Quotes can decorate the text, confirming or revealing more widely the idea expressed by the author, therefore, they are probably willingly used both in journalism and in scientific works. But sometimes introducing a quotation into a text can cause difficulties in terms of punctuation.
In this article we will try to remember the rules for formatting quotes for different ways of including them in the text. Let us remember what punctuation marks need to be used in this case, as well as ways to highlight some words in the quoted passage.
What is a quotation: exampleA quotation is a verbatim reproduction of what was said, while being inextricably linked in meaning to the text in which the passage is included.
Old age is, first of all, experience accumulated throughout life. As the great Faina Ranevskaya once said: “Memories are the wealth of old age.”
Combining several passages from different parts of the work in one quotation is not allowed. They should be formatted as different quotations. An obligatory requirement is the presence of an indication of its source.
If the passage you quote does not begin at the beginning of the original sentence, then an ellipsis is placed there in the quotation. This sign is also placed in place of all missing words in the passage.
“... An intelligent person knows how to get out of a difficult situation, but a wise person never gets into it,” Ranevskaya emphasized. 
In this article we will not talk about how a bibliographic footnote is formatted, but we will discuss the ways in which the author or source of what is cited is indicated. Good manners require you to do this every time you use someone else's thoughts.
“Incompetent people have a tendency to reach categorical and categorical conclusions” (David Dunning).
Please note that in this version there is no period after the quotation; it is placed only after the link! By the way, if the first word in brackets indicating the source is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.
“Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions” (from an article by psychologist David Dunning).
If the formatting of quotations in the text requires the name of the author or their source to be placed on another line, then they are written without parentheses or other punctuation marks. And after the quote itself there is a period or any necessary sign.
Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions.
David Dunning
The same rule applies to epigraphs. 
If the passage cited as a quotation contains author’s emphases, they are preserved in the same form as in the original source. The design of citations does not require special emphasis on the fact that these marks belong to the author. In cases where the citing person wants to highlight something, he must make an appropriate footnote. To do this, indicate in brackets: “my italics” or “emphasized by me” - and put initials.
A. Startsev spoke about the writer O. Henry: “Endowed by nature with the rare gift of seeing the funny..., he encountered the tragic in life..., but in most cases I preferred to remain silent about it(my italics - I.I.).”
“The literary tradition that unites their names (Gogol and Ostrovsky - I.I.) is significant. After all, Ostrovsky was initially perceived as a direct successor of Gogol’s work...” 
Quotations can be introduced into a sentence as direct speech. In these cases, punctuation marks in Russian are placed in the same way as when highlighting direct speech.
I. Zakharov emphasizes: “Ranevskaya handed down cruel rulings to others that looked like court decisions. But she didn’t spare herself either.”
In cases where the quote must be separated by the words of the author, it looks like this:
“His Majesty remains completely confident,” wrote A.S. Pushkin A.Kh. Benkendorf, - that you will use your excellent abilities to pass on to posterity the glory of our Fatherland ... "
If the quotation is an addition, or it is included in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, then no signs other than quotation marks are placed, and the quotation itself begins with a small letter, even if in the source it was written with a capital letter:
At one time, the philosopher J. Locke said that “there is nothing in the intellect that is not in feeling.” 
Separately, you need to consider the design of a quotation in a letter in situations where it is necessary to decide on the punctuation marks at the end of it - before and after the quotation marks.
- If the quoted phrase ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark, then they are placed before the quotation marks:
Katharine Hepburn exclaimed: “By obeying all the rules, you deprive yourself of many pleasures!”
- And in a situation where there are no signs before the quotation marks in the quotation, a period is placed at the end of the sentence, but only after them:
Ranevskaya lamented: “85 years with diabetes is not sugar.”
- If the quotation is part of a subordinate clause, then a period should be placed after the quotation marks, even if there is already an exclamation mark, a question mark or an ellipsis before them:
Marlene Dietrich rightly believed that “tenderness is a better proof of love than the most passionate vows...”. 
If a quotation is placed after a colon, then you need to pay attention to what letter it began with in the original source. If it is with a lowercase letter, then the quote is written with a small letter, only an ellipsis is placed before the text:
Describing A.S. Pushkina, I.A. Goncharov emphasized: “...in the gestures accompanying his speech there was the restraint of a secular, well-bred man.”
