There are complex sentences. Compound sentences in literature: examples and types. Types of complex sentences in Russian

The offer is syntactic unit, characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound Sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.

1. With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).

1. With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
2. With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections

The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP

It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Subordinate clause type		Question	Means of communication	Example
Definitive			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin.
Explanatory		Cases	What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc.	Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem of.
Circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all.
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, where	Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them.
		Why? From what?	Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.	The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort.
	Consequences	What follows from this?		By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on.
		Under what conditions?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		For what? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only,	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? In spite of what?	Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc.	Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization.
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag.
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy.
	Connection		what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this	There was still no car, from what The anxiety only grew.

SPP with several subordinate clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).

1. With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
2. With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
3. With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.

Non-union complex sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

1. The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
2. The parts are unequal, the second:

• reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
• complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
• indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:

• the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
• in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communications

Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely represented in fiction) with various types communications. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.

The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

Complex conjunctive sentences make it possible to convey the full variety of cause-and-effect, temporary, conditional and other connections in the text. Such sentences are usually used in book speech, artistic and specialized texts (scientific, journalistic, legal, etc.).

What are complex conjunction sentences?

Complex conjunction sentences(SSP) - sentences that consist of two or more parts, united by a coordinating or subordinating connection, intonation, conjunctions and allied words. Complex conjunctions can include simple, common and compound clauses.

Based on the type of connection, conjunctive complex sentences are divided into two groups:

• Compound - complex sentences consisting of equal parts.

  Examples: The man was called and he turned around. Katya wiped the board, and Anya washed the floor in the classroom.

• Complex subordinates - complex sentences consisting of unequal parts (main clause and dependent clause).

  Examples: The woman had a heavy bag in her hands, so Sasha offered to help. We didn't know what time the film would start.

Features of compound sentences

Compound sentences are sentences in which equal parts are connected by coordinating, disjunctive or adversative conjunctions. The table shows the main types of compound sentences with examples.

What meaning is expressed	What conjunctions are used between parts of the BSC	Examples
Temporal meanings (simultaneity, sequence), less often - cause-and-effect	connecting conjunctions and, yes(in meaning And), neither – neither, as – so and, not only – but also, also, also	Grandfather poured fresh honey, And two bees circled over the saucer. How you'll say, So we will do it.
The meaning of opposition, comparison of phenomena	adversative conjunctions ah, but, yes(in meaning But), however, on the other hand	We were going to go for a walk But It got colder in the evening. Midnight struck A he still couldn't sleep.
The meaning of the alternation of phenomena or an indication of the possibility of the implementation of one of these phenomena	Dividing unions or (or), either, then - that, not that - not that, either - or	That the mouse is scratching in the corner, That The cricket behind the stove chirps. You can come to me tomorrow or no free time?

Between parts of complex sentences, a comma is always placed before the conjunction.

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If in a complex sentence there is minor member sentences relating to both parts of the BSC, or if both parts of the BSC are interrogative or motivating, a comma is not placed between them. Examples: A cake was baked for the holiday and balloons were purchased. What paint will we choose and who will paint it?

Features of complex sentences

Complex sentences consist of unequal parts, one of which is the main one (independent), and the second is a subordinate clause (depending on the main one). Parts of complex sentences are connected using conjunctions or allied words that are included in the subordinate clause. The table shows types of complex sentences with examples.

