Naval Cadet Corps Classicism
Pam. arch. classicism
emb. Lieutenant Schmidt, 17
Residential building (model project)
1717-1720 - project for eminent
Palace B.H. Minikha ("Minikhov's" house)(model house + neighboring Matveev property)
Naval Gentry Cadet Corps (Mininkh’s house + Baryatinsky’s neighboring house)
1753-1755 - adaptation for an academic institution
Corps of Foreign Co-religionists
1796-1799 - architect. Volkov Fedor Ivanovich - reconstruction or
1790s - according to the drawings of Schneider Ya. I. - reconstruction
Bakery, officers' quarters, dining hall
1797 - architect. Ruska Luigi
Two outbuildings
1817-1825 - interior decoration of the main building
Naval Gentry Corps - Naval Cadet Corps
1840s, 1890s, 1930s - redevelopment
Photo from the 1900s. (?)
Old postcard.
Photo - Matveev N.G. 1900s
humus.livejournal.com
(added
.)
photo-war.com
Magazine "World Illustration"
(added)
Church in the name of St. Paul the Confessor
When the building was transferred from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg, on the left side of the building, under a flat dome, in the hall of the upper floor, designed by L. Ruska, in 1797, a church was consecrated in the name of St. Paul the Confessor.
The vaults were painted by the future architect A. N. Voronikhin. The altarpiece and two icons were painted by E.V. Moshkov.
Major renovation of the church began in the mid-19th century. according to the project of the corps architect. P. E. Antipov, ended in 1893. In 1913, a stained glass window “The Savior tames the storm at sea” was placed in the church.
The temple housed various shrines brought by sailors - graduates of the corps from different countries, including Palestine and Jerusalem. Relics related to the history of the Corps and the Russian Navy were collected. Since 1854, black marble boards began to be installed on the walls of the church (by 1900, 17 boards) with the names of the Corps members killed in battles, and since 1892, gray marble boards (by 1900, 9 boards) with the names of sailors who died during shipwrecks and in the performance of their duties.
The banners of the Naval Corps were also stored in the church premises.
The church was closed in 1918, and later the premises were completely rebuilt.
In the 1840s, 1890s. The building underwent major alterations, which affected the interior layout and decoration of the premises.
In the 1930s a number of front rooms received new architectural design. This affected the Revolution Hall, covered with a flat suspended ceiling, and the art gallery.
Near the Neva there is a bronze monument to the navigator I. F. Krusenstern
(1870-1873, sketch by I. N. Schroeder, architect I. A. Monighetti.)
Corpus Museum.
Dining room.
Dining room.
The conference room is located opposite
office of the head of the corps.Artillery class.
Electromechanical
cabinet.Revolution Hall
(in past
dining room)."Compass" hall.
Located at the intersection
educational and medical buildings.Art Gallery
with paintings by Aivazovsky,
Bogolyubova.Front yard.
View from the "art gallery".Anchor yard.
Mine yard.
Photo - , 2014.Transitions between
yards.Front yard
Graduates of the Cadet Corps were admirals P. S. Nakhimov, V. A. Kornilov, V. I. Istomin, as well as composer N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov.
Previously, in the dining hall of the Corps there were portraits of students awarded the Order of St. George.
Since 1926, the Higher Naval School named after M. V. Frunze.
In November 1998, VVMU named after. M.V. Frunze was united by VVMUPP named after. Lenin Komsomol, in January 2001 the school received the name Peter the Great Naval Corps - St. Petersburg Naval Institute.
(illustrations - Mary)
Navigation school (1701-1715). Moscow On October 1, 1715, in St. Petersburg, on the basis of the senior nautical classes of the Navigation School, the Naval Academy, or the Academy of the Naval Guard, was created on December 15, 1752. The Navigation School and the Midshipman Company were abolished, and the Naval Academy was transformed into the Naval Gentry Corps. Since 1802. the word “gentry” was excluded from the name of the educational institution. Naval Cadet Corps (1802-1867) On June 2, 1867, the Naval Cadet Corps was renamed the Naval School (1867-1891) In 1891, the Naval School was again renamed the Naval Cadet Corps (1891-1906) Naval Corps (1906-1916) Naval school (1916-1918) Fleet command courses (1918-1919) Fleet command school (1919-1922) Naval school (1922-1926) Naval school named after M.V. Frunze (1926-1939) Higher military -Naval Order of Lenin Red Banner School named after M.V. Frunze (1939-1998) By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1009 of August 29, 1998 and Directive of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces No. 314/5/0478 of June 16, 1998, the Naval Institute was formed on the basis of the united Supreme Naval Order Lenin of the Red Banner Order of the Ushakov School. M.V. Frunze and the Higher Naval School of Underwater Diving named after. Lenin Komsomol. By Directive of the General Staff of the Navy No. 730/1/1096 dated June 24, 1999, the institute was renamed the St. Petersburg Naval Institute - Peter the Great Naval Corps Based on materials from the VUNTS Navy "Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov" - collective monograph "... TO BE... SEAWITHING SCIENTIFICLY TEACHING SCIENCES." (added
Attention!
cadet school No. 1700(“Moscow United Naval Corps of Heroes of Sevastopol”), on the basis of the former cadet school, a “cadet class” was created, preserving the best traditions of the cadet school.
