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Contents of the concept of innovation. The essence of innovation. Factors determining innovative development


Innovation (Latin novation - change, update) is some kind of innovation that was not previously on the market.
Innovation is a materialized result obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing production, labor, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning methods, analysis techniques, etc.
Innovation can also be called an innovative product. The concepts of “invention” and “discovery” are closely related to the concept of “innovation”.
An invention is understood as new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices created by man.
Discovery is the process of obtaining previously unknown data or observing a previously unknown natural phenomenon.
The term “innovation” was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (J.A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), I. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (i.e., issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process.
I. Schumpeter identified five changes in development: the use of new technology, technological processes, or new market support for production; introduction of products with new properties; use of new raw materials; changes in the organization of production and its logistics; emergence of new markets.
At the same time, by innovation I. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transportation means, markets and forms of organization in industry.
According to I. Schumpeter, innovation is the main source of profit: “profit is essentially the result of the implementation of new combinations”, “without development there is no profit, without profit there is no development.”
In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that in a market economy, innovation is a weapon of competition, since innovation leads to lower costs, lower prices, increased profits, the creation of new needs, an influx of money, an increase in the image (rating) of the manufacturer of new products, opening and capturing new markets, including foreign ones.
Today, the description of technological innovation is based on international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 (the so-called “Oslo Manual”). These standards cover new products and new processes, as well as significant technological changes. Based on this, two types of technological innovation were adopted: product innovation; process innovation.
Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products.
Process innovation is the development of new forms and methods of organizing production when releasing new products. This means that the release of new products can be organized using existing technology, equipment, energy resources and using traditional methods of organizing production and management.
In Russia, the concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000 was developed. According to this document, “Innovation (innovation)” is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.
Innovation activity is a process aimed at developing innovations, implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related this additional research and development.
“Innovation potential (state, industry, organization)” is a set of various types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for carrying out innovative activities.
“Innovation infrastructure” - organizations that promote innovation activities (innovation and technology centers, technology incubators, technology parks, educational and business centers and other specialized organizations).
“Innovation program (federal, interstate, industry)” is a set of innovative projects and activities, coordinated in terms of resources, implementers and timing of their implementation and providing an effective solution to the problems of development and dissemination of fundamentally new types of products (technology).
Innovation is an economic category that reflects the most general and essential properties, characteristics, connections and relationships of the production and implementation of innovations.
The essence of a category is manifested in its functions. The functions of innovation reflect its purpose in the economic system of the state and its role in the economic process.
Innovation is a result realized on the market, obtained from investing capital in a new product or operation (technology, process). When implementing an innovation offered for sale, an exchange of “money - innovation” occurs. The money received by the entrepreneur as a result of such an exchange, firstly, covers the costs of creating and selling innovations, secondly, brings profit from the implementation of innovations, thirdly, acts as an incentive to create new innovations, and fourthly, is a source of financing new innovation process.
Based on this, we can say that innovation performs the following three functions: reproductive; investment; stimulating.
The reproductive function means that innovation is an important source of financing for expanded reproduction.
Monetary revenue received from the sale of innovation on the market creates entrepreneurial profit, which acts as a source of financial resources and at the same time a measure of the effectiveness of the innovation process.
Thus, making a profit from innovation and using it as a source of financial resources constitutes the content of the reproduction function of innovation.
Profit received from the implementation of innovation can be used in various ways, including as capital. This capital can be used to finance both all investments and specifically new types of innovation. Thus, the use of profits from innovation for investment constitutes the content of the investment function of innovation.
Making a profit by an entrepreneur through the implementation of an innovation directly corresponds to the target function of any commercial business entity. This coincidence serves as an incentive for the entrepreneur to innovate further; encourages him to constantly study demand, improve the organization of marketing activities, and apply more modern financial management techniques (reengineering, brand strategy, benchmarking, etc.). All of the above constitutes the content of the stimulating function of innovation.
To identify the essence and content of innovations, it is necessary to classify them.
Classification of innovations means the distribution of innovations into specific groups according to certain characteristics in order to achieve their goals. A scientifically based classification allows you to clearly determine the place of each innovation in their overall system and the distinctive characteristics of each innovation, as well as rationally organize the innovation process.
Classification of innovations can be carried out according to different schemes, using different classification criteria. In the domestic literature, there are numerous options for classifying innovation according to various criteria. Let us present the classification of innovations proposed by I.T. Balabanov1, which is based on the following system of classification characteristics: Target attribute that gives an answer to the question of what is the purpose of innovation: solving a current problem or a future task (strategic). An external classification feature indicating the form of implementation of the innovation.
. A structural feature showing for which sector of the national economic complex or for which sphere of economic relations the innovation is intended.
The classification of innovations according to the specified characteristics is shown in Fig. 10.1.1.

