sharky:
03/25/2013 at 16:04
Why on earth is 1900 not a leap year? A leap year occurs every 4 years, i.e. If it is divisible by 4, it is a leap year. And no more divisions by 100 or 400 are needed.
It’s normal to ask questions, but before you assert anything, study the hardware. The Earth revolves around the sun in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. As you can see, the remainder is not exactly 6 hours, but 11 minutes 14 seconds less. This means that by making a leap year we add extra time. Somewhere over 128 years, extra days accumulate. Therefore, every 128 years in one of the 4-year cycles there is no need to make a leap year in order to get rid of these extra days. But to simplify things, every 100th year is not a leap year. Is the idea clear? Fine. What then should we do next, since an extra day is added every 128 years, and we cut it off every 100 years? Yes, we cut off more than we should, and this needs to be returned at some point.
If the first paragraph is clear and still interesting, then read on, but it will be more difficult.
So, in 100 years, 100/128 = 25/32 days of excess time accumulates (that’s 18 hours 45 minutes). We do not make a leap year, that is, we subtract one day: we get 25/32-32/32 = -7/32 days (that’s 5 hours 15 minutes), that is, we subtract the excess. After four cycles of 100 years (after 400 years), we will subtract an extra 4 * (-7/32) = -28/32 days (this is minus 21 hours). For the 400th year we make a leap year, that is, we add a day (24 hours): -28/32+32/32=4/32=1/8 (that’s 3 hours).
We make every 4th year a leap year, but at the same time every 100th year is not a leap year, and at the same time every 400th year is a leap year, but still every 400 years an extra 3 hours are added. After 8 cycles of 400 years, that is, after 3200 years, an extra 24 hours will accumulate, that is, one day. Then another one is added required condition: Every 3200th year must not be a leap year. 3200 years can be rounded up to 4000, but then you will again have to play with added or trimmed days.
3200 years have not passed, so this condition, if it is made this way, is not yet talked about. But 400 years have already passed since the approval of the Gregorian calendar.
Years that are multiples of 400 are always leap years (for now), other years that are multiples of 100 are not leap years, and other years that are multiples of 4 are leap years.
The calculation I gave shows that in the current state, an error in one day will accumulate over 3200 years, but here’s what Wikipedia writes about it:
“An error of one day compared to the year of the equinoxes in the Gregorian calendar will accumulate in approximately 10,000 years (in the Julian calendar - approximately in 128 years). A frequently encountered estimate, leading to a value of the order of 3000 years, is obtained if one does not take into account that the number of days in the tropical year changes over time and, in addition, the relationship between the lengths of the seasons changes.” From the same Wikipedia, the formula for the length of a year in days with fractions paints a good picture:
365,2425=365+0,25-0,01+0,0025=265+1/4-1/100+1/400
The year 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was, and special, because such a leap year happens once every 400 years.
A leap year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars is considered to be a year lasting 366 days (1 day more than a normal year). In the Julian calendar, introduced on January 1, 45 BC, the astronomical year was considered equal to 365.25 days (or 365 days and 6 hours). Due to the 6-hour offset, every fourth year is considered a leap year and has an extra day - February 29th.
In the Gregorian calendar, used in most countries of the world, the tropical year is equal to: 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. The difference in the length of the Julian and Gregorian years is 11 minutes and 14 seconds. In 128 years, an error of 1 day accumulates.
Quick navigation through the article
Gregorian calendar
To accurately determine which years are leap years, you need to check whether the following conditions are met for them:
- The year number must be a multiple of 4 (i.e., divisible by 4 without a remainder: 1912, 1916, 1920, etc.);
- Years ending with two or three zeros are considered leap years if they are divisible by 400 (2000).
Historical reference
In some states, the Gregorian calendar was adopted immediately after its approval. Many countries did not introduce a new calendar until the 20th century. The transition was carried out in the following order:
- 1582 - France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain;
- 1583 - Austria, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland;
- 1584 - Czechoslovakia;
- 1587 - Hungary;
- 1700 - Denmark, Norway;
- 1752 - Canada, USA (east coast), Ireland, Great Britain and dominions;
- 1873 - Japan;
- 1875 - Egypt;
- 1912 - Albania, China;
- 1915 - Latvia, Lithuania;
- 1916 - Bulgaria;
- 1918 - Russia;
- 1919 - Romania, Yugoslavia;
- 1924 - Greece;
- 1927 - Türkiye;
XX and XXI centuries
In the twentieth century, 1900 was not a leap year, because... it is not divisible by 400. The year 2000, when the new millennium began, was a leap year. List of all leap years for two centuries:
- 20th century: 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996 ;
- XXI century: 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, 2040, 2044, 2048, 2052, 2056, 2060, 2064, 2068, 2072, 2076 , 2080, 2084, 2088, 2092 , 2096 (2100 will not be a leap year, because it is not divisible by 400).
