XX. PUNCTION MARKS AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND WHEN SPEECH BREAKS § 75. Period 1. The period is placed at the end of a complete narrative sentence, for example: The shadow was thinning. The East is red. The Cossack fire burned (Pushkin). Note. A period is not placed at the end of a sentence after a period,

PUNCIPATION MARKS AT THE END AND AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES. ENDING SIGNS IN THE MIDDLE OF A SENTENCE Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of emotional overtones of the statement, a period is placed at the end of the sentence

Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence § 1. Depending on the purpose of the message, the presence or absence of an emotional coloring of the statement, a period (narration, encouragement to action), or a question mark (search for information) is placed at the end of the sentence. With an exclamation

Punctuation marks at the beginning of a sentence § 4. At the beginning of a sentence, to indicate a logical or meaningful break in the text, a sharp transition from one thought to another (at the beginning of a paragraph), an ellipsis is placed: But only the wheels knocked in the black void: Ka-ten-ka,

PUNCTION MARKS FOR HOMOGENEOUS SENTENCE TERMS

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with and without conjunctions § 25. Homogeneous members of a sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated by commas: In the office there were brown velvet chairs, a bookcase (Nab.); After lunch he sat

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words § 33. If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after the generalizing word: An ice fisherman can be different: a retired fisherman, a worker and an employee fisherman,

Punctuation marks for repeating members of a sentence § 44. A busy word is placed between repeating members of a sentence. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of the action: I’m eating, I’m eating in an open field; bell ding-ding-ding... (P.); We swam, we swam in the dark blue depths

PUNCTION MARKS FOR SEPARATE MEMBERS

for clarifying members of the sentence, commas for clarifying circumstances § 79 for clarifying definitions § 79, § 59 for clarifying applications § 79, § 61 for clarifying members of sentences with the words more accurately, more precisely, otherwise § 81 dash for clarifying members for special emphasis

for explanatory members of a sentence, commas; for members of a sentence with conjunctions that is, namely, or (in the meaning “that is”) § 82; for members of a sentence with words that require disclosure (explanation) of the meaning of § 82, a comma is not placed after agreed upon definitions;

for connecting members of a sentence, commas for members of a sentence with the words even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore; yes and, yes and only, and in general, too, and also, etc. § 84 a comma is not placed before the combination

What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When are members of a sentence generally isolated, and when not? In this article we will understand what isolated members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, as well as what rules of isolation exist.

The concept of isolated members of a sentence

So, let's start, as we should in such cases, with a definition. Isolated members of a sentence are: minor members, which stand out in intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the entire phrase.

How are individual members of a sentence identified?

Emphasis during oral conversation occurs through intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different. To highlight isolated members of a sentence in the text, commas are used.

Comparison of detached members with non-detached members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, stylistic expressiveness also increases. One cannot fail to mention logical selection.

What can be distinguished in the Russian language?

Of all the members of a sentence, only minor ones can be isolated. The main members in the proposal have never been isolated, and this is not expected in the near future.

Why is separation necessary?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of a sentence have greater weight and greater independence. Let us immediately note that the separations can be very different. These are additions, circumstances, and definitions. Next we will try to understand each of these categories, bring specific examples for each group.

Separating clarifications

First of all, let's figure out what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such minor members of the sentence serve to specify and clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.

When are clarifying members of a sentence isolated?

1. Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark around, even very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world had simply turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted when written using a dash. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”

2. Circumstances of relevant significance are identified. They can be expressed by nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:

• “Only a second passed - and an explosion thundered somewhere nearby, right behind him.”
• “Once upon a time, life flowed here, in a quiet, unfamiliar village.” Third example: “This happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of place. The third is the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the passage.

3. Specifications added using the words “or”, “that is”, “namely” are distinguished. For example:

• “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a wizard, a magician, or a superman.”
• “It was a balanced, individual decision, that is, not imposed on him by anyone.”
• “A lot spoke about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and scraps of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shell casings.”

4. Clarifying members of the sentence are isolated, which are added using words such as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

• “Everyone remembers that no one was able to defeat the magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
• “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
• “Another second - the squad went for a breakthrough, including him.”
• “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”

Separating add-ons

Types of isolated members of a sentence include a group of additions. These are nothing more than case forms applied to nouns. They are used with such combinations as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be noted that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.