Innovation and innovative activity are traditionally presented as a direction of scientific and technological progress (its high-tech component) and as a process associated with the implementation of the results of scientific research and development into practice. However, the meaning and content of the concept of “innovation” is broader. The scope of innovation is comprehensive, it not only covers the practical use of scientific and technological developments and inventions, but also includes changes in the product, processes, marketing, and organization. Innovation acts as a clear driver of change, as a result of activity, embodied in a new or improved product, technological processes, new services and new approaches to meeting social needs.

The Oxford Dictionary defines innovation as: “Any new approach to the design, production or marketing of a product that gives the innovator or his company an advantage over competitors.”

The term “innovation”, in its modern sense, was first used by J. Schumpeter, who emphasized that innovation is a significant change in the function of what is produced, consisting of a new combination and commercialization of all new combinations based on the use of new materials and components, the introduction of new processes , opening new markets, introducing new organizational forms.

To this we can add that innovation is a new product, a new phenomenon or action in the market (enterprise), which aims to attract the consumer, satisfy his needs and at the same time bring income to the entrepreneur.

Factors determining innovative development:

Market conditions and competition (both in domestic and foreign markets);
- environment (level of development of science and technology, legislative and regulatory framework, political and economic stability);
- personnel (scientists, specialists, entrepreneurs, managers, politicians, civil servants);
- resources (natural, industrial, financial, scientific, technical, technological, infrastructure).

Innovation is driven by constant changes occurring in various spheres of human activity. In each of them, the goals of innovation are the introduction of new processes or products that are aimed at ensuring sustainable and long-term economic growth. These include:

Improvement or creation of new materials, equipment, technological processes, products, services and methods that fundamentally change or significantly improve the efficiency of the economy;
- changes in the social structure to increase the social status of the individual and achieve an optimal balance of personal and public interests;
- modifications of the existing management system, allowing to improve the activities of enterprises and organizations and facilitating adaptation to changing conditions.

All innovations in engineering, technology, economics, management and the social sphere are interconnected with each other, and in order to introduce an innovation in any of these areas, it is almost always necessary to make corresponding changes in others. This is explained by the fact that the vast majority of innovations are based on the simultaneous purposeful combination and use of a wide variety of types of knowledge in order to obtain new areas of its economic application.

A documented result of research, development or experimental work to improve the efficiency of any field of activity is an innovation. These include discoveries, inventions, patents, know-how, documentation for a new or improved product, technology or production process, as well as various recommendations, methods, instructions, standards, results of marketing research, and innovation proposals.

Innovation in the form of new knowledge, approaches, techniques acquires a new quality and turns into innovation (innovation) from the moment of its implementation and the beginning of dissemination. Innovation is the end result of introducing an innovation in order to obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect demanded by society. In other words, innovation is the concrete result of any creative, risk-related activity that ensures the promotion and introduction to the market of new, significantly different from the previous, goods that more fully satisfy needs; opening and developing new markets or achieving other specific goals.


Introduction

The concept and essence of innovation

Classification of innovations

System of indicators of science and innovation statistics

Static study of scientific and innovative activities

The normative part of the statistical study of scientific and innovative activities

List of used literature


Introduction


Today, when the overwhelming majority of foreign competitors have left the Russian market, domestic producers have entered into a struggle for consumers among themselves. The experience of economically developed countries shows that the winner in this struggle is the one who builds his activities primarily on the basis of an innovative approach and puts the development of new goods and services as the main goal of the strategic plan.

Almost ten years have passed since the beginning of reform of the Russian economy. The most enterprising production entities managed to navigate market conditions relatively quickly. Almost all enterprises that have adapted to the market have created commerce and marketing departments that communicate with consumers; new management accounting systems have been introduced aimed at identifying the real picture of the financial and economic state of the enterprise. However, as practice shows, this is not enough to create long-term competitiveness. One of the main conditions for the formation of a competitive strategic perspective for an industrial enterprise can be its innovative activity.

The development and introduction of new products into production are important for companies as a means of increasing competitiveness and eliminating the company’s dependence on the discrepancy between the life cycles of manufactured products. In modern conditions, product renewal is proceeding at a fairly rapid pace. Innovation management is one of the areas of strategic management carried out at the highest level of company management. Its purpose is to determine the main directions of the company’s scientific, technical and production activities in the following areas: development and implementation of new products (innovation activities); modernization and improvement of manufactured products.


1. Concept and essence of innovation


Innovation in a broad sense refers to the profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic solutions of a production, financial, commercial, administrative or other nature. The period of time from the origin of an idea, the creation and dissemination of an innovation, and until its use is usually called the life cycle of an innovation. Taking into account the sequence of work, the life cycle of an innovation is considered as an innovation process.

Innovation is the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real progress, embodied in new products and technologies. The issue of innovation in our country has been developed for many years within the framework of economic research on scientific and technical progress.

