Questions:
1. Origin of the Slavic ethnic group
2. Education Old Russian state- Kievan Rus
3. Socio-political system of Kievan Rus
4. Collapse of Kievan Rus
Ethnos- a historically emerged type of stable social grouping of people, represented by a tribe, nationality, or nation. The Slavic ethnos included several peoples. The ancestors of the Slavs - the Proto-Slavs - lived to the east of the Germans, occupied territories from the Elbe and Oder to the Donets, Oka and Upper Volga, from the Baltic Pomerania to the Middle and Lower Danube and the Black Sea.
The lecture will examine in detail the issue of migration and autochthonous theories of the origin of the Slavic ethnic group. In the 6th century, the Eastern Slavs emerged from a single Slavic community. The group of Eastern Slavs included tribal unions: Polyans, Drevlyans, Krivichi, etc.
Until the 6th century, Rus' was not yet a state, but a union of tribes. The Slavs lived in tribal communities, then there was a transition to a territorial (neighborhood) community. Gradually communities grow into cities, to IX century is formed state. There are different points of view on the question of the origin of the state among the Slavs. Authors Norman theory G. Bayer, G. Miller, A. Schletser, formulated in the 18th century, argued that the state of the Slavs was created by the Scandinavian peoples - the Normans or the Varangians. (Russians called the Baltic Sea the Varangian Sea until the 18th century).
Modern historians no longer adhere to such extreme views and admit that the Varangians were indeed the first all-Russian princes, but the state in Rus' began to take shape before the calling of the Varangians.
It is necessary to highlight prerequisites for education Old Russian state: economic - transition to arable farming, separation of crafts from agriculture, concentration of crafts in cities, development of trade; political - the formation of Slavic tribal unions, the need of the tribal nobility for an apparatus to protect their privileges, a sufficient level of military organization, the threat of attack from the outside; social - the change of the tribal community from the neighboring one, the emergence of inequality, the similarity of customs, rituals, psychology, beliefs of Slavic tribes.
The lecture will discuss in detail issues of political and social structure Kievan Rus.
Political system Kievan Rus was characterized by most historians as an early feudal monarchy. The head of the state was the Grand Duke of Kiev. The founder of the dynasty of Kyiv princes was Rurik (862–879). The princes had a squad. The prince ruled with the help of the council of other princes and senior warriors (boyars). This council was called the Boyar Duma. Junior warriors performed the duties of officials. In the cities there was a veche - a way to solve major problems through joint discussion.
The princes of individual lands and other feudal lords were vassals of the Grand Duke. They were obliged to supply the Grand Duke with soldiers and to appear at his request with a squad.
Modern historians believe that Rus' cannot be called either a monarchy or a republic in the modern sense of these concepts. The prince's power was truly great. The princes were the richest people in Rus'; they had enormous fortunes. The princes were respected by the population - when meeting them it was customary to bow to the ground. The princes had sufficient military force, subordinate only to them, which made it possible in some cases to use direct violence against citizens.
However, the Grand Duke of Kyiv cannot be called a real monarch. His power was limited to other representatives of the princely family. Prince of Kyiv, in relation to other representatives of the princely family, was not a monarch, but the eldest in the family. The prince's power was limited to the townspeople. The townspeople, gathering at the meeting, sometimes quite decisively and sharply intervened in inter-princely disputes and relations. The townspeople expelled unwanted princes, and invited those they liked to reign. The princes judged, ruled, led, but only as long as it suited the interests of the community.
Social structure of society. In the cities lived princes, boyars, gridi, firemen, their slaves, clergy, merchants, guests, and artisans. Boyars and gridi formed the basis of the squad. The firemen were in the service of the prince in his courtyard-firehouse. Urban residents also included wealthy people - landowners - who were lower than the boyars.
The main rural population - Smerda farmers - were personally free. They lived separately, were forced to do one kind of work or another and paid tribute to the princes.
Big role in the creation of the state - Kievan Rus played Christianity. The lecture will highlight the reasons and conditions for the adoption of Christianity. Before the adoption of Christianity, the Slavs were pagans. Each tribe had its own gods and patrons. In Rus', new social relations were formed, and social stratification occurred. All this required a new ideology. Paganism, with its equality of people before the forces of nature, could not explain and justify the origin and growth of inequality. The religious reform of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir took place in 2 stages. At the first stage, an attempt was made to unite on the basis of one pagan god - Perun. At the second stage in 988 Christianity was introduced in the Orthodox version. This religion best suited the needs of the state.
