Short exclamatory sentences. Sentence (interrogative, exclamatory, imperative). Sentence diagram #2

According to the degree of emotional coloring, sentences are classified into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory. The ability to correctly determine which one is suitable for a particular case will allow you to correctly understand the essence of the sentence, read it with the right intonation and put the required punctuation mark at the end.

Non-exclamatory sentences are those that imply an ordinary, everyday tone and the absence of a strong emotional component. At the end of such sentences there is a period. For example: It's been raining all day today. According to the schedule, the train will arrive in two hours.

Exclamatory sentences are those sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker. For example: We are very happy!

At the end of these sentences there is an exclamation mark, and their grammatical means are as follows:

Intonation, expressing joy, delight, sadness, surprise, anger, excitement, fear and other pronounced feelings. The pronunciation of exclamatory sentences is carried out in a higher tone, with an emphasis on the word, which imparts a greater emotional coloring.
For example: He acted so vilely! We were completely delighted with the excursion! Nobody expected such a development of events! She was seriously scared!
Interjections.
For example: Wow, what a beauty! Ah, I am amazed to the core! Eh, but we were so close to the goal!
Exclamation marks particles pronominal, adverbial or interjectional origin, giving the statement a characteristic emotional coloring: oh, well, well, how, where how, what for, which and others.
For example: What an extraordinary house! Oh, wow! Well, well, what a surprise! Ugh, what disgusting!

Using three exclamation marks

Usually, with the help of 3 exclamation marks at the end of a sentence, the author expresses high degree emotional excitement. This way you can express joy or delight, anger or indignation. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Go away and don’t come back!!!” talk about the deep feelings of the person who expresses them.

Types of offers

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences (by type of statement)

Depending on the purpose of the statement There are narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences.

Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and calm lowering the tone at the end of a sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard (P.).

Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational.

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation- raising the tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is connected;

2) word arrangement(usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence);

3) question words- interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example.

Interrogative sentences are divided into

actually interrogative,

interrogative and motivating

and interrogative-rhetorical.

Actually interrogative sentences contain a question that requires an answer.

A peculiar variety of interrogative sentences, close to interrogative ones themselves, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such proposals are called interrogative-affirmative.

Interrogative sentences can contain the negation of what is being asked, this is interrogative negative sentences.

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative, since they are transitional in nature - from a question to a message.

Interrogative and incentive sentences contain a call to action expressed through a question.

In interrogative and rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech.

Essentially, counter questions (an answer in the form of a question) also belong to interrogative-rhetorical questions.

Insert constructions can also have the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example.

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc.

Additional shades can be emotional, for example,

shade of negative expression: Are you deaf or what?;

a shade of politeness (softening the question is usually achieved with the help of the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker; their purpose is to encourage action.

They can express:

1) order, request, plea, for example;

2.) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat,

3) consent, permission, for example;

4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example;

5) desire.

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

By grammatical means of design incentive offers are:

1) incentive intonation;

2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood;

3) special particles that introduce an incentive tone into the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let it).

Incentives vary according to the way of expressing the predicate:

The most common expression of the predicate verb in the imperative mood.

An incentive connotation can be introduced into the meaning of the verb special particles.

As a predicate incentive sentence it can be used verb in the indicative mood (past and future tense).

As a predicate - verb in the form subjunctive mood . Among these proposals, the following stand out: with the word to, and the verb may be omitted. Such sentences characterize colloquial speech.

The predicate in an incentive sentence can be infinitive.

Infinitive with particle would expresses a gentle request, advice.

In colloquial speech incentive offers are often used without verbal expression of the predicate- a verb in the imperative mood, clear from the context or situation. These are peculiar forms of sentences in living speech with a leading word - a noun, adverb or infinitive. For example: Carriage for me, carriage! (Gr).

The structural center of incentive sentences (also in colloquial speech) can be the corresponding interjections: come on, march, tsyts, etc.

Exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.

Different types of sentences can have an emotional connotation: narrative, interrogative, and incentive.