In accordance with international standards, innovation is defined as the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, or a new approach to social services.

Innovation can be considered in both dynamic and static aspects. In the latter case, innovation is presented as the final result of the research and production cycle (RPC).

The terms “innovation” and “innovation process” are close, but not unambiguous. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations. Creators of innovation (innovators) are guided by such criteria as the product life cycle and economic efficiency. Their strategy aims to outperform competitors by creating an innovation that will be recognized as unique in a particular field. Scientific and technical developments and innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as they are practically applied, they turn into scientific and technical innovations - the final result. Scientific and technical developments and inventions are the application of new knowledge for the purpose of its practical application, and scientific and technical innovations (STI) are the materialization of new ideas and knowledge, discoveries, inventions and scientific and technical developments in the production process with the aim of their commercial implementation to satisfy certain consumer requests. The essential properties of innovation are scientific and technical novelty and industrial applicability.

Therefore, scientific and technical innovations must:

· have novelty;

· satisfy market demand;

· bring profit to the manufacturer.

The dissemination of innovations, as well as their creation, is an integral part of the innovation process.

In everyday practice, as a rule, the concepts of novelty, novation, innovation, innovation are identified, which is quite understandable. Innovation can be a new order, a new method, an invention. Innovation means that the innovation is used. From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation.

Any inventions, new phenomena, types of services or methods only receive public recognition when they are accepted for distribution (commercialization), and in a new capacity they act as innovations (innovations).

Modern companies perceive innovation as a means of increasing profits and conquering a wider market segment. Governments see them as a panacea for boosting economic growth by increasing global competitiveness.

Innovation creates value and wealth by relying on some form of change (in any area - technology, materials, prices, services, demographics or even geopolitics), creating new demand or resorting to new ways of replacing fixed capital and using mature markets . Innovation facilitates the movement of resources into areas of higher productivity and profit.

Manufacturing organizations, in turn, have also come to understand the need for innovation. The introduction of innovations is increasingly considered by them as the only way to increase the competitiveness of manufactured goods, maintain high rates of development and profitability levels. Therefore, enterprises, overcoming economic difficulties, began to develop on their own in the field of product and technological innovations

It is innovation that explains the reason why the level of return on investment in the United States, Western Europe and Japan was significantly higher in the second, rather than the first half of the 20th century. The trend towards profit growth is closely related to the development of intellectually intensive industries, in which human capital resources, skills, expensive information secrets and know-how are important.


Classification of innovations


Innovations have different forms: technical, technological, organizational, socio-economic.

There are various classifications of innovation groups that differ in:

· sphere of application - scientific, technical, organizational, economic and socio-cultural;

· the nature of the needs being satisfied - creating new needs and developing existing ones;

· subject of application - innovation - product, innovation - process, innovation - service, innovation - markets;

