The world around us - 4th grade
Subject: "The world of antiquity: near and far"
Tasks:
- Let's get acquainted with some historical data of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt (structures, discoveries, interesting facts)
- Let's talk about the significance of the invention of writing
- compare the sources of studying the Primitive system and the Ancient world
The history of the Ancient World goes back several thousand years. During this era, there were states such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.
ANCIENT EGYPT
Egypt- one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the banks Nile River approximately 5 thousand years ago, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
In ancient times, the river surprised people with its character. During the flood, the river irrigated the fields of farmers and carried fertile silt ashore. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and the water contained a lot of black silt (small rock particles and rotted plants). This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The word “Egypt” itself means “black land”. Over thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of rich black soil formed in Egypt.
The majority of the population were farmers, who worked in the fields all year round to provide food for the cities. Peasants grew wheat and barley, fruits and vegetables, as well as flax, from which they made linen. In Egyptian cities, people could buy everything they needed for life at the bazaar. Money did not exist then, so the townspeople exchanged some goods for others.
Main transport In ancient Egypt there were ships that sailed along the Nile River.
Rain in the Nile Valley is so rare that 10-12 year old children may never have seen rain in their lives. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed and overflowed its banks.
The Egyptians considered many animals sacred. They revered the lion, bull, dog, cat, kite, falcon, ibis, crocodile, cobra, scorpion, and beetle. Many gods of the Egyptians they looked like animals. Sun God Ra depicted as a man with the head of a bird. God of water and the flood of the Nile Sebek appeared in the form of a man with the head of a crocodile. God of wisdom, calculation and writing was god Thoth. He was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird.
The Egyptians wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs. In one case, a hieroglyph could depict and mean some object. But in another case, the same hieroglyph could serve to designate one or more consonant sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds in Egyptian writing. Not everyone could learn such writing. The Egyptians treated those who mastered literacy with respect.
In ancient Egypt, the most famous statue a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man - gigantic (length - 57 m, height - 20 m) "Great Sphinx" in Giza, carved from rock (1st half of the 3rd millennium BC), the Sphinx guarding the pyramids of Giza was one of the incarnations of the ancient Egyptian sun god. It is possible that the model for the face of this sphinx was Pharaoh Khafre. Everything that the deceased should need in the kingdom of the dead was placed next to the sarcophagus inside the tomb. Then the priests left, covering their tracks on the floor of the tomb. Sarcophagus- a coffin made of wood, stone and other materials, often in the shape of a person. The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose temples in honor of the gods. The temple complex had halls for rituals, wide passages for processions, and was served by thousands of servants and slaves. The priests in the temples were among the most powerful people in the country. They were believed to have a special relationship with God.
Temples of Egypt- wonderful architectural monuments . Karnak Temple— without any doubt, the largest in area in the entire ancient world, it was connected to the Luxor Temple on the banks of the Nile by a paved avenue of sphinxes.
Much later than Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome arose.
ANCIENT GREECE
Greece is a mountainous country in southern Europe, unique in beauty, culture and history, located on the Balkan Peninsula. Although Greece occupies a small territory (about 132 thousand square kilometers), and its population has only 10.3 million inhabitants, it is difficult to find equals in terms of historical and archaeological heritage. Just imagine: the capital of Greece - Athens - was founded back in the seventh millennium BC!
Athens - the capital of modern Greece. The heart of Athens is the temple complex on Mount Acropolis. Once upon a time there was a paved road leading up the hill. On the day of the holiday in honor of the goddess Athena, city residents climbed up it. The main events of the holiday took place on the Acropolis.
The center of the complex on Mount Acropolis was marble temple Parthenon, dedicated to the city's patron goddess Athena
There is a high mountain in northern Greece called Olympus. The ancient Greeks settled their main gods on the top of this mountain. The Greeks imagined the life of the gods on Olympus as the life of a noble family that seized power over other gods and people. Zeus, the thunderer, was considered the main god among the Greek gods; the god of the sea, Poseidon, the god of the underworld, Hades, and others were subordinate to him. The Greeks depicted their gods as similar to people. For example, the god of wine Dionysus was represented as a beautiful young man, and the goddess of love Aphrodite was represented as a beautiful girl. The relationship between the gods is in many ways reminiscent of the relationship between people: they quarrel with each other, use foul language. And what happens is they fight and steal.
