Krestnikova Marina
Russian folk tales, their role in the development of preschool children
RUSSIAN FOLK HOUSEHOLD TALES
Children's literature
INTRODUCTION
Folk tale enters a child’s life very early and remains with him throughout childhood, and therefore it is difficult to overestimate its influence on developing personality. The popularity of this genre among children explained by its characteristic features.
Firstly, fairy tale offers to be transported to a fictional world: this is exactly how they perceive everything that happens in fairy tale and narrator, and the listener. This means that in in a fairy tale everything is possible what is impossible in reality - miraculous events, magical transformations, unexpected reincarnations. That's why fairy tale corresponds to a child's penchant for fantasy and belief in miracles.
But the greatest value fairy tales- this is an indispensable triumph of goodness and justice in the finale. World fairy tales are an ideal world, the image of which lives in the soul of not only a child, but also an adult. However, as already noted, the child tends to see reality in bright colors, and therefore fairy his view of the world is unusually close to him.
Everyday fairy tale is simply a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description folk life, which is where its name comes from. Since these works are created for children, That household folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. Hero everyday fairy tale is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, peasant or blacksmith. He doesn't commit feats of arms and has no magical gifts, but overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, wedding or life after marriage.
This variety fairy tales appeared not so long ago. Everyday tales children perceive best in aged 2 to 7 years, so it’s worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that to a certain age one type or another is suitable fairy tales.
1. Types fairy tales
It should be noted that everyday tales may be the result of folk art , and individual authors. For example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote a lot fairy tales in the everyday genre.
Fairy tales are divided into 3 subgroups, which allow you to more accurately determine what it is everyday tale:
social household(“The Chatty Old Woman”, “Shemyakin Court”,
satirical household(“The Man and the Pop”, “The Master and the Man”,
magically- household("Morozko", "Cinderella").
However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can be divided only conditionally, because one and the same work may contain different elements: satire, magic, and just everyday life.
What is taught everyday tales?
Everyday tales were and are told to children in order to to point them in the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is everyday tale, if not teaching and instruction to future generations? She teaches us the best and the best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not disappear in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland. Everyday tales usually carry the idea that one must be hardworking and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these fairy tales are usually ridiculed, and they are left with nothing. So, in everyday tales They have a negative attitude towards gentlemen and priests. They are usually seen as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, we can say that in everyday tales The social inequality of the heroes is clearly visible. Moreover, people of lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than richer ones. The role of everyday fairy tales is, to expose lies and show exactly the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.
Fairy tale with all its content claimed: He who works should have wealth. It’s interesting that, having become rich, a man never stops work: fairy tale does not imagine his hero outside of work.
ridicule in social everyday tales, how in " The Tale of Ruff Ershovich", "Vorone", the legal proceedings of medieval Rus' and even the tsar himself were subjected to. Unreasonableness; unfairness of court decisions people explained by the stupidity of the judges, bribery, but in fairy tales it was as if he was restoring justice. A poor man leaves Shemyaka's court unpunished ("Shemyakin Court", thanks to the ingenuity of his daughter, a man who solves riddles better than his narrow-minded but rich brother ("Seven Years", etc.) fights off the unjust court of the governor.
In all this the optimism of the people affected, his belief in the possibility of peace and harmony in society and family, his dreams of a happy future. Took quite a long time to tie people establishment of justice on earth with the name of the king. It was believed that the tsar was surrounded by dishonest, vain, stupid boyars and confidants. IN in fairy tales they are ridiculed, are ridiculed evilly and sharply (for example, in fairy tales "Gorshenya"", "Spruce cones", the king is depicted wise man punishing fools and rewarding smart people. But in fairy tale “The Tsar and the Tailor”"The king is shown already the same as him close: despising common man, stupid and funny.
2. System of images everyday tales
So called everyday tales are fairy tales, which reflects folk life and everyday life, real reality, without any miracles, without any magic.
Everyday tales- these are real satirical folk works.
Satire consists of a clear mockery of the greed, stinginess, and stupidity of people, most of them the rich.
These qualities are ridiculed in the master, the merchant, the priest, and they do not even spare the king himself.
Everyone knows the hero from childhood everyday fairy tales Ivanushka the Fool.
Even in the names of many this name appears in fairy tales: "The Tale of Ivan the Fool", "Ivan the Fool", "Ivan - peasant son and Miracle Yudo", "How Ivan the Fool Guarded the Door".
Usually this hero is despised by everyone, or rather say, is despised by those who consider him stupid, unreasonable among them, the “reasonable ones”. But in fact, this simple-minded fool turns out to be almost the only intelligent creature.