If the quoted passage begins with a capital letter, then the quotations are formatted in the same way as in direct speech - with a capital letter after the colon.
V. Lakshin wrote about A.N. Ostrovsky: “Many things continue to sound in these plays with living joy and pain, echoing in our soul.”
Some more nuances of noting quotesHow to indicate a quotation if you only need to quote one word or phrase? In such cases, the given word is enclosed in quotation marks and introduced into the sentence with a small letter:
V. Lakshin emphasized that the faces in Ostrovsky’s comedies are historically accurate and “ethnographically vivid.”
In situations where the original source of the quotation is not freely available (there is no translation into Russian or this is a rare publication), then when quoting you should indicate: “cit. By". 
Formatting quotations requires not only compliance with the rules of punctuation, but also a correct attitude towards the quoted text. On the part of the author of the article in which these passages are given, only a few deviations from their original state are allowed:
- the use of modern spelling and punctuation, if the manner of writing and placement of characters is not a sign of the author’s individual style;
- restoration of abbreviated words, but with the obligatory enclosing of the added part in square brackets, for example, sv-vo - svo [oyst]vo;
- the design of quotations also allows for the omission of individual words in them, with the location of the omission indicated by an ellipsis, if this does not distort the general meaning of the quoted passage;
- When including individual phrases or words, you can change their case so as not to disrupt the syntactic structure of the phrase in which they are included.
If the author needs to further express his attitude to the quoted passage or to some of its words, he, as a rule, places a question mark or exclamation mark enclosed in parentheses after them. 
For an author writing a scientific or literary work, a quotation is a convincing and economical technique that allows you to present facts to the reader, generalize them and, of course, confirm your idea with reference to authoritative sources.
In non-scientific texts, quotation is often a means of emotional impact. But we must not forget that the passage quoted must be conveyed accurately. Indeed, even in the definition of the concept “quote” it is emphasized that this is a verbatim excerpt from a text. And from this it follows that not only the text itself, but also the punctuation marks that the author has, as well as the emphasis that he has, must be reproduced without distortion.
And this can equally be attributed to both official documents and emotional excerpts from fiction. Only by remembering this can you fully understand what a quote is. An example of respect for the quoted material is, first of all, respect for the author who wrote the lines you quote.
A quotation is a statement given in whole or in part from the author’s text (scientific, fiction, journalistic, etc. literature or report) indicating the author or source.
Quotations are formatted in the following ways:
1. Sentences with direct speech.
The quotation as direct speech can be given in full. not completely. not from the beginning of the sentence.
1) The quoted sentence or part of the text is given in full.
For example: Pushkin noted: “Chatsky is not a smart person at all - but Griboyedov is very smart.”
2) The quote is not given in full(not from the beginning or not to the end of the sentence, or with part of the text thrown out in the middle); in this case, the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which may be enclosed in angle brackets (as is customary when citing scientific literature).
For example: Gogol wrote: “Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon... this is Russian man in his development, in which he may appear in two hundred years.”
3) The quotation may not be given from the beginning of the sentence.
For example: Pisarev wrote: “...the beauty of language lies in its clarity and expressiveness.” Or “...The beauty of language lies in its clarity and expressiveness,” wrote Pisarev.
2. Sentences with indirect speech.
A quotation can be framed not as direct speech, but as a continuation of a sentence or an isolated component of the text.
For example: Gogol wrote that “at the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns on me.”
A.P. Chekhov emphasized that “... an idle life cannot be pure.”
“Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery” (Pushkin).(The last example is an isolated component of the text, so after the quotation the author's name is given in parentheses.)
3. Sentences with introductory words.
For example: According to A. M. Gorky, “art should ennoble people.”
Quotes are often used to express ideas more clearly.
For example: You need to be attentive to the language, to combinations of words, to the text you are reading. This enriches speech. The famous Russian poet V. Bryusov vividly said about this:
Perhaps everything in life is just a means
For brightly melodious verses,
And you from a carefree childhood
Look for combinations of words.
Quotations from poems are not enclosed in quotation marks as long as the poetic line is followed.