Separation occurs depending on what semantic load is present, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

• “He already felt more or less stable, except that his leg still hurt a little.”
• “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, which for a moment left their bright mark on the retina.”
• “Along with the issues that were waiting to be resolved at work, it was necessary to do something about household matters.”
• “Besides all this, there was one more significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
• “And everything was fine, except, of course, for some points.”

Note that if the preposition “instead” is used in the meaning “instead”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money he thought was promised by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”

Isolation of circumstances

Isolated members of a sentence are, as we found out earlier, secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances become isolated? This is what we will talk about next.

1. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further past them.” Explanation: here “hidden and holding your breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by the adverbial phrase. There is an exception to this rule. An adverbial phrase is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
2. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single type gerund. Example: “He left without turning around, although he understood what he had just done.” Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was telling me something, I stood thoughtful.”
3. Usually two participle phrases connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as two single participles) are isolated as one phrase. Example: “Despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, I continued to persistently trample my path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “without listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. Moreover, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
4. A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative phrase. Usually in comparative phrases words like “exactly”, “as if”, “as” are used. There are some exceptions to the isolation of comparative turns; they are not isolated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked on it.”

There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. This means “at the discretion of the author.” So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

1. If the circumstance is presented in the form of a noun. In this case, there may or may not be a pretext. But most of all there are cases when circumstances are isolated that are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary to”, “in accordance with”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:

   “Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems.”
   - “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
   “Despite the threats, he has not changed his policy one bit.”
   - “In accordance with the plan, all tasks were completed within the specified time frame.”
   “Depending on what decision was made, a different fate awaited him.”
   - “To avoid a fight, the people nearby separated them into different corners.”
   “Due to unforeseen circumstances, something had to be decided quickly, but thoughtfully.”

2. If there is clarification of place and time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this room forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and flourished.”

How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it is really separated by punctuation marks. After this, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. The easiest way to start your search is with participial phrases, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no less visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of action of a person. There is a questionnaire called “Test “Isolated members of a sentence”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task in which you need to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by an adverbial phrase. It is logical that there will be not just one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in indirect cases. Next to them there should be adverbs and prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances, expressed by clarifications of place and time.

Signs of isolation

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of a sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammatical. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and emphasizing intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation signs. As mentioned earlier, most often punctuation marks such as commas act as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be done using a dash. Author's punctuation marks are still a rather complicated thing.

The role of isolation in the Russian language

Isolation often makes it possible to endow a particular fragment of text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, when talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to draw attention to these fragments; they play some special role in a given situation. This may introduce some clarifications as well. Thus, to summarize, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test “Isolated members of a sentence”

Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with sentences to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of minor members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this type of task that is used to identify knowledge among secondary school students. educational institutions. Next there will be a task to which you need to answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. Which numbers correctly indicate ALL commas that should appear in the text? “He approached a lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial phrases. The participial phrase is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. This means there is no comma between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be immediately written in which you need to place the commas correctly. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that on the horizon there was already looming (3) a group of clouds gathered into one whole (4) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” - example separate addition. It is not at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, so it is isolated on both sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered into one whole” is a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase. There will be no separation at the pass location (3). But between “clouds” and “predicting” there is a necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “rain” are two equal additions that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminated by the branches of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) peals of thunder (6) were heard, foreshadowing bad weather.”

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Explanation: gaps 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Occasionally illuminated by the ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. It will be separated on both sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It is isolated on one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So, what did we find out during this article?

• Firstly, the use of isolated members of a sentence is done with the aim of giving the isolated fragment independence and increased information load.
• Secondly, for isolation, commas and dashes are used in punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
• Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.

Isolated members of a sentence, a table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. They are often also expressed by gerunds, participles and phrases. Cases with comparisons are not excluded at all.

One of the sections of syntax is the isolated members of a sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

IN simple sentence members of the sentence with meaning are highlighted intonationally and in meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Clarifying members of the sentence

When clarifying, they differentiate clarifying And to be specified members of the proposal. Those members of a sentence that clarify other, clarifying members are called clarifying.

Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence).

