, conversations with wanderers, holy fools, monks and nuns... Aunt Alexandra Ilyinichna was not only outwardly religious, observed fasts, prayed a lot..., but she herself lived a truly Christian life, trying to avoid all luxury and services, but trying, as much as possible, to serve others” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 34, p. 363).
Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya (née Bers, born August 22, 1844; died November 4, 1919) - wife of L. N. Tolstoy
Sofya Andreevna is the second daughter of the Moscow doctor Andrei Evstafievich and Lyubov Aleksandrovna Bers. Having received a good education at home, in 1861 she passed the exam at Moscow University for the title of home teacher. In 1862, Sofya Andreevna married L.N. Tolstoy. The first years of their married life were the happiest. Tolstoy wrote in his diary after his marriage: “Incredible happiness... It cannot be that this all ends only in life” (L.N. Tolstoy, vol. 19, p. 154). Tolstoy’s friend I.P. Borisov remarked about the couple in 1862: “She is a beauty, all good looking. She is smart, simple and uncomplicated - she should also have a lot of character, that is, her will is in her command. He's in love with her before Sirius. No, the storm in his soul has not yet calmed down - it has calmed down with the honeymoon, and there will probably still be hurricanes and seas of angry noise." These words turned out to be prophetic; in the 80-90s, as a result of Tolstoy’s change in views on life, discord occurred in the family. Sofya Andreevna, who did not share her husband’s new ideas, his desire to renounce property and live by his own, mainly physical labor, still understood perfectly well to what moral and human heights he had risen. In the book “My Life,” Sofya Andreevna wrote: “... He expected from me, my poor, dear husband, that spiritual unity that was almost impossible given my material life and worries, from which it was impossible and nowhere to escape. I would not have been able to share his spiritual life in words, and to bring it to life, to break it, dragging a whole large family behind me, was unthinkable, and even unbearable.” For many years, Sofya Andreeva remained her husband’s faithful assistant in his affairs: a copyist of manuscripts, a translator, a secretary, and a publisher of his works. Possessing a subtle literary sense, she wrote novels, children's stories, and memoirs. Throughout her life, with short breaks, Sofya Andreevna kept a diary, which is described as a noticeable and unique phenomenon in memoirs and literature about Tolstoy. Her hobbies were music, painting, photography. The departure and death of Tolstoy had a hard effect on Sofya Andreevna, she was deeply unhappy, she could not forget that before his death she had not seen her husband conscious. On November 29, 1910, she wrote in the Diary: “Unbearable melancholy, remorse, weakness, pity to the point of suffering for my late husband... I can’t live.” After Tolstoy's death, Sofya Andreevna continued her publishing activities, releasing her correspondence with her husband, and completed the publication of his collected works. Sofya Andreevna died on November 4, 1919. Knowing that her role in the life of L.N. Tolstoy was assessed ambiguously, she wrote: “... Let people treat with condescension the one who, perhaps, was not able to bear from a young age. on weak shoulders there is a high destiny - to be the wife of a genius and a great man.”
Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy (born June 28, 1863; died December 23, 1947) - son of L. N. Tolstoy
In 1872, L. N. Tolstoy, in a letter to A. A. Tolstoy, described his son as follows: “The eldest, blond, is not stupid. There is something weak and patient in his expression and very meek... Everyone says he looks like my older brother. I'm afraid to believe. That would be too good. The main feature of his brother was not selfishness and not self-sacrifice, but a strict middle.... Seryozha is smart - a mathematical mind and a sensitivity to art, he studies well, is agile in jumping, gymnastics; but gauche (clumsy, French) and absent-minded.” Sergei Lvovich studied at the Tula gymnasium, in 1881 he entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, the department of natural sciences, and at the same time attended courses at the conservatory, studied music theory, composition and the features of Russian song. After graduating from university, he worked in the Tula branch of the peasant bank, then went to St. Petersburg, served in the management of the peasant bank. In 1890, he was appointed to the post of zemstvo chief of one of the districts of the Tula province. Sergei Lvovich was married in his first marriage to Maria Konstantinovna Rachinskaya, and in his second marriage to Maria Nikolaevna Zubova. In 1898-1899 was involved in the resettlement of the Doukhobors to Canada. Sergei Lvovich was seriously involved in music, from 1926 to 1930 he was a professor at the Moscow Conservatory, known as the author of musical works: “Twenty-seven Scottish Songs”, “Belgian Songs”, “Hindu Songs and Dances”; wrote romances based on poems by Pushkin, Fet, Tyutchev. He was also engaged in literary activities, writing stories about the life of the people, memoirs, and biographical essays. He was one of the founders of the L. N. Tolstoy Museum in Moscow, took part in commenting on the Complete Works of L. N. Tolstoy. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. He died in 1947 at the age of 84.
Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya - Sukhotina (born October 4, 1864; died September 21, 1950) - daughter of L. N. Tolstoy
Tatyana Lvovna combines the characteristics of both her parents. Created from flesh and blood, she, like her father, fought against their dominance. From her mother she inherited practicality, the ability to do a variety of things, like her mother, she loved toilets, entertainment, and was not without vanity. Tatyana was equally close to both her father and her mother. In 1872, L.N. Tolstoy, in a letter to A.A. Tolstoy, gave his daughter the following description: “Tanya is 8 years old. If she were Adam's eldest daughter and there were no children smaller than her, she would be an unhappy girl. Her best pleasure is to tinker with little ones... her dream now is conscious - to have children... She does not like to work with her mind, but the mechanism of her head is good. She will be a wonderful woman if God gives her a husband...” Tatyana Lvovna showed her ability to draw early. In 1881 she entered the School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow. Her teachers were V. G. Perov, I. M. Pryanishnikov, L. O. Pasternak. She often turned for instructions to N.N. Ge, who in 1886 wrote to her: “I am glad that you want to take up art. You have great abilities, but know that abilities without love for your work will not do anything.” In 1899, Tatyana married Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin, they lived on the estate of Sukhotin Kochety. On November 19, 1905, Tatyana Lvovna gave birth to her only daughter, Tanya. From 1914 to 1921 she lived in Yasnaya Polyana. From 1917 to 1923 she was the curator of the estate museum. In 1923 - 1925 was the director of the Leo Tolstoy Museum in Moscow. In 1925, together with her daughter, Tatyana Lvovna went abroad, lived in Paris, where her guests were Bunin, Maurois, Chaliapin, Stravinsky, Alexandre Benois and many other representatives of culture and art. From Paris she moved to Italy, where she spent the rest of her life.
Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy (born May 22, 1866; died December 11, 1933) - son of L. N. Tolstoy
L.N. Tolstoy in 1872, characterizing his children, prophetically wrote about this son: “Ilya, the third... Broad-boned, white, ruddy, shining. He studies poorly. Always thinking about what he is not told to think about. He invents games himself. He is neat, thrifty, and “what’s mine” is very important to him. Hot and violent (impulsive), now fight; but also gentle and very sensitive. Sensual - he loves to eat and lie quietly... Everything that is unlawful has a charm for him... Ilya will die if he does not have a strict and beloved leader.” The character traits noted by my father became more acute with age. A talented man, but more of a pleasure-loving person, he was unable to realize his abilities and became scattered in numerous hobbies. Despite his talent, he did not finish high school. He entered military service in the Sumy Dragoon Regiment. In 1888 he married Sofya Nikolaevna Filosofova. Constantly experiencing financial difficulties, Ilya Lvovich alternately served as an official, a bank employee, an agent of the Russian social insurance company, and an agent for the liquidation of private estates. During the First World War he worked in the Red Cross, tried to become a journalist, and in 1915 founded the newspaper “New Russia”. According to L.N. Tolstoy, Ilya was the most literary gifted of all the children. In 1916, Ilya Lvovich left Russia and went to the USA. In America he married theosophist Nadezhda Klimentyevna Katulskaya. He made his living by giving lectures on Tolstoy’s work and worldview, and took part in film adaptations of the novels “Anna Karenina” and “Resurrection,” which were unsuccessful. Died on December 11, 1933 in New Haven (USA).
