One of the most difficult, in our opinion, rules in the Russian language - punctuation marks for clarifying, connecting and explanatory parts of a sentence - is somewhat undeservedly neglected in textbooks. In fact, it is more useful to explain the rule for spelling "not" with parts of speech or complex sentence with several subordinate clauses. The rule about the use of punctuation marks when specifying members of a sentence has been pushed out, as it were, to the periphery of the Russian language. One can only guess why every year, in response to a question addressed to an applicant: “Why is there a comma here?”, examiners hear: “This is a clarification.” Moreover, applicants “tailor” this answer to individual definitions, circumstances, and, most often, applications. As for independent written works schoolchildren, then there is particular success in identifying the “clarifying” member of any level - from a homogeneous subject and object to circumstances and “words similar to introductory ones”. When analyzing such works, you constantly hear explanations: “This is a clarifying term.” The root of the errors lies in an unsteady understanding of the essence of the clarification, and even in the construction of our manuals, which are replete with examples from fiction, but do not teach the real Russian language.
So, first of all, it is necessary to determine what clarification is, how clarification differs from addition and explanation, which members of the sentence may serve as clarifying, connecting and explanatory.
“Clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one,” defines the “Handbook of Punctuation” edited by D. E. Rosenthal (Rozental D. E. Handbook of Punctuation. - M. AST, 1997, p. 79). (In another manual by a famous author (Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. - Ulyanovsk, Moscow, 1997, p. 239) clarifying members are words that “clarify the meaning of words”). But, in addition to this definition, in the text of the above manual we find homogeneous terms that “are in the nature of clarification”, and “clarifying remarks” in a group of homogeneous members, and an additional “clarifying meaning” of separate definitions; applications that clarify or qualify common nouns; revolutions with the meaning of clarification or accession. The very concept of “clarification”, “clarifying member” is blurred. A student studying a textbook either throws out a bunch of “unnecessary notes” from his memory, or extends the concept of “clarification” to any use of a double comma (after all, in each case of isolated terms, he reads about additional clarifying shades of meaning). It seems, why study several pages about isolating definitions if there is a magic word “clarification”?
Another problem is the examples given by the authors of the manuals. It is often almost impossible to see the difference in a “clarifying” and a simply isolated member. Compare: In the deep blue sky, the silver moon was melting. And about five minutes later it started to rain heavily. These are examples from different sections of the separation rule single definition. Isolation in the first case is explained as follows: “carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence” (Rozental D.E. Punctuation Handbook. - M. AST, 1997, p. 49), and in the second case – as having a clarifying meaning. Another example: Then Dasha was surprised by the “homegrown” nature of all this much-talked-about boldness. Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head. In the second example there is no clarifying meaning; in the first, from the author’s point of view, there was one. How can you tell the difference? I don’t know about you, but, in my opinion, most high school students should formulate the following rule: “Any member of a sentence that I, as a writer, want to highlight can be isolated, and this can be explained either as a special semantic load, or as its clarification". Another version of the rule, perhaps more dangerous for a schoolchild: “In every rule for non-isolation there is a special exception - the clarifying meaning requires isolation, so I will isolate just in case - in case I miss this clarifying meaning.”
The second formulation we came up with begins to work when completing tasks from the manuals. For example, several sentences are given in which it is necessary to place signs or indicate those where there are no signs. Compare: “Two years later, at the beginning of September, I had to visit these places again. One spring I heard in the aroma of the buds a fragrant conversation between birch and bird cherry . The next day, early in the morning, I went to Kosovo. By morning, still dark, they should be in place" (Tkachenko N.G. Tests on Russian grammar. Part 2. - M. Iris, 1998, ex. 89-91 ). Students must decide where to put signs and where not to. True, in the above-mentioned Rosenthal reference book it is stated that it is the will of the author to decide whether a member is drowning or not. But put yourself in the shoes of those testing their knowledge who did not guess the will of the author in the phrases he proposed from the works of the classics. Will they subsequently guess the will of the examiner? So schoolchildren begin to isolate anything and explain it in a clarifying way minor member or turnover.
As a result, we have the following extremely common mistakes in essays and presentations:
*These observations made by Belinsky are still relevant today.
*In his office in St. Petersburg, Onegin keeps various objects that he does not need.
*In Manilov’s office there was a dusty book, hidden on page 14.
*Once, while hunting, he managed to shoot a seasoned wolf.
In the practice of teaching the Russian language at preparatory courses and the preparatory department of Moscow State University, the author gave listeners similar examples as true and offered to explain the meaning of isolation. Applicants easily found explanations, the absurdity of which did not require comment: because they were made by Belinsky; precisely the one in St. Petersburg; exactly those that he does not need; dusty because it is blocked, that is, it is not readable; what happened during the hunt (it’s hard to imagine that you can kill a wolf during a ball!). But what leads children to search for such explanations is the need to explain the will of the authors, and not to place commas themselves.
It seems that the time has come to more accurately define the rule for separating qualifying members, without resorting to reforming spelling rules.
1. A member of a sentence will be considered clarifying if, located after its syntactic analogue, it will narrow the conveyed concept or limit it in some respect. In other words, the clarifying circumstance of time should come after the circumstance of time, the definition - after the definition, but the meaning of the second should be narrower and more specific than the first. The role of clarifying members is the circumstances of place, time, mode of action, definition and application.
2. Circumstances of time can be expressed by pronominal words: then, then, now. In this case, the following circumstance of time is isolated, since it specifies the time of action - Then, in childhood, even ice cream seemed sweeter. The next day, March 15, the final test was scheduled.
The second circumstance of time can limit the time of the first, giving it more precise and narrow boundaries. Compare: Reception of visitors on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 18.– in this case, both temporary circumstances indicate a wide time frame for the action. On Friday, from 11 to 11.30, there will be a distribution of coupons for free lunches. – time is limited very narrowly, which is noted both by the intonation of the sentence and by punctuation. Let us immediately note that in the first sentence we have the opportunity to indicate a narrowing of the boundaries of time - reception takes place only on Fridays, from 11 to 18. Sentences in which the second circumstance is isolated require a more careful attention to the exact time, and not just to the general time offers. Every morning from 7 to 10 I go to the gym. – in this phrase there is no clarification regarding the exact time, it is usually, this is the time most people associate with the concept of “morning”. Early in the morning, at the beginning of six, Masha runs around her house. The concept of “early morning” is quite vague - for some it is six hours, for others it is eight, so it needs to be clarified. At the very rush hour, at three o'clock in the afternoon, I was tightly stuck on Tverskaya.– unfortunately, the reality of our life is such that when we say “rush hour,” we specify its time. In big cities it sometimes lasts for a day.
The circumstance of time can more accurately describe the time of the action, giving it a more detailed and even figurative description: I first came to Paris in the spring, on a sunny and warm day. In winter, on a cold and dank evening, I had to walk for about an hour to get home.
The isolation of time circumstances in other cases depends on the will of the author and on the meaning that we want to give to the entire sentence: In the fall, in a thunderstorm, walking on this bridge is dangerous. The phrase can be interpreted approximately like this: during thunderstorms, walking on the bridge is dangerous, and the strongest and longest thunderstorms occur in the fall. When writing down someone else's text, you can hear the intonation emphasis of the clarifying member. The author does not recommend that schoolchildren create sentences where the clarifying meaning requires such a long interpretation, and, whenever possible, paraphrase it (“during autumn thunderstorms...”).
3. The circumstances of a place can also be expressed very vaguely: there, from there, everywhere. The circumstances of place following them will be clarifying - There, in Moscow, Tatyana found her destiny. From above, from observation deck, the city seems painted.
Often the qualifying circumstance of a place will be the exact name of the locality in relation to the wider area - I lived then in Spain, in Barcelona. Every summer they vacation in Europe, in Austria. He received an apartment in the south of Moscow, in Troparevo.
Most circumstances of place are isolated or not depending on subjective, extralinguistic factors: In the yard, between the sandbox and the swing, there is a flowerbed.– By the presence of a clarifying member, we know exactly the picture of the yard. There was a checkpoint on the road ahead. – the speaker is also on the road.
4. The circumstances of the manner of action are specified, since they carry additional information about the manner of performing the action, and this information is of a more specific nature - She dressed sadly, like an old woman. Only then, in silence, could she work.
5. Definitions are separated if they have a more specific meaning than the definition being specified (agreed), which expresses the characteristic in its general form. Clarifying definitions most often include color, size, age - She was wearing a light, pale blue skirt. A young girl, about eighteen years old, entered the room.
Almost all manuals provide examples of clarifying definitions for the pronouns that, that, and such. Meanwhile, in the text of the rules for isolating definitions, it is noted that the attributive phrase after these words is closely adjacent to them in meaning and should not be isolated (see, for example, Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of Punctuation. P. 47). And although the authors of manuals always point out the possibility of isolation with a clarifying nature of the definition, it seems to us that when teaching practical literacy one could refuse to analyze such examples. Confused in discovering a clarifying or non-specifying meaning, the student makes more mistakes than would have appeared if he had learned only one rule. Examples of isolating definitions with demonstrative pronouns are found mainly in fiction, they depend entirely on the will of the author, and the use of such cases when writing essays and presentations by schoolchildren themselves is unlikely. In dictations, according to already established practice, the isolation of a clarifying definition with the named pronouns can be considered as an optional sign; non-isolation, in our opinion, is preferable.