(Archival material)
The school was created based on the experience of pre-revolutionary cadet corps. maritime special schools, preparatory and Nakhimov naval schools that appeared in the Soviet Union during and after the end of the Great Patriotic War.
The founder of the Naval Corps was the Moscow Education Committee (now the Moscow Department of Education). Logistics and technical support were provided by the North-Western District Education Department, and the Black Sea Fleet became the chief.
Children from 1st to 11th grade are accepted for training.
In addition to the general education program, the building has special subjects such as basic maritime training, boat design, technical design of ships, maritime protocol, and radio training.
Since 2013, two faculties have been created in the building, in connection with the unification of students from building No. 1721 - special forces. The boys received the opportunity for special physical training. More than 650 people are studying in the building at the same time.
Thirty-day summer practice involves mandatory training for trained guys to go on a boat trip along the Moscow River to the Volga, going to a military unit to master the GRU special forces program on the basis of the 22nd Special Forces Brigade. Junior classes explore the vastness of the rivers of Karelia and young fighter courses at various field trips.
Initiation into cadets.
The building pays great attention to the harmonious development of the creative qualities of students. The system of additional education is active: the choir “Sea Soul” and “Sailor”, Oriental languages, various sports clubs.
For intellectual development, there are clubs: “Young Guide” on the basis of the building museum “Moscow and the Fleet”, “Literary Salon”. Technical circles “Ship Modeling” and “Bench Modeling” provide an opportunity for children’s creative fantasies and the development of motor skills in children’s hands.
Corpus house temple allows students to really study the history of religions and the foundations of Orthodox culture.
Every year, cadets of the corps worthily represent their educational institution at Parades held in Moscow. They actively participate in the public cultural and patriotic life of the capital.
The main goal of opening the Naval Corps was to create a new type of educational state institution that corresponds to the best traditions of Russian cadet education, intellectual, moral, cultural, military-patriotic and physical development of adolescent students. The corps is an annual participant in the solemn march dedicated to the historical Parade on Red Square on November 7, 1941
Training profiles: Defense sports
Other non-standard items:
naval protocol and maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the basis of civil service, the basis of Orthodox culture, the basis of general culture, initial naval training.
Foreign languages studied: English language, Chinese language, Korean language
Cost of education: For free
The school is equipped with laboratories and workshops. The school operates full-time, with 3 free meals a day.
Classes:
Juniors(from 1st to 4th grade)
Average(from 5th to 9th grades)
Elder(from 10th to 12th grades)
Initial(from 1st to 4th grades)
Attention!
In connection with the reorganization by joining secondary school No. 1619 named after. Tsvetaeva cadet school No. 1700(“Moscow United Naval Corps of Heroes of Sevastopol”), on the basis of the former cadet school, a “cadet class” was created, preserving the best traditions of the cadet school.
Continuation. The history of the dear to me Higher Naval School of the VVMU named after M.V. Frunze
On December 15, 7254 or 1752 according to the new style, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna signed a decree, according to which the Naval Academy was transformed into the “Naval Gentry Cadet Corps”
The Naval Cadet Corps was staffed by students exclusively of noble origin. The staffing level was set at 360 people, in combat terms distributed into three companies, and in training - into three classes. Pupils of the senior class studied the highest maritime disciplines and were called midshipmen. Pupils of the second class studied navigation and other disciplines and were called cadets. Pupils of the third class took trigonometry and other disciplines and were also called cadets. The composition of the mouth was mixed. Each company consisted of a midshipman class, 2nd and 3rd cadet classes. The company consisted of 40 midshipmen, 40 second-class cadets and 40 third-class cadets. The transition from class to class was carried out based on academic performance and if there were vacancies in the corresponding classes. All midshipmen and cadets had guns and ammunition. Of the well-performing midshipmen, the following were appointed: captain, ensign, fourier, four sergeants, four corporals and eight corporals; the company commander was a captain of the 3rd rank. The company also included a lieutenant captain, a non-commissioned lieutenant and an ensign.
Upon admission to the corps, entrance exams were held, but children of naval department officials had priority for admission, as they do now. The bulk of the students were preparing for combat officer service, 30 people each. trained as naval gunners and surveyors. The corps was headed by the director and his combat assistant. In 1762, for the first time, students received uniform uniforms, small arms and bladed weapons (cleavers). At the same time, the training of surveyors ceased, and the number of artillery students was doubled.
The training program included 28 academic disciplines, including mathematics with its various sections, mechanics, navigation, geography, artillery, fortification, genealogy, history, politics, rhetoric, one of the main European languages of the student’s choice, maritime evolutions (tactical maneuvering) , maritime practice, rigging, “architecture of canoes and drawings of ship and galley proportions,” fencing, dancing. The number of full-time teachers increased to 40 people, each of whom had an assistant. The general management of teaching activities was carried out by the professor. Company and class officers were invariably involved in conducting classes, including foreign languages. During the summer campaign, cadets and midshipmen underwent training on Baltic ships.