With the adoption of Christianity, the Julian calendar was introduced with Roman names of months, a seven-day week and the Byzantine designation of the era: from the creation of the world. Before this, time was calculated in Rus' according to the lunar-solar calendar, which was reflected in the names of the months, and the year began on March 1.
The adoption of Christianity had great importance for Rus': state power and territorial unity of the Old Russian state were strengthened; Kievan Rus became equal to European Christian countries; the new religion has had a positive impact on the economy – growing international trade, agricultural production is developing; the new religion changed the way of life and morals of people; further development received culture. It is also necessary to highlight the negative aspects in the adoption of Christianity - a cult of power was formed, the church became an ideological instrument of the state.
The last great prince of Kyiv was Mstislav (1125–1132).
In the 12th century, after the death of Prince Mstislav, Kievan Rus disintegrated into separate lands and principalities. The lecture will cover factors feudal fragmentation: economic – development of subsistence farming, economic independence of fiefdoms, isolation of fiefdoms and communities, growth and strengthening of cities; political - tribal and territorial conflicts, strengthening the political power of local princes and boyars; foreign economic – eliminating for a time the danger of attack from outside.
For almost the entire 12th century, Russian princes fought for the Kiev throne. In just 30 years since 1146, 28 people have changed on it. This was due to the fact that all Russian princes were relatives; at the end of the 12th century there were about 50 of them. All of them descended from St. Vladimir. There was no state in Europe where all the feudal nobility belonged to one family. This was due to a different principle of inheritance than in Kievan Rus. In Kievan Rus, the “ladder” principle of succession to the grand-ducal throne was dominant, which included two contradictory principles: the Kievan throne was passed from brother to brother, and the eldest brother had the right to occupy it. But, on the other hand, the eldest in age in the clan could also apply for it. This contradiction has repeatedly led to conflict situations.
Period of feudal fragmentation covers in general XII–XV centuries During this period, 3 main political centers were determined: the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, the Galician-Volyn Principality and the Novgorod Feudal Republic. These lands in their development had their own distinctive features, which will be explained in detail at the seminar.
Modern historical science believes that feudal fragmentation in Rus' was a natural result of the development of early feudal society
Historians view the fragmentation of Rus' into independent principalities from two sides. On the one hand, this became a tragedy, weakening Rus' in front of its enemies. But at the same time, during the period of feudal fragmentation, the economic and cultural rise of the Russian lands took place.
From 1243–1246 Mongol rule was established on Russian lands Tatar yoke(oppressive, enslaving force). The term “Tatar yoke” was coined by Russian historians in the 18th and early 19th centuries. This term traditionally refers to the system of exploitation of Russian lands by Mongol-Tatar feudal lords. Sustainable system There was no “yoke” relationship. The Horde's attitude towards the Russian principalities was constantly changing.
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This topic belongs to the section:
Lecture notes on the history of Russia, the origin of the Slavic ethnic group
The origin of the Slavic ethnic group.. the formation of the ancient Russian state of Kievan Rus.. the social and political system of Kievan Rus..
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4. Old Russian state (Kievan Rus): prerequisites for formation, flourishing, reasons for collapse.
The question of the origin of the Old Russian state comes from two main theories: Norman and anti-Norman (Slavic).
The Norman theory was substantiated by Miller and Bayer in the 18th century, supported by Klyuchevsky and Solovyov. The basis for this theory was the message in The Tale of Bygone Years about the Slavs calling the Varangians with their squads to reign in Rus'.
The anti-Norman (Slavic) theory was put forward by Lomonosov in the 18th century and was most fully developed by Academician Rybakov. According to this theory, the origin of Kievan Rus has a southern origin. Evidence: in the region of Kievan Rus the Ros River flows, where the Rossolani tribes lived.
Prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state:
An ethnic community of ancient Russian people speaking the same language.
The desire to join forces in the fight against nomads.
Economic interests of ancient Russian princes along the river route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The unification of the ancient Russian state occurred during the campaign of the Novgorod prince Oleg to Kyiv at the end of the 9th century.