In relation to the specified members, clarifying members serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the members being specified and specifying are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will take place. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be designated very generally and vaguely ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives specificity:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, a pale pink strip of light glowed(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the relationship between broader and narrower concepts can be dictated only by a given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, clarifying circumstances of a place form a chain, line up in a row:

Ahead,(where exactly?) far away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the foggy sea, prominent wooded hills were visible(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was careful(how exactly? / to what extent exactly?) until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances may be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the house (Bykov).

If you put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically highlighted, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the moment being described.

Wed: Several people are walking in the snow, across the street, into the house.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far in the forest the blows of an ax were heard(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, blows of an ax were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

The children settled down in a clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). - The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April, man flew into space for the first time. - On April 12, 1961, man flew into space for the first time.

3. May be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(which one exactly?) last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(Pushkin); Here and there women peeked out,(which ones exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify general meaning pronouns this, this, each, one(not in the meaning of a numeral, but in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this,(which one exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single trace, neither of the sled, nor of the human, nor of the animal, was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (how exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) The isolation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Typically, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one side - between the definitions.

With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw completely different, strangers there's room for me(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions.

Irresistible, albeit quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill yourself like that over something simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Savelyev).

But if the definition attached subordinating conjunction, is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often, in comparison with agreed upon definitions, clarifying ones are isolated inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, all the time moving in black,(which one?) almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in a simple,(which one?) striped shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman came in(which exactly?) seventeen years old, girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, overcoat(Kataev).

5. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, differently etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since specified words, having the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, rather are equivalent in meaning to the phrases “more precisely,” “in other words,” etc.), themselves separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, an article of similar content was published in the last issue of the magazine; The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.

The words moreover can act as clarifying words. They are separated by commas, while the definition that follows them is not:

It would be stupidity, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, he admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in the following meanings:

A)“better”, “more willing”:

b)"it's better to say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly walked back and forth in the dining room..., uttering some remark or rather an exclamation, like “ah! hey! hm!”(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Clarifying parts of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) in clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and grass- the birds sang and chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example: He got a job in a mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here is the circumstance to the mine is explained by the entire following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its own clarification After school, separated by a dash. Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since a comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf.: to the mine, part-time, after school). And the dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally related to each other;

c) when specifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf.: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

Explanatory members of a sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explanatory and explanatory terms in principle denote identical concepts.

Difference between clarifying And explanatory members of the sentence is that clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and clarification is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, explanatory terms are the second names in relation to the first ones, expressing various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:

Especially for us, Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his home - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is:

She was brought up in the antique way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our horses in leather, that is, in a mat-covered runner (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); The third day that is, that week, I tell the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in a sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and if there is an explanation, emphasis is usually placed using a dash rather than a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a colon in the explanatory part of the sentence. Usually a colon is added to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: use of some types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):

Note!

The conjunction or can have a disjunctive meaning (“either this or that”). In this case it links homogeneous members, and there is no comma between them. If the conjunction or can be replaced by the conjunction that is, then it has explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or mezzanine. - Around the entire building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are explanatory in nature (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but a comma is usually not placed after them, for example: Thick firebrands stuck out, the remains of the former, burnt-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will arrive in the store in a few days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and final part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

B) Connecting members of the sentence

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, explanations or comments that arose along the way in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas, less often - by a dash:

The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of a sentence may have special connecting words: even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, yes and only and etc.:

In an imperceptible way I became attached to a kind family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); There will be a bath for you now, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat,... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical details(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in Zarechye, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searches for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and building corners, stood out in amazing relief against the dark pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers have possessed this ability to create an excellent oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of a sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then a comma is not placed after the introductory word.

The fastest ripening mushrooms for example, birch and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) You should not mix punctuation with connecting conjunctions and connecting conjunctions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the conjunction, in the second, no sign is required before the non-repeating conjunction.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction). - The author presented the article in a revised form and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction); The work could have been done a long time ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not placed before a conjunction and even in the following cases:

A) if it is used in a connecting meaning.

So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to indicate unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

V) in combination no-no yes and:

...No, no, yes, he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes connectors can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the connector):

Quite late another guest appeared, in a tailcoat...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, the orderly(Kataev).