Quote as a continuation of a sentenceA poetic quotation can be framed without quotation marks, but with a red line and compliance with the poetic lines.
For example:
May you be blessed forever,
What has come to flourish and die.
PUNCTUAL MARKS FOR QUOTESThe quotation is in quotation marks.
If the quote stands with the author's words and represents an independent sentence, then it is formatted as direct speech in quotation marks in one of its possible positions in relation to the author’s words: in the position after the author’s words, before them, the author’s words inside the quotation, etc.
For example: Belinsky wrote: “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him.”
“A children's poet must be an intelligent person, like an adult, and a very naive, spontaneous person, like a child! "- wrote S. Marshak.
“Someone else’s bread is bitter,” says Dante, “and the steps of someone else’s porch are heavy” (P.).
If the quotation is syntactically related to the words of the author, that is, forms a subordinate clause with them, then the first word of the quotation is written with a lowercase letter: Belinsky wrote that “nature creates man, but society develops and forms him.”
If the quote is not given in full, then at the place of the gap (at the beginning, middle or end of the quotation) an ellipsis is placed. In this case, the first word of the quotation at the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter, even if in the source it begins with a lowercase letter.
For example: “...The steps of someone else’s porch are heavy,” says Dante. Compare: K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote: “Music is a strong stimulation, a powerful weapon, like medicine. It can both poison and heal.” – K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote that “music... can both poison and heal.” – K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote that “music is a strong stimulation, a powerful weapon...”.
Quotes consisting of several paragraphs, are quoted only once, not before each paragraph.
For example: In the story “River Floods” K. G. Paustovsky wrote:
“There is such inner self-confidence when a person can do anything.
He can almost instantly write such poems that descendants will repeat them for several centuries.
He can contain in his mind all the thoughts and dreams of the world in order to distribute them to the first people he meets and not regret it for a minute.”
If the sentence ends with a quote and at the end of the quotation there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark, then after them quotation marks and a period are placed.
For example: In one of his articles, A. M. Gorky wrote that “Rudin is Bakunin, Herzen, and partly Turgenev himself...”.
Of course, there are skeptics who believe that “as I said, so okay. They will understand anyway! "
If the author emphasizes individual words of the quote to enhance their meaning (in print these words are highlighted in a special font), he stipulates this in a note, enclosing it in brackets and indicating his initials, preceded by a dash.
For example: (our italics - N.V.), (underlined by us - N.V.), (emphasized by us - N.V.).
Such a note is placed either immediately after the corresponding place in the quotation, or at the end of the quotation, or at the end of the page in the form of a footnote (footnote).
For example: O. Balzac argued that “where everyone is hunchbacked, a beautiful figure becomes ugliness” (emphasis added - N.V.).
When quoting a poetic text in compliance with the lines and stanzas of the original, quotation marks are usually not used.
For example: We remember well the wonderful words of A. S. Pushkin about autumn:
It's a sad time! Ouch charm!
I am pleased with your farewell beauty -
I love the lush decay of nature,
Forests dressed in scarlet and gold...
Epigraph Also usually not enclosed in quotes. In this case, a link to the author is given without brackets below the epigraph on the right.
For example, the epigraph to K. G. Paustovsky’s story “The Golden Rose” is formatted as follows:
Golden Rose
If after a poetic quotation the prose text continues, then a dash is placed at the end of a poetic line :
Tatyana's husband, so beautifully and so completely described from head to toe by the poet with these two verses:
...And everything above
He raised both his nose and his shoulders
The general who came in with her -
Tatyana's husband introduces Onegin to her as his relative and friend (Bel.). Words Tatiana's husband are repeated in order to connect the second part of the author’s words with the first.
If the quoter inserts his own text into the quote, explaining the sentence or individual words in it, That This explanation is in square brackets .
For example: And her [mermaid’s] hair is green, like your hemp (T.).
At abbreviation of quotation, which already has ellipses that perform certain functions inherent to them, an ellipsis placed by the author quoting the text, indicating an abbreviation of the quotation, enclosed in angle brackets .
For example: In L. N. Tolstoy’s diary we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings. For her, like all women, feeling prevails, and every change occurs, perhaps, independently of the mind, in feeling... Maybe Tanya is right that this will pass by itself little by little.”