  • degrees of radicality - basic, systemic, improving, pseudo-innovations;
  • depth of changes - regeneration of original properties, quantitative changes, grouping of parts of the system, adaptive changes, new variant, new generation, new species, new genus;
  • reasons for occurrence - strategic and reactive;
  • the nature of the impact on the market and technological capabilities of the company - architectural, revolutionary, niche-creating, regular;
  • scale of distribution - used in one industry and used in all or many industries;
  • roles in the production process - basic and complementary;
  • the nature of the connection with scientific knowledge - ascending and descending.
  • The first two groups of innovations do not need explanation. The remaining groups and their innovations have the following content.
  • Innovation - a product is an innovation that has the physical form of a finished, fundamentally new or improved product, which goes beyond the boundaries of the enterprise in this form (primarily in the form of a product). This type of innovation requires significant investment, since product development involves R&D and the development of process innovations.
  • Process innovation is a technical, production and management improvement that reduces the cost of production of an existing product. These innovations are less risky than product innovations, and in some cases are less capital-intensive.
  • Service innovation is an innovation related to servicing the processes of using a product outside the enterprise (for example, computer software).
  • Innovations - products and innovations - processes are closely related to each other and can transform into each other (using the example of innovation processes expressed in technological equipment for internal needs and their transformation in the form of innovation products sold outside the enterprise).
  • For the following slice of innovation classification:
  • Basic innovations are innovations that arise from major inventions that give rise to new, previously unknown products or processes based on new scientific principles (steam engine, electricity, nuclear power, vacuum tube, transistor, etc.). They require the greatest investment, their development process is lengthy, and their commercialization leads to the emergence of new technological structures.
  • System innovation introduces new functions by combining the constituent parts of radical innovation in new ways. System innovations include the use of a vacuum tube in radio and telecommunications systems, and the use of transistors in digital electronic technologies. They were originally provided for other purposes: a vacuum tube for telephone systems, and a transistor to replace the vacuum tube.
  • Improving innovations are small but important improvements to products, processes, and services. Improving innovation continues technical improvement and extends to applications of radical and systemic innovation. For example, the invention of the vacuum tube required improvements in creating a vacuum before it became a component of the telephone. Thousands of innovations have been made to improve the transistor, from which integrated circuits, large-scale ICs, and ultra-large-scale ICs have been created.
  • Pseudo-innovations are external changes in products or processes that do not lead to changes in their consumer characteristics.
  • The next section of the classification of innovations - according to the depth of changes introduced (to track the transitions from low-level innovations to higher-level innovations) can be considered within the framework of the following internal classification:
  • Zero-order innovations: - regenerating the original properties of the system, preserving and updating its existing functions.
  • Innovations of the first order: - change in the quantitative properties of the system.
  • Second-order innovation: - regrouping the components of the system in order to improve its functioning.
  • Third-order innovation: - adaptive changes in the elements of the production system in order to adapt to each other.
  • Fourth-order innovations: - a new option, the simplest qualitative change that goes beyond adaptive changes; the initial features of the system do not change - there is some improvement in their useful properties (for example, equipping an existing electric locomotive with a more powerful engine).
  • Fifth-order innovation: - new generation: all or most of the properties of the system change, but the basic structural concept remains the same (for example, the transition from electric motors of the A series to the AI ​​series).
  • Innovations of the sixth order: - a new type, a qualitative change in the original properties of the system, the original concept without changing the functional principle (for example, the emergence of a shuttleless loom).
  • Innovations of the seventh order: - a new kind, the highest change in the functional properties of a system or part of it, which changes its functional principle (for example, the transition to semiconductors and transistors, the replacement of classic railway transport with air-cushioned transport).
  • The introduction of innovations can have an impact on the product, technological and market capabilities of the company. Innovation can preserve or destroy these capabilities. In this regard, four types of innovations can be distinguished: architectural, revolutionary, niche-creating and regular.
  • Architectural innovations are innovations that lead to obsolescence of existing technologies and products, as well as market and consumer relations.
  • Revolutionary innovations lead to obsolescence of product and technological capabilities, but do not destroy market and product connections. This type of innovation is revolutionizing traditional markets.
  • Niche-creating innovations preserve product and technological capabilities, but destroy existing market-consumer connections. They create new market niches for existing technologies and products.
  • Regular innovation preserves both product and technological capabilities and market connections. This type of innovation occurs when products and technologies are improved.
  • The last four types of innovation can be schematically represented in the following table:
  • Table 1 Classification of innovations

Market connectionsProduct and technological opportunities PreservationRegularRevolutionaryDestructionNiche-formingArchitectural

  • Next class of innovations:
  • Strategic innovations are innovations, the implementation of which is proactive in nature in order to gain competitive advantages in the future.
  • Reactive innovations are innovations that ensure the survival of the company, as a reaction to innovations carried out by a competitor, i.e. The company is forced to produce these innovations after its competitor in order to be able to compete in the markets.
  • By scale of distribution:
  • Used in one industry at all enterprises producing a homogeneous product.
  • Used in all sectors of the national economy.
  • By role in the production process:
  • Major product innovations create new markets and underpin new industries.

Complementary product innovations - expand the market in their respective areas.

Basic technological innovations form the basis of large technological systems, and additional technological innovations develop existing basic technologies.

Bottom-up innovations are created based on new scientific knowledge.

  • Top-down innovation is based on the existing knowledge base and its commercialization.
  • Typing innovations allows you to:
  • to “link” one or another type of strategy to the type of innovation, in other words, the type of innovation strategy at any level depends on the prevailing type of innovation;
  • design economic mechanisms and organizational forms of management depending on the type of innovation;
  • determine the position, forms of implementation and promotion on the market, which are different for different types of innovations.

3. System of indicators of statistics of science and innovation


The direct transformation of ideas into new products and technological processes is carried out at the stage of innovation. It involves a complex of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, and it is in their totality that they lead to innovation. Scientific research and development are not only a source of new ideas, but can be carried out at various stages of the innovation process, being a means of solving problems that can potentially arise at any stage. There are usually six main types of innovation activity:

· manufacturing design, including the preparation of plans and drawings intended to define manufacturing procedures, technical specifications, and performance characteristics;

· technological preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment, the implementation of changes in them, as well as in procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control; trial production or testing; if further refinement of the design is expected;

· acquisition of intangible technology from outside in the form of patents, patent licenses for the use of inventions, industrial designs and utility models; research and development results; non-patent licenses (know-how, technology transfer agreements) and technological content services (engineering, consulting, etc.);

· acquisition of materialized technology - machinery and equipment;

· training and retraining of personnel in connection with the use of new technologies and equipment;

· marketing of new products, which includes activities related to the release of new products to the market, excluding the deployment of distribution networks.

