LITTLE SHIP "INGERMANLAND"
This 64-gun battleship is considered to be the quintessence of shipbuilding from the era of Peter I. By the time it was laid down, Russia had already accumulated significant construction experience, but the number of guns on battleships did not exceed 60. During the construction of the Ingermanland, this milestone was overcome - 64 guns were installed on it .
The ship was personally designed by Peter I, who introduced a number of novelties into its design: the absence of the high stern traditional for earlier ships, an improved keel design, foremast and mainmast with a third row of straight sails (fore- and main-topsails).
The ship was laid down in 1712. It received its name in honor of Ingria, which was recently conquered from Sweden, on whose lands St. Petersburg was located. The immediate supervisor of the construction was the British shipwright Richard Cosenz, who was hired by Peter to serve in Russia.
Ingermanland became the first Russian ship to demonstrate high speed and good seaworthiness. The sovereign liked the ship so much that he kept his flag on it for several years. This was the case in 1716, when Peter I personally led the combined Anglo-Dutch-Danish-Russian squadron on an expedition to the island of Bornholm, and also in 1719, when the Baltic Fleet approached Stockholm directly.
In memory of the glorious campaigns, the sovereign ordered: “Keep [“Ingermanland”] for memory.” Since 1725, the ship no longer went to sea; its hull gradually rotted and began to fill with water, as a result of which in 1738 the Ingermanland ran aground in Kronstadt harbor. Soon it was dismantled for firewood.
The design, well developed by Peter I, with minor changes, was repeated in the Russian fleet almost until the end of the 18th century.
SHIP OF THE BATTLE "ST. PAUL"
The 84-gun battleship "St. Paul" was laid down in Nikolaev in 1791. The drawings were developed by naval engineer Semyon Afanasyev on the orders of Grigory Potemkin. In 1795, the ship moved to Sevastopol. From April 30 to May 3, 1798, together with the battleships “Zachary and Elizabeth”, “St. Peter”, “Holy Trinity” and “Epiphany of the Lord”, he participated in comparative tests carried out at the direction of Paul I, but showed far from the best result. However, it was “St. Paul” that entered into naval art, since the famous naval commander Fyodor Ushakov held his flag on it during the storming of the Corfu fortress in 1799.
Russia at that time was part of a coalition of European countries that were at war with France, so a Black Sea squadron of six battleships, seven frigates and three brigs with troops on board under the command of F.F., already famous by that time for his victories over the Turks, headed to the Mediterranean Sea. Ushakova. After passing through the straits, it was joined by the now allied Turkish forces consisting of four battleships and six frigates.
Soon the admiral began to liberate the Ionian Islands occupied by France. The main enemy stronghold there was the fortress of Corfu, which was considered impregnable, armed with 650 guns and a garrison of 3,000 troops. Food supplies made it possible to withstand a six-month siege.
Operation against Corfu F.F. Ushakov decided to launch a swift attack on Vido Island, which covered the entrance to the harbor, which the Russian landing force, with the support of naval artillery, captured within a few hours. Without giving the French any respite, the second landing captured two forts directly on Corfu with lightning speed, which seriously demoralized the enemy. On February 20, 1799, the act of surrender of the French fortress was signed on board the St. Paul. Such masterful actions of Fyodor Ushakov earned an enthusiastic review from the great Alexander Suvorov, who wrote: “Hurray! To the Russian fleet! Now I say to myself: why wasn’t I at least a midshipman at Corfu?” Grateful for the liberation, the inhabitants of the island presented the admiral with a golden sword decorated with diamonds.
On July 25, "St. Paul" left Corfu for the Italian Messina for joint operations with the British fleet, and on October 26 of the following year returned to Sevastopol.
BATTLE SHIP "AZOV"
The 74-gun battleship Azov was laid down in October 1825 at the Solombala shipyard in Arkhangelsk. Officially, the famous master Andrei Kurochkin was considered the builder of the ship, but by that time he was already an elderly man, and in fact, the later famous Vasily Ershov also supervised the work. The project turned out to be so good that 15 ships of the same type were built according to it at Russian shipyards in 1826–1836.