The location of the building in St. Petersburg was chosen on Vasilyevsky Island, the house of Minich, which had to be significantly expanded. All the worries about organizing a new military educational institution fell on the shoulders of a graduate of the Navigation School, Captain 1st Rank Alexei Ivanovich Nagaev, who commanded the Naval Academy for six years, and then the cadet corps for eight years. A.I. Nagaev was involved in the selection of teachers, preparation of furniture, clothing, dishes and provisions for the building. Despite all the efforts made by Nagaev to establish the Naval Corps, his activities did not always receive approval from the Admiralty Board, which interfered with almost every order of A.I. Nagaev on economic and educational matters. Friction between Nagaev and the Admiralty Board made it difficult to finance the activities planned by Nagaev and generally held back the development of the corps.
In April 1762, Emperor Peter Fedorovich, by his decree, ordered the establishment of a military educational institution, which united the land and naval cadet corps and the United Artillery and Engineering School and entrusted the organization and command of the new military educational institution to the chief chamberlain, Lieutenant General Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov. However, already on August 8, 1762, thanks to the personal intervention of Empress Catherine II, who ascended the throne as a result of a coup, the Naval Cadet Corps retained its independence and received further development. From 1753 to 1763 The corps released 340 midshipmen into the fleet and 7 constables into the naval artillery. Over 10 graduates of this time reached the rank of admiral. Many received the highest award for bravery shown in battles and were awarded the Order of St. George.
The legendary director of the cadet school is Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Ivan Logginovich, who himself was a graduate of the Naval Gentry Corps and was promoted to midshipman in 1743. On September 1, 1762, with the rank of captain 2nd rank, he was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps, serving in this position until his death, for which he earned the nickname “father of all Russian sailors.” The famous Field Marshal General M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812, being a distant relative of Ivan Loginovich, was brought up in his house. I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov had extensive maritime practice and was well acquainted with the difficulties of naval service; he saw shortcomings in the theoretical and practical training of graduates of the Maritime Academy. Under him, the corps became one of the best naval schools in Europe at that time. Over 2,000 Russian naval officers passed through his hands. He personally taught maritime science to the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Paul I, at that time admiral general of the fleet.
By the end of his career, Golenishchev-Kutuzov reached the rank of admiral and the rank of vice-president of the Admiralty Board; he invariably enjoyed the trust of Catherine II and the favor of the heir to the throne, Admiral General of the Fleet Pavel Petrovich.
I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov managed to achieve expansion of his powers and independence from the Admiralty Board in making decisions regarding the Naval Cadet Corps. It retained the division into three companies, each of them was given banners: the first company - white, the second and third - yellow. The director attached great importance to teaching cadets the practice of maritime affairs, the art of navigation and maritime evolutions, and the study of French, English and German, since a naval officer needs to become familiar with books about navigation, of which there are practically no books left in Russian. I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov managed to open a printing house in the building for printing books and nautical maps and even restore a geodetic class necessary for an inventory of coasts and lands, taking plans, and an inventory of forests.
Since 1764, the position of chief class inspector was established in the corps, who was responsible for the organization of educational affairs. The first inspector was appointed one of the most educated people of his time, Grigory Andreevich Poletika, who carried out important changes aimed at streamlining the educational process and regulating the scope of taught disciplines. It was clearly established which subjects and to what extent should be studied in a particular class, and the textbooks and teaching aids that should be used during the educational process were determined. Semi-annual exams and independent preparation for lessons were introduced. In 1769, the library of the building was founded, which became one of the most complete in the country in terms of the volume of original and translated literature. More attention began to be paid to the education of young sailors based on historical experience, the so-called. “mathematics classes” for training teachers. The best specialists of the fleet and scientists from the Academy of Sciences were widely involved in the work in the corps. The training system introduced by Poletika was maintained in its main features for many years in the Marine Corps.
Of the class inspectors who served under Golenishchev-Kutuzov, it should be noted the graduate of the Maritime Academy Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov and the graduate of the Naval Corps Platon Yakovlevich Gamaley, who had extensive knowledge, pedagogical tact and energy in their time. N.G. Kurganov became the author of a large number of textbooks and manuals that were used in training cadets. P.Ya. Gamaleya brought the scientific training of students to an exceptional level, thanks to which the fleet received a large number of well-educated sailors, who were later known for their scientific research and participation in significant expeditions.
On May 23, 1771, a strong fire occurred on Vasilyevsky Island, as a result of which the building in which the Naval Corps was located burned down. The corps was transferred from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt and placed in the Italian Palace.
During the years of command of the corps by I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, many traditions associated with the rudeness of cadets, promiscuity, and antics that caused indignation among the population of St. Petersburg began to become a thing of the past. The corps has practically abandoned exorbitant corporal punishment. In the orders on punishment of pupils, the main place was occupied by the wording: leave without lunch, do not fire “for the corps”, put in “empty”, i.e. to a punishment cell, put on a gray jacket, demoted from midshipman to cadet. For serious offenses there were corporal punishments, but not as severe as before, and exclusion from the corps.