Foreign words are highlighted in quotation marks, included in the author's text, when their affiliation with another person is indicated.
For example: Pasternak’s struggle for the “unheard-of simplicity” of poetic language was a struggle not for its intelligibility, but for its primordiality, originality - the absence of poetic secondaryity, primitive traditionality... (D. S. Likhachev).
Foreign-style words are highlighted in quotation marks, emphasizing the ironic meaning of the word, indicating the double meaning of the word or a meaning known only to the one to whom the words are addressed, as well as words used in a special, often conventional meaning.
For example: ...Many pages of the English classic novel are “bursting” with the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth (M. Urnov); After all, the zero cycle is a “dust-free” cycle; it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers (Deputy).
It is highlighted in quotation marks. purely grammatical unusual use of words when parts of speech or entire phrases that are not intended to express these functions are used as members of a sentence.
For example: His friendly “I was waiting for you” made her cheerful (B.P.); "Want? ", "Come on" sounded in my ears and produced some kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonechka (L.T.).
For example: “To think broadly pedagogically means to see an educational meaning in any social phenomenon” (Yu. Azarov. Learning in order to teach // New World. 1987. No. 4. P. 242).
If a quote ends with a question or exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, then these marks retain their place and appear before the closing quotation mark.
For example: “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world...” (A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. P. 5).
Usually, when laying out texts for the web, not enough attention is paid to the formatting of quotations. Trying to correct this annoying misunderstanding, we will touch upon two issues: the typographic design of quotes (in the part where layout errors are most often made) and the implementation of this design in HTML code.
We will also not touch upon the issues of checking the semantic accuracy of citations, the correct use of cuts, abbreviations and additions - the “Handbook of Publisher and Author” by A.E. Milchin and L.K. Cheltsova awaits all those interested.
We hope that this post will be convenient to use as a reference for frequently encountered issues of citation formatting.
Typographic design of quotationsQuotes Quotes inside the text, typed in the same way as the main text, are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is highlighted in color, font size, a different font, italics, or the quotation is placed in a separate graphically highlighted block of text, then quotation marks are not placed. Also, quotation marks are not used to highlight epigraphic quotes unless they are accompanied by unquoted text.Quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and end of a quotation, regardless of the size of the quotation or the number of paragraphs in it.
Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks of the same design as those used as main ones in the main text - in the vast majority of cases these are herringbone quotation marks “ ”.
If there are words (phrases, phrases) inside the quotation, in turn enclosed in quotation marks, then the latter should be of a different design than the quotation marks that close and open the quotation (if the outer quotation marks are Christmas trees “ ”, then the internal ones are paws “ “, and vice versa ). For example: Vasily Pupkin said in a recent interview: “The Pupstroytrest company took an honorable six hundred and twelfth place in the ranking of construction companies in Zaporozhye.”
If in a quotation there are quotation marks of the “third stage”, that is, inside the phrases of the quotation enclosed in quotation marks there are, in turn, words taken in quotation marks, the quotation marks of the second picture, that is, paws, are recommended as the latter. Example from Milchin and Cheltsova: M. M. Bakhtin wrote: “Trishatov tells the teenager about his love for music and develops the idea of the opera for him: “Listen, do you like music?” I really love... If I were composing an opera, then, you know, I would take the plot from Faust. I really love this topic." But in general, it is better to try to rearrange the formatting of the quotation so that such cases do not arise.
Punctuation marks after a quotation at the end of a sentence If a sentence ends with a quotation, then a period is always put after closing quote. The period is not put in the following cases.Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a bluer and fresher morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
If there are no punctuation marks at the break in the quotation, or the break occurs at the site of a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the quoting words are separated on both sides by a comma and a dash “, -” (do not forget that there must be a non-breaking space before the dash! ).