The territorial growth of Kievan Rus' mostly ended by the beginning of the 11th century under Vladimir I.
In the history of the Old Russian state, three stages can be distinguished:
second half of the 9th - 10th centuries. The main content is the unification of the entire ancient Russian nation in a single state, the creation of an apparatus of power and a military organization;
end of the 10th - first half of the 11th century. It was based on a new significant growth in large feudal land ownership, an increase in urban centers, and an increase in the size of the trade and craft population;
second half of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century. It is characterized by the onset of feudal fragmentation and the collapse of Kievan Rus.
In Kievan Rus, the supreme owner of the land was the state. Since the middle of the 12th century, princely, boyar and monastic land ownership has been successfully developing. In parallel to this, there was an increase in the feudal dependence of numerous categories of direct producers: smerds, purchases, rank and file, outcasts. In the X-XI centuries. There was an intensive growth of cities, which became the most important centers of crafts and trade, political and cultural life.
The feudal system existed along with slavery and primitive patriarchal relations. Under Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054), Kievan Rus reached its greatest power. He managed to secure Rus' from Pecheneg raids, strengthen Russian positions in the Baltic states and take possession of the lands east of the Dnieper. Yaroslav became the sovereign prince of Kievan Rus. Under Yaroslav the Wise, Rus' achieved international recognition.
With the development of feudal relations and the strengthening of local political centers, the importance of the Kyiv national state decreased. political center, tendencies towards the isolation of principalities intensified. On the initiative of Vladimir Monomakh, the Lyubech Congress of Princes was convened in 1097, at which it was decided to stop strife and the principle “Let everyone keep his fatherland” was proclaimed. Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav still held power over everyone ancient Russian lands. However, after the death of Mstislav, feudal strife intensified. As a result, the united Old Russian state fell apart into a number of sovereign principalities, and a period of fragmentation, or the appanage period, began.
Historical path from formation to collapse of the Old Russian stateEastern Slavs passed in three centuries. The unification of scattered Slavic tribes by Prince Rurik in 862 gave a powerful impetus to the development of the country, which reached its peak in the middle XI century. But after a hundred years, instead of a powerful state, dozens of independent, small principalities were formed. Period XII - XVI centuries gave rise to the definition of “Appanage Rus'”.
The beginning of the collapse of a single state
The heyday of the Russian state occurred during the reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise. He, like his predecessors of the Rurik family, did a lot to strengthen external relations, increase borders and state power.
Kievan Rus was actively involved in trade affairs and developed handicraft and agricultural production. Historian N.M. Karamzin wrote: “ Ancient Russia buried her power and prosperity with Yaroslav.” Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054, this date is considered the beginningcollapse of the Old Russian state.
Lyubechsky Congress of Princes. Trying to stop the decay
From that moment on, strife for power broke out between the heirs of the princely throne. His three sons entered into the dispute, but the younger Yaroslavichs, the prince’s grandchildren, did not lag behind them. This happened at the time when the Polovtsians first raided Rus' from the steppes. The princes, at war with each other, sought to achieve power and wealth at any cost. Some of them, hoping to receive rich inheritances, entered into agreements with enemies and brought their hordes to Rus'.
Some princes saw the fatality of the feud for the country, one of whom was Yaroslav’s grandson Vladimir Monomakh. In 1097, he convinced his princely relatives to meet in the city of Lyubech, on the Dnieper, and agree on the rule of the country. They managed to divide the lands among themselves. Having kissed the cross in fidelity to the agreement, they decreed: “Let the Russian land be a common fatherland, and whoever rises up against his brother, we will all rise up against him.” But the agreement did not last long: one of the brothers blinded the other, and anger and mistrust flared up in the family with renewed vigor. The congress of princes in Lyubech actually opened a wide path for the collapse of the Old Russian state, giving it the legal force of the agreement.
Further fragmentation of the state
Nothing was holding back the decay anymoreOld Russian state, for centuriesleaving in an era of political disunity. Scientists call it the period of specific, or feudal, fragmentation.
Fragmentation, according to historians, was a natural stage in the development of the Russian state. In Europe, no country could avoid this during the period of early feudalism. The power of the prince at that time was weak, the functions of the state were insignificant, and the desire of the growing rich landowners to strengthen their appanage power and break from obedience to centralized rule was understandable.