For example,

declarative exclamatory: He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle! (L.);

interrogative and exclamation marks: Who would dare ask Ishmael about that?! (L.);

exclamatory exclamations: - Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed (L.).

Grammatical means of design The exclamation sentences are as follows:

1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion), for example.

2) interjections, for example: Ah, alas, Uh, Ahti, Ugh;

3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what, etc.

Common and non-common offers

Uncommon is a sentence that has only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate.

Sentences that, along with the main ones, have positions minor members, are called common.

A sentence can be extended by compatible, controlled and adjacent word forms (according to the rules of verb connections), included in the sentence through phrases, or by word forms related to the entire sentence as a whole. Supply distributors are generally called determinants. As a rule, various circumstances and additions that express a semantic subject or object are determining.

Thus, sentence propagators can be included in the predicative stem of a sentence, distributing either the composition of the subject or the composition of the predicate, or be proliferators of the stem as a whole. The term “determinant” was introduced by N.Yu. Shvedova.

Simple and complex sentences

A simple sentence has one predicative center that organizes it and thus contains one predicative unit.

A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence has its own grammatical composition.

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonation unity. This idea of integrity complex sentence was substantiated in the works of N.S. Pospelov.

Although parts of a complex sentence structurally resemble simple sentences (they are sometimes called that by convention), they cannot exist outside of a complex sentence, i.e. outside a given grammatical association, as independent communicative units. This is especially clearly revealed in a complex sentence with dependent parts. For example, in the sentence I don’t know how it happened that we still don’t know you (L.) none of the existing three parts can exist as a separate independent sentence; each of them requires explanation. Like analogues simple sentences parts of a complex, combining, can undergo structural changes, i.e. they can take on a form that is not characteristic of a simple sentence, although at the same time these parts have their own predicativeness.

Parts of a complex sentence can be combined

as equals, grammatically independent, For example: Branches of blossoming cherry trees look out my window, and the wind sometimes strews my desk with their white petals (L.);

and as addicts, For example: On three sides blackened the crests of the cliffs and branches of Mashuk, on top of which lay an ominous cloud (L.).

The main difference between a simple and complex sentence is that a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit, a complex sentence is a polypredicative unit.

A sentence is a speech unit, which is a collection of interconnected words. It contains a certain message of information, a question, or encourages some action. 3rd grade is the time from which the study of this section begins at school. Let's consider what sentences there are regarding intonation and the purpose of the statement in our language, and give examples.

Types of sentences by intonation

The following types of sentences are distinguished by intonation. According to the emotional coloring, statements can be exclamatory or non-exclamatory. The choice of one type or another depends on the emotional state of the speaker. The most common ones are non-exclamation ones. They are pronounced moderately, in a calm state. Most often it is a story.

Types of sentences by intonation

A non-exclamatory statement might look like this:

Sitting at the computer for too long is bad for your health: try to get up from your desk more often and do physical exercise.
A tired puppy, after long games, fell asleep right on the child’s lap.
Yesterday's hurricane was so bad that it knocked down a tall nearby tree, which broke a window when it fell.

A non-exclamatory sentence, examples of which are given above, in rare cases may have an interrogative or even motivating intonation (example: Let the children go to bed, while I sit).

Exclamatory sentences (examples are presented below) convey the emotionality and feelings of the speaker. Exclamatory statements usually represent an incentive.

You've finally arrived!
Be careful!
What interesting news I will tell you now!

Exclamation phrases are pronounced in a special way. The speaker raises his voice and emphasizes words that express his feelings and emotions.

Groups according to the purpose of the statement

There are three types of phrases based on the purpose of the statement, each of which has its own features and characteristics:

narrative;
motivation;
question.

Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

Narrative

The purpose of the message is to inform about a certain event or phenomenon. The speaker by choosing such speech means conveys certain information to the interlocutor. A statement of fact is a declarative sentence.

According to statistics, Unified State Exam results throughout the country are improving annually, which can be said about the quality of education in each subject.
The weather in some regions of Russia remains windy and rainy throughout the summer months.
Two new hospitals were built in our city, as well as one veterinary clinic.