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I have become incapable of noble impulses... | “I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “... My heart is turning into stone,” Pechorin concludes hopelessly, “and nothing will warm it up again.” |
| Too one-sided and strong an interest excessively increases the stress of human life; one more push and the person goes crazy. | “Too one-sided and strong interest excessively increases the tension of human life,” reflects D. Kharms, “one more push, and the person goes crazy.” |
| The goal of every human life is one: immortality. | “The goal of every human life is one,” writes D. Kharms in his diary, “immortality.” |
| Genuine interest is the main thing in our life. | “Genuine interest,” says D. Kharms, “is the main thing in our lives.” |
| In the source | In text with quote |
| I sometimes despise myself... is that not why I despise others?.. I have become incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself. | “I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...” |
| ...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. | “...Forgive me love! - Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart turns to stone...” |
| This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice... | “This is some kind of innate fear, an inexplicable premonition... - Pechorin is looking for an explanation. “After all, there are people who are unconsciously afraid of spiders, cockroaches, mice...” |
So, to highlight quotes, two elements are used: block blockquote and inline q . Additionally, the cite inline element is used to describe the source from which the quotation was taken. Please note that cite is used only and is necessary to indicate a link to the source; the quote itself is not included inside the cite element!
According to the HTML 4.01 specification, the blockquote and q elements can use the attributes cite="…" , which points to the URL where the quote was taken from (not to be confused with a separate cite element), and title="…" , whose contents will be floated as a tooltip when hovering over the quote with the mouse.
Unfortunately, browsers don't yet handle these HTML elements very well. Thus, the cite="..." attribute is not rendered by any browsers at all. In order to get around this flaw, there is a script by Paul Davis that displays a tooltip in a separate layer with the link specified in the cite attribute.
The second global flaw related to the display of inline quotes is associated (surprise, surprise!) with the Internet Explorer family of browsers. Again, according to the specification, the document author should not type quotes when using the q element. Quotes must be rendered by the browser, and in the case of nested quotes, they must also be rendered with a different image. Okay, let's say Opera doesn't comply with the last requirement, and nested quotes have the same quotation marks. But IE up to version seven inclusive does not render them at all!
In addition, IE does not understand the CSS properties quotes , before , after and content , which, the bastard, completely buries hopes of solving the problem with the help of semantically correct layout using CSS.
This problem can be solved in several ways:
- using the proprietary behavior CSS property (Paul Davies's solution), which triggers JavaScript to place quotes in IE, with the nested quotes pattern alternating;
- using conditional comments, simply executing JavaScript when the page loads (Jez Lemon's solution from Juicy Studio), while the nested quotes pattern is constant;
- or by nulling quotes in CSS using the quotes property and placing quotes in the text manually, but (attention!) outside the q element, so as not to violate W3C recommendations (Stacy Cordoni's solution at A List Apart).
Therefore, choosing the second method from the first two, we use Jez Lemon’s script, slightly modified for the Russian language. Yes, with JavaScript disabled, the IE user will be left without quotes, we accept this as a necessary evil.
Our solution for formatting quotes So, in order to adequately layout text with quotes, you need to download the “quotes.js” script, and then connect it inside the head element using conditional comments:
In addition, for browsers that adequately render quotes, you need to specify the quote pattern for the Russian language in the CSS file. Fortunately, in Russian typography, nested quotation marks have one image, regardless of the level of nesting (which is easy to implement in CSS without involving additional classes), but we once again strongly recommend avoiding deeply nested quotation marks at the stage of writing text.
// Add to CSS file
// External quotes-herringbones
q ( quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb"; )
// Nested quotes
q q ( quotes: "\201e" "\201c"; )
It is clear that this mechanism, if necessary, can be complicated in the case of an alternating pattern of quotes with deep nesting, by introducing classes, for example, q.odd and q.even, and specifying the class manually directly when laying out the quote.
Now we can easily and semantically type out the following quote: “The success of the Zalgiris campaign,” Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, “is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called “a leap beyond the door that leads inward.”
The success of the Zalgiris campaign, Vladimiras Pupkins said in an interview with Russia Today, is due not only to the choice of toothpaste vendors, but also to what Mark Twain called jumping outside the door leading inward.
The best part is that the title="..." attributes for nested tags are processed correctly by browsers.
Writing an example to correctly use nested blockquote , q , and cite elements together is left as homework for the reader. :)
Update: Correction from besisland - of course, to set the quote pattern in CSS, you do not need to describe nested styles, the standard functionality of the quotes property is enough: q (quotes: "\00ab" "\00bb" "\201e" "\201c";)
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Do I need to write at all or can I write it off?