Events accompanying the collapse of the Old Russian state
The scattered Russian lands, with little connection with each other, conducted a subsistence economy, sufficient for their own consumption, but not capable of ensuring the unity of the state. The decline in global influence coincided with the timing Byzantine Empire, which weakened and soon ceased to be a major center. Thus, the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which allowed Kyiv to carry out international relations for many centuries, also lost its significance.
Kievan Rus united several dozen tribes with difficult relationships within the genus. In addition, the raids of nomads also made their life more difficult. To escape, people left their habitable places for sparsely populated lands and set up their homes there. This is how the distant northeastern part of Rus' was settled, which led to an increase in the territory of the state and the loss of influence of the Kyiv prince on them.
The emergence of private feudal land ownership also contributed to the generation of feudal fragmentation and the collapse of the Old Russian state intoindependent lands. The warriors, who often received payment for their service from the prince in the form of land plots or simply took them away from the weaker ones, began to settle down on the land. Large feudal estates - boyar villages - appeared, and the power and influence of their owners grew. The presence of a large number of such properties becomes incompatible with a state with a large territory and a weak administrative apparatus.
The reasons for the collapse of the Old Russian state briefly
Historians call the fragmentation of Rus' into small appanage principalities a process that was natural in those conditions.
There is a disconnect between Slavic tribes and the superiority of subsistence farming sufficient to support the community.
The emergence of new, rich and influential feudal lords, an increase in princely-boyar land ownership, who did not want to share power and income with Kiev.
Increasing struggle between numerous heirs for power and land.
Migration of tribal communities to new distant lands due to robberies of nomads, removal from Kyiv, loss of contact with it.
The loss of world dominance by Byzantium, the decrease in trade turnover on the trade route to it, the weakening of Kyiv’s international relations.
The emergence of new cities as centers of appanage principalities, the growth of their importance against the background of the weakening of the power of Kyiv.
Consequences of the collapse of Rus'
Consequences of the collapse of the Old Russian stateare both positive and negative character. Positive consequences include:
the emergence and flourishing of cities in numerous principalities;
searches for trade routes to replace the Byzantine one, which had lost its former importance;
preservation of a single spirituality, religion, as well as cultural traditions Russian people.
The negative consequences of this event are:
incessant princely wars among themselves;
dividing land into small plots in favor of all heirs;
decreased ability to defend oneself, lack of unity in the country.
Significant Negative consequences had a most serious impact on the life of the Old Russian state during the period of collapse
. But scientists do not consider it a retreat back in the development of Rus'.Some specific centers
In that historical period the power of Kyiv and its importance as the first city of the state, gradually declining, comes to naught. Now it is just one of the large Russian cities. At the same time, the importance of other lands and their centers is growing.
The Novgorod land was the first to emerge from the rule of the Grand Duke. The structure of administration of the estate that developed there is called by historians a feudal republic. The local residents themselves called their state “Mr. Veliky Novgorod.” The highest power here was represented by the people's assembly - the veche, which removed unwanted princes, inviting others to rule.
Mongol invasion
Nomadic Mongol tribes united at the beginning of the 12th centurycentury Genghis Khan, invaded the territory of Rus'.Collapse of the Old Russian Stateweakened him, making him a desirable prey for invaders.
For many centuries, Mongol-Tatar rule was established in Rus'.
The Old Russian state was formed as a result of a long process of development of the East Slavic tribes. In the IX - X centuries. Eastern Slavs occupied large territories of the East European Plain and at the end of the 9th century united into a relatively unified public education.
The prerequisites for this unification were: 1) the ethnic community of the Old Russian people speaking the same language; 2) the desire to unite forces in the fight against the nomads and Byzantium; 3) the economic interests of the Old Russian princes along the river route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”
In the history of the Old Russian state, three stages can be distinguished: 1) Second half of the 9th - 10th centuries. The main content is the unification of the entire ancient Russian people into single state, creation of an apparatus of power and military organization; 2) end of the 10th - first half of the 11th century. It was based on a new significant growth in large feudal land ownership, an increase in urban centers, and an increase in the size of the trade and craft population; 3) second half of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century. It is characterized by the onset of feudal fragmentation and the collapse of Kievan Rus.