Even before the completion of construction, the famous Russian navigator, discoverer of Antarctica and future commander of the Black Sea Fleet, captain 1st rank Mikhail Lazarev, was appointed commander of the Azov. Future heroes of the defense of Sevastopol were also included in the crew: Lieutenant Pavel Nakhimov, midshipman Vladimir Kornilov and midshipman Vladimir Istomin.
In August-September 1826, the ship moved from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt and soon, as part of a united Anglo-French-Russian squadron, set off for the Mediterranean Sea to assist Greece in the fight against the Turkish conquerors. On October 20, 1827, the Battle of Navarino took place, during which the Azov fought against five enemy ships. The heroic crew sank three frigates, one corvette and forced the Turkish flagship Muharem Bey to beach.
But the victory did not come cheap. During the battle on the Azov, all the masts and topmasts were broken, and 153 holes were counted in the hull (seven of them below the waterline). Crew losses were 24 killed and 67 wounded.
By decree of Emperor Nicholas I of December 17 (December 29), 1827, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, the Azov was awarded the stern admiral's St. George flag "in honor of the commendable deeds of the commanders, the courage and fearlessness of the officers and the bravery of the lower ranks." It was also prescribed to always have the ship “Memory of Azov” in the fleet. The original Azov flag is currently on display at the Central Naval Museum.
CRUISER "VARYAG"
The 1st rank armored cruiser "Varyag" was built in Philadelphia at the Crump and Sons shipyard. In 1901, the St. Andrew's flag was raised on the ship. The cruiser turned out to be exceptionally beautiful and amazed contemporaries with the perfection of its proportions. In addition, many technical innovations were used during its construction: most of the mechanisms, including even the dough mixers in the bakery, received electric drives, and telephones were installed in almost all office premises. To reduce fire hazard, all furniture was made of metal. The Varyag could reach a speed of 24 knots, which was quite high for its class.
Soon after entering service, the cruiser moved to Port Arthur. From the beginning of January 1904, he, along with the gunboat "Koreets", was in the neutral Korean port of Chemulpo at the disposal of the Russian embassy in Seoul. On February 8, the Japanese squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Sotokichi Uriu blocked the port and began landing troops. The next day, the commander of the Varyag, Vsevolod Rudnev, received an ultimatum from the Japanese to leave the port, otherwise they threatened to attack Russian ships right in the roadstead. The Russians decided to go to sea and try to fight their way to Port Arthur. However, passing through a narrow fairway, the Varyag could not use its main advantage - speed.
The battle lasted about an hour. The Japanese fired a total of 419 shells at the Russian ships. The losses of the Varyag crew amounted to 130 people, including 33 killed. By the end of the battle, the cruiser had almost completely exhausted its ability to resist due to the failure of a significant number of guns, damage to the steering gears and the presence of several underwater holes that could not be repaired on its own. The crew was taken to neutral ships, and the cruiser, in order to avoid capture by the Japanese, was scuttled, opening the seams. Admired by the feat of the Russian sailors, the Japanese government opened a museum in Seoul in memory of the heroes of the Varyag and awarded V.F. Rudnev with the Order of the Rising Sun. The crew members of the “Varyag” and “Korean” who returned to Russia received a triumphant reception.
In 1905, the Japanese raised the Varyag and introduced it into their fleet under the name Soya. In 1916, Russia bought it and included it in the Arctic Ocean flotilla. In February 1917, the Varyag went to Great Britain for repairs. After the Soviet government refused to pay the royal debts, the British confiscated the ship and sold it for scrap. While being towed for breaking up in 1925, the Varyag sank in the Irish Sea.
DESTROYER "NOVIK"
“Novik” was designed and built with funds from the “Special Committee for Strengthening the Fleet with voluntary donations.” She became the first Russian-built destroyer equipped with a steam turbine power plant with high-pressure liquid fuel boilers.
During sea trials on August 21, 1913, the ship reached a record speed of 37.3 knots. Another distinctive feature of the Novik was its powerful artillery and torpedo armament, consisting of four 102-mm rapid-fire guns from the Obukhov plant and the same number of twin-tube torpedo tubes.