Statistics studies the quantitative parameters of phenomena and processes in the field of science and innovation in unity with their qualitative nature. The main task of statistics of science and innovation is to meet the needs of society for reliable and reliable statistical information about the size, structure and dynamics of resources and results of scientific and innovation activities, their impact on the socio-economic development of the country. The subject of statistics of science and innovation is the development of definitions and classifications, a system of relevant indicators and a methodology for their calculation.

To characterize the development of science and innovation in domestic and foreign economic literature and the practice of science and technology policy, the concept of scientific and innovation potential is widely used. The emergence of this concept is associated with the need to develop an economic category that would reflect the most general, essential properties, features and connections of science and innovation as a type of activity, and would serve as the basis for the formation of a system of relevant indicators and a methodology for their quantitative measurement.

Scientific and innovative potential is considered as a set of resources for scientific and innovative activities at a certain stage of social development. An integral feature of scientific and innovative potential is the characteristics of the capabilities of solving both current and future scientific and technical problems, subject to the effective use of available resources and taking into account the reserves for their replenishment and improvement. Thus, scientific and innovative potential should ultimately be considered not simply as a set of different types of resources, but only in their unity with the results of scientific and innovative activities.

The concept of statistical study of scientific and innovative potential is based on a systematic approach to the study of its essence and structure, justification of tasks, directions and methods of statistical analysis. Only a comprehensive consideration of all aspects of scientific and innovative activity and the resources necessary for its implementation - labor, material, information, financial - in conjunction with the results of their use allows us to obtain an objective idea of ​​​​the trends in scientific and technological development. This will make it possible to integrate disparate, sometimes incomparable indicators that characterize individual elements of the scientific and innovation cycle into a holistic system.

Taking into account the above, the system of indicators of scientific and innovation potential identifies the characteristics of resources and results of scientific research and innovation activities, as well as their internal and external connections (see Fig. 1).


Figure 1 System of indicators of scientific and innovative potential

innovation statistical

The entire set of indicators of scientific and innovation potential can be systematized as follows:

1.Science statistics indicators.

1.1.Science resource indicators.

1.1.1.Indicators of scientific personnel.

1.1.1.1.The number and composition of personnel engaged in research and development,

1.1.1.2.Indicators of the movement of personnel engaged in research and development,

1.1.1.3.Indicators of training of scientific personnel;

1.1.2.Indicators of the material and technical base of science.

1.1.2.1.Indicators of the availability and structure of fixed assets for research and development,

1.1.2.2.Indicators of movement of fixed assets of research and development,

1.1.2.3.Indicators of the use of fixed assets for research and development,

1.1.2.4.Indicators of the volume, composition, dynamics and use of working capital of research and development;

1.1.3.Indicators of science information resources;

1.1.4.Research and development funding indicators:

1.1.4.1.Indicators of the volume and structure of research and development costs,

1.1.4.2.Indicators of dynamics of research and development costs;

1.2.Research and development output indicators

1.2.1.Publication activity indicators,

1.2.2.Indicators of technology creation (patents, licenses, samples of new types of machines and equipment, etc.),

1.3.Indicators of the organizational structure of science (the number and composition of organizations performing research and development);

2.Innovation statistics indicators:

2.1.Indicators of sources of information about innovations,

2.2.Innovation cost indicators:

2.2.1.Indicators of the volume and structure of innovation costs,

2.2.2.Indicators of the dynamics of innovation costs;

2.3.Indicators of technological exchange:

2.3.1.Technology acquisition indicators,

2.3.2.Technology transfer indicators;

2.4.Indicators of innovation activity results:

2.4.1.Indicators of the volume, structure and dynamics of production and sales of innovative products,

2.4.2.Indicators of the impact of innovation on the performance of the enterprise,

2.4.2.1.Indicators of cost savings of production resources as a result of innovation,

2.4.2.2.Indicators of profit from the sale of innovative products;

2.5.Indicators of innovative activity of industrial enterprises;

3.Statistical indicators characterizing the impact of science and innovation on economic growth:

3.1.Indicators of the technological structure of the economy,

3.2.Indicators of export and import of technologies (balance of payments for technologies),

3.3.Assessing the impact of innovation on productivity growth and employment,

3.4.Integrated assessment of the contribution of scientific and technological progress to the growth of gross domestic product.


Statistical study of the effectiveness of scientific and innovative activities


The variety of “outputs” of scientific research and development, the forms of their impact on the economy, as well as the complexity of their direct assessment have necessitated the use of various specific methods and indicators in science statistics, often only indirectly characterizing the effect of scientific activity and based on additional (non-statistical) sources of information, primarily of a scientific, technical and administrative nature. Thus, to assess the results of scientific research, especially fundamental ones, in international practice, bibliometric indicators such as the number of scientific publications and their citation rates are used, and intercountry scientific relations are often measured by co-authorship indicators. Such assessments are used not only to analyze the dynamics of scientific directions and the implementation of research programs, but also when making decisions about their financing.