The history of the Olympic Games is connected with Olympus. Greek athletes trained in preparation for the sports festival, which was held in Olympia, located in southern Greece, every 4 years. This holiday was the predecessor of the Olympic Games, which are still held today. During the Olympics, any military actions were prohibited.
How were the winners of the Olympics awarded in ancient Greece?
Every major city in Ancient Greece had a theater, and theatrical performances were very popular. All ancient Greek theaters were built according to the same type - in the open air and on the slopes of hills.
The word “theater” itself is of Greek origin. Literally it translates as “place for spectacles.” Initially, Greek theater was associated with the celebration of the deity Dionysus.
Already in ancient times, a simpler and more convenient writing appeared than the writing of the ancient Egyptians. The inhabitants of Phenicia came up with an alphabet in which each sound (letter) conveyed a specific consonant sound. The ancient Greeks created their alphabet based on the Phoenician script. In Greek writing, letters appeared for the first time to represent vowel sounds. The letters of the modern Russian alphabet are derived from ancient Greek letters.
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ANCIENT ROME
Ancient Rome, Roman Empire is the name of one of the most famous states in human history. The name of Rome is associated with its name founder - Romulus.
Preview:
Topic: The world of antiquity: distant and near
Target: introduce students to ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome.
Formed UUD:educational -consciously and voluntarily construct a speech statement in oral and written form;communicative -express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication, work in a group; regulatory - formulate educational objectives, determine the sequence of intermediate goals taking into account the result, anticipate the result, evaluate the quality and level of mastery of the material; personal - show a desire to learn more.
Equipment: media projector, textbook, additional literature, crosswords, cards for group work.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
The cheerful bell rang. Are you ready to start the lesson?
Let's listen, talk,
And help each other.
II. Updating basic knowledge.
Solve the puzzle:
1=T
(Pages of history)
4=P
What does this phrase tell you?
(In the last lesson we began to study the pages of history.)
What eras do scientists divide human history into?
(Primitive history, history of the Ancient world, history of the Middle Ages, history New and Contemporary times)
What is the name of the first and longest era in human history?( Primitive)
When and where did the first people appear?(About 2.5 million years ago in East Africa)
Who was man's greatest helper?(Fire)
How did primitive people live?( Together)
What were the names of these primitive groups?(Human herd)
Name the main activities of primitive people.(Hunting, gathering)
What were the first tools made of?(Stone)
What was the name of the painting that appeared at this time?(rock)
What inventions of primitive people have survived to this day?( Hammer)
The answers appear on the screen. The word ANTIQUE stands out.
III. Setting a learning task.
What word did you get?
What is antiquity?
lat. ant i quitas - antiquity, antiquity;
TO What do you think we will talk about in class today? (We will continue to talk about the ancient world).
Why do you think? (To find out how a person lived, what he did, what discoveries people made).
That's right! Today we will get acquainted with the eras of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Let's learn about some of the achievements of people at this time.
IV. Solving a learning problem. Work in groups.
Here are three images. How do you think they can be related to the topic of today's lesson?
Today you will visit three Ancient States and receive new information. And I hope you can find the answer to my question. I suggest you work as correspondents in groups.
(The class is divided into groups. Each group receives a state to study. Students use a textbook, additional information, cards with questions.)
Your task is to answer the questions and then tell the main thing about the country according to plan. You look for answers in the textbook, on cards, and discuss them in a group. Choose several people from the group who will talk about the country. Determine who in the group will be the time keeper. Remember the rules of working in a group. Operating time - 10 minutes.
Card for work 1
- Ancient Egypt (pp. 8-10)
1. When and where did the Egyptian kingdom appear?
Why was life possible on the banks of the Nile?
2.Who ruled the world, according to the Egyptians? Name the Egyptian gods.
What was the name of the god of wisdom, counting and writing? How was he portrayed? What do the Egyptians consider the gifts of Thoth?