The characteristics of the Novik turned out to be so successful that 53 ships of this type were laid down in Russia according to slightly modified designs. By the beginning of the First World War they were considered the best in their class.
On August 4, 1915, Novik entered into battle with two newest German destroyers, V-99 and V-100. The well-aimed fire of the destroyer gunners caused serious damage to the German ships, and the V-99 was blown up by mines, washed ashore and was blown up by the crew two hours later. The Novik itself was not injured in this battle and had no casualties in personnel.
Many destroyers of this type continued to serve in the Soviet fleet, taking an active part in the Great Patriotic War. On August 26, 1941, Novik, while guarding the cruiser Kirov, hit a mine and sank.
While selecting wallpaper for my desktop, I came across several photographs of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and interested me. And they forced me to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.
Bark "Kruzenshtern"
The Lajes und K company, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges that had steel hulls and spars and excellent sailing performance. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of them was the four-masted barque Padua, built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he transported saltpeter and phosphates from Chile and wheat from Australia to Germany, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days with an average voyage duration of 88 days. At the beginning of the war, the barque was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred as an indemnity to the Soviet Union.
In January 1946, the Soviet flag was raised on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva".
The condition of the ship was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks until 1955, without going to sea. In June 1955, it was first deployed for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 – 1961 the ship was overhauled. It was equipped with two 588 kW diesel engines and all the necessary equipment.
From 1961 to 1966 "Kruzenshtern" is a research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports with expeditions. Since 1966 - a training sailboat with a home port of Riga, since 1981. – Tallinn, and since 1991 – Kaliningrad.
“Kruzenshtern” is the winner of the Boston–Liverpool races in 1992 and 1994, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the ship, it was considered dangerous to develop high speed.
In 1993, the bark again underwent a major overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship “Sedov” is larger).
Now, on the motor-sailing barque “Kruzenshtern”, under the guidance of qualified mentors, cadets of nautical schools receive their first maritime knowledge and skills. Every year about 800 young men who choose a maritime specialty undergo internship here.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA
Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Side height, m - 8.5
Freeboard height, m - 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Lightweight displacement, t – 3760
Displacement fully loaded, t – 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots. - 9.4
Speed under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. With. – 1600
Sail area, m2 – 3655
Navigation area – unlimited
Crew number – 70
Number of places for cadets - 203
Bark "Sedov"
The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Karl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargo between ports in Europe and South America, Australia, Southeast Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Karl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company. The new shipowner equipped the ship with quarters for 70 cadets and began using it as both a cargo ship and a training vessel. The bark was given a new name - "Commondor Jensen".
After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the military and auxiliary German fleets were divided between the Allies. The Soviet Union, in order to compensate for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the ship "Commodore Jensen", renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).
On January 11, 1946, the sailing ship "Sedov" was transferred to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. He made his first sea voyage in this capacity in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training ship, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. During these studies, the crew and a team of scientists jointly erased many “blank spots” from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became the home port of the Sedov. In the early 70s, the bark went through difficult times and almost died. Awaiting long-overdue repairs, the ship sat in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for its fate to be decided. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the veteran’s defense. At different times, each of them lived the same life with Sedov, sharing together the difficulties and romance of sailing travel. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where during six years of reconstruction the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one with a power of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places were equipped for 164 students. The ship was put into service again in 1981.
“Sedov” made its first voyage, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.
In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its home port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the sailing ship’s German crews, including one of its first owners, on board.
In 1984, "Sedov" made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The voyage, which began in the Baltic, went around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.
During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.
In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and has since become a frequent participant, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventure enthusiasts for training.
In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
The Sedov, a four-masted barque, is the largest traditionally built sailing ship in the world and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. The Sedov UPS is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest sailing ship that has survived to this day.
Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year of construction: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4 mast barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sail area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind power: 8.000 hp
Engine make: Vyartsilya
Engine power: 2,800 hp
Sailing speed: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons.