6. Formal means of highlighting the clarifying member of a sentence are words more true, more precise, more likely, otherwise (when you can add “speaking” to them), moreover. These words stand alone; the clarifying term following them is not separated by commas. Thus, these words turn out to be introductory, which, in fact, is reflected in the manuals. In our opinion, duplicating them in the rule into clarifying terms leads to errors when the student begins to isolate the above words together with the sentence members that follow them:
His honesty, or rather, his truthfulness, did not give him the opportunity to be cunning. I immediately understood, or rather, felt my involvement in what was happening.
The word is rather not isolated in the meanings of “better to say”, “better”, “more willingly” - He was not pleased, but rather surprised by her comment. She would rather agree to quit, but not comply with the boss’s absurd demand.
Let us give as an example a text on which we can consider different cases of isolating clarifying members:
Typically, institutions are open on holidays from 10.00 to 15.00. No one, or rather, most people, would prefer not to work at all on such days, because they need to clean up the house, prepare a festive dinner, and, moreover, get themselves in order. At the main office of the Whole World company on December 31, a young unmarried secretary was on duty, (the comma is optional, given the end of the sentence, you can use a dash or do without punctuation) Lidochka Sergeeva. She had to send confirmations for the arrival of groups of our tourists in warm countries, Spain and Greece, to celebrate the holiday under the hot rays of the sun. There, at the resort, celebrating the New Year was supposed to be a special, unforgettable (can be either a homogeneous member of the sentence or a clarifying) holiday for someone. Lidochka visited Spain in the spring, in May, and now, in the midst of a cold winter, she recalled this trip with pleasure. Today the girl sent faxes without the usual envy, with pity. For a week now, since December 23, news programs have been reporting about unprecedented cold snaps in Europe, especially in Athens and Barcelona. From here, from frozen Moscow, their minus one seems funny, but they, poor fellows, (especially the application with the personal pronoun) are probably sad.
The door slammed and Lida’s friend, Katya Petrova, a girl of about twenty-five, entered the room. On the occasion of the holiday, she was in an elegant light blue dress. She usually dressed business-like, faded and gray. From the threshold, Katya began noisily, loudly and shrilly, telling something funny about her work colleagues. Lida frowned: she could only work in silence, calmly and without distraction, and did not like to participate in these stupid and meaningless (in this case, it is possible to separate definitions after “these” as an author’s sign, the rules allow this) conversations. Therefore, Lidochka interrupted her friend and turned the conversation to the problems of Europe, or rather its southern countries.
Half an hour later, at about noon, Lida, with the help of Katyusha, finished sending faxes and joined the noisy, young and cheerful crowd of her colleagues. The work for today has come to an end and the employees of the travel company have begun to jointly celebrate a joyful, fun and beloved holiday.
The above text shows some typical cases of using clarifying members of a sentence in speech. But no less important will be the work of analyzing the writers’ own mistakes. The tendency of some to excessively highlight the circumstances of time, others - the mode of action, the failure to distinguish between a group of homogeneous members and the clarifying and clarifying member should be the subject of attention of teachers, school teachers and teachers of different preparatory courses. Work on such errors should be based on the creation of individual tasks, and not texts from fiction, in which the student is faced with the need not only to apply the rule of punctuation, but also to “guess” the individual will of the author.
Now let's move on to looking at the rules for highlighting the explanatory parts of the sentence.Explanation is the designation of the same concept in different words. Almost any member of a sentence and even an entire sentence can be explanatory. To introduce an explanatory member, coordinating explanatory conjunctions are used, namely, precisely, that is, or (= that is). If these conjunctions are not used in a sentence, they can be inserted. An explanatory clause is set off by a comma, but can be set off by a dash, especially if it is at the end of a sentence.
Basic Rule: the explanatory member of the sentence is highlighted by commas on both sides along with the explanatory conjunction. The explanatory member itself is not separated from the union.– Next week, that is, from the seventh to the thirteenth of March, I will be busy preparing for the conference. His new apartment, namely a two-level 150-meter apartment, was the envy of all his acquaintances. Between the explanatory conjunction and the explanatory member itself there may be introductory words and introductory constructions - His cousin, or, to be precise, second cousin, is the president of a large real estate company.
The appendix often has explanatory meaning. Firstly, it can be a proper name with a common noun, if before the name without changing the meaning you can insert namely, that is, and his name is - His youngest daughter, Larisa, differed from her peers in her quiet and calm character. In this case, punctuation often depends on the meaning being conveyed. For example, in the above example, it is acceptable to assume that the listener/reader is receiving information about someone’s daughter for the first time or does not clearly remember her name. Or - She went to visit her sister Larisa.- we can assume that she has several sisters and it is important for the speaker to indicate the choice of one. If there is only one sister, we will clarify her name and add a comma. Secondly, applications become clarifying in cases where participants in speech or objects of speech are more accurately named, and the word being defined is more general in nature - Both father and son were fond of fishing.
A sentence may have an explanatory member introduced without an explanatory conjunction (it can be inserted without changing the meaning). The punctuation in this case remains the same. – For this room, other wallpapers, light and with small stripes, would be more suitable than these, red and with flowers..
If an explanatory member is introduced without using a conjunction, but is at the end of a sentence, a dash can be used - He wanted one thing - to eat. He had only one dream - to see his hometown. He spent more time completing the order than the customers allocated to him - three months.
If the whole sentence turns out to be explanatory, and the conjunction “namely” is in front of it, then a colon can be used after the conjunction - When doing homework, one circumstance should be taken into account, namely: the work should be formatted strictly in accordance with the exam requirements.
Possible difficulties with punctuation with explanatory terms are associated with the following:
When using the conjunction “or,” one should distinguish between cases of its use as an explanatory conjunction (meaning “that is”) and as a disjunctive conjunction (“or”). – The addition of a prefix or prefix does not affect the change in the partial affiliation of the word. – here “or” is used in the meaning “that is”, introduces an explanatory member and is isolated along with it. Attaching a suffix or a suffix together with a prefix often changes a word's part of speech. – here “or” is used in a disjunctive meaning. Compare also: The pocket edition of the book, or pocket book, is in high demand due to its relatively low price. Publishers have not yet decided whether to publish a pocket or regular book format.
Explanatory definitions are separated from the word being defined, but a comma is not placed after them (that is, they are not isolated) – The poem "Dead Souls" shows the negative, terrible and ugly sides of Russian reality. Memories of the old, broken car no longer bothered him.
Exercise . Place punctuation using the rules outlined above.
The fourth and last part of the novel “War and Peace” turns out to be unread by almost all schoolchildren.
Nectarines or a hybrid of peach and apricot are an artificially bred fruit.
There were always nectarines or peaches on the table, because these were Katya’s favorite fruits.
His house was considered elite, namely, on the ground floor there was a swimming pool and a gym, in the courtyard there was a guarded parking lot only for residents and guests, and each apartment had a winter garden.
Since childhood, namely from the age of 11, he had a single dream of becoming a great hockey player, and then an Olympic champion.
His dacha plot of ten acres, a tiny house and a bathhouse he built himself were the annual gathering place for all his friends.
Figure skiing or freestyle skiing is one of the most difficult, but at the same time very beautiful sports.
This year, enrollment has been announced for groups wishing to study Korean or Thai, as well as Persian or Farsi.
Either he decided that she would not come and decided not to meet with him again, or he was simply offended, but Ivan left the meeting place without waiting for the girl.
The connecting members of the proposal are those members that contain additional clarifications or comments. They are introduced in the middle or at the end of a sentence and separated by commas, although a dash may be used. Usually the connecting member is introduced by the words even, especially, especially, for example, in particular, moreover, and (= and moreover), and, and in general, and only, including...
Basic rule:connecting member and joining proposal separated by commas together with the word introducing this connecting phrase. – Everyone, especially first-year students, went to his lectures to look at the first handsome man of the faculty. He always read, even ruined his eyesight, but he was absolutely unable to tell what he read about. His classmates laughed at him, and rightly so. His apartment was small, and, moreover, very shabby and in a non-prestigious area, so he was embarrassed to invite his friends there.
In order to isolate the connecting member (select it from both sides), it is often necessary to consider the entire structure of the sentence. We isolate the connecting member if its removal does not violate the general structure of the sentence, and we do not separate it if the removal of the connecting member violates the structure of the entire sentence - In this novel, and in the previous one, the writer managed to create a surprisingly accurate image of our contemporary.– in this example, the removal of the connecting member will not disrupt the structure of the sentence. In this, and in the two previous novels the main character became police major Petrova. – when the connecting member is removed, the structure is disrupted – “in this... novels.”
A whole sentence can act as a connecting member: I didn't like going to school, and none of my friends were eager to learn..
By the way, the conjunction “yes and” should be treated very carefully. It can act not only in a connecting meaning, but also as a connecting one (= “and”) – He went into the forest and got lost.– in this case, a comma is not placed before the conjunction. “Yes and” can be part of the construction “took and did”, which is a single predicate, therefore there is no comma inside the construction - After arguing with his friends, Vasya ate the toadstool. A stable combination, without a comma inside, is the construction “no, no, yes and” - Pavel no, no, and he remembered his quiet life at home.