Subordinate clause type		What question does the subordinate clause answer?	Conjunctions and allied words	Examples
Determinative (refers to a noun)			which, which, whose, when, where, where, from, what	There was a house on the outskirts, which built in the last century.
Explanatory (refers to verbs with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling)		Case questions	what, who, how, how, so that, etc.	We were happy What the weather has improved.
Connective (refers to the entire main part, expresses additional, explanatory meaning)			what, why, why, why, etc.	The professor has already left about what the student learned from the laboratory assistant.
Circumstantial (express the meaning of circumstances)		When? How long?	when, how, while, barely, before, while, since	When I'll come home and we'll discuss this issue.
		Where? Where? Where?	where, where, where	Sasha doesn't remember Where there is an old library.
		Why? From what?	because, because, since, because, since	I bought apples because there were no pears in the store.
	consequences	Due to what?	So	The train was delayed for an hour So we had time to drink coffee.
		Under what conditions?	if, if – then, if, as soon as, once	If It starts to rain, let's hide under that tree.
		For what purpose? For what?	in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, if only, if only	To Don't forget anything, I wrote a list.
		In spite of what? Despite what?	although (at least), despite, even though, let, let	Although Masha didn’t like this book, she read it to the end.
	comparisons	Like what? Like what?	as if, as if, exactly, likewise, just like	The apartment was dark as if night has come.
	course of action	How?	as if, as if, exactly, as if	Misha assembled a model airplane like this: How was shown in the figure.
	measures and degrees	To what extent and to what extent?	how, what, how much, so much	Here it is so beautiful, What It's simply breathtaking.

On the letter subordinate clause always separated from the main one by commas on both sides. Example: Path, which the forester pointed out, was strewn with acorns and cones.

What have we learned?

• Complex conjunctive sentences are complex sentences, parts of which are combined using intonation, conjunctions and allied words.
• In the Russian language, compound and complex conjunctive sentences are distinguished.
• Compound sentences are complex sentences consisting of equal parts.
• Complex conjunctive sentences are complex sentences with conjunctive words and conjunctions that consist of unequal parts.
• In writing, a comma is placed between parts of a complex conjunction sentence.

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It was understood as a combination of simple sentences, achieved using certain syntactic means and characterized by semantic, constructive and intonational integrity. But its parts are not simple sentences, since: 1) they often cannot be independent communicative units, but exist only as part of a complex one; 2) do not have intonation completeness; 3) the entire proposal entirely answers one information question, i.e. represents one communicative unit. It is more correct to consider them not simple sentences, but predicative units.

Classification of complex sentences

Let's look at compound and examples and their classification. Let's start with the fact that both are complex. Complex sentences differ in the nature of the connection, the nature of the predicative units, and the order of the parts. They are union and non-union. Conjunctive sentences, which we will focus on in this article, are, in turn, divided into compound and complex sentences (see examples below).

Complex sentence (SSP)

The structural-semantic classification of SPP is based on an important formal feature - the nature of the syntactic, formal dependence of the subordinate part on the main one. This feature unites scientific classifications V.A. Beloshapkova and "Russian Grammar-80". All SPPs are divided into sentences of undivided and dissected types. Their differential features are as follows.

Undivided type

1. The subordinate part is in a clause position (refers to one word in the main one), a clause or correlative connection (refers to a demonstrative pronoun).

2. One of the parts is synsemantic, i.e. cannot be a semantically sufficient communicative unit outside of a complex sentence.

3. Means of communication - syntactic (multi-valued) conjunctions and allied words.

Exploded type

1. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main sentence: a determinative connection.

2. Both parts are autosemantic, i.e. potentially capable of existing independently.

3. Means of communication - semantic (unambiguous) conjunctions.

The most important sign is the first, structural sign.

Further classification of dissected type SPPs is carried out taking into account the content, semantic aspects (such as time, condition, concession, cause, purpose, consequence, comparative, comparative aspect that a complex sentence may have).

Examples from fiction and other suggestions:

• Several hours have passed since I left the city (temporarily).
• If you can, come at two o'clock (condition).
• Although it was already late, the lights were on in the house (concession).
• I almost never have free time, music requires full dedication (reason).
• To study well, you need to work hard (goal).
• His eyes shone like stars shine in the dark sky (comparative).
• If he masters thought, then he even more masters form (comparative).

The classification of NGN of an undifferentiated type is primarily based on a structural feature - the nature of the means of communication, and only at the second stage - on semantic differences.