He is not stupid at all, but simply naive, good-natured, selfless. Around him, people deceive each other, are cunning, are greedy, want to gain wealth by all means, stroke their pride, and Ivanushka lies on the stove, dreams, he is happy with little things - a red shirt and a kind word. And happiness comes to him, and not to those who strived for wealth, for a high rank. The fool marries some beautiful princess and becomes a handsome man himself.
IN everyday tales selflessness takes precedence over greed, stinginess, intelligence and ingenuity over stupidity, true honor over arrogance.
And this is the deep meaning of such fairy tales.
Of course, such heroes fairy tales Apart from Ivanushka, there are ordinary men, an old man and an old woman, brothers, a worker, a peasant, a soldier.
For example, tales of a serviceman: “Porridge from an axe”, “Soldier’s overcoat”, “Soldier and the devil”, “Soldier’s school”.
U Russian people have a lot of fairy tales, collections have been published more than once Russian fairy tales.
Give the entire list even just household there is no possibility.
Many people remember these from childhood fairy tales, For example: “Horshenya”, “Lutonyushka”, “Grief”, “Salt”, “What does not happen in the world”, “Good priest”, “Turnip”, “Hidden treasure”, “Wise servant”.
In all fairy tales funny joke, an ironic joke is intertwined and interspersed with serious assessments of human affairs.
3. Genre features fairy tales
Children's consciousness, which goes through the first stages of its formation precisely thanks to the perception of realistic stories, much more susceptible than an adult. And, despite the fact that the very concept fairy tales has existed for several hundred years, children receive their first knowledge in this life, just like many centuries ago, precisely thanks to such stories.
The most common Russian folk tales teach children to perceive correctly life values, and also teach to believe and love. Fairy tales give an understanding of that good is always nearby, and miracles can happen to us every day in the real world.
Often in stories everyday tales different nations There are both good and evil characters. Of course, good always wins, despite all the vicissitudes of the heroes’ destinies. And this pattern is not accidental. After all, this is precisely the perception development of fabulous plot helps the child strive for the best and accomplish good deeds in real life.
But the life trials that fate throws at the characters everyday tales, teach kids humility and patience. But it is very important that the title and plot fairy tales were able to convey to the child’s consciousness that a happy ending will definitely come, you just have to try a little.
Certainly, everyday tales They are far from the fantasy genre, but they also have magic. After all, when the situation the characters find themselves in turns out to be hopeless, a solution always appears. Such miracles give the baby not only a subconscious feeling of security, but also stimulate his curiosity and independent development.
Household(satirical) fairy tale is closest to everyday life and does not even necessarily include miracles. Approval or condemnation is always given openly and clearly expressed grade: what is immoral, what is worthy of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the heroes are simply fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning, connected with important parties human life.
Constant heroes of satirical fairy tales are performed"simple" poor people. However, they invariably prevail over "difficult"- a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of the magical fairy tales here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of wonderful helpers - only thanks to intelligence, dexterity, resourcefulness and even fortunate circumstances.
Household satirical tale has absorbed the characteristic features of life for centuries people and his relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.
IN everyday tales Sometimes animal characters appear, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters as Truth and Falsehood, Woe and Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but the satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.
Sometimes in fairy tale such a specific element of children's folklore as the shapeshifter is introduced. In this case, a shift in real meaning occurs, encouraging the child to correctly arrange objects and phenomena. IN fairy tale the changeling becomes larger, grows into an episode, and already forms part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, hyperbolization of phenomena give the child the opportunity to laugh and think.
CONCLUSION
Fairy tale- one of the most interesting genres of oral creativity. The fight between good and evil, faith in the triumph of justice, a bright future - all this is reflected in folk tales.
Everyday tales are brief. The plot usually centers on one episode, action develops quickly, there are no repetitions of episodes, the events in them can be defined as ridiculous, funny and strange. In these comics are widely developed in fairy tales, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic character. Also, they are not horror, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on action and narrative features that reveal the images of the characters.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Anikin V. P. Russian folk tale/B. P. Anikin - M.: Education, 1977 - 430 p.
2. Children's literature. Tutorial for pedagogical schools. Ed. E. E. Zubareva - M.: Education, 1989 – 398 p.
3. Nikiforov A. I. Fairy tale, her existence and carriers/A. I. Nikiforov - M.: Education, 1930 - 105 p.
4. Pasternak N. Fairy tales A child needs it like air/ Preschool education . - No. 8-2008. -23-35s.
5. Propp V. Ya. Russian fairy tale/ B. J. Propp - L.: Lenizdat, 1984 –263 p.
6. Propp V. Ya. Historical roots of magic fairy tales/ B. I.
7. Propp - L.: Lenizdat, 1986 - 415 p.
8. Yudin Yu. Fool, jester, thief and devil (historical roots everyday fairy tale) . Publisher: Labyrinth-K, 2006-336с
Most Favorite children's activity- is listening to fairy tales. They can be read or recited from memory, but the meaning must be explained to the child. The fact is that fairy tales contain the wisdom of generations of ancestors. It may be well hidden in some works, but it is always present. There are a few various types fairy tales In this article we will talk about household ones.