Exercise. Place the missing characters using the following rule:
All my classmates, especially Katya, are rooting for me.
I didn’t want to see her and there was no need for us to meet again.
At your place great experience working with children, especially with little ones, that’s why we recommended you.
In mine and in two neighboring apartments, after a major renovation of our house, the plaster fell from the ceiling.
The most experienced athletes, including veterans, volunteered to help organize a children's sports camp.
I fell and it hurt so much that I cried.
During the week of my absence, the floor of the window sills and indeed all the free surfaces in the room were covered with dust.
In my yard and in the neighboring one, hooligans broke all the benches.
Our athletes, mainly skiers, will be our hope at the upcoming Olympics.
Out of boredom, I took it and entered the competition but unexpectedly won.
Task 2.
In the proposed text there are isolated members of the sentence, introductory words, clarifying, connecting and explanatory members. Place the missing signs and explain them.
In a large clearing cleared of trees, the hare and the fox built two houses at the beginning of a long and cold winter, especially for forest animals. Everyone, of course, was surprised by such a strange neighborhood, but the hare and the fox, meeting each other every day, as a result, even became friends, or rather, learned not to quarrel. Of course, the fox would not mind having dinner with a bunny that settled nearby, but for the time being she tried to restrain her predatory instinct. In the mornings from seven to nine, the neighbors were busy clearing the area around the houses, removing the snow that had piled up overnight, after which the hare snacked on crunchy carrots stored since the fall, and the fox, probably sniffing the pleasant smell of a young hare, ran to steal rabbits in a village located a mile or one and a half kilometers from the forest edge . There in the village, a fox sometimes managed, despite all the precautions taken by the housewives, to grab a chicken for lunch. The fox only calmed down after swallowing its prey and, having had its fill, went to its neighbor to chat. Satisfied with the food, she did not even notice that her tomorrow's lunch was possible in front of her. So the evening flew by unnoticed while talking and the fox and the hare, two sworn forest enemies, managed to finally become friends.
Now, having finished the exposition, we should move on to the characterization of the main characters of the story, that is, the hare and the fox. The hare was a serious and positive animal. He built his hut from mostly pine boards received from beavers for help provided during logging. A strong and durable hut was supposed to stand for more than one year, and besides, starting in the spring, the hare was going to begin expanding it. While hatching plans for marriage, the hare could not help but understand the need to have a warm house, especially during the cold season. Therefore, he worked tirelessly all winter, distracted only by lunch and nightly conversations with the fox. By the way, while talking with the fox, the hare was thinking about the time when small and fluffy bunnies would run around the clearing and hoped that a friendly and warm relationship with his neighbor would help him protect his unborn children.
Now let's talk about the neighbor, that is, the fox. The red-haired sly woman, as her acquaintances called her, built her relationship with her neighbor on completely different grounds. The fact is that, having decided to save on building materials, the fox built her house from the most fragile material, that is, from ice. The animals laughed at the cunning but still stupid fox, and rightly so. Everyone immediately started talking with one voice about the upcoming global warming and began to take bets, mostly “on bunnies” when the house begins to melt. But not understanding the reasons for the giggling of the forest inhabitants, the fox repeated only one thing, namely: “The hare’s hut is dark, but my fox’s hut is light.” Although now, at the beginning of March, it became clear to even the stupid little fox that he needed to be friends with his neighbor. Therefore, the fox began to use every evening free from her personal affairs and meetings with her fox friends to establish good, almost family-like relationships with the hare.
Calmed by the imaginary friendliness of the neighbor, the hare lived calmly until the arrival of real spring. In one such short week, the snow melted and with it came the inevitable and even predictable end to the fox’s house built of light, marbled ice. She, being cruel, did not do anything special and, moreover, it was pointless to ask to go to the houses of her even her closest friends. Having just come in one evening to chat with a neighbor, the fox did not talk about her mostly fictitious problems, did not ask about the romantic and sentimental plans for the hare’s life, but simply had a delicious dinner and at the same time privatized the comfortable house built with the expectation of a large family of the unfortunate victim of her predatory plans.
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Applications expressed by phrases with the meaning of exclusion, inclusion, substitution, additions beginning with words are isolated except, instead of, apart from, apart from, besides, for example, even including, especially:. And I don’t know anything tender except birch(Lesya Ukrainsky);. Instead of a house, there was only a pile of firebrands, coal, and garbage (Yu. Smolich); . Poetry occupies a special place in literature for children, in particular for young readers(V. Bychko)
§ 8 SEPARATE clarifying members of the sentence
clarifying isolated members of a sentence specify or explain that member of the sentence with which they are associated with one syntactic function. The clarifying words are connected only by intonation and the explanatory words there are, or, there are, namely toscho.
can be separated:
1) definition clarifying previous definitions: . The sea is blue, even black, only hitting the shore with white foam(M. Kotsyubinsky). The water at such a time was almost hot, much warmer than the morning air, so August mornings already showed their character (Yu. Zbanatsky)
clarifying definitions can be separated by a dash: . In her house there were a lot of all sorts of bundles with seeds - large and small - and once something was drying on the windows(M. Kotsyubinsky);
2) circumstances (place, time, etc.), expressed by adverbs or nouns with prepositions that clarify previous circumstances:. Another moment - and the explosion is somewhere here, very close. Clods of earth fly onto his back, and a tight air wave hits his face (V. Kozachenko). Here, in this low house, my love once lived (A. Malyshko);ishko); . It was summer, during the harvest season(M. Kotsyubinsky);
Note:. Often, the separation of such circumstances depends on the author’s desire to intonationally emphasize their clarifying nature. If there is no such intonation, circumstances are not separated by commas
3) clarifying members of the sentence, added using words or there is, there is, namely. For example. The skylark is related. Posmityukha, or crested lark, and dzhur bai, or steppe lark (L. Skirda); . On the. In Polesie there are “vishars”, that is, swamps that never freeze(G. Demyanchuk);
4) clarifying members of the sentence, attached using the words even, in particular, including, especially:. IN some cities. Japan, particularly in the city. Uzumi, they are organizing a farewell party for the cranes(magazine); . It was a pleasure for everyone, especially the winners of the competition
clarifying members of a sentence should be distinguished from homogeneous
§ 9 Punctuation marks in sentences with address
1. If the address is used at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced without exclamatory intonation, a comma is placed after it: my weapon, serve the soldiers better than you serve sore hands (Lesya Ukrainsky)
2. If the address is used at the end of a sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it - the sign required by the intonation of the sentence as a whole: . Be happy and healthy, black-browed(M. Voronoi); . Get up, sun!(M. Bazhan); -Where are you now, executioners of my people?(V. Simonenko)
3. If an address is used in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides: . How you love, my heart is impetuous, you live only by feelings, sometimes you were happy, sometimes calm, that sadness in you without edges and boundaries(V. Tkachenko)
4. If the address at the beginning of a sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it, and the next word begins with a capital letter: . Young man!(V. Sosyura)
5. If the address is preceded by shouts about, oh, then they are not separated from the address by commas:. O days of winter, merge into one day!
6. If the appeal is repeated or homogeneous, then they are separated by a sign (and written with a capital letter) or a comma:. The wind is violent. The wind is violent, drown out the poisonous sums, preserve the original color;;. Mother! (3 TV G. Chuprinki)
Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich
Punctuation marks for clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence
§ 79. Clarifying terms proposals stand out commas. Referring to a particular word in a sentence, they narrow the concept they denote or limit it in some way. Most often, the significance of clarification is acquired by the circumstances of place, time, manner of action, degree, measure: There, in the mountains, it started snowing(T. Tolstoy); At the bottom, in the hall, they began to put out the lights(Ch.); Vikhrov lived the pre-war winter in St. Petersburg, at home in Lesnoy, Outdoors(Leon.); Eighth of July on Friday, Elizarov, nicknamed Kostyl, and Lesha were returning from the village of Kazanskoye(Ch.); Now, after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Ch.); In three or four hours, closer to dusk, to the side of the road in a field, two figures appeared out of the ground(B. Past.); Rahim lies with his chest on the sand, head to the sea, and thoughtfully looks into the muddy distance(M.G.); So, in disorder and among constant mysteries, Yura’s life passed, often in the arms of strangers(B. Past.); It got dark quickly autumn-like (Paust.); It’s sad on the crooked haystack, orphan-like, the crow perched(Fad.); The answer came soon in two and a half hours (Akun.).
Note. A clarifying meaning of a member of a sentence can arise in context, although the direct meanings of adverbial words do not indicate such a relationship: And suddenly, at the very turn to Sukhodol, we saw a tall and terrifying figure in the tall wet rusty(Bun.) - under the influence of the meaning of the circumstance all of a sudden the following circumstance - at the very turn to Sukhodol- the temporary meaning comes to the fore (at the moment when they were driving up); This time, next to a sick mother, Sultanmurat especially acutely felt the desolation of life without a father(Aitm.) - temporary value of the combination this time removes the spatial connotation in the meaning of the circumstance next to a sick mother. Such members of a sentence, while maintaining their own meaning, do not require marking, cf.: This time, next to his sick mother, Sultanmurat felt especially acutely…
Definitions can be clarifying (usually clarifications relate to size, color, age) and applications: A minute later they passed the sleepy office, went out into the deep, on the hub, sand and silently sat down in a dusty cab(Boon.); The boat was moving, constantly moving in black, almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Sim.); Stepanida lived in a large for two families, at home alone with my niece Galka(Spread); Young man, about thirty years old sitting on a bench and reading a newspaper(gas.); Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats(Ch.). (See also § 59, 61.)