Types of non-divided type IBS

1. C allied communications: explanatory, definitive (quantitative, qualitative, qualification) and comparative.

2. With pronominal connection: pronominal-interrogative and pronominal-relative complex sentences.

Examples from fiction and other sentences with conjunctions:

• It’s stupid that you won’t come (explanatory).
• The air is so clean, as if it were not there (definitive, quantitative).
• He spoke quickly, as if he was being urged on (definitive, qualitative).
• All this happened as if no one was in the room (determinative complex sentence).

Examples from literature and other sentences with pronominal connections:

• You had to hear how he spoke (pronominal interrogative).
• The house we live in is new (pronominal relative, oriented).
• No matter who applied, there was no refusal (pronominal-relative, unoriented complex sentence).

Examples of sentences (grade 5, the Russian language textbook will help you continue this list), as you can see, can be given in a variety of ways.

A more detailed theoretical part can be found in many manuals (for example, V.A. Beloshapkova Grammar-80, etc.).

A compound sentence is a grammatical, semantic and intonation unity, consisting of two or more predicative parts, connected by intonation and a coordinating connection, which is formed by coordinating conjunctions.

Unlike subordinating connection, coordinating connection connects grammatically equivalent sentences that remain relatively independent of each other, and none of them can be a component of the other.

Coordinating conjunctions act as the main means of connecting the predicative parts of a complex sentence and, according to their meaning, are divided into several groups: connecting unions, adversative unions, dividing unions, connecting unions, explanatory And gradational unions.

Compound sentences are divided into similar groups according to which conjunction is used in them. Each group of sentences differs in the meanings it can convey.

Main groups of compound sentences

1. Compound sentences with connecting relationships(connecting conjunctions).

This group includes conjunctions AND (single and repeated), YES (= and), NI (repeated), AS... SO AND.

Conjunctive conjunctions indicate in a sentence that each of the events described is possible.

The general meaning of sentences with connecting conjunctions is simultaneity or subsequence ( indication of phenomena that either occur simultaneously or follow one after another). For example:

The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.”(A. Pushkin) or We said goodbye again and the horses galloped(A.S. Pushkin).

Sentences expressing a sequence of events can also convey cause-and-effect relationships, For example:

Anton hit the horses and they rode out of the yard(A.S. Pushkin).

2. Complex sentences with adversarial relationships(using adversative conjunctions).

The conjunctions of this group include the conjunctions BUT, YES (=but), THEN, HOWEVER, THE SAME, A, WHILE, WHEREAS, BETWEEN, IF...THEN. Adversative conjunctions are associated with meaning comparisons situations or with the meaning of non-conformity – oppositions, when one event is contrasted with another. Eg:

3. Complex sentences With divisive relations(with dividing conjunctions).

This group includes the conjunctions OR and EITHER (single and repeating), THAT...TO, NOT THAT...NOT THAT and EITHER...OR (repeated).

The main meaning of these sentences is mutual exclusion and alternation. Sentences with disjunctive conjunctions indicate that only one of the mentioned phenomena is possible, or an alternation of events. For example:

Will I fall pierced by an arrow, or will it fly by?(A.S. Pushkin), Either he was jealous of Natalya, or he regretted her(I.S. Turgenev) or Either in an excess of happiness there are tears in three streams, then the soul is in the grip of sleep and oblivion(B. Pasternak), Either eat the fish or run aground(proverb).

4. Compound sentences with connecting relations (with connecting conjunctions). Unions of this group: YES AND, AND, ALSO, ALSO, NAMELY, THAT IS.

The first two of the conjunctions given in the list indicate additional information, for example.

1. The concept of BSC. Classification of BSC according to potential quantitative composition: complex sentences of open and closed structure (V.A. Beloshapkova).

