All poems of hafiz. Brief biography of Hafiz Sending down the poetic gift

Shamsuddin Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi (Persian: خواجه شمس‌الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی‎, also sometimes mentioned in sources as Shamsiddin Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi) (c. 1325-1389/1390). Persian poet and Sufi sheikh, one of the greatest lyricists of world literature.

Information about his life contains few reliable facts and dates, but many legends. In the only surviving autograph, he called himself "Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, nicknamed Shams al-Hafiz al-Shirazi."

His poems are the pinnacle of Persian poetry. They are still read and recited in Iran. In schools (maktabs) of the Bukhara Khanate in the 16th - early 20th centuries, the poems of Hafiz Shirazi were included in the compulsory curriculum.

Born in 1325 in Shiraz (according to some sources - in 1300). His father Baha al-Din (also known as "Bogouddin" and "Kamoluddin") was a large coal merchant who died when Hafiz was still a child. However, the father’s fortune did not go to the children, and his three sons turned out to be poor. The two older brothers left Shiraz, and Hafiz remained with his mother. Hafiz’s father knew how to recite the Koran well. Hafiz fell in love with the Book from childhood and by the age of eight knew it thoroughly, for which he received the title “hafiz”. He was also familiar from an early age with the works of Rumi and Saadi, as well as Attar and Nizami. As a child, he worked in a bakery, but combined work with study at the maktab. Presumably he received a good education at a madrasah. Later, the basis of his income was payment for the ritual reading of the Koran and awards from patrons.

At the age of 21, he became Attar's student in Shiraz. Already then he began to compose poetry and became a poet and reciter of the Koran at the court of Abu Ishaq, and entered the Sufi order - Tariq. Hafiz knew Arabic and was well versed in hadith, tafsir, and fiqh.

History has preserved the legendary meeting of Hafiz with Timur, which is currently considered a real event. The legend describes it as follows.

Having made Samarkand the capital of his empire, Timur rebuilt the city, dreaming of creating a true center of the world from it, and largely succeeded in this. One day they whispered to him a verse from Hafiz:

“When the beauty of Shiraz is your idol,
I will choose
For her mole I will give both Samarkand and
Bukhara."

Enraged, Timur gives the order to bring the poet to him. Hafiz is found in a wretched hut and, dressed almost in rags, is thrown in front of the ruler. Timur asks: “How can you, a beggar, give up my Samarkand for some mole?” To which Hafiz replies: “You see, sir, what my generous offerings have brought me to!”

In 1333, Mubariz Muzaffar occupied Shiraz, and Hafez began composing protest songs instead of romantic poems. When Mubariz was overthrown by his son, Shah Shuja, and then thrown into prison; Hafiz again received the position of court poet. However, he soon voluntarily retired from the court to Isfahan, as he felt danger. When he was 52 years old, the Shah invited him to return to Shiraz. It is said that at the age of 60, he and his friends organized a forty-day meditative vigil, and his spirit met Attar again, as 40 years ago.

He wrote many famous lyrical ghazals - about love, wine, the beauty of nature and roses. Thanks to these poems, the poet received the nickname Shekerleb (“sugar lips”).

Hafiz married in his declining years and had two children. But both sons and wife died during the poet’s lifetime. There is information that Hafiz's youngest son, Shah Numan, moved to India, to Burhanpur, and was buried in Asirgarh. Hafiz lived very meagerly, experiencing constant need. Several times the poet received invitations from foreign rulers to visit their countries, but the trips never materialized. The Sultan of Baghdad, Ahmed ibn Uwais Jalair, called him to his place. In India, his name was Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin (English: Ghiyasuddin) and chief vizier of Sultan Mahmud Bahmanni (English: Mohammed Shah I) (Decan) Mir-Fazlullah. The last trip was interrupted by a storm at sea, and Hafiz captured this moment for centuries in one of his most famous ghazals.