2016 is a leap year. This is not such a rare occurrence, because every 4 years the 29th day appears in February. There are many superstitions associated with this year, but is it really so dangerous? Let's try to figure this out, whether leap years are different in any way. The 21st century list regarding leap years is maintained on the same principle as before.
Leap year: definition
We all know that there are 365 days in a year, but sometimes there are 366. What does this depend on? First of all, it should be noted that we live according to the Gregorian calendar, in which those that contain 365 days are considered ordinary years, and leap years are those that are one day longer, respectively 366 days. This happens because periodically in February there are not 28, but 29 days. This happens once every four years, and this very year is usually called a leap year.
How to determine a leap year
Those years whose numbers can be divided without a remainder by the number 4 are considered to be leap years. A list of them can be found in this article. Let's say the current year is 2016, if we divide it by 4, then the result of division is a number without a remainder. Accordingly, this is a leap year. In a normal year there are 52 weeks and 1 day. Each subsequent year shifts by one day in relation to the days of the week. After a leap year, the shift occurs immediately by 2 days.
It is counted from the first day of the spring equinox to the beginning of the next one. This period, precisely, does not have exactly 365 days, which are indicated in the calendar, but several more.
Exception
The exception is the zero years of centuries, that is, those with two zeros at the end. But if such a year number can be divided without a remainder by 400, then it is also classified as a leap year.
If we consider that the extra hours in a year are not exactly six, then the missing minutes also affect the calculation of time. It was calculated that for this reason, in 128 years, one extra day would pass in this way. In this regard, it was decided that not every fourth year should be considered a leap year, but that those years that are divisible by 100, except those that are divisible by 400, should be excluded from this rule.
The history of the leap year
To be more precise, in Egyptian solar calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar, there are not exactly 365 days in a year, but 365.25, that is, plus another quarter of a day. The extra quarter of a day in this case is 5 hours 48 minutes and 45 seconds, which was rounded up to 6 hours, constituting a quarter of the day. But adding such a small unit of time to the year every time is impractical.
Over four years, a quarter of a day turns into a full day, which is added to the year. So February, which has fewer days than normal months, adds an extra day - and only a leap year has a February 29th.
Leap years: a list of years from the past and the 21st century. Example:
It was decided to adjust the calendar year in accordance with the astronomical year - this was done so that the seasons always occurred on the same day. Otherwise, the boundaries would shift over time.
From the Julian calendar we switched to the Gregorian calendar, which differs from the previous one in that a leap year occurs once every four years, and according to the Julian calendar - once every three years. Russian Orthodox Church and still lives according to the old style. It is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Hence the celebration of dates according to the old and new styles. Thus, Catholics celebrate Christmas according to the old style - December 25, and in Russia according to the Gregorian calendar - January 7.
Where did the fear of a leap year come from?
The word "leap year" comes from the Latin phrase "bis sextus", which translates as "second sixth".
Most people associate leap year with something bad. All these superstitions started with Ancient Rome. IN modern world days are counted from the beginning of the month, but in ancient times it was different. They were counting the days left until the beginning of the next month. Let’s say, if we say February 24, then the ancient Romans in this case used the expression “the sixth day before the beginning of March.”
When a leap year occurred, an additional day appeared between February 24 and 25. That is, in a normal year there were 5 days left until March 1, and in a leap year there were already 6, which is why the expression “second sixth” came about.
With the onset of March, the fast ended, which lasted five days, if you start from February 24, but when you add an extra day, the fast already lasted, accordingly, 1 day longer. Therefore, they considered such a year to be bad - hence the superstition about the unluckiness of leap years.
In addition, the superstition comes from the fact that only in a leap year is Kasyanov’s Day celebrated, which falls on February 29. This holiday is considered mystical. In this regard, for a long time people have been trying not to do big things in such years, not to get married, not to have children, etc. Despite the simplicity of the algorithm for determining a leap year, some may wonder: “Which years are leap years?”
Leap years of the 19th century: list
1804, 1808, 1812, 1816, 1820, 1824, 1828, 1832, 1836, 1840, 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856, 1860, 1864, 1868, 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896.
Leap years of the 20th century: their list is as follows:
1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996
What years are leap years? The list of years of the current century will be constructed similarly to the previous ones. Let's take a look at it. Leap years (list) of the 21st century will be calculated in the same way. That is, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, etc.
Signs associated with leap year
This year, according to legend, you cannot change your usual environment. This can be understood as moving to a new place of residence, looking for a new job.
It was believed that marriages entered into this year could not bring happiness, and weddings were not recommended.
You also can’t do anything, start new things. This includes opening a business or building a house.
Let's answer the question: which years are leap years? List of 19th, 20th and 21st centuries:
It is better to postpone long trips and travel.
You can't celebrate your baby's first tooth.