2. Traditional classification of BSC in accordance with semantic groups of conjunctions.

2.1. BSC with connecting unions of open and closed structure.

2.2. SPP with dividing unions.

2.3. SPP with adversarial alliances.

2.4. NGN with connecting unions.

2.5. IPS with explanatory conjunctions.

2.6. Gradational SSP.

3. Punctuation marks in the BSC.

Compound sentence (SSP) is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, as a rule, are equal grammatically and in meaning. Coordinating conjunctions are not included in any of them and are not members of the sentence.

The classification of compound sentences in Russian linguistics has not changed significantly. Starting with the grammar of N.I. Grech, all descriptions of the SSP were built on the same principle: according to the nature of the semantic relationships between the components and in accordance with the semantic groups of conjunctions, connecting, disjunctive and adversative sentences were distinguished. Only the description of semantic groups within these classes changed and became more detailed.
In addition, to the traditionally identified three classes of complex sentences, two more were added in the 50s of the 20th century: explanatory sentences, in which the parts are connected by relations of explanation or clarification (specific exponents of these relations are unions that is, namely and other allied means that are functionally close to them), and connecting sentences in which the second part contains an “additional message” regarding the content of the first part.

The most consistent and consistent classification of BSC, based on structural and semantic features, was given by Vera Arsenyevna Beloshapkova. She considers the potential quantitative composition to be the main structural feature of BSC.

All BSCs are divided into two types: open and closed structure.

Parts of compound sentences open the structures are an open series; they are constructed in the same way. Means of communication are proper connecting and dividing conjunctions, which can be repeated. Such sentences can have an unlimited number of parts and can always be continued. For example: Yes somewhere a night bird screamed... Let's try to continue this proposal. A trickle of water splashed quietly, Yes somewhere a night bird screamed, Yes something white was moving in the bushes(Korolenko). In an open structure SSP there can be more than two predicative units (PU): That a long branch suddenly catches her neck, That the golden earrings will be torn out of your ears by force; That a wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow; That she will drop her handkerchief...(P.).

In sentences closed the structures of a part are a closed series; they are always two parts, structurally and semantically interdependent and connected. The second part in them closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third. For example: Need brings people together A wealth separates them; He wanted to tell him something But the fat man has already disappeared(G.). Means of communication - non-repeating conjunctions: but, and, however, yes and; not only but and etc.

Based on conjunctions and meaning, complex sentences are divided into six groups.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONNECTING CONJUNCTIONS.

List of connecting conjunctions (single and repeating): and, yes, too, also, and also; both... so and, yes... yes, and... and.

Compound sentences with connecting unions can have an open and closed structure. They are called proper-connective and non-proper-connective SSPs (according to another terminology: homogeneous composition and heterogeneous composition).

2.1.1. SSP open structure (self-connecting; homogeneous composition)

Similar BSCs reflect different semantic relationships between PUs. Conjunctions AND (AND...AND), NEI...NOR, YES (YES...YES).

In such SSPs, the predicative parts express connective-enumerative relations; they report:

A) simultaneity of events and phenomena: Neither [viburnum Not growing between them], neither [grass Not turns green] (I. Turgenev); AND [the wind was rushing fast through the weeds], And[sheaves sparks flew through the fogs]... (A. Blok). [Only oriole gi shouting], Yes[cuckoos vying with each other count down some unlived years](M. Sholokhov). As a rule, in this case, the relationships between the parts of the BSC are autosemantic, i.e. they can act as independent simple sentences: (see first sentence) Viburnum does not grow between them. The grass doesn't turn green.

b) about their following one after another, sequence: [Upalidtwo-three large drops rain], and [suddenly lightning flashed] (I. Goncharov [Door across the street in a brightly lit store slammed], and [from it a citizen appeared] (M. Bulgakov). This meaning can be specified in words then, then, after.

Connecting SSPs of an open structure (homogeneous composition) can consist of two, three or more PUs.