Hafiz Shirazi (1326 - 1389)

Hajja Shams ad-Din Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi (1326 -1389/90)
- Persian poet.
Coming from a humble and poor family of Shiraz townspeople,
Hafiz, however, received a full theological education and
became famous as a hafiz (a person who knows the Koran by heart).
Court poetic activity did not enrich Hafiz, and in
In many verses he speaks of himself as a poor person.
Hafiz's divan, collected after his death, was distributed in
a huge number of lists in Iran and beyond.

At the age of 21 he became a student of Attar in Shiraz. He was already writing poetry at that time, was a famous poet and reciter of the Koran at the court of Abu Ishaq, and entered the Sufi order - Tariq. In 1333 Mubariz Muzaffar occupied Shiraz, and Hafez began composing protest songs instead of romantic poems.

When he was 52 years old, the Shah invited him to return to Shiraz. It is said that at the age of 60, he and his friends organized a forty-day meditative vigil, and his spirit met again with Attar*, as 40 years ago.
He wrote many famous lyrical ghazals - about love, wine, the beauty of nature and roses.
Died at the age of 64 (1390), buried in the Musalla garden in Shiraz. The Mausoleum of Hafiz is one of the main attractions of Shiraz; numerous pilgrims come there. The mausoleum is located in a park where Hafiz’s poems are constantly recited to music. Also, fortune telling on the “Divan” of Hafiz is common.
After his death, “Divan” appears, a collection of 600 of his poems.

Just don’t cause harm to others, but otherwise...
Live as you know, and fate will help you.
There is no other sin. You will multiply goodness
Yourself, as in a mirror, glowing with goodness...

It's time to regenerate people and grow their own garden,
And create your own world anew - otherwise it’s hell...

Among everything that the Creator of worlds created from nothing
There is a moment! What is its essence? The shackles remain a mystery...

If the pleasures are gone between your fingers, that means they are gone.
If we could endure humiliation, then we could.
If love is oppressed by tyranny, it means it is oppressive.
If patience means patience... The sun will rise.

Life is not as short as I thought in sadness...
If you look for the ending, you find the beginning.

To the one who truly loves,
Immortality will destroy mortality...

Seeking peace in love - these are your delusions.

*** echo of translation by Evgeny Shesholin
(Magazine “Language Shop”)

Cover the petals of sleeping roses with hyacinths,
That is, turn your face, sweep away the world with your hand!
And drop dewdrops of sweat onto the flower garden, as if from a cup of eyes,
Intoxicate with living water the world hidden from us.

And at least somehow open the daffodils of your sleepy eyes,
And close the jealous eyelashes of wondrous flowers!
If you don't know how not to kill the eyes of lovers,
Drink with others, but blame us, won’t you regret it?

Like foam from wine over your eyes,
Life is blind, according to the laws - worse than a sour batch.
When the days - rose petals - fall, we drink
Rose wine in the Sufi circle, in the rose of life where we live!

There is the scent of violets here, my dear curls are scattered,
And a tulip bouquet. Drink to warm your souls!
Here Hafiz asks for a meeting: - My God, don’t push me away
You let the prayer of the suffering souls into your lips. ***

The body came out of the dust of the earth...
Spirit - from the ether, from a heavenly sigh.
Why are you afraid of death, my little one?
Ashes to dust, and spirit to another world!

Echo
We are not afraid of death, Father,
And the fact that the abode of hearts
Our spirit will accept that it is not so perfect,
So that he becomes eternally blissful...

My heart asked me
what he himself owned:
The whole world wanted to see it in the magic cup...
Pearl, creations of pearls - the all-seeing Heart
A blind man asked for alms - and received his sight!

Your doubts in harabat
I brought it to the elder of the magicians:
There were a lot of husbands there who wanted to see the light.
The gray-haired sage, tipsy, looked into the bowl:
In it, everything that was on earth was colorful and seething.
Asked:
“How long have you been staring at wine?”

“Ever since this firmament was erected skillfully!”