Lev Lvovich was one of the most talented in the family. L.N. Tolstoy described his three-year-old son as follows: “Pretty: dexterous, attentive, graceful. Every dress fits as if it were made for it. Everything that others do, he does, and everything is very clever and good. I still don’t understand it well.” Passionate, generous, sensitive to beauty and nobility, ambitious, he was a musician, a portrait painter, a sculptor, a writer, and a journalist. Lev Lvovich graduated from the L. I. Polivanov gymnasium, then for a year he studied at the medical faculty of Moscow University, and in 1889 -1892. - in historical and philological. He served as a private in the 4th Infantry Battalion of the Imperial Family in Tsarskoe Selo. In his youth, Lev Lvovich was passionately interested in his father’s ideas, but later his thoughts began to take a direction opposite to Tolstoy’s views. Lev Lvovich dreamed of becoming a great writer and moral philosopher, and was seriously involved in literature. L.N. Tolstoy wrote to his son on November 30, 1890: “You, I think, have what is called talent and... the ability to see, notice and convey...”. In 1896, Lev Lvovich married the daughter of the famous Swedish doctor Dora Westerlund. In 1918 he emigrated and lived in France, Italy, and Sweden. In exile he continued to study literature, painting, and sculpture. He perfected his talent as a sculptor under the great Auguste Rodin. Died on December 18, 1945 in Sweden.
Maria Lvovna Tolstaya-Obolenskaya (born February 12, 1871; died November 27, 1906) - daughter of L. N. Tolstoy
When Maria was two years old, her father wrote about her: “A weak, sickly child. Like milk, white body, curly white hairs; large, strange, blue eyes: strange in their deep, serious expression. Very smart and ugly. This will be one of the mysteries. He will suffer, he will search, he will find nothing; but will forever seek the most inaccessible.” Maria admired her father from childhood. Having read his religious and philosophical works in adolescence, she completely believed in his ideas and became, in theory and practice, the most consistent sweatshirt of all the writer’s children. Smart, tactful, brilliant in several foreign languages, she became her father's best friend and assistant. Following his ideas, she renounced her share of the inheritance during the division of property in 1892, did not go out into the world, physically worked until exhaustion, taught peasant children to read and write, and treated peasant women. Alexandra Lvovna, Maria’s younger sister, wrote about her in her memoirs: “... Everyone loved her, she was friendly and sensitive: whoever she met, she had a kind word for everyone, and it didn’t come out artificially, but naturally, as if she felt which string to press to make the opposite string sound.” On June 2, 1897, Maria Lvovna married Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky, her second cousin. Maria Lvovna died on November 27, 1906 at the age of 35 from pneumonia.
Pyotr Lvovich Tolstoy - son of L. N. Tolstoy
Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy - son of L. N. Tolstoy
Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya - daughter of L. N. Tolstoy
born and died November 1875
Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877-1916) - son of L. N. Tolstoy
Andrei Lvovich was loved by many for his kindness, generosity, and nobility. He was an impetuous, passionate man, brave and self-confident. He loved his mother very much, who adored him and forgave him everything. His father, appreciating Andrei’s kindness, “the most precious and important quality, which is more valuable than anyone else in the world,” advised him to apply his ideas for the benefit of the people. Andrei Lvovich did not share his father’s views, believing that if he was a nobleman, he should enjoy all the privileges and advantages that his position gave him. He studied at the Polivanov gymnasium and the Katkovsky Lyceum, but did not complete the course. In 1895 he entered military service as a volunteer. He took part in the Russo-Japanese War with the rank of non-commissioned officer as a mounted orderly. He was wounded in the war and received the St. George Cross for bravery. In 1907, he entered the service as an official of special assignments under the Tula governor. His first marriage was to Olga Konstantinovna Diterikhs, his second to Ekaterina Vasilievna Goryainova, after his first husband Artsimovich. Andrei Lvovich’s second wife left her husband, the governor, and six children for his sake. Tolstoy strongly disapproved of his son’s lifestyle, but said about him: “I don’t want to love him, but I love him because he is genuine and does not want to appear to others.” Andrei Lvovich died on February 24, 1916 in Petrograd from general blood poisoning.