Order in the companies was mainly maintained by senior midshipmen, who sought to arrogate to themselves the right to command not only the cadets, but also the junior midshipmen. The resolution of many issues ended in brawls, and sometimes serious fights that took place in the backyard of the building. Corps poets tried to capture these battles in their epoch-making poems. The harsh conditions of corps life fostered extreme cohesion among the cadets. Corps officer N. Bestuzhev gave advice to his brother, a midshipman: “Don’t let yourself be offended if you can beat yourself, and don’t dare complain to me about the offenders. Most of all, beware of washing dirty linen in public, otherwise you will be called fiscals and then your fate will be bitter.” In the corps it was considered brave to endure the most severe punishment in silence. Such pupils were called “cast irons” and “old men”. The last nickname was especially honorable.
For naval practice, midshipmen and artillery cadets sailed on ships and frigates of the Baltic Fleet. During the years of the existence of the Corps of Foreign Fellow Religionists, students of this corps, mainly Greeks, were sent to the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps for training. 
In 1783, in connection with the fleet's needs for officer personnel, the staff size of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps doubled and reached 600 people. 5 companies were formed in the corps. During all the years of her reign, Catherine II treated the Naval Corps with special respect, “bearing in mind the services rendered to Her and the Fatherland by the students of the Naval Cadet Corps, who served with praise everywhere.” In this regard, the corps was given a palace in Oranienbaum by the empress. However, for a number of reasons, the move there from Kronstadt did not take place.
During the reign of Catherine II, 2,063 people were released from the Naval Corps, of which 1,960 Naval Officers entered the fleet. During the war with Sweden, several accelerated releases were made in the corps. Of the students released during the reign of Catherine II, 16 people rose to the ranks of admiral, 26 vice admiral, 14 lieutenant general, 16 rear admiral, 20 major general. The Russian fleet was glorified by the graduates of the corps of this period, admirals F.F. .Ushakov, D.N.Senyavin, I.F.Kruzenshtern, V.M.Golovnin, who circumnavigated the world on the sloops “Diana” and “Kamchatka”, Yu.F. Lisyansky, who circumnavigated the world and discovered several new islands in the Pacific ocean, the first maritime minister of Russia N.S. Mordvinov, his successor G.A. Sarychev, President of the Academy of Sciences, famous poet and philologist A.S. Shishkov.
Emperor Paul I, on the fourth day after ascending the throne, announced by decree that he retained the rank of admiral general of the fleet, and informed the director of the corps, I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, about his decision to transfer the corps from Kronstadt to St. Petersburg, to Vasilyevsky Island , in a complex of buildings built by the architect F.I. Volkov. Paul I constantly showed signs of attention to the corps, often visited it, attended lectures, and talked with cadets. Sometimes, for good teaching right in the classroom, he could assign the teacher the next rank, and promote a cadet to non-commissioned officer for a good answer. The Emperor repeatedly tried to find at least some kind of disorder in the building, but he could not do this, despite his unexpected appearance in the building at very different times of the day. And then he asked the empress to unexpectedly inspect the building. To the delight of the director, officers and teachers, she remained satisfied with the order.
According to historians, the time of Emperor Paul I on the throne was one of the most favorable for the Naval Corps. Under him, a new uniform was approved: green double-breasted uniforms and trousers, the same color with the uniform in winter, white in summer; boots, triangular hat, dirk. After the reconstruction of the building buildings was carried out on the instructions of the emperor, 600 students transferred from Kronstadt were comfortably accommodated in new buildings. Historians have different assessments of Paul I's tenure on the throne, but everyone agrees that the emperor constantly treated the fleet with favor. During the reign of Paul I, 468 people were released from the Naval Corps: 243 as midshipmen into the fleet, 42 into naval artillery, 181 into the ground forces. Among the graduates of the corps of this period, the most famous were Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1797), who sailed to the South Pole; Admiral L.F. Bogdanovich, who distinguished himself in the Battle of Navarino, M.F. Garkovenko, future class inspector under 6 corps directors, who served in the Naval Corps for 50 years.
Under Paul I, a corps holiday was established - November 6. In 1797, a corps church was built in the name of St. Paul the Confessor, whose memory was celebrated on November 6, the day of the accession to the throne of Emperor Paul I.
Since 1802, the educational institution received a new name - the Naval Cadet Corps (the word gentry was removed from the name), and its director was a veteran of battles with the Turks, Swedes and French, a graduate of the Naval Corps, Rear Admiral P.K. Kartsov. P.Ya. Gamaleya, who was appointed back in 1795, remained the class inspector. At the same time, the practice began to send the best midshipmen to practice as volunteers in the fleets of England and France. Pyotr Kondratyevich Kartsov served as director for 24 years. During this period, more than two thousand students were released from the corps.