You cannot copy off coursework. You can write it off if you are lucky and don’t get caught. If your supervisor doesn't care whether you cheat or not, your thesis reviewer may see your attitude toward your work and give you a bad grade.
What is plagiarism?
It is necessary to understand that there are two types of citations:
1) direct (reproduction of words),
2) indirect (reproduction of ideas).
Links to the source of information are always necessary. But if with direct quoting you need quotes and a link to the source with a page number, then with indirect quoting you only need a link to the source (page numbers are indicated if the idea is localized on one or more pages).
Plagiarism is the reproduction of both someone else's words and someone else's thoughts without appropriate references. Another thing is that theft of other people's words is much easier to detect. As a rule, you can do without systems like AntiPlagiat.ru.
The ability to refer to sources of information indicates that the student knows how to distinguish between his own and someone else’s, and this is very important, and not only from an ethical point of view.
Remember: all other people's words and thoughts are accompanied by a mandatory link to the source! If there are unquoted quotations of any length in the coursework or diploma, the work is not allowed to be defended.
You need to understand that the abundance of references in student work is not a disadvantage, but rather an advantage. If you make a lot of references to other researchers, the teacher will not think that you are not smart enough to come up with something of your own. True, you need to understand that references to sources should be part of an analytical review of existing scientific ideas about your object of study, and not a random selection of clever thoughts and aphorisms.
Some links to think about plagiarism:
How to format a quote correctly?
1. As a rule, the quotation must be entered. For this purpose, introductory structures of the “L.V.” type are used. Shcherba noted”, “as shown by W. Weinreich”, “according to J. Lakoff”, etc. Specify the author's gender. And pay attention to the order of words: first the initials, then the surname. Quoting without initials is considered overly familiar in the Russian academic tradition.
Open any scientific article or monograph and see how the author enters citations. If you disagree with a quote, be sure to write about it, otherwise the reader will not know about it. Yes, you can disagree with the opinions of scientists (even the most famous ones), but in this case you need to think through your argumentation. Write "F. de Saussure was right” and even “As F. de Saussure correctly noted” is not worth it.
2. After the quotation, its source and page are indicated in square brackets - for example. 1 is the number of the article, book, etc. in the list of references.
How to automatically generate digital bibliographic references?
If you decide to use digital references, you do not need to manually place them in the early stages of working on the text: when adding new items to the reference list, you will have to redo all the references in the work. These boring mechanical manipulations will have to be done more than once while working on your coursework and diploma. In MS Word, it is possible to do this automatically using a hyperlink, the number of which will change with the change in the ordinal number of the cited source in the list of references. In version 2007 this tool is called "Cross Reference". Let's look at how to use it:
1. Do automatic numbering of positions in the list of references (I repeat: first comes the Cyrillic alphabet, then the Latin alphabet). Don’t be too lazy at the same time to use automatic sorting from A to Z.
2. Open the square brackets at the desired location and find the “Cross reference” item in the “References” menu. Select the following parameters: link type – paragraph, insert a link to – paragraph number, insert as a hyperlink – check mark, for which paragraph – number of the desired source in the bibliography (click on the desired position) and click “insert”.
3. Now you have a number that will change as your bibliography changes. To update the reference numbers in the entire coursework, select the entire document, right-click and select “update field”.
You can also refer to the numbers of tables, chapters, sections, appendices, etc.
If you have a different version of Word, check Help for cross-references.
What is the maximum quotation length?
There are no uniform clear requirements in this regard. In my opinion, the optimal length of quotation in texts such as term papers is up to 7-8 lines. Larger citations in term papers are rarely caused by a real need; usually this is a consequence of a reluctance to formulate thoughts on your own. A fragment of a quotation can be omitted if this does not distort its content, in which case it is placed in place of the omission.
The page should not consist of 90% quotes - you need to supplement other people’s words with your own connections, generalizations, thoughts, etc. Half the page can be quotations, and the other half can be your words (including generalizations).
Is it possible to take a quote from something other than the original source?