Epiphany of the heart is a miracle sent down to us from above.
All the tricks of the mind are empty before him.
The one who said “God is me!” - according to the wisest,
Executed for lifting the veil too boldly.

And the one who hid in his heart what was revealed from above,
The memory of the moment of Truth is intact in the soul.
And if heaven wants to help him,
He will perform a miracle, like Jesus, who breathed a soul into a body.

Always and everywhere God is with you, and the cowardly Sufi
I didn’t know about this and called on Allah every now and then.

Hafiz asked:
“Why is love as heavy as chains?” -

“So that the heart, having lost its mind, sings from sweet pain!”

The most complex philosophical and mystical gazelle,
replete with Koranic and legendary-historical
associations.

Under the pseudonym Hafiz, the outstanding Persian poet Shamsiddin Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi worked, who won the fame of one of the greatest lyricists in world literature. The life of this poet, Sufi master is covered with a large number of legends, but very little reliable information about his biography has been preserved.

He was born around 1326 in the city of Shiraz, in the family of a large merchant. Three sons did not receive an inheritance after the death of their father. The younger Hafiz remained to live with his mother, his two brothers left the city. Their father was famous for his ability to recite the Koran, and the boy developed a love for him in early childhood. By the age of eight, he had turned into a hafiz - a man who knew the holy book by heart. As a child, he became acquainted with the works of Saadi, Rumi, Attar, and Nizami. He studied at the maktab, where he studied not only religious disciplines, but also studied poetry. He combined his education with work in a bakery. It is possible that in the future his educational level increased in the madrasah.

In his youth, Hafiz was a student of Attar. During the same period of his biography, he began to write poetry, earn money by reading the Koran as a court hafiz under Abu Ishaq, and became a member of the Sufi order. Subsequently, it was the ritual reading of the Koran that became the main source of income for Hafiz; some money came from donations from influential patrons, but all this did not make the poet wealthy.

The romantic direction of Hafiz's poems gave way to notes of protest when Mubariz Muzaffar, who captured it in 1333, became the ruler of Shiraz. He was deprived of power by his own son, Shah Shuja, and when Mubariz was imprisoned, Hafiz was appointed court poet. However, he voluntarily lost this position, feeling threatened, and left for Isfahan. 52-year-old Hafiz was offered to return to Shiraz again. Legend has it that at the age of 60, he and his friends meditated for forty days, which resulted in a meeting with the spirit of the late mentor Attar.

In his declining years, Hafiz married; the children born in this marriage did not survive their father. The family was constantly in need. More than once the rulers of other states invited the famous poet to their place (in particular, the sultans of Baghdad, India), but Hafiz was not able to go on any of the invitations. He died around 1389 or 1390 and was buried in his hometown, in the Musalla garden.

After his death, Hafiz's literary legacy was combined into one large diwan, the first edition of which dates back to the end of the 16th century. It contains many inserts that have nothing in common with the poet’s works, because... The extremely popular sofa was copied in a huge number of copies, including in other countries.

Hafiz became famous as the author of ghazals, although he was also fluent in other forms of versification. With a fairly traditional theme, he created a new image of a hero - a man who is a largely contradictory personality, combining a variety of qualities and aspirations, but at the same time dreaming of happiness and not losing his dignity, despite the misadventures that befell him. In essence, this is the image of a Renaissance man.

The works of Hafiz are considered the highest achievement of Persian-language lyrics of the Middle Ages. Interest in them has not yet been lost; his divan is one of the most frequently reprinted classical works in Persian-speaking countries. A collection of his works exists in all European and a large number of Asian languages. At one time, he was greatly impressed by Hafiz’s poetry

Master, one of the greatest lyricists of world literature.

Information about his life contains few reliable facts and dates, but many legends. In the only surviving autograph, he called himself " Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, nicknamed Shams al-Hafiz al-Shirazi» .

Biography

History has preserved the legendary meeting of Hafiz with Timur, which is currently considered a real event. The legend describes it as follows.