IN oral speech such a statement is pronounced evenly, calmly. On one of its members the voice rises, and towards the end it lowers. At the end there is a period or exclamation mark.

Note! All texts are based specifically on narrative statements. In this regard, the latter are much more common than prompts and questions.

Declarative phrases have several features.

They can be non-common (only the main members) and common (the main members plus minor ones). Examples: Father returned. He brought with him a small puppy.
The structure can be two-part or one-part. In two-part ones there are two main members, in one-part ones there is only one. Examples: The cat lazily opened his eyes and stretched. There was a knock on the door.
The phrases under consideration are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones consist of one grammatical basis, complex - of two or more. Example: A child sadly bent over a textbook. The sun is scorching outside, and the voices of children playing football can be heard.

What are declarative sentences

Incentive speech

The impulse expresses a certain expression of the will of the speaker. It is pronounced so that the addressee (the one who is addressed) performs some action that the addressee (the one who makes the speech) requires of him. Inducement is used in cases where the speaker expresses his wishes regarding something, orders or asks.

Also, motivation tasks in some cases are achieved through the use of special particles “come on”, “let” and forms of the imperative mood of predicates.

Get ready and go out immediately, otherwise we will be late for the airport!
Meet me in the evening, please, I'll be staying late at work today.
May I never hear such words from you again!

Examples of incentive offers

Question

Through interrogative sentences, the speaker wants to obtain some information that he does not possess.

There are two types of structures under consideration.

General question: asked in order to obtain confirmation of some information or its denial. A monosyllabic answer can be given to such a question: “yes”, “no”. Examples: You completed homework? Did you see your neighbor yesterday? Was it still light when you returned home last night?
Private question: asked in order to obtain information about a phenomenon, event, person. It is impossible to give a monosyllabic answer to such a question. Examples: Why were you so late today? What do you feed your pet? For what reason does he not want to talk to me?

The characteristic of a question in oral speech is a special intonation, in writing - a question mark after the end of the phrase.

Punctuation at the end of a sentence

The structure of the question looks like this: the question word comes first, and then the rest of the words related to the topic of speech.

Interesting Facts:

At the end of a question there can be two punctuation marks - a question mark and an exclamation mark (example: How could you be so inattentive?!);
Three exclamation marks in a row are placed if the degree of emotionality is particularly high (Example: Brake, there is a pedestrian ahead!!!).

Helpful advice! When using punctuation marks, maintain a sense of proportion, especially in online communication. Written phrases with big amount Exclamation marks are annoying, and users try to ignore them.

We looked at what sentences there are based on intonation and into what groups they are divided according to the purpose of the statement.

Based on their emotional coloring, sentences are divided into exclamatory and non-exclamatory, which depends on the state of mind and emotions of the speaker. Non-exclamatory phrases most often represent narration, but in exceptional cases they represent incentives.

June 18, 2014

In all languages of the world there are special sentences - exclamatory sentences. They are usually used to express strong emotions, such as delight, surprise, anger and others. Examples of exclamatory sentences are often found in fiction, poetry, letters and diaries. It is almost impossible to find them in scientific texts. There are no examples of exclamatory sentences in them. Scientific articles are written in a neutral emotional style.

Types of exclamation sentences

Literary texts must be written in a beautiful language that uses vivid images, comparisons, and epithets. The role of exclamatory sentences here is difficult to overestimate. That is why punctuation marks are extremely important. Therefore, authors often use sentences with an exclamation mark, which are declarative, interrogative and motivating. They add emotionality to the texts. You can give the following examples of exclamatory sentences.

Exclamation with interjection or particles

Often, to enhance the emotional coloring of the text and its expressiveness, interjections or particles “ah”, “oh”, “well”, “what the”, “o”, “a”, “well” and others are used. Examples of exclamatory sentences of this type are often found in literature: “What a beauty this jellied fish is!” or “Oh! I am very glad to see you!" Interjections do not necessarily appear in a separate sentence. Often they are simply followed by a comma. Such sentences with an exclamation mark, examples of which are presented here, emphasize the particularly heightened emotional content of the message. “Oh, how I love to look into your eyes, my destiny, my love, mine, mine, mine!” or “Oh, a bright ball! In the game with Tanyusha, you fell into the river. But there will be time, and waves, splashes of water flowing like pearls, will splash in the darkness of the night, and many kind hearts will be kindled with a brave thirst to help, to console!”