Often a dash is used instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before - calm, hardworking, modest.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting clauses:

No, I him[brownie] haven't seen yeah you can't even see him (Turgenev); I walked in some kind of intoxication, yes and there was a reason (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions are accompanied by separate phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Such phrases consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, over, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except three people; along with obvious successes.

Revolutions denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects that replace others.

In writing, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys, and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectations, my grandmother gave me several books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that highlighting such turns is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to highlight such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of an answer, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of turn of phrase excluding, including are prepositions, not gerunds.

2) If an isolated member of a sentence is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated on both sides.

3) The preposition except can have the meaning of inclusion and exclusion.

Wed: Besides the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of the night battle(Leonov) is an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurova, on the plain there is a small village of Voevodino(M. Gorky) - inclusion (on the plain there were both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino).

Typically, turns are isolated regardless of the shades of meaning. However, uncommon phrases with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table except books(exception).

IN Lately There is a tendency to highlight revolutions with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't discern anything except for the muddy twisting of the blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation except:

We are evil to no one, except for bears, we don't(Markov).

Please note that the phrase besides in the meaning of “besides” is introductory words, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Phrases with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually added.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees near me(Pushkin).

If instead is used to mean “instead”, “for”, then a comma is usually not placed.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary ones, not dissociated members Separation proposals have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of the sentence are highlighted in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced subordinate clause reasons with union because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

Soon New Year- children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of the composite nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I'm getting ready for Unified State Exam assignment C1, that is, for the essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

In contact with

In a simple sentence, members of the sentence with meaning are distinguished by intonation and meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Clarifying members of the sentence

When clarifying, they differentiate clarifying And to be specified members of the proposal. Those members of a sentence that clarify other, clarifying members are called clarifying.

Words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words are isolated (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence).

In relation to the specified members, clarifying members serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the members being specified and specifying are correlated as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will take place. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be designated very generally and vaguely ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives specificity:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, a pale pink strip of light glowed(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the relationship between broader and narrower concepts can be dictated only by a given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, clarifying circumstances of a place form a chain, line up in a row:

Ahead,(where exactly?) far away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the foggy sea, prominent wooded hills were visible(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than the clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost defiantly, looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was careful(how exactly? / to what extent exactly?) until the pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances may be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) as different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the house (Bykov).

If you put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically highlighted, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the moment being described.

Wed: Several people are walking in the snow, across the street, into the house.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as specifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far in the forest the blows of an ax were heard(the listener is also in the forest). - Far , In the woods, blows of an ax were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

The children settled down in a clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are no bushes in the clearing itself). - The children settled down in the clearing, between the bushes (the bushes are located in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, 12th of April, man flew into space for the first time. - On April 12, 1961, man flew into space for the first time.

3. May be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(which one exactly?) last thing, a legend - and my chronicle is finished(Pushkin); Here and there women peeked out,(which ones exactly?) mostly old ladies, heads(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can specify the general meaning of pronouns this, this, each, one(not in the meaning of a numeral, but in the meaning of a pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this,(which one exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single trace, neither of the sled, nor of the human, nor of the animal, was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (how exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) The isolation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Typically, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one side - between the definitions.

With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and... saw completely different, strangers there's room for me(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be added through subordinating conjunctions.

Irresistible, albeit quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill yourself like that over something simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Savelyev).

But if the definition attached by a subordinating conjunction is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the nature of clarification (semantic and intonation!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often, in comparison with agreed upon definitions, clarifying ones are isolated inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, all the time moving in black,(which one?) almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in a simple,(which one?) striped shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman came in(which exactly?) seventeen years old, girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, overcoat(Kataev).

5. Words give a clarifying character to the statement more precisely, more precisely, differently etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the specified words, which have the meaning of introductory ( more precisely, more accurately, otherwise, rather are equivalent in meaning to the phrases “more precisely,” “in other words,” etc.), themselves separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather his generosity, touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); Quite recently, more precisely, an article of similar content was published in the last issue of the magazine; The data given in the report should be supplemented, or rather clarified.