Such BSCs may have a common secondary member of the sentence or a common subordinate clause (in this case, a comma is not placed between the parts of the BSC):

In the distance dark and the groves are strict(I. Bunin): by the union And the impersonal one-part PE is connected Dark and two-part The groves are strict. Determinant (general member of the BSC) in the distance clearly shows that homogeneous facts are listed.

(When the sun rose), [the dew has dried]And [the grass turned green]. Subordinate clause When the sun rose refers immediately to both PU connected by connecting relations, therefore a comma is not placed before the union AND.

The simultaneity and sequence of the listed facts is often emphasized by the correspondence of the aspectual and tense forms of the predicates in different PU (as a rule, the predicates are expressed by verbs of the same type): At that very moment [above the hill took off straightaway dozens of missiles] and [mad patter flooded machine guns] (Sedikh). In both parts of the SSP, predicate verbs are of the perfect form. General member of the sentence (adverbial tense) at that very moment emphasizes the relationship of simultaneity and prevents the placement of a comma between PEs.

2.1.2. SSP of a closed structure (non-self-connecting; heterogeneous composition)..

The predicative parts are connected here by non-repeating conjunctions AND, YES, ALSO, ALSO, which are accompanied by words that specify meanings. They consist only from two PE. The relationships between the parts of the BSC are synsemantic, i.e. one sentence is connected in meaning to another, especially if there are words that specify it.

Stands out six types improperly connecting BSC.

1. Sentences with meaning consequence - conclusion, condition-consequence, result, rapid change of events. They often use words that specify meaning therefore, because, therefore, therefore, means(specifiers are words and phrases that are connected to a conjunction and clarify its meaning). The second part reports the result, consequence, conclusion arising from the content of the first part: We were starving and[That's why] my mother finally decided to send me and my sister to the village(V. Kaverin). He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore, you can’t live in the same house(A. Ostrovsky). Be able to create the appropriate conditions and you will extend the life of plants(conditional-effect relationships: If you can create the conditions, then extend...). The artist raised his bow and everything instantly fell silent.

2. BSC with distributional meaning: the second part has the character of adding to what is said in the first part. In the second part, concretizing words are often used - anaphoric pronouns and adverbs (found at the beginning of 2 PU), indicating a person, attribute, object, situation, which are mentioned in the first part of the SSP: Now it's completely dark outside, and This it was great(V. Kaverin). At the beginning of 2 PU there may also be synonyms or a repetition of the same word as in part 1 of the BSC: New schedules have been introduced and this is an innovation significantly increased labor productivity.

3. BSC with connective-adversative meaning with the union AND: parts contradict each other in real content. Possible qualifying words nevertheless, after all, anyway, despite this, nevertheless etc.: a) The Germans reached Moscow, and after all they were driven away(V. Nekrasov). b) I tried to sculpt her and it didn't work.

4. BSC with identifying meaning(conjunctions ALSO, ALSO), parts of which report two similar, identical events occurring simultaneously: The people were very hungry, the horses Same needed a rest(Arsenyev). The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sounds of his voice Also amazed me(Turgenev).

5. SPP with connecting additional value ( unions YES, I): the second part contains additional information. The role of concretizing words is in addition, moreover, in addition, besides, moreover and under.: They will compare you to men, yes more and old grievances will be remembered(Sholokhov).

6. SPP with connecting restrictive value. The event of the second part limits the completeness of the manifestation of the event named in the first part. Concretizing words just and under.: Still the same yard, still the same laughter, and only you're missing a little bit(L. Oshanin). There were no visible injuries on his body, and only small scratch on temple(A.N. Tolstoy). Words only can serve as unions.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH DIVIDING CONJUNCTIONS.