Expressing joy with an exclamation

The author’s task is to convey to the reader not only the meaning of what is written, but also to make him experience certain feelings. Therefore, the role of his use of exclamatory sentences can hardly be overestimated. After all, the same phrase will be perceived differently depending on what punctuation mark is at the end. IN real life facial expression and intonation show the mood with which the words are spoken. And in writing, it is quite difficult to give an emotional coloring to the language - this can only be done with the help of punctuation marks at the end of the phrase. The same messages can act as exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences. As a comparison, you can take the following phrase: “I am very pleased to see you.” With a period at the end, it will express either contempt, or a statement of the fact of the meeting, or ordinary politeness. But if there is an exclamation mark at the end of the phrase, then there can be no mistake - the meeting brought real joy to the person!

Using three exclamation marks

Sometimes the author tries to use the entire palette expressive means. Then a declarative exclamatory sentence has three exclamations at the end. Usually in this way the author wants to show the highest degree of emotional arousal. Often this way not only joy or delight is expressed, but also anger or indignation. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Get out and never appear in my life again!!!” leaves no doubt that the speaker is experiencing deep feelings.

Multiple exclamations in a sentence

Still, the use of punctuation marks must be approached with caution and a sense of proportion. However, many people get overly carried away by placing unnecessary exclamations at the end of sentences. Authors of comments on Internet blogs are especially guilty of this. It seems to them that the more signs they provide, the better the reader will be able to understand them. In fact, in this way they achieve the opposite effect - the reader perceives extra exclamation marks as a scream or even a squeal, and such written statements irritate him. Therefore, you should not get carried away with adding unnecessary exclamation marks. A sense of proportion is a sign of talent.

Combination of exclamation and question marks

When a phrase contains strong emotions, the author puts a combination of several punctuation marks at the end of the phrase. Often these are rhetorical questions that are not interrogative in nature. “How can you laugh, joke, play, roll in the grass?!” This sentence does not contain a question as such, but rather indignation, the highest degree of irritation, a call to the conscience of the one to whom the appeal is directed. “Is it really possible to look indifferently at abandoned children begging for alms?!” This rhetorical question does not require an answer; hopelessness is emphasized by a combination of exclamation and question mark.

Exclamation and ellipsis

There are other combinations of characters at the end of sentences. For example, in the literature, some authors use both an exclamation and an ellipsis. Such phrases should prompt the reader to think deeply; in essence, such sentences are extremely similar to rhetorical questions with an exclamation. “And then she appeared at the door!.. She captivated me with her beauty, her face lit up with a smile, and the whole world around sparkled with joy and happiness!..”

Exclamatory sentence

A very interesting option is to use incentive sentences in the work. Such phrases differ from others in that they have practically no emotional connotation, but contain an order, request, invitation, greeting or proposal. Usually these sentences lack subjects. Intonationally similar constructions do not have to be pronounced with pronounced emotions. However, a mark at the end of a request or order indicates that it is an exclamation clause. Examples of similar constructions in Russian are quite common. They are present in the dialogues of the heroes of works of art.

An order in an exclamatory sentence

In some constructions, the placement of punctuation marks is determined not by the emotional connotation of the statement, but by historical traditions. Therefore, when the author of a work of art uses an order, he draws up a sentence with an exclamation point. Examples of such phrases can be pronounced in a calm tone and even in a whisper, but the use of an exclamation mark is necessary here. "Stand! - Petrovich ordered the captured Fritz walking ahead of him in a whisper. - Don't turn around! Even if the order is given in a calm, even tone, an exclamation point must be placed at the end of the phrase. For example, “Team, stand at attention!” or “Get up, the trial is coming!”

Request and suggestion

Traditions explain some other features of punctuation in the Russian language. For example, an exclamation mark at the end of a phrase adds a special emotional connotation to a request.