§ 80. Clarifying members, when emphasizing the meaning, are highlighted or separated dash: They[statues] were placed directly on the ground and on lawns - without pedestals- in some kind of deliberate disorder(Cat.) - the circumstance is specified; The mines are all in the snow, which is very shallow here - ankle length (V. Bull.) - the predicate is specified; There were, however, few monuments - only five or six (Paust.) - clarification in an undivided one-part sentence.
§ 81. The clarifying nature of the members of a sentence can be enhanced by special words, more accurately, more precisely, otherwise (they have the meaning of introductory words - see § 91 - or in combination with A used in the meaning of a conjunction introducing clarification). A comma is placed only before these words, which are not separated from the clarifying member of the sentence. Wed: I'll come in the evening exactly at nine o'clock - introductory word for clarification; I'll come in the fall or rather in October - union combination; He's overtired or rather sick; Report on what heights, or rather depths succeeded in understanding nature...(gas.).
§ 82. Explanatory terms proposals stand out commas. Unlike the clarifying members of a sentence, which in their meaning are unequal to the specified members (they narrow the concept being specified), the explanatory members of the sentence are equivalent to the explained ones, but they are called differently. They are second names in relation to the first ones, explained, which express this or that concept not clearly enough or for some reason not clear enough. These members of the sentence usually have an indication of their explanatory nature, that is, they are accompanied by special conjunctions: that is, exactly, namely, or meaning "that is": But at this time, that is, at dawn on Saturday, did not sleep an entire floor in one of the Moscow institutions(Bulg.); From Nevsky Prospect it leads to the former Mikhailovsky Palace, that is, to the Russian Museum, short and wide street(Sol.); For Konstantin Levin, the village was a place of life, that is, joys, sufferings, labor (L. T.); Not far from you namely in the village of Pestrovo, sad facts are happening(H); Our house in Pechatnikovo was resettled ten years ago, namely in sixty-eight (Street); In this regard, even one very important event happened for both of them, namely Kitty’s meeting with Vronsky (L. T.); Someone came out of the house and stopped on the porch; this is Alexander Timofeich, or simply Sasha, a guest who came from Moscow(Ch.).
Note. Word exactly can also act as a particle: Exactly I'm waiting for him today(identification expression); He is an eternal friend - exactly So!(an expression of confident confirmation).
If there are words that necessarily require disclosure (explanation) of the meaning, a dash is placed: He always wanted with all the strength of his soul one- to be quite good(L. T.); The goal set for the detachment was one- reach the forest before dawn; Baikal is glorious and holy others- with its wonderful, life-giving power(Spread). In such sentences, a dash replaces the missing explanatory conjunction (you can insert namely). The omission of a conjunction can also be indicated by a dash in sentences with words that are quite definite in meaning, but need clarification from the point of view of the writer: The task assigned to the detachment was difficult- reach the forest before dawn; The weather is the best suitable- blizzard(P. Neil.).
Note. In such cases, with a more emphasized explanation, it can also be used colon: All of them[letters] about the main thing: perestroika in our lives(gas.); One mood: get home quickly(gas.).
§ 83. Explanatory agreed upon definitions are not highlighted, but only are separated from the explained definition comma. An explanation arises with definitions that are special in meaning - they have a general, unspecified, indefinite meaning. The second, clarifying definition removes uncertainty: There were snowdrops special, irresistible passion of Glory(Bar.); At all others, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the block(Cat.) (see § 41).
However, in the absence of direct contact between such definitions, the explanatory definition is isolated: Another bed empty, was on the other side of the table(Bulg.).
The explanatory nature of the second definition can also be detected by combining contextual synonyms: One day I was fishing on a small lake with tall, steep shores(Paust.) - a high bank cannot be flat (high, i.e. steep).
An explanation may also arise in the case when the first definition is quite specific (for example, expressed as a numeral), and the second definition explains it in other words: Terrible path! On the thirtieth and last a mile away doesn't bode well(A. Inter.) - i.e. the thirtieth, which turned out to be the last.
§ 84. Affiliating members sentences have the nature of additional information, reported incidentally, in addition to the content of the main statement. Such sentence members are highlighted commas and are usually introduced by words and combinations of words (particles, conjunctions or a combination thereof) even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, yes and, yes and only, and in general, and, too, and also, and and etc.: It was very warm even hot (Chuck.); At night especially in a thunderstorm When the garden was raging in the rain, the faces of images lit up in the hall every minute...(Boon.); I believe that it is precisely this - the mystery or the premonition of it - that is missing not only from your story, but also from all the works of your peers, especially modern lyrics (Ast.); Big, also square, the window looked out onto the garden(Hall.); Dictionaries, in particular intelligent, should be widely used in educational process; On weekends you can relax for example, go out of town; All, including a funny bouncing guy, reached for the window(Ch.); University students, and many schoolchildren, took part in the Olympics(about words in particular, for example see also § 93).
It is possible to select connecting members using dash, especially in the final position: Suddenly, interrupting her memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared before her - and also with the river (Spread).
Note. Before combination yes and a comma is not placed: a) if it has a connecting meaning: I went to town and didn't come back; Thought, thought yeah I thought of it ; b) in the expression no no yes and when indicating irregularity of action: No no yes and the voice of the cuckoo will be heard; c) if included in a combination of verbs like I took it and came with the meaning of surprise.
§ 85. Affiliating members sentences that do not have special introductory words and act as explanatory additional messages, are separated sign dash. They come at the end of the sentence: The old woman accepted the death of the ball as fate - no more and no less (Spread); The stairs will also disappear - until next time (Spread); Knyazev crossed the street with everyone else and walked slowly along the other side of the street - just like that, with nothing to do (Shuksh.); He didn’t even wash himself, but went straight into the yard - chop wood (Shuksh.); All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city - to the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop (Gaych.).
Note. If there is no additional message value, such members of the sentence do not require selection. Wed: He didn’t even wash himself, but went straight into the yard chop wood; Stairs will disappear too until next time .
§ 86. When dividing a sentence (with parcellation), to enhance their meaning, the connecting members of the sentence can be separated by a dot (see § 9, 32, 66). Wed: All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city. To the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop; Although Kuzma told Aunt Natalya that Maria was crying, she did not cry anymore. She was silent (Spread); The girl spoke incessantly. About Siberia, about happiness, about Jack London (Shuksh.); These books are the key to everything. To all life (N. Il.); The three who came to her that evening had a long conversation about politics. About science. About departmental subsidies (Poppy.).
From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichSECTION 1 Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech § 1. Period 1. The period is placed at the end of a complete narrative sentence: A dark leaden mass is crawling towards the sun. Lightning flashes here and there in red zigzags. Distant can be heard
From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara IvanovnaSECTION 7 Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to members
From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich7.13. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence Punctuation marks are graphic marks that are placed in writing between words and phrases, serving to indicate the semantic completeness of individual sections of text, as well as for intonation and syntactic
From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar ElyashevichXX. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech § 75. Period 1. The period is placed at the end of a complete narrative sentence, for example: The shadow was thinning. The East is red. The Cossack fire burned (Pushkin). Note. A period is not placed at the end of a sentence after a period,
From the book Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation. Complete Academic Reference author Lopatin Vladimir VladimirovichXX. PUNCTION MARKS AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND WHEN SPEECH BREAKS § 75. Period 1. The period is placed at the end of a complete narrative sentence, for example: The shadow was thinning. The East is red. The Cossack fire burned (Pushkin). Note. A period is not placed at the end of a sentence after a period,
From the author's bookPUNCIPATION MARKS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional overtones of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence
From the author's bookPunctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of an emotional coloring of the statement, a period (narration, encouragement to action), or a question mark (search for information) is placed at the end of the sentence. With an exclamation
From the author's bookPunctuation marks at the beginning of a sentence § 4. At the beginning of a sentence, to indicate a logical or meaningful break in the text, a sharp transition from one thought to another (at the beginning of a paragraph), an ellipsis is placed: But only the wheels knocked in the black void: Ka-ten-ka,
From the author's bookPUNCTION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS SENTENCE TERMS
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with and without conjunctions § 25. Homogeneous members of a sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas: In the office there were brown velvet chairs, a bookcase (Nab.); After lunch he sat
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words § 33. If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word: An ice fisherman can be different: a retired fisherman, a worker and an employee fisherman,
From the author's bookPunctuation marks for repeating members of a sentence § 44. A busy word is placed between repeating members of a sentence. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of the action: I’m eating, I’m eating in an open field; bell ding-ding-ding... (P.); We swam, we swam in the dark blue depths
From the author's bookPUNCTION MARKS FOR SEPARATE MEMBERS
From the author's bookfor clarifying members of the sentence, commas for clarifying circumstances § 79 for clarifying definitions § 79, § 59 for clarifying applications § 79, § 61 for clarifying members of sentences with the words more accurately, more precisely, otherwise § 81 dash for clarifying members for special emphasis
From the author's bookfor explanatory members of a sentence, commas; for members of a sentence with conjunctions that is, namely, or (in the meaning “that is”) § 82; for members of a sentence with words that require disclosure (explanation) of the meaning of § 82, a comma is not placed after agreed upon definitions;
From the author's bookfor connecting members of a sentence, commas for members of a sentence with the words even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore; yes and, yes and only, and in general, too, and also, etc. § 84 a comma is not placed before the combination
IN simple sentence members of the sentence with meaning are highlighted intonationally and in meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.