P.K. Kartsov was one of the closest associates of Admiral F.F. Ushakov and a battle-tested sailor; in the corps he turned out to be an energetic and enlightened educator and administrator. With the help of corps inspectors P.Ya. Gamaleya and M.F. Garkovenko, he managed to raise the scientific training of students to an exceptional level and the Russian fleet owes him a whole galaxy of educated and talented sailors. Witnesses of that era recalled the zeal with which the students studied at that time. The best students enjoyed the deep respect of their comrades, who called them by name and patronymic. The honorary cadet nickname “Zeiman” (from the English seaman-sailor), which was given to the first students, was more honorable for ambitious teenagers than any diploma. From these “Zeymans” came the famous scientific hydrographers, sailors who circumnavigated the world, and military admirals.
In 1812, during the Patriotic War, students of all cadet corps were evacuated to the city of Sveaborg in Finland, where they stayed for four months. In 1817, the staff of students of the Naval Corps was increased to 700 people, distributed among 5 companies. In 1825, Vice Admiral P.M. Rozhnov, who was considered one of the experienced and combative sailors, was appointed director of the corps. At this time, fencing, towns, and skating flourished in the corps. At the end of the school year, midshipmen were required to go on a training voyage. While at sea, the midshipmen performed all the sailor's work and tried to show recklessness in order to gain authority among their comrades.
During the reign of Alexander I, 2,019 people were released from the corps. Of the 1,783 midshipman graduates, 35 graduated as admirals, 33 as vice admirals, 40 as rear admirals, 3 as full generals, 21 as lieutenant generals, 54 as major generals, etc. Among the graduates of this period are outstanding admirals and naval commanders: Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1805), Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1818), Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1823). P.S. Nakhimov and V.A. Kornilov were mortally wounded during the heroic defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Admiral F.M. Novosilsky (1823), holder of the Order of St. George, 3rd degree for the Battle of Sinop, awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st degree for the defense of Sevastopol; Admiral E.V. Putyatin (1822) showed great diplomatic abilities to establish diplomatic relations with Japan; Baron F.P. Wrangel (1815) made a description of the northern shores of Siberia (one of the islands in the Arctic Ocean was named after him). Graduates of this period were awarded: the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called - 3 people, Alexander Nevsky - 12, Vladimir 1st degree - 3, White Eagle - 20, Vladimir 2nd degree - 28, Anna 1st degree - 44, Stanislav 1st degree - 54. Circumnavigated the world - 96 people, 12 people were on the voyage twice. Graduates of the corps F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev have the honor of discovering Antarctica. Count F.P. Tolstoy (1802) became a famous Russian artist, was the president of the Academy of Arts, M.F. Reinecke (1818) became a famous Russian hydrographer who did a lot to compile maps of the White and Baltic Seas; Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1819) became the author of the Explanatory Russian Dictionary.
Strict innovations in the organization of service and disciplinary practice, implemented by Emperor Nicholas I, did not bypass the Naval Corps. In organizational terms, since 1826, the corps was equated to a battalion naval crew, which had a midshipman, three cadets and a newly established reserve, or juvenile, company (for students admitted for the first time 10-12 years old). The staff of each company was 101 people. In accordance with the new instructions, students began to be transferred from class to class not individually, but in entire classes. Much attention was paid to drill training and “company front-line exercises,” and corporal punishment was introduced. To familiarize themselves with the procedure for serving in the ground corps, three junior officers of the Naval Corps were assigned to the 2nd Cadet Corps.
On October 14, 1827, Rear Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Corps. The appointment of the outstanding navigator, explorer and naval commander Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern (inspector of classes of the Naval Corps in 1811-1827, director in 1828-1842) to the position of director contributed to the humanization of training and education in the corps. Possessing an extremely delicate character, Kruzenshtern did not forget about the rude morals that reigned in the corps during his stay there and demanded that officers and teachers behave morally towards the cadets. He reserved the right to corporal punishment.
New subjects were introduced into the curriculum and the intensity of training increased. Military justice, chemistry, descriptive geometry, artillery, and fortification were introduced into the corps. The best specialists from various fields of science were invited to give lectures and conduct seminars. Kruzenshtern regularly attended classes and attended exams. A half life-size model of the heroic brig “Navarin” was installed in the Dining Hall, which made it possible to conduct naval training for cadets even in winter. At the same time, a collapsible model of the frigate “President” was built. For practical training, a special detachment of ships from training frigates was formed. For the first time, promotion to officers began to be carried out annually by the entire graduating class after passing the autumn exam.
On January 28, 1827, officer classes were organized at the Naval Corps to train officers from the “excellent cadets.” Staying in the officer class was designed for two years. During this time, cadets were encouraged to study higher mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of shipbuilding. Famous scientists and academicians of the time were invited to give lectures in officer classes. Two classes were established - lower and higher, transfer from lower to higher was carried out based on academic results and behavior. If a midshipman could not move from the lower class to the higher, he remained for another year. After the second year of training, graduates of the officer class were awarded the rank of lieutenant. Officers of the class were required to sail on admiral's ships. The future admirals G.I. Nevelskoy, A.I. Butakov, and K.N. Posyet graduated from the officer classes.
On December 15, 1852, the Naval Cadet Corps solemnly celebrated the centenary of the corps. Emperor Nicholas I granted the corps a banner, which was nailed to the pole on December 14 in the Winter Palace. The emperor drove the first copper nail from the top of the staff, the second nail was driven in by the empress, and the remaining nails by other members of the imperial family and representatives of the Naval Corps, after which the new banner was presented to the corps.