3. How did the Egyptians write?
4. What structures did the Egyptians build and for whom?
Card for work 2
- Ancient Greece (pp. 10-12)
1. Where is Greece? What was its name in ancient times?
Where did the ancient Greek gods live? How were they portrayed? Who was the main god?
2. Which city is the capital of Greece? Why was he called that?
3. What is the heart of Athens? What is the Acropolis?
Name the most famous temple of the Acropolis. What sculpture was in the center of the Parthenon?
4.What were the ancient Greeks interested in? What happened in the city of Olympia?
How did the ancient Greeks change writing?
Card for work 3
- Ancient Rome (p. 12-13)
1. Give the date of the founding of Rome. How, according to legend, did Rome come into being?
2. How did the Romans relax? What is the Colosseum?
3.What is the Roman Forum? What is the Pantheon?
V. Group reports
Our story about one of the most ancient states on earth - Egypt . This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River about 5 thousand years ago. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed and overflowed its banks. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and there was a lot of black silt in the water. This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The word itself Egypt means "black land" " Over thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of fatty black soil.
The ancient Egyptians believed that the world was ruled by gods. Supreme God Ra - Sun God, Anubis - deity with headjackal
and the human body, the guide of the dead to the afterlife, Amon - the god of air and wind, the harvest, the creator of the world, Sebek - the god of water and the flood of the Nile - a man with the head of a crocodile. Thoth was the god of wisdom, writing and counting. He was depicted with the head of an ibis bird. He invented months and years, taught how to keep track of time, and also gave arithmetic calculations and writing.
An amazing plant grew on the banks of the Nile - papyrus. From its stems people obtained writing material, which was also called papyrus. Not all Egyptians could read and write. People called scribes wrote letters for them. Scribes were highly respected in ancient Egypt. They wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs. The hieroglyph could represent an object or represent several consonant sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds.
The Egyptians built temples for the gods: complexes in Karnak and Luxor. The gates to the temple were in the form of high walls. Inside the temple there are courtyards with statues of gods.
Egyptian rulers, called pharaohs, were revered as gods. The land of Egypt belonged to them. Pharaoh ordered the construction of a “house of eternity” for himself during his lifetime - a tomb in the form of stone pyramids.
And now the direct inclusion of our freelance correspondents in Egypt. Attention to the screen.WATCHING A CARTOON.
The pyramids of Giza are one of the recognized wonders of the world.
The Pyramid of Cheops is the most famous, largest,its height is 148 meters. Near one of the pyramids there is a statue of a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man, carved out of rock - Great Sphinx . This is the guardian of the eternal peace of the pharaohs.
Thanks for the interesting story.
What image is associated with Egypt?
CONCLUSION : The civilization of Ancient Egypt, one of the most ancient, lived for about 3000 years. She left her descendants with architectural monuments, scientific knowledge and much more.
VI. Exercise for the eyes.
Let's relax a little more in Egypt and then continue our journey.
VII.Group reports.
- What will the correspondents from group 2 tell us?
Much later than Ancient Egypt, the civilization of Ancient Greece arose.
Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula. In ancient times, this country was called Hellas, and its inhabitants were called Hellenes. It was here that the sciences and arts known today were born. There is a high mountain in northern Greece Olympus . The ancient Greeks settled their main gods on the top of this mountain. The Greeks depicted their gods as similar to people. Zeus, the god of sky and thunder, was considered the main one among the Greek gods; the god of the sea, Poseidon, and the god of the underworld, Hades, were subordinate to him.
One day the Greeks decided to build a new city, but they could not decide what to call it. The gods knew that this city would have a long life, so Athena, the goddess of wisdom and just war, wanted to give the city her name, and Poseidon his. Poseidon hit the rock with his trident - a spring gushed out of the rock. Greece is a hot, mountainous country, and water is very necessary there. The Greeks rushed to the source, and there was sea, salt water. Poseidon's gift turned out to be worthless. Athena struck the ground with her spear and an olive tree grew. The Greeks ate the fruits of this tree - olives - fresh, salted, pickled, and squeezed out oil. Athena's gift was recognized as the best and the city was named in her honor. Athens is still the capital of Greece.