In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.
A) Clarifying members of the sentence
When clarifying, they differentiate clarifying And to be specified members of the proposal. Those members of a sentence that clarify other, clarifying members are called clarifying.
Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence).
In relation to the specified members, clarifying members serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the members being specified and specifying are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).
Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will take place. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.
All members of the proposal can be specified.
1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be designated very generally and vaguely ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives specificity:
There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, a pale pink strip of light glowed(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Chekhov).
Sometimes the relationship between broader and narrower concepts can be dictated only by a given context:
Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).
Often, clarifying circumstances of a place form a chain, line up in a row:
Ahead,(where exactly?) far away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the foggy sea, prominent wooded hills were visible(L. Tolstoy).
2. Can be specified other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:
He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was careful(how exactly? / to what extent exactly?) until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).
Note!
1) Sometimes a series of circumstances may be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.
Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the house (Bykov).
If you put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically highlighted, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the moment being described.
Wed: Several people are walking in the snow, across the street, into the house.
Pay attention to how the intonation changes!
2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:
Far in the forest the blows of an ax were heard(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, blows of an ax were heard(the listener is outside the forest).
The children settled down in a clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). - The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself).
3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.
In 1961, 12th of April, man flew into space for the first time. - On April 12, 1961, man flew into space for the first time.
3. May be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:
Another ,(which one exactly?) last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(Pushkin); Here and there women peeked out,(which ones exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).
Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of pronouns this, this, each, one(not in the meaning of a numeral, but in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.:
Chichikov was a little puzzled by this,(which one exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single trace, neither of the sled, nor of the human, nor of the animal, was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (how exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).
Note!
1) The isolation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Typically, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one side - between the definitions.
With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw completely different, strangers there's room for me(Turgenev).
2) Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions.
Irresistible, albeit quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill yourself like that over something simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Savelyev).
But if the definition attached subordinating conjunction, is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.
Received important although not final intelligence.
4. More often, in comparison with agreed upon definitions, clarifying ones are isolated inconsistent definitions:
The boat was moving, all the time moving in black,(which one?) almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in a simple,(which one?) striped shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman came in(which exactly?) seventeen years old, girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, overcoat(Kataev).
5. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, differently etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the specified words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, rather are equivalent in meaning to the phrases “more precisely,” “in other words,” etc.), themselves separated by commas:
His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, an article of similar content was published in the last issue of the magazine; The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.
The words moreover can act as clarifying words. They are separated by commas, while the definition that follows them is not:
It would be stupidity, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, he admired him.
Note!
The word is rather not separated by commas if used in the following meanings:
A)“better”, “more willing”:
b)"it's better to say":
Pavel Petrovich slowly walked back and forth in the dining room..., uttering some remark or rather an exclamation, like “ah! hey! hm!”(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.
Note. Clarifying parts of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.
A dash is usually placed in the following cases:
a) in clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and grass- the birds sang and chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);
b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example: He got a job in a mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here is the circumstance to the mine is explained by the entire following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its own clarification After school, separated by a dash. Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since a comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf.: to the mine, part-time, after school). And the dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally related to each other;
c) when specifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf.: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).
B) Explanatory members of the sentence
Explanatory members of a sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explanatory and explanatory terms in principle denote identical concepts.
Difference between clarifying And explanatory members of the sentence is that clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and clarification is the designation of the same concept in other words.
Thus, explanatory terms are second names in relation to the first ones, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:
Especially for us, Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his home - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).
1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is:
She was brought up in the antique way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our horses in leather, that is, in a mat-covered runner (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); The third day that is, that week, I tell the elder...(Sleptsov).
If there are no words in a sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:
Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).
Note!
1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and if there is an explanation, emphasis is usually placed using a dash rather than a comma.
There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
2) There is a colon in the explanatory part of the sentence. Usually a colon is added to avoid two dashes.
Another way has been suggested: use of some types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.
2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):
Note!
The conjunction or can have a disjunctive meaning (“either this or that”). In this case, he connects homogeneous terms, and a comma is not placed between them. If the conjunction or can be replaced by the conjunction that is, then it has explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.
Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or mezzanine. - Around the entire building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Goncharov).
Note. Definitions that are explanatory in nature (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but a comma is usually not placed after them, for example: Thick firebrands stuck out, the remains of the former, burnt-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will arrive in the store in a few days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and final part of the novel will end with an epilogue.
B) Connecting members of the sentence
The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, explanations or comments that arose along the way in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas, less often - by a dash:
The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth(Peskov).
1. The connecting members of a sentence may have special connecting words: even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, yes and only and etc.:
In an imperceptible way I became attached to a kind family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); There will be a bath for you now, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat,... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical details(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in Zarechye, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, put a dot instead of a comma.
Wed: You have solid work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searches for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and building corners, stood out in amazing relief against the dark pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers have possessed this ability to create an excellent oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).
Note!
1) If the connecting member of a sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then a comma is not placed after the introductory word.
The fastest ripening mushrooms for example, birch and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).
2) You should not mix punctuation with connecting conjunctions and connecting conjunctions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the conjunction, in the second, no sign is required before the non-repeating conjunction.
Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction). - The author presented the article in a revised form and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction); The work could have been done a long time ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.
3) A comma is not placed before a conjunction and even in the following cases:
A) if it is used in a connecting meaning.
So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);
b) in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to indicate unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
V) in combination no-no yes and:
...No, no, yes, he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).
2. Sometimes connectors can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the connector):
Quite late another guest appeared, in a tailcoat...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, the orderly(Kataev).
Often a dash is used instead of a comma:
We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before - calm, hardworking, modest.
3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting clauses:
No, I him[brownie] haven't seen yeah you can't even see him (Turgenev); I walked in some kind of intoxication, yes and there was a reason (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).
D) Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution
Clarifying, explanatory and connecting structures are adjacent to isolated revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Such phrases consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, over, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:
instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except three people; along with obvious successes.
Revolutions denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects that replace others.
In writing, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:
The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys, and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectations, my grandmother gave me several books(Aksakov).
It should be remembered that highlighting such turns is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to highlight such phrases in meaning and intonation:
At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of an answer, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).
Note!
1) In this kind of turn of phrase excluding, including are prepositions, not gerunds.
2) If an isolated member of a sentence is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated on both sides.
3) The preposition except can have the meaning of inclusion and exclusion.
Wed: Besides the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of the night battle(Leonov) is an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurova, on the plain there is a small village of Voevodino(M. Gorky) - inclusion (on the plain there were both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino).
Typically, turns are isolated regardless of the shades of meaning. However, uncommon phrases with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).
Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table except books(exception).
IN Lately There is a tendency to highlight revolutions with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:
A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:
I couldn't discern anything except for the muddy twisting of the blizzard (Pushkin);
b) if there is a combination in circulation except:
We are evil to no one, except for bears, we don't(Markov).
Please note that the phrase besides in the meaning of “besides” is introductory words, therefore it is always isolated in writing.
4) Phrases with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually added.
Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees near me(Pushkin).
If instead is used to mean “instead”, “for”, then a comma is usually not placed.
He got into the car instead of the driver.
414. Read and indicate the isolated parts of the sentence. Explain punctuation.
1) Dark blue mountain peaks, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn on the pale sky, which still retained the last glow of dawn. 2) Excited by memories, I forgot. 3) Pechorin and I were sitting in a place of honor, and then the owner’s youngest daughter, a girl of about sixteen, came up to him and sang to him. 4) From the corner of the room, two other eyes, motionless, fiery, looked at her. 5) Occasionally a cool wind would blow from the east, lifting the horses’ manes, covered with frost. 6) When I returned, I found a doctor at my place. 7) Contrary to my companion’s prediction, the weather cleared up.
(M. Lermontov)
§ 75. SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS
1. They are isolated and separated in writing by commas.
night and common consensus definitions,
if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example:
1) Tired of a long speech,
I closed my eyes and
fell asleep.(L.); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if in
there is peace in storms.(L.); 3) But you jumped irresistible,
and a flock of ships are sinking.(P.)
Note. From isolated agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles included in the compound nominal predicate, for example: 1) He came especially excited and cheerful.(L. T.); 2) He let's go home sad And tired. (M.G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be placed in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited And cheerful.
2. Isolated and separated in writing by commas
common agreed upon definitions, if they
stand after the noun being defined: 1) Ofie
cer, riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped at
for a second and turned to the right.(Cupr.); 2) Wisps of smoke
flew in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea.
(M. G.) (Wed: 1) Riding on horseback
the officer pulled the brakes
Hey, he stopped for a second and turned to the right.