Quote from someone else's hands using links like “cit. by...” is not recommended, except in cases where you need to quote words that are extremely necessary for your text from a very rare publication. In this case, after the quotation, the words “cit.” are placed in square brackets. by" + the corresponding item in your bibliography.
When composing and formatting text in Word, the question sometimes arises: how to highlight a quote in the text? The answer to this is based on two levels at once.
In punctuation rules and in the tools of Word itself.
After all, highlighting a quote is far from the simplest action and it must be done not only correctly, but also competently. The office suite itself can only tell you that everything needs to be done correctly. But it won’t do this for the user.
If the quote option appears on the forums (i.e., quoting), then trying to register this CD in Word is not the best idea. The result is simply a separate set of characters. So what should you do?
Using RulesWell, you can do everything manually. Yes, it is a little difficult and you need to remember correctly what to do and how to do it. The rules remain unchanged and these same rules must be followed. And there were quite a lot of them upon closer examination. The first option when creating a quote is to use the following construction:
Bryusov wrote: “Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi.”
The quote itself is highlighted with quotation marks. The required text, which belongs to the author, is enclosed in quotation marks. This is the emphasis when quoting. In principle, this is how everyone is used to highlighting quotes. But let's look at the example in more detail.
If we use the phrase itself, “Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi,” then the quote is simply closed in quotation marks. Why is there a colon here? In this case, a reference to the author himself is used. But this reference comes before the quote itself, so there is a colon. 
What if the author is mentioned after the quotation? “Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi,” says Bryusov in his poem. The quoted text takes on this form. That is, after it, when the quotes are closed, a dash is placed. A bit similar to the direct speech rule, but differs in the absence of a dash at the beginning. An incorrect quotation would be:
- Alexander will not hear the arguments of the violent diadochi. - said Bryusov.
This structure of the text is suitable for direct speech, but not for quotation. Quotes are highlighted with quotation marks.
What if the quote precedes the text? Are any punctuation marks needed? The unequivocal answer is that they are needed. But only if they were added by the author. And what does the quotation become in this case? Epigraph.
They put forward their own demands on him. We will not dwell on them. Because we are more interested in how to highlight a quote in Word text.
Using Word to highlight quotesThe following text is intended for correctly highlighting quotes in a text editor. And from the theoretical part of writing literacy we move on to the practical. How to do this or that action.
The text is usually placed on the right side of the document. Subject to all citation rules. By the way, not all of them are listed above. This is a fairly simple action that requires minimal effort from the user.
Note: A similar effect can be achieved using the key combination “Ctrl+R”. After all, almost every action in the editor can be done using hotkeys.
This method has one drawback. If the quote is too long, it will reach the left edge of the page. Although according to generally accepted rules it should go no further than the middle (or even a third) of the sheet. Therefore, the following method will also come in handy.
Move a quote using a rulerA good option for highlighting quotes in the text is a ruler. This tool is designed to change the position of text on a page. It works with already typed text and text that will be typed.
The trick is to highlight the selected fragments, and not change the settings for the entire sheet at once. You can read more about the line in a separate article.
Sequencing:
Using a ruler, you can limit the space occupied by text on a page. This will make the quote stand out. Works not only in front of text. But also when adding a quote to the text itself.
It should be remembered that if a quotation is indented, then there is no need to highlight it with quotation marks. You just need to indicate the author or leave only the text of the quote.
Highlighting quotes with quotation marks and other useful toolsThe method of highlighting quoted text with quotation marks is very simple. After all, the quote character can be obtained in several ways:
- go to the “Insert” section at the top of the document;
- select “Symbol”;
- select “Other symbols” and find the required quotes in the list;
- Click "Insert".
After this, the selected quotation marks will appear in the text. 
The last method requires knowledge of the theoretical part of Word rather than any useful skills. Each character has its own encoding. It is entered while holding down the “Alt” button.
- " - "0171";
- "-"0187";
- „ – “0132”;
- “ – “0147”;
- ” – “0148”.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The symbol will not appear until Alt is released. And what is much more important is that you need to type numbers on the numeric keypad. When the “Num Lock” key is turned on (the corresponding indicator will light up).
This method is the most difficult, which is why it is described at the end. But now, taking into account all the ways to insert and highlight a quote in a document, it will not be so difficult.