The heart of Athens is the Acropolis - a high hill with beautiful ancient buildings. The temple of the goddess Athena, the Parthenon, was located here. In ancient times inIn the center of the temple stood a 13-meter statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory. The real statue has not survived to this day. But in museums around the world you can see copies recreated according to descriptions.
The Greeks took sports very seriously. Every four years sports festivals were held, called games The most important games were in the city Olympia . This is where they were bornOlympic Games.
The Greeks came up with a simpler and more convenient writing system, and letters for vowel sounds appeared for the first time. Slavic writing was also formed from the Greek alphabet.
What picture is associated with Hellas? Why?
CONCLUSION: Ancient Greece is the basis of European Culture. It was here that poetry, discoveries in medicine, science and technology, theater, and the first schools developed.
We will introduce you to history Ancient Rome.
The Romans come from that part of Europe now called Italy. The founding date of the city of Rome is considered to be 753 BC. The legend tells how this city arose: the king of Long Numitor was overthrown from the throne by his younger brother Amulius and, so that no one would lay claim to the throne, he ordered his son to be killed, and his daughter was made a servant at the temple. Soon she gave birth to two sons - twins. Amulius ordered the mother to be executed, and ordered the twins to be thrown into the Tiber River. The man who carried out the order was too lazy to enter the water and left the basket with the babies on the shore. The children got hungry and cried, the she-wolf heard the cry - she fed them. Later, the brothers were picked up by a shepherd and raised as his own children. When Romulus and Remus, as the shepherd called the boys, grew up, they learned the secret of their birth. They killed Amulius and returned the throne to their grandfather Numitor, and they themselves decided to found a new city. Everyone wanted to call it by their own name. The brothers quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus in anger. And then he founded a city, which he called Rome (in Latin Roma) and became its first king.
The Romans had about 120 national holidays a year. During these days, the Romans visited theaters. The Romans enjoyed great success in chariot racing and gladiator fights, when they fought with each other or with wild animals. The Colosseum, an amphitheater, has survived to this day.(round theater without a roof), one of the largest arenas, an architectural monument of Ancient Rome, the construction of which took 8 years. MThe Colosseum's multiple entrances are located throughout the building, allowing the public to fill the theater in 15 minutes and leave in 5.
Roman forum - a square in the center of Ancient Rome along with adjacent buildings. Temples, bank offices, and trading shops were located here. Here laws were passed, winners were awarded, money was changed. Here stood imperial palaces with marble statues, pools and frescoes.
Pantheon - “temple of all gods” in Rome. One of the features of the Pantheon is the hole in the roof. At noon, the strongest light column penetrates through it and illuminates the building from the inside.
-How is the image of twins connected with Ancient Rome?
Over time, the Romans created a powerful state.They conquered new cities, laid roads, built temples.The empire lasted until 476 AD, when the last Roman emperor was overthrown. ( Romulus Augustulus)
VIII. Consolidation of what has been learned.
1. I invite each group to solve a crossword puzzle and repeat what they heard.
Questions for the crossword:
1. King of Egypt.
2. Material for writing in Ancient Egypt.
3. The river on the banks of which the Egyptian state arose.
4. Special characters for writing.
5. Pharaoh's tomb in Ancient Egypt.
6. Capital of Greece.
7. High mountain in northern Greece.
8. Greek god of the sea.
9. The main Greek god.
10. The famous Acropolis Temple.
11. Heart of Athens.
12. An amphitheater in Ancient Rome, which served for gladiatorial fights.
13. Capital of Italy.
14. Temple of all gods in Ancient Rome.
15. God of water and the flood of the Nile in Ancient Egypt.
Read what happened? This is the name of Karl Bryullov’s painting depictingan event that occurred in 79, when the flourishing cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae were destroyed as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Bryullov painted the picture over six years in Italy, after visiting the ruins of Pompeii.
We will also take a trip to this city.(SLIDE SHOW)
Vesuvius - active volcano on South Italy . Over the entire history of its existence, it has had 80 major eruptions. According to geologists, Vesuvius was silent for 15 centuries until the significant date in 79. After this tragedy, the volcano fell silent again for more than 1,500 years. But on August 24, 79 residents of nearby cities were doomed. Hot lava and poisonous gases hit Pompeii at rapid speed. Everything that came in the way instantly burned.