Mikhail Lvovich Tolstoy (1879-1944) - son of L. N. Tolstoy
Mikhail Lvovich as a child was calm, healthy, cheerful, full of life and hating quarrels. He studied at the Polivanov gymnasium, then at the Katkovsky Lyceum, but did not show any inclination towards learning. Like his brothers and sisters, he was musically gifted, learned to play the balalaika, harmonica, and piano masterfully, composed romances, and learned to play the violin. Everyone loved him for his spontaneity and humor. In 1899 served as a volunteer in the 3rd Dragoon Sumy Regiment, in 1900. promoted to warrant officer in the army cavalry reserve. In 1901 he married Alexandra Vladimirovna Glebova. During the First World War, he served in the 2nd Dagestan Regiment of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division. In 1914-1917 participated in battles on the Southwestern Front. He was nominated for the Order of St. Anne, 4th degree. In 1920 emigrated and lived in Turkey, Yugoslavia, France and Morocco. In Morocco, like all his relatives, he put pen to paper. Died on October 19, 1944 in Morocco.
Alexey Lvovich Tolstoy - son of L. N. Tolstoy
Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya (1884-1979) - daughter of L. N. Tolstoy
Alexandra Lvovna received an excellent education at home. She was a difficult child. Her mentors were governesses and older sisters, who worked with her more than Sofya Andreevna. Her father also had little contact with her as a child. When Alexandra turned 16 years old, she became close to her father. Since then, she devoted her whole life to him. She did secretarial work and mastered shorthand and typing. According to Tolstoy's will, Alexandra Lvovna received copyrights to her father's literary heritage. During the First World War, she completed courses for nurses and voluntarily went to the front, serving on the Turkish and North-Western fronts. For her participation in the war, for her inexhaustible energy, for her organizational skills, for dedication and courage, she was awarded three St. George Crosses and awarded the rank of colonel. After the war, Alexandra Lvovna devoted herself to preserving and disseminating her father’s spiritual heritage, and took part in the publication of the “Posthumous artistic works of L. N. Tolstogodgotovka Complete Works.” In 1920, she was arrested by the GPU and sentenced to three years in the Novospassky Monastery camp. Thanks to the petition of the peasants of Yasnaya Polyana, she was released in 1921, she returned to her native estate, and after the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee she became the curator of the museum. Over the next 8 years, she organized a cultural and educational center in Yasnaya Polyana, opened a school, a hospital, and a pharmacy. In 1924, slanderous articles about Alexandra Lvovna began to appear in the press, in which she was accused of improperly conducting business. In 1929, she decided to leave Russia, went to Japan, then to the USA. Abroad, she gave lectures about L.N. Tolstoy at many universities, and in 1939 she organized and headed the Tolstoy Foundation to help all Russian refugees, whose branches are now located in many countries. In 1941, she accepted American citizenship. Her charitable work has been recognized throughout the world. Alexandra Lvovna died on September 26, 1979 in Valley Cottage, New York.
Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (born March 31, 1888, died February 23, 1895) - son of L. N. Tolstoy
The last son of L.N. Tolstoy was unusually similar to his father. He had gray-blue eyes that saw and understood more than he could express in words. Tolstoy believed that this son would continue his work on earth after his death, a work of love for people. The parents' hopes did not come true. Vanechka (as he was most often called in the family) died in Moscow at one and a half days old from fulminant scarlet fever, when he was 7 years old.
There is still controversy about this couple - there has never been so much gossip about anyone and so many speculations have arisen about them as about the two of them. The story of the Tolstoys' family life is a conflict between the real and the sublime, between everyday life and dreams, and the spiritual abyss that inevitably follows. But who is right in this conflict is an unanswered question. Each spouse had their own truth...