The unification occurred as a result of the campaign of the Novgorod prince Oleg (879 - 912) against Kyiv, which he captured in 882, and his subjugation of a number of other East Slavic principalities (Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi). Oleg's successor Igor (912 - 945) conquered the streets and Tivertsy, and also again subjugated the Drevlyans, who separated from Kyiv after Oleg's death. Svyatoslav (965 - 972) and Vladimir (978 - 1015) carried out campaigns against the Vyatichi, the last of the Slavic tribes who had retained their independence by that time. During these conquests The old tribal division was eliminated and the territory of the Old Russian state was formed.
Kievan Rus retained the features of the early feudal monarchy with significant elements of the tribal system that preceded it. The head of the monarchy was the prince. The Kiev prince was a suzerain, he provided assistance to local princes, who pledged to be “in obedience” to him, to field an army at his call, and to transfer to him part of the collected tribute. Despite his significant social weight, the prince still did not become a true sovereign.
At the local level, along with the princely administration, there were elements of local self-government of cities and communities - elected elders, the people's militia - “a thousand”.
The army of the Old Russian state consisted of princely and boyar squads and people's militia(warriors). The prince's squad was divided into senior and junior (“youths”). The militia was made up of townspeople and smerds (peasants - community members in the 9th-14th centuries).
In the X-XI centuries. There was an intensive growth of cities, which became the most important centers of crafts and trade, political and cultural life.
With the development of feudal relations and the strengthening of local political centers, the importance of the Kyiv national political center decreased, and tendencies towards the isolation of principalities intensified. Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125) and his eldest son Mstislav (1125 - 1132) still held power over all ancient Russian lands. However, after the death of Mstislav, feudal strife intensified. As a result, the united Old Russian state fell apart into a number of sovereign principalities, equal in scale to Western European kingdoms. Of these, the most powerful were the Vladimir-Suzdal principality in the northeast, the Galician-Volyn principality in the west and the Novgorod land in the north of Rus'.
According to some researchers, in the 9th century. It was not the ancient Russian early feudal state that was formed, but an East Slavic tribal union led by the Polyan tribe. At the end of the 10th – beginning of the 11th century. under the influence of the decomposition of the tribal system, it broke up into urban volosts (lands), which are usually called principalities.
Some are inclined to argue that it was not the collapse of the ancient Russian state that occurred, but its transformation into a kind of federation of principalities.
The period of feudal fragmentation lasted in Russia from the 12th to the end of the 15th century. and was accompanied by the emergence of new principalities. If in the middle of the 12th century. there were 15 principalities, and at the beginning of the 13th century. - about 50, then in the 14th century - about 250.
The Khazar Khaganate is a Turkic early feudal state formation that arose in the middle of the 8th century. in the lower Volga region and in the eastern part of the North Caucasus.
The capital of the Kaganate was Itil, the largest international city on the Volga. The city of Sarkel, built in the 30s, was also important. 9th century in the lower reaches of the Don, Belenger, Selgender, Sur and others.
Sources reflecting the life of the Khazars allow us to speak about developed feudalism in the Kaganate. Along with agricultural and livestock farming, crafts and trade, important items of income for the feudal nobility were duties and tributes collected from trade caravans passing through the lands of the Kaganate and from neighboring, weaker peoples.
Since the time of the first chroniclers, it has been customary to evaluate the role of the Khazars in the history of Rus' only negatively. However, the stable political unification of the Khazars was a reliable shield for the Russian lands from the nomads breaking through into the southern Russian steppes.
In the Middle Volga in the lower reaches of the Kama at the turn of the 9th - 10th centuries. Another early feudal state arose - Volga Bulgaria.
After the defeat of the Khazars from Kievan Rus, the state of the Volga Bulgars becomes economically and politically free from the Khazar Kaganate.
Since the 10th century. There is an intensive development of feudal relations in the country. Feudal castles arose, around which open settlements with a dependent rural population were located.
The capital of the state in the 10th century. becomes the city of Bulgar. But soon the capital was moved to the specially built and safer city of Bilyar. (During the Mongol invasion, Bilyar was completely destroyed and was never restored. From the middle of the 13th century until 1431, the capital of Bulgaria was again the city of Bulgar.) The main type of economy in the state from the moment of its formation became highly developed agriculture. The monumental architecture of the Volga Bulgars is widely known: palaces, mosques, minarets, mausoleums, courts of justice, public baths.