- As archaeologists determined, 54 residents took refuge in the basement of a large wholesale warehouse on the day the death of Pompeii occurred. The shelter was safe. But people did not take into account that the air was filled with gases harmful to breathing. People suffocated with hot air. Death was hastened by dust. It entered the lungs and turned into cement there. Two thousand years later these bodies were found.
Excavations of the city began in the 19th century. During the excavations it became clearthat in the cities everything has been preserved as it was before the eruption. Under multi-meter thicknessashes Streets, houses with complete furnishings, and the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape were found.Almost the entire population died. This is approximately 16 thousand people. These days, the once beautiful city has been turned into an open-air museum. The ruins look quite peaceful. Vesuvius also looks peaceful. For now the volcano is “sleeping”, and let’s hope that the next activity will not come soon.
VIII. Summing up the lesson
The history of the Ancient World lasted several thousand years and ended in the 5th century AD.
Look at the topic of the lesson and say: why can the world of antiquity be close?(Many buildings and knowledge of antiquity have survived to this day.)
What knowledge have we discovered? (Children's statements.)
IX. Reflection
Homework
1. Page 14 holes to questions 2. RT pp. 5-6 No. 1-5.
Lesson summary for 4th grade on the world around us
Topic: “The world of antiquity: near and far”
Objectives: 1. To introduce students to ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome.
Develop oral speech.
Cultivate interest in the subject.
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Checking homework.
– Now we will find out where the road of history will lead us. To do this you need to solve a crossword puzzle.
One of the activities that man mastered towards the end of primitive history.
People learned to ……… pottery.
This was done by women and children.
What is another name for an ancient person?
Illumination of primitive artists.
The main occupation of ancient man.
LANDING
COOKING
COLLECTION
P rimary
Today we will talk about the world of antiquity: about other Egypt, about other Greece and about other Rome.
3. New topic.
Egypt is one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
The Egyptians wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs.
- Hieroglyph- an ancient pictorial sign of Egyptian writing.
The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose buildings, temples and pyramids.
Much later, other Greece and other Rome arose. Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula.
4. Teacher's story.
There is a high mountain in northern Greece called Olympus. The other Greeks settled their gods on it. The main one among the Greek gods is Zeus, the thunderer. One day the Greeks decided to build a new city, but they could not decide what to call it. Athena wanted to give the city her name, and Poseidon – his. They decided to name the city after the god who would give the townspeople the best gift. Poseidon hit the rock with his trident - a spring gushed out of the rock. The Greeks rushed to the source - and the water was sea water, salty. Then Athena struck the ground with her spear and an olive tree grew. The gift of the goddess Athena was recognized as the best, and the city was named in her honor, Athens.
The name of Rome is associated with the name of its founder - Romulus. The legend tells about it like this. The young woman was executed and the twins were thrown into the Tiber River. The man who carried out the order was too lazy to enter the water and left the basket with the babies on the shore. The children got hungry and cried, the she-wolf heard their cry - she fed them. Later they were picked up by a shepherd and raised as his own children. When Romulus and Remus, as the shepherd called the boys, grew up, they decided to found a new city. Each of the brothers wanted to name the city by their own name, they quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus in anger. And then he founded a city, which he called Rome and became its first king.
Reproduction of K.P. Bryullov’s painting “The Last Day of Pompeii”
The event that the painter talks about occurred in 79 AD, when the city of Pompeii was destroyed as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Bryullov painted the picture over six years in Italy, after visiting the ruins of the famous Pompeii. A thorough study of excavations and literary sources, rich creative imagination helped him create a masterpiece in which the theme of death and destruction is intertwined with the theme of the high human spirit opposing it. On the right side of the picture we see a son persuading his old mother to gather strength and run away with him, next to him a warrior and a boy are rushing to carry out a weak old man, and the groom is saving the unconscious bride.
This painting is in the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.
Homework: prepare a report about interesting facts about one of the states of the Ancient World.
Checking what has been learned.