Patent statistics provide a quantitative measure of the technological results of scientific research and development. It is based on data on the registration of inventions that are the result of scientific research and development or production activities; a new, significantly different technical solution to a problem in any area of ​​the economy, social sphere, defense, which is a product of intellectual activity, a technical embodiment of an idea, aimed at satisfying a specific need of society. New devices, methods, substances, strains of microorganisms, breeding achievements, as well as the use of previously known devices, methods, substances and strains for a new purpose are considered inventions. Inventions are the object of industrial property protection; The document of protection here is a patent issued for an invention; it certifies priority, authorship and the exclusive right to use during the period of its validity.

Statistics use absolute and relative indicators of patenting inventions. The most important absolute indicators include:

· the number of patent applications (patents) filed (received) in the country, from it - by domestic and foreign applicants;

· the number of patent applications (patents) filed (received) by domestic applicants abroad;

· the total number of valid patents registered in the country.

To characterize the level of inventive activity, the intensity of dissemination of national scientific and technical achievements, and the degree of technological dependence of the country, the following relative indicators are used in statistics:

· inventive activity coefficient, defined as the number of patent applications for inventions filed by domestic applicants to the country's patent office, per 10 thousand people;

· self-sufficiency ratio - the ratio of the number of patent applications filed by domestic applicants within the country to the total number of patent applications filed with the country's patent office;

· technological dependence coefficient - the ratio of the number of patent applications filed by foreign applicants to the national patent office to the number of domestic patent applications filed by domestic applicants;

· diffusion coefficient - the ratio of the number of external patent applications filed by domestic applicants abroad, and the number of domestic applications for inventions filed by domestic applicants to the national patent office.

As an indirect integral characteristic of the effectiveness of science, indicators of the knowledge intensity of production are used, defined as the ratio of the costs of scientific research and development to the results of production. Calculations of such indicators are carried out at the level of specific types of products and product groups, enterprises, industries and the economy as a whole; serve as guidelines in the analysis of structural changes and the state of scientific and technical support for production; they are widely used in international comparisons. At the macro level, the science intensity indicator is the ratio of domestic expenditures on research and development to GDP. It reflects the level of a country’s efforts in the field of science and technology, the degree of its priority in the system of national goals. At the level of industries, enterprises, and types of products, indicators of science intensity are the ratio of internal costs for research and development to the volume of production of products (works, services). Assessing the results of innovation activity is a very relevant area of ​​innovation statistics, of direct interest to all levels of management - from enterprises interested in implementing an innovation strategy that would provide them with the greatest profit, to federal ministries and departments responsible for scientific, technical and innovation policy in the country. It is also of significant importance for business circles when choosing promising investment projects. .

Statistics have developed fairly reliable approaches to assessing the impact of technological innovation on the performance of enterprises and the use of production factors. First of all, this is the determination of sales dynamics through innovation. For its calculations, the indicator of innovative products is used - products produced in the reporting year on the basis of various types of technological changes. The composition of innovative products is determined by the types of technological innovations, taking into account the degree of their novelty.

It covers products that are new or have been improved, as well as those based on new or significantly improved production methods (other innovative products). Statistics take into account the volume of innovative products in the selling prices of enterprises without value added tax, without taxes and excise taxes. Based on this, the share of innovative products in the total volume of shipped products is determined. Statistics provide for assessing the significance of such factors, including economic ones related to the financial resources of the enterprise, demand for new products, cost, risks and payback periods of innovations; production, expressed in the presence of the enterprise with the necessary innovative potential, qualified personnel, information, opportunities for industrial and scientific cooperation; as well as other reasons constraining innovation activity.


5.The normative part of the statistical study of scientific and innovative activities


Under the influence of the goals of scientific, technical and innovation policy, a radical revision of the methodology and tools for statistical monitoring of scientific research and development was carried out, and for the first time in domestic practice, innovation statistics was developed. At the same time, first of all, the tasks were set to adequately reflect the development of science and innovation activity in the context of the transition to a market economy and ensure compliance of the forms and indicators of statistical observation with international standards. The needs to improve the content of statistical reporting and create a flexible system of statistical observation were also taken into account. In accordance with the principles established in international statistics, the collection of data on scientific research and development is carried out by surveying two statistical aggregates - organizations performing scientific research and development, and organizations financing them (ministries and departments). The main source of information in science statistics is annual statistical reporting on the implementation of scientific research and development in form No. 2-science. It is represented by all enterprises and organizations that carry them out, regardless of their legal form and form of ownership, and includes data on the number and composition of personnel engaged in scientific research and development; costs for these purposes and the average annual cost of fixed assets. Ministries and departments provide data on the financing of scientific research and development from the federal budget according to reporting forms No. 1-FB established by the Ministry of Science of Russia.