During the reign of Nicholas I, 1,883 people graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. Of those released, 23 completed their service in the navy: admirals - 23, vice admirals - 73, rear admirals - 208, full generals - 2, lieutenant generals - 20, major generals - 65. The corps was glorified by admirals G.I. Butakov (1837), I.I. Butakov (1839), B.A. Glazenap (1826), A.A. Popov (1838), an outstanding shipbuilder. Admiral G.I. Nevelsky is credited with annexing the Amur Territory to Russia. Dozens of corps graduates distinguished themselves during the Crimean War.
With the beginning of the reign of Alexander II, certain changes occurred in the life of the corps. The created commission found that the number of students in the corps exceeds the actual need, students are accepted into the corps at too early an age, general education should be separated from special education, and too little time is devoted to practical maritime education. Already in 1856, changes in the life of the corps became noticeable: the most successful midshipmen began to be assigned to ships setting off on long voyages. In 1860, the midshipman company was liquidated, and the promotion from midshipman to lieutenant upon completion of the officer classes was abolished. The rank of midshipman was now awarded to students graduating from the corps upon completion of the course. To instill practical skills in future naval officers, there was a screw frigate “Dmitry Donskoy”, on which each midshipman was required to sail for two years.
Since 1861, new rules for admission to the corps have been put into effect - competitive exams in seven subjects and trial swimming. The trial voyage was introduced with the aim of giving young men who wish to become sailors the opportunity to test their capabilities for service at sea and get acquainted with maritime affairs. The corps began to accept young men aged 14-17 not only of noble origin, but also children of “hereditary honorary citizens”, honored officers, and officials of civil departments. To be admitted you had to be in good health. No more than 50 people were accepted into the corps annually. The strengthening of discipline was facilitated by the abolition of corporal punishment and a certain democratization of the internal life of the educational institution.
Good and solid teaching is... the root, the seed and the foundation...
Peter the Great
On May 1 (14), 1766, after graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps, Fyodor Ushakov was awarded the first officer rank - the rank of midshipman. At the same time, the future famous admiral, Holy Righteous Warrior Theodore Ushakov, swore allegiance to his native Fatherland - “I swear and promise... to serve unhypocritically and faithfully, not sparing my belly to the last drop of blood...”. The entire subsequent military life of Fyodor Fedorovich became proof that he did not betray this oath in anything.
It is known that the Russian fleet has long paid special attention to traditions. “Tradition,” said Admiral Bubnov, “shows us how we must fulfill our duty to the Motherland, it brings to life in our psychology the fear of covering ourselves with shame if we fail to be worthy of these traditions - witnesses of the past valor of our glorious ancestors.” . The most important tradition in the navy was taking the oath, one of the most solemn rituals. At all times, the essence of the oath has always remained the same - the requirements of military honor related to the fulfillment of military duty, the promise to defend the Fatherland, not sparing one’s strength and life itself.
For the purpose of patriotic education of the younger generation, as well as cadets and cadets currently studying in various educational institutions of Russia and all military sailors taking the military oath, it is proposed to celebrate an important historical date in the life of the Holy righteous warrior Fyodor Ushakov - 250 years of the beginning of military service to the Russian Fatherland. The name of the famous Admiral Fyodor Ushakov is forever inscribed in Russian history, and devotion to the Faith, the Fatherland and military duty are an example for many generations of Russian military personnel. The idea found support from regional deputies A. B. Okladnikov and V. A. Bespalko.
As part of the commemorative events on May 14, it is proposed to lay flowers at the monument to Admiral Ushakov in the city of Rybinsk and the village. Khopylevo. In agreement with Bishop Veniamin of Rybinsk and Danilovsky, conduct a memorial prayer service. Post information about this memorable date in the media. Distribute information materials about this event to schools for review for the purpose of patriotic education. In the future, on the territory next to the Church of the Epiphany on the Island, a memorial oak alley will be laid - an oak tree, a symbol of courage and perseverance, splendor and power, the origin of the great from the small, is present on the coat of arms of the Ushakov family.
And also to consolidate the tradition of taking the oath in the homeland of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov by taking the oath by cadets of the Rybinsk branch of the Moscow State Academy of Water Transport in October.
Cadet (French - junior, minor) - this was the name in pre-revolutionary France for young nobles who were assigned to military service, young children of noble families, before they were promoted to the 1st officer rank.
From the first years of its existence, the Naval Corps began to provide the fleet with valiant, educated officers. In addition to serving in the navy, members of the corps brought considerable benefits to Russia in other areas of state activity, in shipbuilding, Russian artillery, and the development of engineering. Almost all outstanding sailors of the Russian fleet were educated in the Marine Corps. The military exploits of the fleet have always encouraged the students of the Naval Corps to improve their training and strive to strengthen the glory of the fleet with their deeds. Within the walls of the corps, more than one generation of sailors was trained who glorified Russia with their exploits on the seas and oceans.