In addition to architecture and construction, iron processing, blacksmithing and weapons crafts, woodworking, copper and bone crafts, spinning and weaving, ceramic production, stone carving, and jewelry developed.
By the end of the pre-Mongol era, the state and ethnic borders of Volga Bulgaria expanded significantly. The main territory occupied by the indigenous Bulgarian population reached 140 thousand square meters by this time. km. The state borders of Bulgaria significantly exceeded this territory, although they were very vague. Under the political protectorate of the Volga Bulgaria were the ancient Mari, Udmurts, Eastern Mordovians, and Western Bashkirs.
4. Relations between Rus' and neighboring states and peoples.
The early feudal states that arose on the territory of Russia were in close relationships with many countries and were closely connected with each other.
Speaking about the relationship between Rus' and the Khazar Kaganate, it is necessary to emphasize that the Kyiv Grand Dukes until the 11th century. used the Turkic title kagan (king).
The Khazar cities of Itil on the Volga and Sarkel on the Don were huge markets where Asian merchants traded with European ones. Under the cover of Khazar power, Russian merchants traded with the Arab East and Central Asia.
Historical science has a wealth of material on the exceptionally wide development of trade between Kievan Rus and Volga Bulgaria. Silver came from Bulgaria to the Middle and Upper Kama region. Bulgarian jewelry discovered in Kyiv, Smolensk, Ryazan, Vladimir and other Russian lands. Traces of the Bulgars themselves were found in the vicinity of Murom, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, and Beloozero.
It should be noted that the relationship between Russia and Volga Bulgaria was basically good neighborly, especially in the 10th - 11th centuries, as evidenced by peace treaties 985 and 1006 With the separation of Rostov-Suzdal land in the 30s. XII century they intensified, and the second half of the century, when Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky ruled (1157 - 1174), was marked by a series of his aggressive campaigns against both Russian cities and the Bulgars. Volga Bulgaria served as a serious obstacle to the active advance of the Russian princes in the eastern direction.
Thus, the formation of early feudal states was the result of all previous socio-economic and political development peoples living in most of of Eastern Europe. There was a significant increase in the economy, high level These peoples achieved cultural development. In general, states sought to maintain contractual, good-neighborly relations among themselves.
We present to your attention test tasks on the history of Russia 6th grade to the textbook by A.A. Danilov, L.N. Kosulina on the topic: “Ancient Russian state in IX first half XII century":
Test 1. Ancients on the territory of our country
Test 2. Formation of states
Test 3. Eastern Slavs
Test 4. Prerequisites for the creation of a state among the Eastern Slavs
Test 5. Formation of the Old Russian state
Test 6. The reign of Prince Vladimir
Test 7. The rise of the Old Russian state
Test 8. Residents of Ancient Rus'
Test 9. The beginning of the collapse of the Old Russian state
Test 10. Culture of Rus' IX - early XII.
Test 11. Final test on the topic “The ancient Russian state in the 9th and first half of the 12th century.”
Tasks of basic and advanced levels of difficulty are offered: parts A, B, C. 7-15 minutes are allotted for completing thematic tests, and 40-45 minutes for the final tests. I consider the use of tests expedient, since it is necessary to prepare students for passing the State Examination and the Unified State Examination in the history of Russia.
Answers in Part A are worth 1 point. If you need to select several answers, then points are calculated depending on the number of correct answers: 3 answers 3 points,
2 answers 2 points, 1 answer 1 point, no answer 0 points.
Part B tasks can be scored 1 point for the entire answer, and if the answer consists of several parts, then 1 point for each part.
When assessing student work, it is necessary to use a flexible knowledge assessment system, because everyone has the right to make mistakes:
80% of the maximum score score “5”
60-80% - rating “4”
40-60% - score “3”
0 40% - score “2”
To prepare this material, the following work was used: Testing and measuring materials. Russian history. 6th grade. / Comp. K.V. Volkova. - M.: VAKO, 2011./
Option 1
Al. What was the reason for the strife between the sons of Yaroslav the Wise?
1) different religions of the princes 2) the desire to receive the title of Kyiv prince
3) the will left by Prince Rurik 4) attacks by the Polovtsians