2) Streams of smoke curled full of moisture and freshness
sea night air- there is no separation, since it is defined
lenias come before modifiable nouns.)
3. Single consistent definitions are isolated
tions, if there are two or more of them and they come after the definition
of the noun being declared, especially if in front of it
there is already a definition: 1) There was a field all around lifeless
new, dull.
(Boon.); 2) Sun, magnificent and bright,
rose above the sea.(M.G.)
Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them, for example: In the forest, an atmosphere awaited Ephraim suffocating, thick, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves. (Ch.) Word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: it is important
not that “an atmosphere awaited” Ephraim, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick”, etc. Cf. one more example: His [the counselor's] face had an expression enough nice, but picaresque (P.), where definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.
4. Agreed definitions placed in front of the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.(Ax); 2) Tired from the day's march, Semyonov soon fell asleep.(Cor.); 3) Still transparent the forests seem to be turning green.(P.); 4) Not cooled down by the heat, The July night shone.(Tyutch.)
5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed in indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this usually happens if they refer to a proper name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrey, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Al-patych.(L. T.); 2) Today she in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful.(M.G.); 3) Elegant officer in a cap with golden oak leaves, shouted something into the megaphone to the captain.(A.N.T.) Compare: The engineer was most dissatisfied with the delay with a thunderous voice, wearing tortoiseshell glasses. (Paust.)
Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated: a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: Boy, cropped, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer.(Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions: Poor guest with torn linen and scratched to the point of bleeding, I soon found a safe corner.(P.)
415. Copy using punctuation marks and explaining their use. Underline separate agreed and inconsistent definitions.
I. 1) Only people who are capable of loving deeply can also experience strong grief; but the same need to love serves as a counteract to grief and heals them. (L.T.) 2) The street leading into the city was free. (N.O.) 3) They entered a narrow and dark corridor. (G.) 4) Lazy by nature, he [Zakhar] was also lazy due to his lackey upbringing. (Hound.) 5) He is passionately devoted to the master, however, it is rare that he does not lie to him about something. (Gonch.) 6) A man of about thirty, healthy, handsome and strong, was lying on a cart. (Cor.) 7) The earth and the sky and the white cloud floating in the azure and the dark forest indistinctly whispering below and the splash of a river invisible in the darkness - all this is familiar - all this is familiar to him. (Cor.) 8) The mother’s more lively and vivid stories made a great impression on the boy. (Cor.) 9) Covered with frost, they [the rocks] went into the unclear illuminated distance, sparkling almost transparent. (Cor.) 10) The frost hit 30, 35 and 40 degrees. Then at one of the stations we already saw mercury frozen in the thermometer. (Cor.) 11) The rusty sedge was still green and juicy, bending towards the ground. (Ch.) 12) A quiet, drawn-out and mournful song, similar to crying and barely perceptible to the ear, was heard from the right, then to the left, then from above, or from under the ground. (Ch.)
13) At the sight of Kalinovich, the footman, rather stupid in appearance but in a livery with braid, stretched out into a duty position. (Letters)
14) Boris couldn’t sleep and he went out into the garden in a light morning coat. (Gonch.) 15) Berezhkova herself was sitting on the sofa in a silk dress with a cap on the back of her head. (Gonch.)
P. 1) His [Werner’s] small black eyes, always restless, tried to penetrate your thoughts. (L.) 2) I have already been given two or three epigrams about me, quite caustic but at the same time very flattering. (L.) 3) Alyosha left his father’s house in a broken and depressed state of mind. (Dev.) 4) Satisfied with the bad pun, he became amused. (L.) 5) He lay pale on the floor. (L.) 6) We went to the exam calm and confident in our abilities. 7) Behind her [the stroller] was a man with a large mustache in a Hungarian coat, quite well dressed for a footman. (L.) 8) About up to
the horns gently leaned against each other, the two willows, old and young, were whispering about something. 9) Gifted with extraordinary strength, he [Gerasim] worked for four. (T.) 10) Just before sunset, the sun came out from behind the gray clouds covering the sky and suddenly, with a crimson light, it illuminated the purple clouds, the greenish sea covered with ships and boats, swaying with an even wide swell, and the white buildings of the city and the people moving along the streets. (L.T.) 11) Life in the city, sleepy and monotonous, went its own way. (Cor.) 12) The river, cluttered with white hummocks, sparkled slightly under the silvery sad light of the moon standing over the mountains. (Cor.) 13) Vanya was still sitting on the radiation bench, serious and calm in his eared hat. (Hare)
416. Read the text, explaining the punctuation of the common definitions highlighted. Write down, making isolated definitions non-isolated and, conversely, non-isolated definitions - isolated. Place punctuation marks.
Traveler, first time traveler V central regions of the high Tien Shan, the beautiful roads are amazing, laid in the mountains. Many cars are moving along mountain roads. Filled with cargo and people
heavy vehicles climb high passes, descend into deep mountain valleys, overgrown with tall grass. The higher we climb into the mountains, the cleaner, cooler the air. Closer to us are the tops of high ridges covered with snow. Road, skirting bare rocks, meanders through a deep hollow. mountain stream, swift and stormy, sometimes it washes away the road, sometimes it gets lost in a deep stone riverbed. Gives a wild, deserted impression stretched along a stormy river deep mountain hollow. Ringing in the wind stalks of dried grass cover the wild steppe. A rare tree is visible on the river bank. Small steppe hares are hiding in the grass, ears flattened, sitting near dug into the ground telegraph poles. A herd of goitered gazelles crosses the road. You can see these far away racing across the steppe light-footed animals. Stopping on the bank of a noisy river, washed away the edge of the mountain road, on the slopes of the mountain you can see a herd of mountain chamois with binoculars. Sensitive animals raise their heads, peering at the road running below.
417. Write it down using punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions.
1) The sky is darkening, heavy and inhospitable it hangs lower and lower above the ground. (Nov.-Pr.) 2) The rain fell slantingly and finely without ceasing. (A.N.T.) 3) Tired, we finally fell asleep. (New.-Pr.) 4) The wind was still blowing strong now from the east. (A.N.T.) 5) He [Telegin] distinguished between these deep sighs a dull grumbling, either dying down or growing into angry ripples. (A.N.T.) 6) Amazed, I think about what happened for some time. (New.-Pr.) 7) I saw a group of rocks above that looked like a deer and admired it. (Przh.) 8) An endlessly long, gloomily cold night was approaching. (New.-Pr.) 9) The entire expanse, thickly filled with the darkness of the night, was in frantic movement. (N.O.) 10) Meanwhile, the frosts, although very light, dried out and colored all the leaves. (Prishv.) 11) A mass of earth, either blue or gray, in some places lay in a humpbacked heap, in some places it stretched in a strip along the horizon. (Hound.) 12) It was a white winter with the harsh silence of cloudless frosts, dense, dense snow, pink frost on the trees (pale) emerald sky, caps of smoke above the chimneys, clouds of steam from instantly opened doors, fresh faces of people and the busy running of chilled horses. (T.) 13) (N..) one beam, (n..) one sound (n.. Penetrated into the office (from) the outside through the window tightly, curtained.. with curtains. (Bulg.) 14) The cathedral courtyard, trampled by thousands of feet, crunched loudly (in)continuously. (Bulg.)
§ 76. CONSTRUCTION OF REVOLUTIONS WITH COMMON
DEFINITIONS EXPRESSED BY PARTICIPLES
AND ADJECTIVES
A participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words must appear before or after the word that refers to: 1) Sound of the sea, coming from below, spoke of peace.(Ch.) Or: Coming from below the sound of the sea spoke of peace(but wrong: “The sound of the sea from below spoke of peace”); 2) Pugachev, true to his promise) was approaching Orenburg.(P.) Or: True to my promise, Pugachev was approaching Orenburg(but not-
correctly: “Faithful Pugachev approached Orenburg to his promise”). Therefore, between the words included in the common definition, there should be no other words that are not related to this definition.
418. Copy and match the data in brackets with the highlighted words
What are the common definitions? Their place (before or after the
dividable word) choose yourself.
1) The road winds between two ruts(overgrown with green roadside grass). 2) Saucers of lilies and threads very graceful (going from them to depth). 3) The sun has set, and the lungs froze in the sky clouds(pink from the sunset). 4) Sounds were coming from somewhere to the right (extremely similar to the crying of a child). 6) Shepherd approaches our fire (spent the night in the mountains). 7) We sailed to fog(covering the coast and sea). 8) In the snow open spaces difficult to determine distance (deceiving to the untrained eye).
419.
Indicate what mistakes were made in the construction of the participle
nyh revolutions. Write it down and make the necessary corrections.
1) In the meadows covered with lush vegetation there were many birds. 2) The novel created by a young author caused lively debate. 3) Residents of the flood-affected village were provided with timely assistance. 4) The driven boat was quickly rushing along the river with waves and wind. 5) From afar, logs floating on the water were visible.
420.
Write it down using punctuation marks. Designate each
house sentence grammatical basis.