1. On the banks of which river did the Egyptian state arise?
c) Amazon
2. What is a hieroglyph?
a) Vowel sound
b) Punctuation mark
c) A special sign for writing
3. What grandiose buildings could the Egyptians build?
a) Temples and pyramids
b) Churches and cathedrals
c) Ancient Roman statues
a) Attica
5. The capital of which state is the city of Rome?
a) Egypt
b) Italy
c) Greece
a) Pantheon
c) Parthenon
7. Which city was buried under a layer of ash during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius?
a) Pompeii
6. Lesson summary:
What did we talk about in class today?
Were you interested? Why?
What did you like, what did you not like?
View presentation content
"Stepanova"
Municipal educational institution "Putin Secondary School"
Stepanova Lidiya Grigorievna
Primary school teacher of the first category
Perm region, Vereshchaginsky district 2008
- Get to know ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome.
- Develop oral speech.
- Cultivate interest in the subject.
Egypt -
one of the most ancient states on earth.
This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
The Egyptians wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs.
Hieroglyph – ancient pictorial sign of Egyptian writing.
The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grand buildings -
temples and pyramids.
Arose much later
Ancient Greece.
Greece – mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula.
Time and people have not been kind to the temples of the Acropolis, including the most famous - Parthenon.
In the modern city of Rome, many ancient buildings have been preserved, who tell us about the past.
Reproduction of a painting by K.P. Bryullov "The last day of Pompeii"
Test
- On the banks of the river... the Egyptian state arose
a) Tiber
b) Neil
c) Amazon
a) vowel sound
b) punctuation mark
c) a special sign for writing
a) temples and pyramids
b) churches and cathedrals
c) ancient Greek statues
a) Attica
b) Piraeus
c) Athens
a) Egypt
b) Italy
c) Greece
a) Pantheon
b) Forum
c) Parthenon
a) Pompeii
b) Athens
c) Rome
Used literature:
The world around us. Textbook for 4th grade. beginning school.Ch. 2./ A.A. Pleshakov, E.A. Kryuchkova. M.: Education, 2006. – 207 p.
Lesson developments for the course “The World around us”. 4th grade. / O.I. Dmitrieva, O.A. Mokrushina. M.: “VAKO”, 2006. – 368 p.
http://www. sunhome. ru
ru. wikipedia. orq/wiki/
Let's discuss!
1. Question: compare sources on the history of primitiveness and the history of the Ancient World. Which period is more difficult to study? Why?
Answer: it is more difficult to study the period of primitive history, because There is very little information about the life of primitive people; there is no common view among scientists about how man lived at the time he was. Conclusions on the period of primitive history are mainly based on hypotheses. The history of the Ancient World is easier to study because the level of development of human society has increased immeasurably, and there remains evidence of the organization of society, both at the social and everyday levels. Writing appeared, after reading and studying which, scientists learn about the life of people in ancient times; buildings, sculptures, paintings, and household items remained. The history of the States appeared.
check yourself
1.Question: what states of the Ancient World do you know?
Answer: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome.
2. Question: give examples of famous buildings of the Ancient World.
Answer: the pyramids of Cheops in Giza (ancient Egypt), the Lighthouse of Alexandria (ancient Egypt), the Colosseum (another Rome), the Roman Forum (another Rome), the Pantheon (another Rome), the Acropolis of Athens (another Greece), temple Apollo in Delphi (other Greece), Temple of Demeter in Eleusis (other Greece)
3. Question: how did they write in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Phenicia, Ancient Greece?
Answer: The Egyptians wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs. Each hieroglyph could represent an object or several sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds in Egyptian writing.
The Phoenicians created an alphabet in which each letter conveyed a specific consonant sound.
The ancient Greeks improved the Phoenician alphabet and added signs that represent vowel sounds.
Homework assignments
Task 2. try to come up with a “business card” of one of the ancient countries.
Answer: the Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens could rightfully be considered the hallmark of Ancient Greece.
Antique monument Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens (Greece)
The Parthenon, dedicated to the goddess Athena-Parthenos (Virgin), was built as part of the Pericles program. The temple was intended as a new sanctuary for Athena. Inside, the temple was divided into two unequal parts. In the main, eastern one, there was the famous statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory. Precious stones were inserted into the eye sockets of the statue, and on the chest in the center of the shell was the deadly head of the Gorgon Medusa, made of ivory. The statue carved by Phidias was installed in the twilight of the hall intended for it - the cella, and it remained there until the 5th century BC.