Since ancient times, such years were considered dangerous, bringing many deaths, diseases, wars and crop failures. People, especially superstitious ones, fear the onset of such a year, having already prepared in advance for the worst. But are they really that dangerous?
Opinion about established superstition
The Church does not see anything bad in these years, explaining the phenomenon of a leap year as just changes in the calendar that were once made. Based on statistics, such years are no different from ordinary ones. Even if we take the issue of marriage in a leap year, which predicts a short life in marriage, then the number of divorces of “leap marriages” is no greater than among those couples who got married in ordinary years.
On February 29, 1992, a celebration of the “Nezavisimaya Gazeta” took place in Moscow, at the House of Cinema. Gorbachev, Shaposhnikov, Rutskoi, Gaidar, as well as people close to the authorities gathered for the celebration. Showbiz stars just didn't fight to perform in a big concert for the occasion.
The guests' meal included fresh oysters flown in from Paris. (Before last time the capital saw this in 1917).
In some circles, the event received the ironic name “Celebration of the Collapse of the Union.” It is believed that this same banquet gave a kind of “start” to the many excesses of the oligarchs and people close to power, who later did not hesitate to revel in any circumstances and in any situation in the country.
On February 29, 1992 in Sevastopol, in the Cathedral of St. Vladimir, the reburial of the ashes of admirals M.P. Lazarev, V.A. Kornilov, V.I. Istomin, P.S. Nakhimov took place.
On February 29, 1992, in St. Petersburg, the rector of the St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral, Father Bogdan Soiko, consecrated the destroyer "Restless". It was on this ship that the first official raising of the St. Andrew's flag in the Russian Navy took place.
The clergy of the Naval Cathedral illuminates warships and civilian vessels built at the Admiralty Shipyards, the Baltic Shipyard and the Northern Shipyard. .
On February 29, 1992, in Khibiny, an ascent to the “Otkol” peak of the Takhtarvumchorr ridge along the South-Eastern ridge took place. Members of the mountaineering group - leader O.I. Shumilov, Master of Sports of the USSR in mountaineering, A.Ya. Proskura, E.I. Sokolov. Based on the results of the ascent, a climbing classification route was developed. The height of the peak is 1143 meters, difficulty category is 1B, elevation difference is 800 m, the number of hours from the bottom is 3 hours. .
On February 29, 1992, a referendum was held in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which citizens of the republic voted for its independence and sovereignty and separation from former Yugoslavia. The referendum was attended by 63% of voters in 107 of the 109 communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Voting did not take place in Titov Drvar and Bosanski Grahovo.
After the referendum, which was opposed by Bosnian Serbs - mainly supporters of the Serbian Democratic Party - armed clashes began in Bosnia. Civil War ended in 1995 with the signing of the Dayton Accords. .
On February 29, 1992, the first flight of the Hawk 100 (Enhanced Ground Attack Hawk) aircraft (developed by British Aerospace, UK) took place. The Hawk 100 tactical attack aircraft was a continuation of the Hawk 60. Development of the aircraft began back in 1982, and at the same time orders were received for it from the Saudi Arabian Air Force. Available in various modifications for different countries. .
2016 is a leap year with 366 days instead of the usual 365. Leap year was proposed to synchronize calendars. Did you know that not every 4th year is a leap year?Why is a leap year considered unlucky, and what signs are associated with it?Here are a few facts you may not know about leap year.
What does leap year mean?
1 . A leap year is a year that has 366 days rather than the usual 365. An additional day in a leap year is added in February - February 29 (leap day).
An additional day in a leap year is necessary because a full revolution around the Sun takes a little more than 365 days, or rather 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds.
People once followed a 355-day calendar with an additional 22-day month every two years. But in 45 BC. Julius Caesar, together with the astronomer Sosigenes, decided to simplify the situation, and the Julian 365-day calendar was developed, with an extra day every 4 years to compensate for the extra hours.
This day was added in February because it was once the last month in the Roman calendar.
2 . This system was supplemented by Pope Gregory XIII (who introduced the Gregorian calendar), who coined the term "leap year" and declared that year, multiple of 4 and multiple of 400, but not multiple of 100, is a leap year.
So, according to the Gregorian calendar, 2000 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not.
What are leap years in the 20th and 21st centuries?
1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, 2040, 2044, 2048, 2052, 2056, 2060, 2064, 2068, 2072, 2076, 2080, 2084, 2088, 2092, 2096
February 29 is leap day
3 . February 29 is considered the only day when a woman can propose marriage to a man. This tradition began in 5th century Ireland when St. Brigid complained to St. Patrick that women had to wait too long for suitors to propose.
Then he gave women one day in a leap year - the last day in the shortest month, so that the fair sex could propose to a man.
According to legend, Brigitte immediately knelt down and proposed to Patrick, but he refused, kissing her on the cheek and offering her a silk dress to soften her refusal.