List of separation unions: or, or, or else, not that, not that; or... or, either... or; whether... whether, whether... or, at least... at least, what... what, be it... or; and even, not... so, if (and) not... then; not that... not that, or... or; then... then;analogues of unions : and maybe (to be), and maybe (to be) and; maybe (be)... maybe (be), maybe (be)...:

These are open structure proposals. The main relations between PU in BSC with dividing unions are relations of mutual exclusion and alternation:

1. Relationship mutual exclusions: unions or, either, not that...not that; either... or: Or pan, or disappeared. Either winter, either spring, either autumn(K. Simonov). Or the plague will catch me, or the frost will ossify me, Or a barrier will slam into my forehead A slow disabled person(A. Pushkin). I won't come back to you anymore, but maybe I'll stay with you(City 312).

2. In separating BSCs with the value alternation a sequence of successive events that do not coincide in time is reported: That the sun shines dimly, That black cloud hanging(Nekrasov).

Exercise 1. Characterize complex sentences of open structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: Either you are stupid or you are deceiving me. This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE You are stupid and 2 PE You're lying. Formal means of communication - repeated disjunctive conjunction or either. There is a relationship of mutual exclusion between the parts of the BSC.

1. During the night the sea calmed down a little, the wind died down, and the fog began to dissipate.

2. Either let him leave, or we will leave.

3. Not a single insect will buzz in the grass, not a single bird will chirp on the tree.

4. The pines parted, and Margarita quietly drove up through the air to the chalk cliff (Bulg.)

Task 2. Characterize the BSC with the conjunction AND, indicating the structural type (open or closed structure), structural-semantic category (relationships between the parts of the BSC) and shades of meaning (semantic varieties). For example: The shells thunderedand the bullets whistled, / And the machine gun fired loudly, / And the girl Mashafrozen overcoat / Leads all the fighters into the attack. This is a BSC of an open structure, since there are more than 2 PE and others can be added. Structural-semantic category: NGN with proper-connective relations. The shade of meaning is the meaning of simultaneity.

1. He was given an apartment, and he settled in the fortress (Lerm.).

2. The night was windy and rainy, and this contributed to success.

3. Silence reigned all around, and only the water muffled on the rifts above.

4. One jump - and the lion is already on the head of the buffalo.

5. The river was completely covered with driftwood, and therefore, everywhere it was possible to freely cross from one bank to the other.

6. They gave six fur coats for Nadya, and the cheapest of them, according to her grandmother, cost three hundred rubles (A.P. Chekhov)

7. I have a wife, two girls, and, moreover, my wife is an unhealthy lady (A.P. Chekhov)

Task No. 3. Make a full syntactic analysis of the BSC.

Analysis sample.

And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost, and, barely distinguishable, the sad star shines(V. Tushnova)

1. The purpose of the statement is narrative.

2. In terms of emotional coloring - non-exclamatory.

3. Difficult, because consists of 2 PE: 1 PE: AND[the smell of withered grass, crystalline frost]. 2 PE - And[barely visible, the sad star shines]. PEs are interconnected coordinating conjunction And, therefore, this is a complex sentence (CCS). Union And connecting, therefore in the very general view relations in the BSC can be characterized as connecting. Parts of the BSC represent an open series, i.e. a sentence of an open structure: it can be continued by adding other PU with the same grammatical meaning (enumerative). The relationships are autosemantic. The situations reflected in the PE are perceived by the speaker as simultaneous. The grammatical means of expressing simultaneity are forms of non-predicate verbs: smells - shines.

Scheme: and , and .

4. Analysis of each PE.

1 PE: And the withered grass smells, crystalline with frost.

grass smells

b) Complete.

c) Common: grass (what?) sluggish

crystal from frost expressed as an adjective with dependent words.

2 PE: and, barely visible, the sad star shines.

a) Two-part sentence. Subject star expressed by a noun in I.p. Simple verbal predicate glitters expressed by the conjugated verb present. vr. nesov.v.

b) Complete.

c) Common: star (which one?) sad – an agreed definition expressed by an adjective.

d) Complicated by the widespread isolated definition barely visible, expressed participial phrase.

Suggestions for parsing

1. You don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, cloudy and unclear, like a dream (A. Serafimovich).

2. The shot is short and the ball is in the goal.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADVERSIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

Compound sentences with closed structure With adversative unions: ah, but, yes(= but), however, on the other hand, yes(in meaning But).