It was a warm autumn day and rainy. The spacious perspective that opened up from the elevation where the Russian batteries stood defending the bridge was suddenly covered with a curtain of slanting rain, then suddenly expanded and in the light of the sun, objects as if covered with varnish became visible far away and clearly. A town could be seen underfoot with its white houses and red roofs, a cathedral and a bridge on both sides of which masses of Russian troops were crowding. At the turn of the Danube, ships and an island and a castle with a park were visible, surrounded by the waters of the Ensa confluence with the Danube; the left rocky bank of the Danube, covered with a pine forest, was visible with the mysterious distance of green peaks and blue gorges (?). (L.N. Tolstoy)
§ 77. SEPARATE APPLICATIONS AND ADDITIONS
Applications and their isolation
1.
1. If a single matched application and definition
the noun it divides are common nouns
nominative, then a hyphen is written between them, for example:
1) The street winds like a snake.(Lighthouse.); 2) Grandson-driver from behind ru
La bows to her grandfather.(Tward.) A hyphen is also written in the case
when a common noun comes after a name
own and closely merges with it in meaning, for example:
1) Saratov accordion splashed over the Volga River
suffering.(Marmot.); 2) Vasilisa and Lukerya said that
they saw Dubrovsky and Arkhip the blacksmith a few
minutes before the fire.(P.) But: 1) River
The Volga flows into Kas
Piya Sea; 2) Coachman
Anton and blacksmith Arkhip is missing
no one knows where.(P.)
Note. The hyphen is not used: 1) if the first noun is a generally accepted address (comrade, citizen etc.), for example: Citizen Financial Inspector/ Sorry for disturbing you.(Lighthouse.); 2) if the application preceding the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective, for example: The beautiful dawn lit up in the sky.(Ring.) But: Hippolytus amazed with his extraordinary resemblance to his beautiful sister.(L.T.)
2. Inconsistent attachments (names of newspapers, journals
catch, works of art, enterprises and
etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks, for example: magazine "Sme
on the", watch the ballet "Swan Lake", work for
factory "Firework".
II. 1. The following are isolated and separated in writing by commas:
a) single and common applications, including
referring to a personal pronoun, for example: 1) At the meeting
gah we newspapermen learned a lot of news.(Paust.);
2) So, an indifferent inhabitant of the world, in the lap of idle
silence I glorified with the obedient lyre of dark legend
antiquity.(P.);
b) common applications related to the definition
the word being divided - a common noun,
for example: 1) Eagles, troop companions, rose above the
I'm digging.(P.); 2) Only the feeder is awake, silent northern old man. (CM.); 3) Carrier of swamp moisture, I was overcome by fog.(Her);
c) common and single applications, standing after the defined noun - a proper noun, for example: 1) Onegin, my good friend, born on the banks of the Neva.(P.); 2) The girl Vovnich was sitting nearby, radio operator (Hump.)
Separate applications, similar to the applications given in the last two examples, should be distinguished from non-separate applications, closely related to a proper name, denoting when naming persons their constant, as if an integral attribute: Arkhip the blacksmith, Agafya the housekeeper, Averka the tailor, Dumas the father, Dumas the son(see above, paragraph I, 1).
2. A common application standing before a proper name is isolated when it has an additional connotation of causality (in this case it can be replaced by a phrase with the word being): The theater is an evil legislator, a fickle admirer of charming actresses, an honorary citizen of the backstage, Onegin flew to the theater.(P.) But: Odessa in sonorous verses My friend Tumansky described.(P.)
3. A common application may be separated by a dash instead of a comma: a) if it not only defines the word, but also complements its content: 1) I had a cast iron kettle with me- My only joy is traveling around the Caucasus.(L.); 2) Topolev- a tall, bony old man with a gray-greenish mustache - I didn't say a word the entire evening.(V. Azh.); b) if it is necessary to establish a line between applications and the defined word: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.(Kr.); c) if the application needs to be separated from homogeneous members: On the terrace I saw my grandmother, Nikolai Kuzmich- flatmate, sister Nina and two friends.
4. Applications joined by unions are separated that is, or(in meaning that is), words even, for example, especially, by nickname, by name, including and the like, acting as unions: 1) Father
showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.(Ax); 2) Many people from the last ball are sulking at me, especially the dragoon captain. (L.); 3) I set off with Starostin’s son and another peasant, named Egor, to hunt.(T.); 4) Two hundred yards away Ik was divided into two branches, or duct. (Ax.) Most applications joined by conjunctions have a clarifying meaning (see examples 1, 3, 4). Some are excretory in nature (see example 2).
Note. IN A proper name, placed after a common noun, can also act as a clarifying application, for example: 1) my father(Who exactly?), Andrey Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Minich.(P.); 2) The second boy(namely?), Pavlushi, the hair was tousled.(T.)
5. Applications attached by the union How, separated by commas if they have a causal meaning; if the union How equal in value to the expression as, then there are no commas: 1) Like a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic objects for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry.(White); 2) Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere like a groom. (P.)
421. Read and list attachments. Copy it using missing punctuation marks; Applications underline.
I. 1) The gossip pike was chasing a kumanka carp. (Beetle.) 2) The strength and charm of the taiga is not only in the giant trees. (Ch.) 3) A poor shoemaker lived in a hut. (Kr.) 4) I have a story Snow. (Paust.) 5) He [Chernov] was invariably successful in all enterprises. (M.G.) 6) Ivan Ivanovich and Burkin were met in the house by a young woman’s maid. (Ch.) 7) We most often gathered with Boris Muruzov, a zoologist. (Kupr.) 8) Vasilisa the cook sang on the black porch. (A.N.T.) 9) Prince Andrei’s old uncle Anton dropped Pierre out of the carriage. (L.T.) 10) Nikolushka walked along the soft, crunching pine forest carpet. (A.N.T.) 11) Turgenev’s peers, pupils of the great poet’s school, nurtured by his poetry, we have all retained the charm of his genius forever. (Gonch.) 12) Pushkin, this father of Russian art, had two direct words in his word -
successor Lermontov and Gogol, who gave birth to a whole galaxy of us figures of the 40s, 60s... (Gonch.) 13) As a remarkably smart person, he [Bazarov] has never met his equal. (D.P.) 14) As an artist of words, N.S. Leskov is fully worthy to stand next to such creators of Russian literature as L. Tolstoy, Gogol, Turgenev, Goncharov. (M.G.)
P. 1) A signal lieutenant was sitting with the driver. (K.S.) 2) Nikolai Nikolaevich’s wife, a Frenchwoman, was no less distinguished by her humanity, kindness and simplicity. (Gonch.) 3) I saw Colonel Polyakov, the head of the Cossack artillery, who played an important role that day, and together with him I arrived in the abandoned village. (P.) 4) I slowly walked to the old tavern of an uninhabited, crumbling hut and stood at the edge coniferous forest. (Kupr.) 5) The usual companions of my hunting excursions, foresters Zakhar and Maxim, live here. (Cor.)
6) I am again a cook on the ship “Perm”... Now I am a “black cook” or a “kitchen man”. (M.G.)
7) The dear chef Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Little Bear, is in charge of the kitchen. (M.G.) 8) The girls, especially Katenka, with joyful, enthusiastic faces, look out the window at the slender figure of Volodya getting into the carriage. (L.T.) 9) Her father Platon Polovtsev, an engineer, was an old friend of my father. (A.G.) 10) We hunters find our happiness by the fire. (S.-M.) 11) My second Chadaev, Evgeniy, fearing jealous condemnations, was a pedant in his clothes and what we called a dandy. (P.) 12) This window looked out from the room in which the young first violinist Mitya Gusev, who had just graduated from the conservatory, lived for the summer. (Ch.) 13) The stars of the harbinger of frost appeared in the green sky. (Cupr.)
422. Copy using punctuation marks and explaining their use.
I. 1) Every bird, even a sparrow, attracted my attention. 2) The earliest ripening mushrooms, such as birch and russula, reach full development in three days. 3) The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us on all sides. 4) Uncle Sergei Nikolaevich began to teach me penmanship or calligraphy. 5) Approaching Sergeevka, we again found ourselves in a urema, that is, in a flooded place overgrown with sparse bushes and trees.
6) Father and Yevseich fished out very
there are a lot of very large fish, especially perches and asps.
(From the works of S. Aksakov)
II. 1) A yellow butterfly lemongrass sits on a lingonberry. (Prishv.) 2) In late autumn, the desert steppe comes to life for a short time. (Prishv.) 3) The next morning, I and my artist friend went by boat to Prorva. (Paust).
4) Amazed, he opened his brown eyes wide. (New-Pr.)
5) I am a journalist by nature, a cheerful person. (Prishv.) 6) When Alexey Krasilnikov left the infirmary, he met his fellow countryman Ignat, a front-line soldier. (A.N.T.)
7) At one time a very nice man came to visit the sisters
Tan Roshchin sent to Moscow for sleep
dressing up. (A.N.T.) 8) Poor thing, she lay motionless,
and blood flowed from the wound in streams. (L.) 9) Kyrgyz driver
sits motionless. (Furm.) 10) There was a shaggy man with him
ny dog named Faithful. (A. G.) 11) Member of the expedition
The detachment included Arsenyev, the head of the expedition, Ni
Kolaev economic and organizational assistant
Parts of Gusev are naturalist and geologist Dzyul, journalist.
12) As a sailor, I understand these deadly surges
waves, this clanging of an iron mass trembling and groaning in
wild embrace of the elements. (New-Pr.)