What is an everyday fairy tale?
An everyday fairy tale is simply a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description of folk life, which is where its name comes from. Since these works are created for children, everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. The hero of an everyday fairy tale is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, peasant or blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and has no magical gifts, but overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, wedding or life after marriage.
This type of fairy tale appeared not so long ago. Children perceive everyday fairy tales best between the ages of 2 and 7 years, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that certain types of fairy tales are suitable for a certain age.
What types of everyday fairy tales are there?
It should be noted that everyday fairy tales can be the result of both folk art and individual authors. For example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote many fairy tales in the everyday genre.
Fairy tales are divided into 3 subgroups, which allow us to more accurately determine what an everyday fairy tale is:
- social and everyday ("The Chatty Old Woman", "Shemyakin Court"),
- satirical-everyday ("The Man and the Pop", "The Master and the Man"),
- magical-everyday ("Morozko", "Cinderella").
However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can be divided only conditionally, because the same work can contain different elements: satire, magic, and just everyday life.
What do everyday fairy tales teach?
Everyday fairy tales were and are told to children in order to show them the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is an everyday fairy tale if not a lesson and instruction for future generations? She teaches us the best and the best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not disappear in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland.
Everyday tales usually convey the idea that one must be hardworking and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these fairy tales are usually ridiculed, and they are left with nothing. Thus, in everyday fairy tales, gentlemen and priests are treated negatively. They are usually seen as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, we can say that heroes are clearly visible in everyday fairy tales. Moreover, people of lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than richer ones. The role of an everyday fairy tale is to expose lies and show precisely the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.
Magical everyday tales
Often the genres of fairy tales can be mixed, as for example in fairy tales. They usually contain 2 worlds, one of which is real, and the second is fictional. Thus, the famous beginning “In a certain kingdom...” is the main indicator of a fairy tale. Also, in addition to the fantasy world, there are also those endowed with special powers, such as Koschey or Baba Yaga.
Magical everyday tales can tell about heroes ("Vasilisa the Beautiful"), lost children ("The Twelve Months"), or about people with certain abilities ("Marya the Mistress"). They always begin with the elders leaving the younger ones or the strong leaving the weak alone, and they, in turn, violate a strictly established prohibition. This form of presentation is the most memorable for children.
In such fairy tales, there is always a magical good helper or object, with the help of which victory over the villain is achieved.
Perhaps, magical fairy tales about animals are very interesting for children. In Russian fairy tales, villains often have pets, for example, Baba Yaga. Usually these are cats that help good characters escape. This is not surprising, because the owners practically do not feed the animals, much less caress them.
Everyday tales about animals
Among other types of fairy tales, there are also tales about animals. They can talk about both simple creatures that live in the forest ("The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats", "The Fox and the Hare" and others), and about the magical "Humpbacked Horse". An everyday fairy tale about animals necessarily presupposes the ability of these creatures to talk and think like people. In everyday tales about animals, they often have very human problems and emotions, as well as living conditions. In fact, we're talking about really about people.
A distinctive feature of Russian fairy tales about animals is that all animals in them are endowed with special characteristic features. So, everyone knows from childhood that the fox is cunning, the hare is hardworking, and the wolf is cruel.
Everyday tales of the peoples of Russia
It is impossible to overestimate the importance of everyday fairy tales. So, every nation not only ours Greater Russia, but the whole world knows what an everyday fairy tale is, and tells it to children. Every nation has its own fairy tales, but their plots are often repeated. However, thanks to them we can learn more about the culture of another people and better understand them. This is very important in a situation like Russia. When children listen to the fairy tales of their people at an early age, they perceive them much better than foreign works.
The Tale of the Hero Naznay
The genres of fairy tales are very diverse, so sometimes an everyday fairy tale can be perfect for describing a hero. Bogatyr Naznay and his actions relate precisely to such a case.
This tale is about a hero who himself could not do anything, but was able to become a king. The fact is that he was very lucky, and he dealt with his enemies simply by chance. The hero was so unlucky that he thought of writing on his sword that he killed 500 people with one blow (although in fact he killed only 500 flies). The king found out about this, invited the hero and married him to his daughter. In fact, the hero did not perform any feats, but he was very lucky and dealt with his enemies. So, he killed a snake by simply falling on it from a tree in a dream, and defeated three evil heroes by quarreling between them: they themselves killed each other.
At the end of the tale, getting scared and starting to undress, Naznay frightened the attacking army, because they thought that in front of them, thanks to the victory, he had become king. In fact, we have before us an everyday fairy tale, since there is no heroism in it, only luck. The hero copes with difficulties thanks to her and his ingenuity.