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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was born on August 28, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana. The count came from several ancient families; the branches of the Trubetskoys and Golitsyns, the Volkonskys and the Odoevskys were woven into his genealogy. Lev Nikolayevich’s father married the heiress of a huge fortune, Maria Volkonskaya, who had spent too much time as a girl, not out of love, but the relationship in the family was tender and touching.
Little Leva's mother died of fever when he was one and a half years old. The orphaned children were raised by aunties, who told the boy about what an angel his late mother was - smart, educated, gentle with the servants, and caring for the children - and how happy the priest was with her. Although it was a good fairy tale, it was then that the future writer’s imagination formed an ideal image of the one with whom he would like to connect his life. The search for an ideal turned out to be a heavy burden for the young man, which over time turned into a harmful, almost manic attraction to the female sex. The first step to discovering this new side of life for Tolstoy was a visit to a brothel where his brothers brought him. Soon he would write in his diary: “I committed this act, and then stood by this woman’s bed and cried!” At the age of 14, Leo experienced what he believed to be love when he seduced a young maid. Tolstoy, already a writer, will reproduce this picture in “Resurrection,” revealing in detail the scene of Katyusha’s seduction. The whole life of young Tolstoy was spent developing strict rules of behavior, spontaneously evading them and stubbornly struggling with personal shortcomings. There is only one vice he cannot overcome - voluptuousness. Perhaps fans of the great writer’s work would not have known about his many predilections for the female sex - Koloshina, Molostvova, Obolenskaya, Arsenyeva, Tyutcheva, Sverbeeva, Shcherbatova, Chicherina, Olsufieva, Rebinder, the Lvov sisters. But he persistently wrote down in his diary the details of his love victories. Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana full of sensual impulses. “This is no longer a temperament, but a habit of debauchery,” he wrote upon arrival. “The lust is terrible, reaching the point of physical illness. He wandered around the garden with a vague, voluptuous hope of catching someone in the bush. Nothing stops me from working." Desire or love
Sonechka Bers was born into the family of a doctor, an active state councilor. She received a good education, was smart, easy to communicate, and had a strong character.
In August 1862, the Bers family went to visit their grandfather at his Ivitsy estate and stopped in Yasnaya Polyana along the way. And then 34-year-old Count Tolstoy, who remembered Sonya as a child, suddenly saw a lovely 18-year-old girl who excited him. There was a picnic on the lawn, where Sophia sang and danced, showering everyone around with sparks of youth and happiness. And then there were conversations in the twilight, when Sonya was timid in front of Lev Nikolaevich, but he managed to get her to talk, and he listened to her with delight, and said goodbye: “How clear you are!” Soon the Berses left Ivitsy, but now Tolstoy could not live a day without the girl who won his heart. He suffered and suffered because of the age difference and thought that this deafening happiness was inaccessible to him: “Every day I think that it is impossible to suffer anymore and be happy together, and every day I become crazier.” In addition, he was tormented by the question: what is this - desire or love? This difficult period of trying to understand oneself will be reflected in War and Peace. He could no longer resist his feelings and went to Moscow, where he proposed to Sophia. The girl happily agreed. Now Tolstoy was absolutely happy: “Never have I imagined my future with my wife so joyfully, clearly and calmly.” But there was one more thing: before getting married, he wanted them not to have any secrets from each other. 
Sonya had no secrets from her husband - she was pure, like an angel. But Lev Nikolaevich had plenty of them. And then he made a fatal mistake that predetermined the course of further family relationships. Tolstoy gave the bride to read his diaries, in which he described all his adventures, passions and hobbies. For the girl, these revelations came as a real shock. 