4 . According to another version, this tradition appeared in Scotland, when Queen Margaret, at the age of 5, announced in 1288 that a woman could propose to any man she liked on February 29.
She also made a rule that those who refused had to pay a fine in the form of a kiss, a silk dress, a pair of gloves or money. To warn suitors in advance, the woman was required to wear trousers or a red petticoat on the day of the proposal.
In Denmark, a man who refuses a woman's marriage proposal must provide her with 12 pairs of gloves, and in Finland - fabric for a skirt.
Leap year wedding
5 . One in five couples in Greece avoid getting married on a leap year, as it is believed to brings bad luck.
In Italy it is believed that during a leap year the woman becomes unpredictable and at this time there is no need to plan important events. So, according to the Italian proverb "Anno bisesto, anno funesto". (“A leap year is a doomed year”).
Born on February 29
6 . The chances of being born on February 29th are 1 in 1461. Around the world, about 5 million people were born on Leap Day.
7 . For many centuries, astrologers believed that Children born on Leap Day have unusual talents, a unique personality and even special powers. Among famous people Those born on February 29 can name the poet Lord Byron, composer Gioachino Rossini, actress Irina Kupchenko.
8. In Hong Kong, the official birthday for those born on February 29 is March 1 in normal years, while in New Zealand it is February 28. If you time it correctly, you can celebrate while traveling from one country to another longest birthday in the world.
9. The city of Anthony in Texas, USA is a self-proclaimed " world capital of leap year". A festival is held here annually, where those born on February 29 gather from all over the world.
10. Record largest number of generations born on Leap Day, belongs to the Keogh family.
Peter Anthony Keogh was born on February 29, 1940 in Ireland, his son Peter Eric was born on February 29, 1964 in the UK, and his granddaughter Bethany Wealth was born on February 29, 1996.
11. Karin Henriksen from Norway holds the world record the largest number of children born on leap day.
Her daughter Heidi was born on February 29, 1960, son Olav on February 29, 1964, and son Lief-Martin on February 29, 1968.
12. In the traditional Chinese, Jewish and ancient Indian calendars, not a leap day is added to the year, but a whole month. It is called the "intercalary month". It is believed that children born in a leap month are more difficult to raise. In addition, it is considered unlucky to start serious business during a leap year.
Leap year: signs and superstitions
Since ancient times, a leap year has always been considered difficult and bad for many undertakings. In popular belief, leap year is associated with Saint Kasyan, who was considered evil, envious, stingy, unmerciful and brought misfortune to people.
According to legend, Kasyan was a bright angel to whom God trusted all plans and intentions. But then he went over to the side of the Devil, telling him that God intended to overthrow all satanic power from heaven.
For his betrayal, God punished Kasyan by ordering him to be beaten on the forehead with a hammer for three years, and in the fourth year to be released to earth, where he committed unkind deeds.
There are many signs associated with leap year:
Firstly, on a leap year you can't start anything. This applies to important matters, business, major purchases, investments and construction.
Is it possible to get married on a leap year?
Leap year is considered extremely unsuccessful for marriage. Since ancient times, it was believed that a wedding played in a leap year would lead to an unhappy marriage, divorce, infidelity, widowhood, or the marriage itself would be short-lived.
This superstition may be due to the fact that in a leap year, girls could woo any young man they liked, who could not refuse the proposal. Often such marriages were forced, and therefore family life didn't ask.
However, you should treat these signs wisely and understand that everything depends on the spouses themselves and how they build the relationship. If you do plan a wedding, there are several ways to mitigate the “consequences”:
Brides are advised to wear long dress for wedding, covering the knees to make the marriage last.
Wedding dress and other wedding accessories It is not recommended to give it to anyone.
The ring should be worn on the hand, not the glove., since wearing a ring on a glove will cause the spouses to take marriage lightly
To protect the family from troubles and misfortunes, a coin was placed in the shoes of the bride and groom.
What should you not do during a leap year?
· During a leap year don't carol at Christmas time, since it is believed that you can lose your happiness. Also, according to a sign, a caroler who dresses up as an animal or monster can take on the personality of an evil spirit.
· Pregnant women should not have their hair cut before giving birth, since the child may be born unhealthy.
· During a leap year do not start building a bathhouse, which can lead to illness.
· You can't pick mushrooms, as it is believed that they all become poisonous.
· In a leap year there is no need to celebrate the appearance baby's first tooth. According to legend, if you invite guests, your teeth will be bad.
· You can't change jobs or apartments. According to the sign, the new place will turn out to be joyless and turbulent.
· If a child is born on a leap year, it must be baptize as quickly as possible, and choose godparents among blood relatives.
· Elderly people are not allowed buy things for the funeral in advance, as this can bring death closer.
· You can't get a divorce, because in the future you will not be able to find your happiness.