The introduction of statistical monitoring of innovation activity was carried out in stages. At the first stage, the overall level of innovative activity in industry was assessed (using one-time reporting form No. 1-innovation). In this way, a set of innovatively active enterprises was identified. At the second stage, a comprehensive survey of industrial enterprises is carried out according to a detailed program based on the form of annual statistical reporting on technological innovation No. 2-innovation. The third stage was moved beyond the scope of a comprehensive survey and covered only innovation-active enterprises. Its goal is primarily qualitative assessments of the phenomena under study, including characteristics of sources of information for innovative activity, factors impeding it, etc. (one-time reporting form No. 3-innovation).

These reporting forms, based on uniform methodological principles, concepts and classifications, form an interconnected system of annual statistical monitoring of science and innovation. This statistical toolkit has undergone international examination, receiving high praise from leading international organizations (OECD and Eurostat), and makes it possible to directly obtain data suitable for cross-country comparisons. It should be emphasized that the adaptation of international experience to national characteristics, both historically established and generated by market transformations, required consideration of specific economic and organizational factors, the specifics of statistical accounting and reporting in our country. This not only excluded the direct borrowing of foreign experience, but also made it possible, in some respects, to propose new methodological approaches that enrich international practice.

Scientific organizations and enterprises also submit annual reports on inventions, utility models and industrial designs. However, the information it contains does not meet modern requirements, which necessitates its revision and coordination with the above forms of statistical reporting.

The further development of statistics of science and innovation assumes, as priority tasks, the improvement of statistical observation tools in relation to the characteristics of individual sectors of science, the organization of statistical monitoring of the state and movement of scientific and technical personnel, ensuring the collection of data on innovations in the rapidly growing service sector, the study of mechanisms for indirect stimulation of scientific and innovation activities, including in the regional aspect.


List of sources used


1. Farkhutdinov R.A. Innovative management M. 2009

Farkhutdinov R.A. Innovation. M 2009

3.P.N.Zavlina, A.K.Kazantseva, L.E.Mindeli Innovation management. M.: 2008

Morozov Yu.P. Methodological foundations for organizing the management of technological innovations in market conditions. M 2008

5. Instructions for filling out the federal state statistical observation form No. 4 - innovation Information about the innovative activities of the organization.

6. Instructions for filling out the federal state statistical observation form No. 2-science Information on the implementation of scientific research and development.

M.G. Nazarova Course of socio-economic statistics: M. 2009. - 771s.

Sergeev I.V. Enterprise Economics: Textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009. - 304 p.


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Under innovation(English) innovation) Most often they understand “investment in innovation”.

Novation(lat. novation - change, update) represents an innovation that did not exist before. In accordance with civil law, novation means an agreement between the parties to replace one obligation they have concluded with another, i.e. this result is novation.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing labor production, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning and analysis methods.

Innovation can also be called an innovative product.

The concepts of “invention” and “discovery” are closely related to the concept of “innovation”.

Under invention understand new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices created by man.

Opening is the result of obtaining previously unknown data or observing a previously unknown natural phenomenon.

Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:

  • 1) discovery, like invention, occurs, as a rule, at the fundamental level, and innovation is carried out at the level of technological (applied) order;
  • 2) a discovery can be made by a single inventor, and innovation is produced by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovative project;
  • 3) the discovery does not aim to gain benefits, but innovation is always aimed at obtaining tangible benefits, in particular, a greater influx of money, a larger amount of profit, increased productivity and reduced production costs through the use of specific innovations in engineering and technology.

A discovery can happen by accident, but innovation is always the result of scientific research. Producing innovation requires a specific, clear goal and a feasibility study.

The term and concept of “innovation” as a new economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (J.A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), J. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (i.e., issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process. J. Schumpeter identified five changes in development:

  • 1) the use of new equipment, technological processes or new market support for production;
  • 2) introduction of products with new properties;
  • 3) use of new raw materials;
  • 4) changes in the organization of production and its logistics;
  • 5) the emergence of new markets.

J. Schumpeter began to use the term “innovation” in the 30s. XX century At the same time, by innovation J. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transportation means, markets and forms of organization in industry.

There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.

For example, B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

F. Nixon believes that innovation is a set of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment.

Analysis of various definitions of innovation allows us to conclude: the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The methodology for collecting data on technological innovation is based on recommendations adopted in Oslo in 1992, called the Oslo Manual.

In accordance with international standards (the Oslo Manual), innovation is defined as the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced into the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, or a new approach to social services .

The Oslo Manual notes that there are two types of technological innovation:

  • * grocery;
  • * process.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Therefore, product innovations are divided into two types:

  • 1) basic grocery:
  • 2) improving food.

Process innovation is the development of new forms and methods of organizing production when releasing new products. This means that the release of new products can be organized using existing technology, equipment, energy resources and using traditional methods of organizing production and management.