Hafiz married in his declining years and had two children. But both sons and wife died during the poet’s lifetime. There is information that Hafiz's youngest son, Shah Numan, moved to India, to Burhanpur, and was buried in Asirgarh. Hafiz lived very meagerly, experiencing constant need. Several times the poet received invitations from foreign rulers to visit their countries, but the trips never materialized. The Sultan of Baghdad, Ahmed ibn Uwais Jalair, called him to his place. In India his name was Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasiddin. Ghiyasuddin ) and chief vizier of Sultan Mahmud Bahmanni (eng. Mohammed Shah I ) (Decan) Mir-Fazlullah. The last trip was prevented by a storm at sea, and Hafiz captured this moment for centuries in one of his most famous ghazals:

After his death, a collection of his poems appears - “Divan”.

Creation

Hafiz sofa, miniature, Persia, 1585

Iran has long been famous for its literature. Even before the birth of Hafiz, Rudaki, Ferdowsi, Nasir Khosrov, Omar Khayyam, Nizami Ganjavi, Jalaliddin Rumi, Amir Khosrov, Saadi and others became famous everywhere. Through their efforts, Persian-Tajik literature was brought to a new level. Of course, Hafiz could not create without contact with his talented predecessors. Researchers have noted the influence of the poetry of Saadi, Salman Saveja, and Khaju Kirmani on Hafiz's poetry. Philosophical thought in the lines of Hafiz follows the path that Khayyam and Rumi laid, while being distinguished by deep individuality. Hafiz was undoubtedly familiar with much of his country's literary heritage. There is also documentary evidence of this: the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Tashkent contains the manuscript “Khamsa” by Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, a fragment of five Masnavi, where three of the five Masnavi were rewritten directly by Hafiz himself.

Hafiz's favorite stanza was the ghazal. It was to her that the vast majority of his poems were written. Born four centuries before Hafiz by the genius of Rudaki, honed by the talent of Saadi, the gazelle reaches its perfection in the work of Hafiz.

What did Hafiz mean by the strength of verse? Firstly, it is obvious that a poem is able to outlive its creator, is able to survive for centuries, which is sometimes beyond the power of stone mausoleums. Secondly, the strength of a verse could mean its indestructible integrity, and when applied to Eastern poetry, integrity should mean special properties that are not characteristic of Western poetry.

The structural features of gazelles also affect their perception. Typically a ghazal consists of five to seven couplets (baits). It is important that each couplet expresses a complete thought, and, often, does not have a direct connection with other beits. This is the difference between eastern verse and classical European verse, in which the lines are firmly united by one thought of the author and are logically connected with each other. In a ghazal, such a logical connection is not always visible, especially for a reader accustomed to Western poetry. However, each gazelle, especially a gazelle created by a master, is an indestructible whole. In order to perceive and realize this integrity, the work of both the senses and the mind is required, when moving from couplet to couplet, the reader must restore the connections omitted by the author, go his way along the associative chain connecting the beats, and the fact that this chain may not to coincide with the path that the author himself followed only makes the poem more valuable, closer to the heart of each individual reader. This is all the more true since the unifying connection of ghazals is often precisely a certain experience, a state of mind, feelings that are not completely subject to reason. But in their essence, Hafiz's ghazals are similar to Khayyam's rubai, fusing reason and feelings. Understanding the essence of a ghazal is also necessary for understanding the work of Hafez, just as understanding the essence of a sonnet is for a deeper understanding of the work of Petrarch or Shakespeare.

No less important for experiencing the inner beauty of Hafiz’s poems is knowledge of Sufi symbolism. Knowing the secret meanings encrypted in simple words, the reader is able to discover not one, but even several meanings embedded in a simple verse, starting from the most superficial and ending with the mystically deep. An example of such interpretations that are not obvious to the common reader is the theme of love that is often encountered in Hafiz. And if the naked eye sees in the poem only the poet’s declaration of love for a woman, then those familiar with Sufi symbolism understand that we are talking about the Sufi’s desire to know God, since this is what is meant by “love”, and “beloved” is God himself. And in the phrase “The aroma of her shelter, the breeze, bring it to me,” in fact, the “shelter” is God’s world, and the “aroma” is the breath of God.