The words moreover can act as clarifying words. They are separated by commas, while the definition that follows them is not:

It would be stupidity, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, he admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in the following meanings:

A)“better”, “more willing”:

b)"it's better to say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly walked back and forth in the dining room..., uttering some remark or rather an exclamation, like “ah! hey! hm!”(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Clarifying parts of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) in clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the insertive nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: The rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and grass- the birds sang and chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of clarifying and clarifying members, for example: He got a job in a mine, part-time- After school(Baruzdin). Here is the circumstance to the mine is explained by the entire following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its own clarification After school, separated by a dash. Using a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since a comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf.: to the mine, part-time, after school). And the dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally related to each other;

c) when specifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf.: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

Explanatory members of a sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explanatory and explanatory terms in principle denote identical concepts.

Difference between clarifying And explanatory members of the sentence is that clarification is a transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and clarification is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, explanatory terms are second names in relation to the first ones, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently defined and understandable:

Especially for us, Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his home - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is:

She was brought up in the antique way, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our horses in leather, that is, in a mat-covered runner (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); The third day that is, that week, I tell the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in a sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and if there is an explanation, emphasis is usually placed using a dash rather than a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a colon in the explanatory part of the sentence. Usually a colon is added to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: use of some types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a conjunction or (meaning “that is”):

Note!

The conjunction or can have a disjunctive meaning (“either this or that”). In this case, he connects homogeneous terms, and a comma is not placed between them. If the conjunction or can be replaced by the conjunction that is, then it has explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtle doves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or mezzanine. - Around the entire building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where the owners of the barracks lazily doze in bamboo chairs(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are explanatory in nature (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but a comma is usually not placed after them, for example: Thick firebrands stuck out, the remains of the former, burnt-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will arrive in the store in a few days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and final part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

B) Connecting members of the sentence

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, explanations or comments that arose along the way in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting parts of the sentence are separated by commas, less often - by a dash:

The reflection of light struck, shaking impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Every river, even a small one, has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of a sentence may have special connecting words: even, especially, especially, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(meaning “and moreover”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, yes and only and etc.:

In an imperceptible way I became attached to a kind family, even to a crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); There will be a bath for you now, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat,... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical details(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in Zarechye, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinctive role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searches for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and building corners, stood out in amazing relief against the dark pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers have possessed this ability to create an excellent oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of a sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then a comma is not placed after the introductory word.

The fastest ripening mushrooms for example, birch and russula, reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) You should not mix punctuation with connecting conjunctions and connecting conjunctions and, yes, connecting homogeneous members of a sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the conjunction, in the second, no sign is required before the non-repeating conjunction.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction). - The author presented the article in a revised form and in a timely manner (And- connecting conjunction); The work could have been done a long time ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not placed before a conjunction and even in the following cases:

A) if it is used in a connecting meaning.

So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like took and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb to indicate unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year in perfect harmony, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

V) in combination no-no yes and:

...No, no, yes, he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes connectors can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the connector):

Quite late another guest appeared, in a tailcoat...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, the orderly(Kataev).

Often a dash is used instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before - calm, hardworking, modest.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting clauses:

No, I him[brownie] haven't seen yeah you can't even see him (Turgenev); I walked in some kind of intoxication, yes and there was a reason (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood to see if they had food, and besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions are accompanied by separate phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution. Such phrases consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, over, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except three people; along with obvious successes.

Revolutions denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects that replace others.

In writing, phrases with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys, and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectations, my grandmother gave me several books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that highlighting such turns is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to highlight such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of an answer, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of turn of phrase excluding, including are prepositions, not gerunds.

2) If an isolated member of a sentence is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated on both sides.

3) The preposition except can have the meaning of inclusion and exclusion.

Wed: Besides the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of the night battle(Leonov) is an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurova, on the plain there is a small village of Voevodino(M. Gorky) - inclusion (on the plain there were both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino).

Typically, turns are isolated regardless of the shades of meaning. However, uncommon phrases with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table except books(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight revolutions with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't discern anything except for the muddy twisting of the blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation except:

We are evil to no one, except for bears, we don't(Markov).

Please note that the phrase besides in the meaning “besides” is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Phrases with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually added.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees near me(Pushkin).

If instead is used to mean “instead”, “for”, then a comma is usually not placed.

He got into the car instead of the driver.