Let's not forget that the Marine Corps is the oldest naval educational institution in Russia - the elder brother in the family of Russian cadet corps. After all, he traces his genealogy back to the Navigation School, from the father of the Russian fleet - Peter the Great.
The legendary director of the cadet school is Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Ivan Logginovich. He himself was a graduate of the Marine Noble Corps and was promoted to midshipman in 1743. On September 1, 1762, with the rank of captain 2nd rank, he was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps, serving in this position until his death, for which he earned the nickname “father of all Russian sailors.” The famous Field Marshal General M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812, being a distant relative of Ivan Loginovich, was brought up in his house. I.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov had extensive maritime practice and was well acquainted with the difficulties of naval service; he saw shortcomings in the theoretical and practical training of graduates of the Maritime Academy. Under him, the corps became one of the best naval schools in Europe at that time. Over 2,000 Russian naval officers passed through his hands. He personally taught maritime science to the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Paul I, at that time admiral general of the fleet.
Famous alumni:
Admiral Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin 6 08.1763-5 04.1831
In 1807, leading the Second Archipelago Expedition of the Russian fleet, he won victories over the Turks in the Battle of Athos and the Dardanelles. Since 1825 he commanded the Baltic Fleet.
Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern, 8 11.1770-12 08.1846
Russian navigator. Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” made the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev 3 11.18. 1788 - April 11, 1851
Russian naval commander and navigator, commander of the Black Sea Fleet and discoverer of Antarctica.
I would especially like to note among the graduates of the Naval Cadet Corps the legendary admirals, heroes of the defense of Sevastopol, who laid down their lives for the glory of the Fatherland during the Crimean War.
Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov 23.06 1802- 30.06 1855
Russian naval commander, admiral. On November 18 (November 30), 1853, he defeated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Sinop. Killed during the defense of Sevastopol
Vice Admiral Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov 1 02 1806 - 5 10 1854 G.
Hero of the Crimean War, died on Malakhov Kurgan on October 5 (17), 1854 during the bombardment of the city by Anglo-French troops.
Rear Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Istomin 9 02.1810-7 03.1855
Hero of the Crimean War, died during the defense of Malakhov Kurgan in Sevastopol.
Among the graduates of the naval cadet corps there were talented inventors:
Mozhaisky Alexander Fedorovich 9 03 1825- 20.03 1890
Russian inventor, pioneer of our aviation, the first in the world to create a life-size aircraft capable of lifting a person into the air. On July 20, 1882, the aircraft, which he called the “Firebird,” took off. The propellers were turned by 10 and 20 hp steam engines.
Creation of a cadet corps.
Chronological table of the history of the Naval Cadet Corps
- 1701 - School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
- 1715 - Academy of the Naval Guard
- 1752 - Naval Gentry Corps
- 1802 - Naval Cadet Corps
- 1867 - Naval School
- 1891 - Naval Cadet Corps
- 1906 - Marine Corps
- 1914 - Marine E.I.V. Heir to the Tsarevich Corps
- 1916 - Marine E.I.V. Heir to the Tsarevich School
On February 24, 1918, by order of the naval commissar of the Bolshevik government L.D. Trotsky, it was closed and its students (3 cadet companies and the senior - graduation) were disbanded.
The history of the creation of the Naval Cadet Corps dates back to the first years of the existence of the Russian regular fleet, founded by Peter I in 1696.
To staff the fleet with national command personnel, on January 14, 1701, Peter the Great issued the Highest Decree on the establishment in Moscow of a school of “mathematical and navigational, i.e. nautical and cunning arts of teaching.” The school was ordered to be under the jurisdiction of the Armory Chamber, and to enroll in training “those who voluntarily want to, and others, even more so, under compulsion.”
Since June 1701, the school was located in Moscow, in the Sretenskaya (Sukharev) tower. It had 200 students and trained specialists not only for the navy, but also for the army, as well as for the civilian public service.
On October 1, 1715, the school was transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and located on the banks of the Neva in Kisin’s house, where the Winter Palace was later located and named the Academy of the Naval Guard. Peter the Great personally monitored the progress of the training of his “sea guards” and with his own hand wrote a list of sciences that should have been “taught to children.” The school existed until 1752.
On December 15, 1752, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna signed a decree, according to which the Naval Academy was transformed into the “Naval Gentry Cadet Corps.” The children of the nobles of the closed midshipman company and the naval artillery school were transferred to the cadet corps, and the children of the commoners were assigned to training in port workshops and to recruit a navigator company. The location of the building in St. Petersburg was chosen on Vasilyevsky Island, the house of Minich, which had to be significantly expanded.
The Naval Cadet Corps was staffed by students of noble origin. The staffing level was set at 360 people, in combat terms distributed into three companies, and in training - into three classes. Pupils of the senior class studied the highest maritime disciplines and were called midshipmen.
Pupils of the second class studied navigation and other disciplines and were called cadets. Pupils of the third class took trigonometry and other disciplines and were also called cadets.