Another specific feature of Hafiz's work was the mirror use of descriptive words. He calls negative characters “saints”, “muftis”, while those who are dear to his heart are “tramps” and “drunkards”.

The focus of Hafiz's work is the immediate life of a person in all its joys and sorrows. Ordinary things acquire beauty and deep meaning under his pen. If life is full of sorrow, then you need to make it better, give it beauty, fill it with meaning. The frequent mention of sensual pleasures, be it drinking wine or female love, does not at all mean Hafiz’s desire to turn away from the unsightly reality, to hide from it in pleasures. Many ghazals branding anger, wars, the stupidity of fanatics and the crimes of those in power show that Hafiz was not afraid of the difficulties of life, and his call for joy is an expression of an optimistic view of the world, and if we understand by “joy” the hidden meaning of knowing God, then there is no sorrow for him a reason for anger, but an incentive to turn to the Almighty and build your life in accordance with his commandments.

Some of Hafiz's most tragic ghazals deal with the loss of friends, and apparently friendship was the greatest value in Hafiz's life. But losses could not break the poet’s spirit; he allowed himself to wallow in depression and give in to despair. The depth of tragic experiences is due precisely to Hafiz’s awareness of it; his spirit is always higher than the circumstances of life. And this allows him, in times of grief, not to renounce life, but, on the contrary, to begin to appreciate it even more.

The poet's love lyrics are rich and deep. According to legend, Hafiz was in love with the girl Shah-Nabat (Shakhnabot), many poems are dedicated to her. The simplicity in expressing the most intimate feelings and the sophistication of the images make these poet’s ghazals the best examples of world love lyrics.

The ethical ideal of the poet can be considered a rind - a rogue, a tramp - full of rebellion, calling for freedom of spirit. The image of the rind is opposed to everything boring, limited, evil, selfish. Hafiz wrote: “The Rinds have no trace of arrogance, and selfishness for their religion is blasphemy.” A regular at drinking establishments, a reveler, a rind is free from prejudices. He does not find his place in society, but this is not a problem, this is a problem of a society that is not built in the best way. Hafiz saw a lot of evil, violence and cruelty in the world. The dream of rebuilding the world anew is heard more than once by Hafiz. This is always just a dream; he has no calls to fight. Subsequently, Rind as a positive hero finds his way in the poems of Navoi and Bedil.

In the original, Hafiz's poems are extremely melodious and easy to hum. This is due not so much to the use of sound repetitions, but to the deep harmony that unites sound and transmitted images. The richness of meanings and ease of reading were the reasons why Hafiz’s kulliyot was often used by people for fortune telling, to predict their fate.

Legacy and influence of creativity

The poetic collection “Divan” by Hafiz includes 418 ghazals (lyric poems), 5 large qasidas (large panegyrics), 29 kytas (small poems), 41 rubai (aphoristic quatrains) and 3 mesnevi (heroic-romantic poems): “Wild Doe”, "Saki-name" and "Moganni-name". After the death of Hafiz, the Divan was distributed in the form of lists in large quantities, which is why alien insertions appeared in the original text. In today's Iran, "Divan" has been reprinted the most times among classical works.

The first serious publication of Hafiz was carried out in the Middle Ages in Turkey, where the poet’s work was published in three volumes. Further publications in Germany, Egypt and India were based on this edition. The poet’s work had a strong influence on many Western masters: Goethe, Pushkin, Mickiewicz and others. The complete translation of Hafiz into German, published in 1814, prompted Goethe to create his “West-Eastern Divan”, in which he dedicated the entire second book to Hafiz, named by him "The Book of Hafez." Pushkin in his poem “Do not be captivated by abusive glory, O handsome young man!” ("From Hafiz") paid tribute to the poet and all Persian poetry. The works of Hafiz Shirazi have been translated into many languages of the world.