Based on structural features and basic grammatical meanings, all complex sentences with adversative conjunctions are divided into two groups: 1) comparative and 2) adversative sentences.

Comparative relations characteristic of BSCs with interchangeable conjunctions and (meanwhile)(conjunction-particle), where phenomena that are dissimilar in some way are compared, but despite all the dissimilarity they do not cancel each other, but seem to coexist: Need brings people together A wealth separates them(Need brings people together, wealth same separates them). His comrades treated him with hostility, but his comrades loved him(Kuprin). Often relationships are based on antithesis (antonymy). Hence the presence in the predicative parts of comparative sentences of typified lexical elements - compared words of one thematic group.

The most common among such sentences are those with the broadest meaning and stylistically neutral conjunction A. For example: The bottom of the tower was stone, and the top was wooden...(Chekhov); He is already over forty, and she is thirty...(Chekhov).

Union same, related in origin to the intensifying particle same, retains its excretory-intensifying value; the origin of this union also determines its position; it does not stand between the predicative parts, but after the first word of the second part, highlighting it. Such sentences are called comparative-selective. For example: His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldiers same truly loved(Kuprin); From our battery, Solyony will go on a barge, we same with combat unit(Chekhov).

Offers with adversarial relationships according to semantics (i.e., according to the nature of the relationship between the parts of the BSC) they are based on the inconsistency of the events mentioned in the predicative parts, and are divided into four groups.

1) adversative-restrictive proposals (unions however, but, yes), in which the phenomenon of the second part limits the possibility of implementation, effectiveness or completeness of the manifestation of the phenomenon named in the first part. This is most clear grammatical meaning can be traced in constructions with forms of the subjunctive or “invalid” (with the particle was) moods, with auxiliary verbs want, desire and under.: I guess I I would eat it a little snow, But the snow on Sukharevka was dirty(V. Kaverin). He started to pour some tea for her But she stopped(V. Kaverin). In other cases, restrictive relations are formalized by lexical means: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.

These SSPs are close in semantics to sentences with a connecting-restrictive meaning, where the word only performs the function of a union: The flower is good, but the thorn is sharp.

Unions otherwise, not that correspond in meaning to the words otherwise, otherwise; sentences with them are usually used in everyday speech: 1) You, Tisha, come quickly,otherwise Mama will scold again(Sharp).2) Tell the truth, not that you'll get it.

2) In adversarial-concessive SSP's adversative meaning is complicated by a concessive one (such a SSP can be replaced by a complex sentence, the subordinate part of which contains conjunctions although, despite the fact that ): [I had my own room in the house], But[I lived in a shack in the yard](A.P. Chekhov ). – (Although I had my own room in the house), [I lived in a shack in the yard] . Possible qualifying words nevertheless, nevertheless, despite this, meanwhile, with all this and etc.: The bird told you nonsense, but anyway he is a good man(N. Ostrovsky) .

3) B adversative-compensatory SSP (unions but, but, yes) events are assessed: in one part positive, in the other – negative: The guns are rusting in the arsenals, but shakos sparkle(K. Simonov). A shako is a solid, high headdress of some military units.

4) B offensive-spreading The second part of the BSC complements the first. As in connecting-extensive sentences, in the second part there is a concretizing word This: I turned my back to him, but This seems to have increased his suspicions(V. Kaverin).

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH GRADATIONAL RELATIONS

In the gradational relationships of a closed structure it is expressed intensification, increase or vice versa, weakening the significance of the second part in relation to the phenomenon named in the first part. Usually expressed using double essay unions not only but; not really, ...but (a); if not,...then; not as much... as; decomposition not to say that... but; I can’t say that, ...but: Now around Judas in the windows Not only the windows sparkled, But praises have already been heard(Bulg.). Not really it bothers me But yeah, it's a shame(Const.). Not really the old man was scared A from a clear and confident voice I went limp(Sholokhov).