All children, and what is there to hide, adults, love fairy tales. Remember how we listened with bated breath magical stories about our favorite heroes who taught us kindness, courage, love?! They made us believe in miracles. And now we are happy to tell fairy tales that we heard or read once to our children. And they will tell them to their children - and this chain will never be interrupted.
What kind of everyday stories are these and who is the hero in them?
There are different fairy tales - magical, about animals and everyday ones. This article will focus on the latter. The reader may have a question: what kind of fairy tales are these? So, everyday ones are those in which there are no miraculous transformations or mythical characters. The heroes of such stories are ordinary people: a cunning master, a simple man, a savvy soldier, a selfish deacon, a greedy neighbor and others. These tales describe everyday life and everyday life ordinary people. The plot in such stories is simple. They ridicule greed and stupidity, condemn indifference and cruelty, and praise kindness and resourcefulness. As a rule, these stories contain a lot of humor, unexpected twists and educational moments. The list of everyday fairy tales invented by the people is very long. But it is not only rich in such entertaining stories. Many Russian writers worked in this genre: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Belinsky, Pushkin and others.
Everyday tales: list of the most popular
- "Seven-year-old daughter."
- "The master blacksmith."
- "The Argumentative Wife."
- "The master and the man."
- "Pot".
- "The Master and the Dog".
- "Hare".
- "Good pop."
- "Porridge from an axe."
- "Ivan the Fool".
- "If you don't like it, don't listen."
- "Soldier's Overcoat".
- "Fedul and Melania."
- "Three rolls and one bagel."
- "Speaking water."
- "Funeral of a goat."
- “What doesn’t happen in the world.”
- "About need."
- "Good and bad."
- "Lutonyushka."
Here is just a small list of everyday tales. In fact, there are many more of them.
The plot of the fairy tale "Porridge from an Ax"
In the “List of Everyday Fairy Tales” rating, first place can rightfully be given to this story. It not only shows the ingenuity of a brave soldier, but also ridicules the greed and narrow-mindedness of a stingy woman. The soldier always occupied an honorable role. Warriors were very loved in Rus', and therefore in such stories they always emerged victorious thanks to their inquisitive mind, skillful hands and a kind heart. In this story, the reader makes fun of the old woman’s greed: she has plenty of food, but she feels sorry for a piece of bread, and she pretends to be poor and unhappy. The soldier quickly saw through the deception and decided to teach the stingy woman a lesson. He offered to cook porridge from an axe. The old woman's curiosity got the better of her - and she agreed. The soldier deftly lured her cereal, salt and butter. The stupid old woman never understood that it was impossible to cook porridge with an axe.
Not only children love everyday fairy tales, adults also read them with pleasure, eagerly awaiting the outcome of how the hero will cope with a difficult task. And we always rejoice when we learn that evil has been punished and justice has triumphed. Make a list of everyday fairy tales for your child, and as you read each one, discuss with him the plot, the good and evil deeds of the characters. By analyzing various situations, it will be easier for the child to subsequently distinguish between good and evil in life. Ask what everyday tales he knows and offer to tell you one of them.
Everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales / Everyday tales titles
Everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales are based on events in people's daily lives. Fairy tales convey everyday life in which real characters participate: husband and wife, gentlemen and servants, stupid ladies and ladies, a thief and a soldier, and of course a cunning master. The names in everyday fairy tales speak for themselves: Porridge from an axe, a master and a man, an argumentative wife, a seven-year-old daughter, a fool and a birch tree and others...
Teenagers will be interested in everyday and satirical Russian fairy tales (“Good, but Bad,” “Porridge from an Ax,” “Inept Wife”). They talk about the vicissitudes family life, show resolution methods conflict situations, develop an attitude of common sense and a healthy sense of humor in relation to adversity.
Social everyday tales arose, according to researchers, in two stages: everyday tales - earlier, with the formation of the family and family life during the decomposition of the clan system, and social ones - with the emergence of class society and the aggravation of social contradictions during the period of early feudalism, especially during the decomposition of serfdom building and during the period of capitalism. The name of everyday fairy tales is reflected primarily in the fact that the plots are based on two important social themes: social injustice and social punishment.
What are everyday fairy tales? In the fairy tale “The Master and the Carpenter,” the master ordered the servants to beat the oncoming carpenter because he himself was coming from the village of Adkova, and the carpenter was coming from the village of Raikova. The carpenter found out where the master lived, hired him to build a house (the master did not recognize him), called him into the forest to select the necessary logs and dealt with him there. The plot of how a man fooled a master is very popular in fairy tales in various forms and variations.
Children often ask to read the same fairy tale many times. Often, they accurately remember the details and do not allow parents to deviate even a step from the text. This natural feature mental development crumbs. Therefore, Russian fairy tales about animals best convey life experience to young children.