Hafiz's work is dominated by traditional themes of wine and love, mystical insight, praise of great people, complaints about the frailty and unknowability of the world. There was an element of mysticism in Hafiz's poetry, which is why his contemporaries called the poet Lissan-Elgaib - the language of mysterious miracles .

Memory

The Mausoleum of Hafez is one of the main attractions of Shiraz. It is a gazebo built in the 1930s over the poet's marble tombstone. Numerous pilgrims come there. The mausoleum is located in a park where Hafiz's poems are constantly recited to music. Fortune telling on the “Diwan” of Hafiz is also common. The beit of Hafiz is carved on the gravestone:

Translations into Russian

Books:

Truths. Sayings of the Persian and Tajik peoples, their poets and sages. Translation of Naum Grebnev “Science”, M. 1968. 310 p.; St. Petersburg: ABC-classics, 2005. 256 with ISBN 5-352-01412-6
Iranian-Tajik poetry. - M.: Fiction, 1974. - 613 p.

Comments

When the beauty of Shiraz is your idol,

I will choose, I will give Samarkand and Bukhara for her mole.

there is an error in the translation....in the original...Ager un torki shirazi, be datus a emenara, beshali himbiash bakhshan, Samarkand, tu Bukhara. which in translation means... When a Shiraz Turkish woman plays a love game, I will give Samarkand and Bukhara for her mole.

Agar he is the Turks sherozi ba datus orad dili moro... ---Ba holi hinduyash bakhsham Samarkand Bukhororo --that’s more correct..

Notes

Literature

N. Kulmatov Hedonism of Hafiz (Russian) // "Pamir": Magazine. - 1982. - No. 1. - P. 77-82.
S. Shamuhamedova The ethical ideal of Hafiz (Russian) // "Star of the East": Magazine, Organ of the Union of Writers of Uzbekistan. - Tashkent: Gafur Gulyam Publishing House of Literature and Art, 1973. - No. 5. - P. 159-162.
Sajjad Zaheer The genius of Hafiz (Russian) // Academy of Sciences of the USSR,“Peoples of Asia and Africa”: Journal. - Moscow: “Science”, 1976. - No. 5. - P. 96-102.
Mirzo Tursun-Zade Great master of the gazelle (Russian) // "Friendship of Peoples": Magazine. - 1971. - No. 9. - P. 264-269.
Semyon Lipkin Above the line of Hafiz (Russian) // "New world": Magazine. - 1971. - No. 10. - P. 242-245.

Links

Hafiz (Persian poet)- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd edition). A. N. Boldyrev
Hafiz- article from the Krugosvet encyclopedia

Categories:

Personalities in alphabetical order
Writers by alphabet
Born in 1326
Born in Shiraz
Died in 1390
Dead in Shiraz
Persian poets
Poets of Iran
Poets of the 14th century
Persons: Sufism
Persons:Shiraz

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Shamsuddin Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi(Persian, also sometimes mentioned in sources as Shamsiddin Muhammad Hafiz Shirazi) (c. 1325-1389/1390) - Persian poet and Sufi sheikh, one of the greatest lyricists of world literature.

His poems are the pinnacle of Persian poetry. In Iran they are still read and recited. In schools (maktabs) of the Bukhara Khanate in the 16th - early 20th centuries, the poems of Hafiz Shirazi were included in the compulsory curriculum.

Biography

History has preserved the legendary meeting of Hafiz with Timur, which is currently considered a real event. The legend describes it as follows.

When I choose the beautiful Shiraz as my idol, I will give Samarkand and Bukhara for her birthmark.

He wrote many famous lyrical ghazals - about love, wine, the beauty of nature and roses. Thanks to these poems, the poet received the nickname Shekerleb (“sugar lips”).

	in Wikisource
	Hafiz Shirazi on Wikimedia Commons