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH EXPLANATORY CONJUNCTIONS

Here the second part explains and clarifies the meaning of the first with the help of conjunctions namely, that is: Romashov is looking for Katya, that is does the same thing as me(V. Kaverin) . In addition to plants, the garden has rooms for various animals, namely: many towers with lattice towers were built for pigeons, and for pheasants and other birds a huge wire cage was placed between the bushes(M. Gorky). Possible introductory words more precisely, more precisely, in other words, in other words etc.

With the help of the union that is, except specified value, the speaker can express the meaning of an amendment or reservation: We were sleeping, that is, my sister was sleeping, and I was lying with my eyes open and thinking(Korolenko).

These are suggestions closed structure.

COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADJACENT CONJUNCTIONS

They add additional thoughts, which are: a) a passing comment; b) something unexpected that suddenly came to mind. Before conjunctions with a connecting meaning, the voice is lowered and a pause is made: This continues until everyone laughs in unison,and finally himself. (Gonch.)(Union And in combination with the word finally appends the conclusion in time sequence.) Concretizing words often appear and here, and moreover, and therefore, and after that: The water was warm, but not spoiled, and besides there was a lot of it ( Garshin ).

Very often, conjunctions with an adjunct meaning add not part of a complex sentence, but a new sentence, for example: 1) There are lanterns on all corners and they burn at full intensity.AND the windows are lighted. (K.S.)(Union And adds a new proposal; connecting connection allows you to highlight something very surprising and very important in this moment for the narrator, who has not seen lighted windows for a long time. Wed: There are lanterns on all corners, they are burning at full intensity, the windows are illuminated.) 2)It's time, my child, get up!.. Are you ready, beauty?(P.)(Union Yes starts new interrogative sentence caused by something unexpected; Here Yes approaches the meaning of interrogative particles really, really.)

Additional to connecting values ​​can express BSC with conjunctions yes and, and then, and not that, not that.

In sentences with a conjunction yes and the additional intensifying value is expressed: He[Sintsov] didn't ask again - yes and what is there to ask?? (Simonov)

In sentences with conjunctions and then, and not that, not that expresses the meaning of caution : You must talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry about you leaving(Pisemsky). Answer me, otherwise I'll worry(Pushkin).

SELF-ANALYSIS TASKS (check during lecture)

Exercise 1. Characterize complex sentences of a closed structure in terms of their structure and semantics. Specify shades of values. For example: All winter I sorted through these diaries, and meanwhile my life in the Arctic went on as usual(V. Kaverin) . This BSC consists of 2 PE: 1 PE [ All winter I sorted through these diaries] and 2 PE [ my life in the Arctic went on as usual]. Formal means of communication - adversative conjunction and meanwhile. There are adversarial-comparative relations between the parts of the BSC.

1. The sun is shining, but the wind is fresh, autumn(Korolenko).

2. An hour passed, then another, but there was no path.(Ars.)

3. These whirlwinds became less frequent, but each subsequent one was stronger than the previous one(Ars.)

4. In words little man Not only was there friendship and joy, as Travka thought, but there was also a cunning plan for her salvation hidden(Prishvin)

5. This time the evening was lovely, and there were quite a lot of people(Adv.) .

6. Our conversation was suddenly interrupted, that is, we ended it ourselves(Kataev).

Task 2. Determine the semantic varieties of BSC with the conjunction BUT.

2. No one caressed Korchagin except his mother, but they beat him a lot(N. Ostrovsky)

3. [although, despite the fact that] My legs were tired, but I didn’t want to go home.

4. They danced, but there was something wooden, dead in this dance...(Kuprin)

Task 3. Parsing offers

No one lived in Mrs. Kozlovskaya’s apartment except her and her son, infantry lieutenant Romuald, but it was crowded nearby.(Paust.)