Separating add-ons
Complements consisting of nouns with prepositions except, besides, excluding, apart from, including, over, along with, instead of, are usually separated: 1) Who, except the hunter, Have you experienced how pleasant it is to wander through the bushes at dawn?(T.); 2) Airplane, along with passengers, he also captured the mail; 3) With quick steps I walked through the long “square” of bushes, climbed the hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places to me.(T.) These additions denote items excluded from a number of other items (1st example), items included in such a series (2nd example), items replaced by others (3rd example).
Additions with preposition instead of are not isolated when the preposition instead of used in the meaning for: Nikolay dol-
wife was working in place of an unexpectedly ill man
comrade(for a friend who suddenly fell ill).
423. Copy the sentences, placing punctuation marks and explaining their use. Standalone Add-ons underline.
1) In the dark distance there was nothing but sparkling lights. (Nov.-Pr.) 2) Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me in a deaf and distant side. (P.) 3) Everything around was silent. Not a sound except the sighs of the sea. (M.G.) 4) The entire crew of the ship, including the captain and chief engineer and barman, consisted of eight or nine people. 5) In addition to the pretzel shop, our owner also had a bakery. (M.G.)
6) Father and son, instead of greeting, after a long absence, began to punch each other in the sides and lower back and chest, then retreating and looking back, then advancing again. (G.)
7) The soil of the Suchan Valley, with the exception of the swamps at the mouth of the river, is extremely fertile. (Przh.) 8) Beyond all expectations, the weather was dry and warm throughout October. 9) In the books of V.K. Arsenyev, in addition to vivid artistic sketches, there is also a lot of valuable material about life in the Ussuri region. 10) All material, including traveler’s diaries, is carefully studied. 11) The mood of the crew was higher than usual. (New-Pr.) 12) Everyone except Varya loudly applauded the singers. (Step.) 13) Instead of telling the content of the story, we will present only a short sketch of its main characters. (Good)
§ 78. SEPARATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES
Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds
Continuation
| Separate themselves | Not isolated |
| his. (L.); 2) The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. (New-Pr.); 3) From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, the regiments are moving, swaying and sparkling.(L.) | headlong (very quickly); 2) Let's roll up our sleeves(friendly, persistent). But: The father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly. |
| 2. Single gerunds, if they do not have the meaning of an adverb (usually they come before the verb): 1) Having made some noise, the river calmed down and returned to its banks.(Floor.); 2) The roar, without stopping, rolls on.(CM.); 3) The steppe turned brown and began to smoke, drying out.(V.Sh.) | 2. Single gerunds, having the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as an adverb of the manner of action (usually they come after the verb): 1) Yakov walked slowly(slowly). (M.G.); 2) He talked about the walk laughing(funny). |
| 3. Participles with dependent words, closely merging in meaning with the verb: The old man sat with his head down. What is important here is not that the old man was sitting, but that he was sitting with his head down. | |
| 4. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of an adverb and a gerund: The boy answered questions frankly and without any embarrassment. | |
| Participles and participial phrases connected by a conjunction and 9 like other homogeneous members, they are not separated from each other by a comma: I looked back. At the edge of the forest, a hare was jumping over with one ear attached and the other raised.(L.T.) In all other cases, gerunds and participial phrases are separated by a comma from the conjunction preceding or following them and: 1) The batteries gallop and rattle in copper formation, and the wicks burn, smoking as before a battle.(L.) 2) “Eagle” finally set off, picking up speed, and, having caught up with the squadron, took its place in the ranks.(New-Pr.) |
424. Copy, adding missing punctuation marks. Explain their use in isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds.
1) All these sounds merge into the deafening music of a working day and, swaying rebelliously, stand low in the sky above the harbor. 2) Standing under the steam of heavy giant steamboats, they whistle, hiss, sigh deeply... 3) Six steps away from him [Chelkash], near the sidewalk, on the pavement, leaning his back against the bedside table... Chelkash bared his teeth, stuck out his tongue and made a scary face stared at him with wide eyes. The guy blinked in bewilderment at first, but then suddenly burst out laughing and shouted through his laughter: “Oh, eccentric!” - and almost without getting up from the ground, he awkwardly rolled from his bedside table to Chelkash’s bedside table, dragging his knapsack through the dust and tapping the heel of his scythe on the stones. 4) The guy was scared. He quickly looked around and, blinking timidly, also jumped up from the ground. 5) Chelkash came, and they began to eat and drink while talking. 6) The clouds crawled slowly, either merging or overtaking each other, their colors and shapes interfered, absorbing themselves and re-emerging in new shapes, majestic and gloomy. 7) For a minute the boat shuddered and stopped. The oars remained in the water, foaming it, and Gavrila fidgeted restlessly on the bench. 8) Chelkash stood up from the stern without letting go of the oars and piercing his cold eyes into Gavrila’s pale face. 9) Chelkash’s boat stopped and wavered on the water, as if perplexed. 10) Gavrila silently rowed and, breathing heavily, looked sideways at where this fiery sword was still rising and falling. 11) The sea woke up. It played in small waves, giving birth to them, decorating them with a fringe of foam, pushing them against each other and breaking them into fine dust. 12) The melting foam hissed and sighed, and everything around was filled with musical noise and splashing. 13) Reflected by the playing sea, these stars jumped on the waves, either disappearing or shining again. 14) He walked slowly. 15) The road stretches towards the sea; it twists and turns closer to the sandy strip where the waves rush up.
(From the works of M. Gorky)
425. Write it down using punctuation marks. Separate members
Please underline our proposals.
1) Returning from the review, Kutuzov, accompanied by the Austrian general, went into his office and, calling on the adjutant, ordered to hand over some papers relating to the state of the incoming troops and letters received from Archduke Ferdinant, who commanded the advanced army. (L.T.) 2) Oblomov’s people very simply understood it [life] as an ideal of peace and inaction, disrupted from time to time by various unpleasant accidents such as illness, losses, quarrels and, among other things, labor. (Good) 3) The garden thinned out more and more, turning into a real meadow and descended to the river overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a deep and fishy stretch. (Ch.) 4) On the second day the storm intensified. Whirling below, ragged clouds descended, piled up in clumsy layers in the distance, fell heavily onto the sea and narrowed the horizon, dark as straw smoke; boiling, foaming, the waves rolled in huge mounds across the vast expanse, whistling and howling, rushing like a whirlwind, raising cascades of pearlescent splashes. (New.-Pr.) 5) There were three of us Savely, an old hunter, fat and round like a beehive, Wad, his long-eared dog, who understands hunting as well as his owner, and I was still a teenager at that time. (New.-Pr.) 6) Nikolka, his collar and overcoat buttons shining, walked with his head twisted. (Bulg.)
426. Write it down using punctuation marks. Designate each
the house of the sentence is its grammatical basis.
1) The (un)friendly army was already marching out of the city, rattling timpani and trumpets, and the lords, akimbo, rode out surrounded by (in)numerable servants. (G.) 2) Veretyev s.del leaning over and patting the grass with a branch. (T.) 3) He [Dolokhov] grabbed the bear and, hugging and lifting it, began to circle(?) with it around the room. (L.T.) 4) Dog paper. .re la and the last red label. ,teasingly (not) much faded away on the floor. (Bulg.) 5) Tears appeared on Masha’s eyelashes, she (slowly) wiped ... and propped up her cheek. (A.N.T.) 6) Natasha quietly looked out from her ambush, waiting for what he would do. (L. T.) 7) Vanya in the summer
(tirelessly) he worked in the yard and went to the mill and carried bread. (Seraph.) 8) Having made (several) circles, he [the prince] took his foot off the pedal of the machine.. he wiped the chisel, threw it into the leather pocket attached to the machine and, going up to the table, called his daughter. (L. T.) 9) Prince Andrei, seeing the urgency of his father’s demand (with) began.. (reluctantly) but then more and more excited and (un) freely in the middle of the story, out of habit, switching from Russian to French began to outline the operational plan for the proposed campaign. (L.T.)
427. Write it down using punctuation marks. Orally explain the use of punctuation marks for isolated parts of a sentence.
1) At this hour of the morning I feel uncontrollably sleepy and, snuggling behind my father’s broad back, I nod off. (S.-M.) 2) The song came from somewhere unknown, fading and then growing. (S.-M.) 3) And without fear of me, the little forest birds sat close and sang loudly. (S.-M.) 4) Lying on the bank of a stream, I look into the sky, where a deep, endless expanse opens up above the branches swayed by the wind. (S.-M.) 5) As if emphasizing the frozen stillness of the July day, the forest grasshoppers sing and sing. (S.-M.) 6) Solid milky clouds covered the entire sky; the wind quickly drove them whistling and squealing. (T.) 7) Rudin stood with his arms crossed on his chest and listened with intense attention. (T.) 8) She did all this slowly, without noise, with some kind of tender and quiet caring on her face. (T.) 9) The old man, without saying a word, with a majestic movement of his hand, threw the door key out of the window onto the street. (T.) 10) Another time, Lavretsky, sitting in the living room and listening to Gedeonovsky’s insinuating but heavy rantings, suddenly, without knowing why, he turned around and caught a deep, attentive, questioning look in Lisa’s eyes. (T.)