Invitation and address in an exclamatory sentence

There is one more rule of punctuation. It dictates that there is often an exclamation point at the end of the invitation. This fact is a sign of elementary politeness and a culture of written communication. Therefore, when reading a context with an invitation, for example to a wedding or a picnic, you should not use exclamation intonation at all.

“Natalya Pavlovna! Georgy Matveevich! Come to the evening dedicated to the celebration of our silver wedding at the Cosmos restaurant!”
“Dear high school students! Come on October 23 to the “autumn ball”, which will be held in the school assembly hall!”

Greetings and wishes in an exclamatory sentence

The rules for writing letters are very important both for ordinary people and for authors of works of fiction. To understand the placement of punctuation marks at the end of sentences, you should pay attention to one interesting feature: very often a greeting or wish is expressed in the form of an imperative verb. These are the words “hello!”, “be healthy!” Therefore, these sentences are perceived as a request, which also historically has an exclamation mark at the end. Often a farewell is written in a similar way in a letter. For example, "Goodbye, my dears!" or "Good night, dear friend! I wish you sweet dreams!"

Exclamatory sentences in Russian serve to enhance the emotionality of texts, messages, and comments. So how to give intonation color to the characters’ statements in works of art is possible only with the help of punctuation marks, then the authors have no choice but to use exclamation marks, question marks and their combinations.

An exclamatory sentence is a sentence characterized by emotional coloring and increased expressiveness. Exclamatory sentences are distinguished by a specific intonation and timbre coloring; compare: Fire! We're on fire! They often contain interjections, particles, exclamatory pronominal words; compare: Well done! Oh, these are my helpers! That's what he told you! What a rain! What a scientist he is! Who didn't he ask?

Exclamatory sentences can be built according to special syntactic models with lost or weakened grammatical and lexical meanings components; compare: This motorcycle was given to you! Found time to dream! Many exclamatory sentences are characterized by reverse (inverse) word order; compare: My little head is gone! He will understand you! How sweet the south wind! IN writing An exclamation point is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.

Sentences of all communicative types can be used as exclamatory sentences: narrative, imperative and interrogative. Wherein general content proposals are modified to one degree or another. In some cases, exclamation serves to express a high degree of attribute and enhance the degree of categoricalness of a statement or expression of will; compare: What a heavy rain! He will arrive tomorrow! Come back immediately! When did this happen! In other cases - with a different intonation - an exclamatory sentence can be understood in a meaning opposite to that conveyed by the literal meaning of the words.

Thus, affirmative narrative exclamatory sentences acquire a negative meaning or express the speaker’s negative attitude towards what is being communicated; compare: I'm going to get upset because of him!(=I won’t); She will go with you!(=won't go); You understand a lot!(=you don’t understand anything). A similar meaning of expressively colored negation can be expressed by interrogative non-negative sentences; compare: Why did he go there?(=there was no need to walk); What gardens these are!(= these are not gardens); Who needs it!(=no one needs); How do I know!(=I don’t know), while negative exclamatory sentences express an expressively colored statement; compare: Who doesn't know this!(=everyone knows); Where has he not been?(=been everywhere).

Non-exclamatory sentences are those that imply an ordinary, everyday tone and the absence of a strong emotional component. At the end of such sentences there is a period. For example: It has been raining all day today. According to the schedule, the train will arrive in two hours.

Exclamatory sentences are those sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.

For example: We are very happy!

At the end of these sentences there is an exclamation mark, and their grammatical means are as follows:

Intonation expressing joy, delight, sadness, surprise, anger, excitement, fear and other pronounced feelings. The pronunciation of exclamatory sentences is carried out in a higher tone, with an emphasis on the word, which imparts a greater emotional coloring.
Interjections.
Exclamatory particles of pronominal, adverbial or interjectional origin, giving the statement a characteristic emotional coloring: oh, well, well, how, where how, what for, which and others.

Using three exclamation points Typically, by using three exclamation points at the end of a sentence, the author expresses a high degree of emotional arousal. This way you can express joy or delight, anger or indignation. Sentences “Get out!!!” or “Go away and don’t come back!!!” talk about the deep feelings of the person who expresses them.