Innovation can be managed. This means that it is possible to use various methods and means of control influence, allowing, to one degree or another, to influence the course of the innovation process, to increase the duration of the life cycle of innovation, and to increase the efficiency of innovation.

Under innovation (English, innovation - innovation, novelty, innovation) we we understand “investment in innovation”.

Novation(Latin novation - change, update) represents some kind of innovation that did not exist before. According to civil law novation means an agreement between the parties to replace one obligation they have concluded with another , that is, this result is an innovation.

Innovation represents materialized result , obtained from investing capital in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organizing labor production, service and management, including new forms of control, accounting, planning methods, analysis, etc.

Innovation can also be called innovative product .

The concepts of “invention” and “discovery” are closely related to the concept of “innovation”.

An invention means new devices, mechanisms, tools, and other devices. created by man.

Discovery is the process of obtaining previously unknown data. or observation of a previously unknown natural phenomenon.

Discovery differs from innovation in the following ways:

1. Opening, as well as invention, is done, as a rule, at the fundamental level, and innovation is produced at the level of technological (applied) order.

2. Opening can be done by a single inventor, but innovation is developed by teams (laboratories, departments, institutes) and embodied in the form of an innovation project.

3. Opening does not aim to gain profit. Innovation is
always aims to obtain some tangible benefit, in particular a greater influx of money, a larger amount of profit, increase labor productivity and reduce production costs through the use of some innovation in technology and technology.

Discovery may happen accidentally , and innovation is always search result . It is not produced by accident. It requires a certain clear goal and a feasibility study.

The term and concept of “innovation” as a new economic category was introduced into scientific circulation by the Austrian (later American) scientist Joseph Llois Schumpeter (J. A. Schumpeter, 1883-1950) in the first decade of the 20th century. In his work “The Theory of Economic Development” (1911), I. Schumpeter first considered the issues of new combinations of changes in development (that is, issues of innovation) and gave a complete description of the innovation process.

I. Schumpeter identified five changes in development:

1) the use of new equipment, technological processes or

new market support for production;

2) introduction of products with new properties;

3) use of new raw materials;

4) changes in the organization of production and its material and technical
technical support;

5) the emergence of new markets.

J. Schumpeter began to use the term “innovation” in the 30s of the 20th century. At the same time, by innovation I. Schumpeter meant change with the aim of introducing and using new types of consumer goods, new production and transportation means, markets and forms of organization in industry.

According to I. Schumpeter, innovation is the main source of profit: “...profit is essentially the result of implementing new combinations”, “...without development there is no profit, without profit there is no development ».

The books of J. Schumpeter served as an impetus for the work of other scientists in the field of innovation.

In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. This is due to the fact that in a market economy innovation represent weapon of competition , because innovation leads to a reduction in costs, a reduction in prices, an increase in profits, the creation of new needs, an influx of money, an increase in the image (rating) of the manufacturer of new products, and the opening and capture of new markets, including external ones.

Today, the description of technological innovation is based on international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 (the so-called “Oslo Manual”). These standards cover new products and new processes, as well as significant technological changes. There are two types of technological innovation:

Ø product innovation;

Ø process innovation.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Therefore, product innovations are divided into two types:

v basic product innovation;

v improving product innovation.

Process product innovation is the development of new forms and methods of organizing production when releasing new products. This means that the release of new products can be organized using existing technology, equipment, energy resources and using traditional methods of organizing production and management.

Using the concept of “international standards”, it should be borne in mind that there are really no international standards, but there are standards that are applied by a certain group of countries, taking into account their jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is the legal area over which the powers of a given government agency extend. For example, in Europe there are two global legal systems: insular, or Anglo-Saxon, and continental, or Franco-German. The United States has one legal system, while Latin American countries have another. Russian official terms on innovation are the terms used in the “concept of innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000”1, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 No. 832. These terms are:

Innovation (novelty) is the final result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.

Innovation activity is a process aimed at implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related additional scientific research and development.

Considering this definition of innovation activity, it should be noted that it does not contain the concept of innovation development.

Innovation activities means the entire innovation process, from the emergence of an idea to the diffusion of a product.

A more precise definition of innovation activity is as follows.

Innovation activity - is a process aimed at developing innovations, implementing the results of completed scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities, as well as related additional scientific Research and development.

1. State innovation policy - determination by government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovation programs and projects.

2. Innovation potential (state, industry, organization) - a set of different types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for carrying out innovative activities.

3. Innovation sphere - area of ​​activity of producers and consumers of innovative products (works, services), including the creation and dissemination of innovations.

4. Innovation infrastructure - organizations, I contribute
for the implementation of innovative activities (innovation and technology centers, technology incubators, technology parks, educational and business centers and other specialized organizations).

5. Innovation program (federal, interstate,
industry) - a set of innovative projects and activities, coordinated in terms of resources, performers and timing of their implementation and providing an effective solution to the problems of development and distribution of fundamentally new types of products (technology).

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