Sofya Andreevna with children. Only her mother was able to convince Sonya not to give up on the marriage; she tried to explain to her that all men of Lev Nikolayevich’s age have a past, they just wisely hide it from their brides. Sonya decided that she loved Lev Nikolaevich strongly enough to forgive him everything, including the courtyard peasant woman Aksinya, who at that time was expecting a child from the count. Family everyday life
Married life in Yasnaya Polyana began far from cloudless: it was difficult for Sophia to overcome the disgust that she felt towards her husband, remembering his diaries. However, she gave birth to Lev Nikolaevich 13 children, five of whom died in infancy. In addition, for many years she remained Tolstoy’s faithful assistant in all his affairs: a copyist of manuscripts, a translator, a secretary, and a publisher of his works.
The village of Yasnaya Polyana. Photo "Scherer, Nabholz and Co." 1892 Sofya Andreevna was deprived of the delights of Moscow life for many years, to which she had become accustomed since childhood, but she humbly accepted the hardships of rural existence. She raised the children herself, without nannies or governesses. In her free time, Sophia copied the manuscripts of the “mirror of the Russian revolution” completely. The Countess, trying to live up to the ideal of a wife, which Tolstoy had told her more than once, received petitioners from the village, resolved disputes, and over time opened a hospital in Yasnaya Polyana, where she herself examined the suffering and helped as much as she had the knowledge and skills. 
Maria and Alexandra Tolstoy with peasant women Avdotya Bugrova and Matryona Komarova and peasant children. Yasnaya Polyana, 1896. Everything she did for the peasants was actually done for Lev Nikolaevich. The Count took all this for granted and was never interested in what was going on in the soul of his wife. Out of the frying pan into the fire...
After writing "Anna Karenina", in the nineteenth year of family life, the writer experienced a mental crisis. He tried to find peace in the church, but could not. Then the writer renounced the traditions of his circle and became a real ascetic: he began to wear peasant clothes, conduct subsistence farming, and even promised to distribute all his property to the peasants. Tolstoy was a real “house builder”, having come up with his own charter for his future life, demanding its unquestioning implementation. The chaos of countless household chores did not allow Sofya Andreevna to delve into her husband’s new ideas, listen to him, and share his experiences. 
Sometimes Lev Nikolayevich went beyond the bounds of reason. He demanded that younger children not be taught what was not necessary in simple folk life, or he wanted to give up property, thereby depriving the family of their means of subsistence. He wanted to renounce the copyright to his works because he believed that he could not own them and make a profit from them. 
Leo Tolstoy with his grandchildren Sonya and Ilya in Krekshino Sofya Andreevna stoically defended the interests of the family, which led to the inevitable family collapse. Moreover, her mental anguish was revived with renewed vigor. If earlier she did not even dare to be offended by Lev Nikolaevich’s betrayals, now she began to remember all the past grievances at once. 
Tolstoy with his family at the tea table in the park. After all, every time she, pregnant or who had just given birth, could not share the marital bed with him, Tolstoy became infatuated with another maid or cook. He sinned again and repented... But he demanded obedience from his family and compliance with his paranoid rules of life. Letter from the Other World
Tolstoy died during a trip he took after breaking up with his wife at a very old age. During the move, Lev Nikolaevich fell ill with pneumonia, got off at the nearest large station (Astapovo), where he died in the house of the station master on November 7, 1910.
Leo Tolstoy on the road from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana. After the death of the great writer, a flurry of accusations fell on the widow. Yes, she could not become a like-minded person and an ideal for Tolstoy, but she was an example of a faithful wife and an exemplary mother, sacrificing her happiness for the sake of her family. 
While sorting out her late husband's papers, Sofya Andreevna found a sealed letter from him to her, dated in the summer of 1897, when Lev Nikolaevich first decided to leave. And now, as if from another world, his voice sounded, as if asking for forgiveness from his wife: “...with love and gratitude I remember the long 35 years of our life, especially the first half of this time, when you, with the maternal selflessness characteristic of your nature, so energetically and firmly carried out what she considered herself called to. You gave me and the world what you could give, you gave a lot of motherly love and selflessness, and one cannot help but appreciate you for this... I thank you and I remember and will remember with love for what you gave to me.”