The Parthenon, like other classical temples, stood on a stylobate, each of the steps of which had a height of 0.55-0.59 meters. But its grandeur does not overwhelm the viewer; this is a feature of Greek architecture, its deep humanism. The Parthenon is a classic example of a Greek temple of the Doric order, but at the same time its architecture is distinguished by a number of unique individual features. The proportions of the columns and entablature, the ratio of the number of columns on the sides of the temple (the number of columns on the longitudinal side is one more than twice the number of columns of the facade, that is, 8 and 17) strictly correspond to the standards developed by classical Greek architecture. Techniques such as slight thickening and inclination of the corner columns towards the center, entasis - swelling of the column trunk, and slight bending of the stylobate step were skillfully used.
All these features were supposed to compensate for errors in visual perception, since absolutely straight lines are perceived at a distance by the human eye as slightly concave. As a result, the Parthenon appears before your eyes as an ideal building with clear, harmonious lines and proportions. The Parthenon looked festive and elegant with its white marble columns and walls, topped with sculptural friezes and pediments, in which polychrome was widely used: the background of the pediments and markers was painted dark red, the frieze - blue. Against this colored background, the figures stood out especially clearly, retaining the color of marble. Their parts were also painted or gilded. The entire sculptural decor of the Parthenon was subordinated to one goal - the glorification of the native city, its gods and heroes, its people.
The temple was decorated with a frieze of fine workmanship. The theme of the frieze is the glorification of the Athenian people on the day of the celebration of the Great Panathenaia. The main, eastern pediment of the Parthenon was decorated with a composition depicting the myth of the birth of the goddess Athena. The western pediment depicts an Attic legend - about the dispute between Athena and Poseidon for power over Attica.
The statue of Athena has not survived to this day, but numerous later copies have survived, including a remarkable Roman copy exhibited in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Most of the pediment, central columns and scella were destroyed in 1687, when the Acropolis of Athens was besieged by the Venetians. The best examples of surviving sculptures are now in the British Museum in London - these are the so-called “Elgin Marbles”. Several original sculptures and fragments, along with a model of the temple, can be seen in the Acropolis Museum.
Next lesson
Question: remember which cities and states of Europe you know.
Germany (Berlin, Cologne, Bremen, Dresden, Munich...);
France (Paris, Le Havre, Rouen, Bordeaux, Nice, Toulouse, Lille...);
Austria (Vienna, Salzburg, Graz, Innsbruck...);
Italy (Rome, Milan, Naples, Verona, Venice...);
Netherlands (Amsterdam, The Hague, Gouda);
Belgium (Brussels, Antwerp, Bruges...);
Greece (Athens, Corinth, Kilkis...);
Sweden (Stockholm, Malmo, Gothenburg...);
Norway (Oslo, Stavanger, Lillehammer...);
Denmark (Copenhagen, Preste, Bramming...); and etc.
Ancient Egypt
Egypt, which means “black land”, is a country of mysteries. Indeed, Egyptian civilization arose suddenly, as if by magic, and this raises many questions. How did this country move from savagery to civilization? Quite unexpectedly, developed agriculture, a high level of writing, crafts, arts, and religion appeared here after 3500 BC. The Egyptians created a perfect mythology and unique architectural monuments. Egypt attracts close attention of scientists around the world.
Ancient buildings
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Pantheon in Rome |
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Karnak, Egypt |
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Colosseum in Rome |
Select the correct answer and mark it with a “+”
What does NOT apply to the history of Ancient Egypt:
pharaoh, nile, + Acropolis
Find the name of the ancient city:
+Pompeii, Karnak, Colosseum
What is NOT an architectural structure:
Parthenon, +Vesuvius, Pantheon
Find the geographical name:
hieroglyph, pyramid, +Nile
Write down what chronology system existed:
a) in Ancient Egypt - solar calendar
b) in Ancient Rome - from the “foundation of Rome”
Write down the century we live in in Roman numerals: 21st century