The composition of the mouth was mixed. Each company consisted of a midshipman class, 2nd and 3rd cadet classes. The company consisted of 40 midshipmen, 40 second-class cadets and 40 third-class cadets. The transition from class to class was carried out based on academic performance and if there were vacancies in the corresponding classes. All midshipmen and cadets had guns and ammunition.
Upon admission to the corps, entrance exams were held, but children of the ranks of the naval department had priority for admission. The bulk of the students were preparing for combat officer service, 30 people each. trained as naval gunners and surveyors. The corps was headed by the director and his combat assistant. In 1762, for the first time, students received uniform uniforms, small arms and bladed weapons (cleavers).
The teachers of the cadet corps had extensive knowledge, pedagogical tact and energy. They raised the scientific training of students to an exceptional level, thanks to which the fleet received a large number of well-educated sailors, who were later known for their scientific research and participation in significant expeditions.
From 1753 to 1763 The corps released 340 midshipmen into the fleet and 7 constables into the naval artillery. Over 10 graduates of this time reached the rank of admiral. Many received the highest award for bravery shown in battles and were awarded the Order of St. George.
Oath - A sworn promise before God and people
A special tradition in the navy was taking the oath.
The oath in the navy was approved with the publication in April 1710 of “Instructions and articles of the military pertaining to the Russian fleet.”
The text of the first oath read:
“By the grace of God to Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, etc., etc.
We promise and swear to be faithful to His Royal Majesty's decrees, and under the authority of His Majesty, generals, admirals, admiralty advisers, vice admirals, rear admirals, commandants, captains and other heads of the highly-mentioned His Majesty delivered over us, decrees and orders to honor and obediently and faithfully fulfill, as honest and good people should, and in other matters act according to the articles and institutions that were composed or will be composed in the future for our service.
In what way may the Lord God Almighty help us.”
The oath in the Imperial Russian Navy and Army was an oath, a promise before God and people. Not only the commander, but also the clergy took the oath.
The sailor swore an oath, first of all, neither to people nor to the state, but to the object of his faith, that is, to his God - the one whom he worshiped, the one from whom he expected help for himself, hoped, believed in protection for himself. If a person was of the Orthodox confession, it means that he took the oath in the presence of an Orthodox priest. Since the oath was religious, for an Orthodox person it was taken in front of the Cross and the Gospel. Taking the oath was accompanied by a kiss of the cross, which, in essence, means an oath. The text of the oath ended with the words: “In commemoration of these words, I kiss the Cross and the Gospel of my Savior Jesus Christ.” Taking the oath ended with a solemn service and parting words from the priest.
If the sailor was a Muslim, then an imam was called from the fleet headquarters, who came and took the oath from the Muslims. The text of the Muslim oath was in their native language. The person taking the oath held two fingers of his right hand on the Koran and repeated the words of the oath after the imam. At the end of the ritual he kissed the Koran. The rabbi took the oath of Jewish faith. Jews took the oath in Russian or Yiddish. They took the oath on any day except Saturday or a religious holiday. They tried to carry out the ritual in synagogues or in prayer schools in front of an open kivot (Oron ha kodesh) in the presence of two Jewish witnesses.
Catholic pastor - for Catholics.
There were cases when representatives of the pagan peoples of Siberia and the North ended up in the fleet. When they took the oath, an amulet was sewn on, which had meaning for these pagans, and these recruits took the oath on it.
And only if there was no corresponding clergyman, then the ship’s commander took the oath with the participation of the ship’s priest and fellow believers.
The Code of Military Regulations of 1869 stated:
“The oath is an oath that a soldier takes before the face of God on the cross of the Savior and on his holy Gospel: to serve God and the Sovereign with faith and truth<...>, boldly and cheerfully go into battle for the Tsar, Holy Rus' and the Orthodox Faith. There will be no mercy for the traitor to the oath, either in this world or at the Last Judgment of God."
Russian sailors have always considered the military oath to be sacred.
Violation of the oath was considered a great sin before God and people.
According to official statistics, there were practically no atheists in the Russian Armed Forces. The refusal of sectarians to take the military oath means a refusal of God’s commandment, calling to “lay down one’s life for one’s friends.”
Therefore, perjury in the Armed Forces was associated not only with state laws, but also with religious issues.
If you have broken your oath, it means that you have been abandoned by your God and you are no longer a true believer, you have already become like Judas. Such an oath had greater significance and greater power than the current oath, which has an exclusively secular state meaning.
It should be noted that these days this tradition is being revived. In the Pacific Fleet, a prayer service is performed before taking the oath. Believing sailors, just like their great-grandfathers, take the oath before the St. Andrew's flag, the Holy Gospel and the Cross, and kiss them.
Here is the text of the oath that Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov, a graduate of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps, took in 1766: “Az, Fyodor Ushakov, I promise and swear by Almighty God before His Holy Gospel that I want and owe Her Imperial Majesty my most gracious Empress Catherine Alekseevna Autocrat and Her Imperial Majesty's most dear Son, Sovereign Tsarevich and Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, the legitimate Heir to the All-Russian throne, serve faithfully and unhypocritically and obey in everything, not sparing your belly to the last drop of blood... In what may the Lord God Almighty help me! "