Sail area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164
At the end of the 80s, similar ships were built in Poland: “Dar Molodezhi” for the city of Gdynia, “Druzhba” for the city of Odessa, “Mir” for the city of Leningrad, “Khersones” for the city of Sevastopol, “Pallada” and “Nadezhda” for city of Vladivostok.
Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)
The training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of five training sailing ships of this type. December 1, 1987 - the flag of the Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the Mir and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy named after. adm. S.O. Makarova (at that time the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the shipowner.
From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training vessel, intended for sailing practice for cadets of the navigating department and taking part in sailing ship races.
At different times, from 70 to 140 cadets not only from the State Maritime Academy, but also from other maritime educational institutions of the former Union, as well as England and the USA, practiced on board the ship.
"Mir" actively participates in sailing ship racing. A significant event was the participation of the Mir in the international grand regatta Columbus 92, dedicated to the five hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.
"Mir" took part in the Transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only "A" class vessel to win the main prize of this race two times in a row (2003 and 2004).
The training sailing ship "Mir" is the current symbol of maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea of international cooperation of port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.
According to the practice that has developed in recent years, Mir operates from April to October in the Baltic and North Seas, visiting 15 to 20 ports per season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions undergo practical training on the ship.
Main technical characteristics:
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp.
mast height: foresail and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people
Training sailing ship "Nadezhda" (training frigate)
"Nadezhda" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Maritime State University named after. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. The flag of the Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.
This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full sail rig of the “ship” type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.
The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, and an island. In the history of the fleet there are few ships with such a rich history, ships that served their Fatherland so faithfully, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.
The sailboat has dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who are undergoing their sixth “floating” semester on the open sea. During long voyages, cadets not only perform all the ship’s work, participate in emergency situations, stand navigational watches on the bridge, but also study. Several basic subjects are studied on the voyage. According to the frigate captain, it is important to develop among cadets an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the “circumnavigation” with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea strata was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths and subsequently analyzed. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailing ship.
Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and scientific research vessel.
Performance characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) – 109.4 m
Maximum width – 14.0 m
Maximum draft – 7.3 m
Displacement – 2,984 t
Engine power – 2x450 kW
Main mast height – 49.5 m
Sail area – 2768 sq.m.
Crew – 50 people
Number of places for trainees – 143
Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)
"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).
Named in honor of the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 sailed from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has full frigate-type armament. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The adjustable pitch propeller can be moved to the so-called “feathering position” to reduce drag when sailing.
The frigate Pallada set an official speed record of 18.7 knots for Class A sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation of the world, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in the logbook and also filmed, but not officially documented.
Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 t
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Mainmast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sail area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144
Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)
"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a vessel with a full sailing rig), owned by the Kerch State Maritime Technological University (home port - Kerch).
Built in Poland at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard in 1989. The first name was “Alexander Green”, but upon completion of construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus', it was named “Chersonese”.
From 1991 to 2006, it was operated under lease by the travel company Inmaris as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, operation has been discontinued, and the ship is laid up in the port of Kerch. The ship has not gone to sea since 2006.
Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Maritime Technological University. Although there is a dispute over the right to own the vessel between Rosrybolovstvo and the Russian Ministry of Transport. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived to undergo repairs at the Sevastopol branch of the Zvezdochka CS. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.
Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 t
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total power of 1140 hp. s.(2 x 570)
Two-masted sail-motor schooner "Nadezhda"
There is a legend that the schooner, later known as Nadezhda, was the Sterna yacht of Felix Graf von Luckner, a German national hero during the First World War.
"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the Gebrouders shipyard as a steel sailing logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine produced by Deutsche Werke with a power of 70 hp. With.
On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke of Hamburg, who converted her into a general cargo ship and renamed her Edelgard.
On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name “Seeteufel” (“Seeteufel” - German “Sea Devil”). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, the schooner circumnavigated the world route from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939.
The ship's crew consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under the guise of a trip around the world, the main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of Nazi Germany.
In 1943, the schooner was purchased by the outstanding sea diver Hans Haas for the marine research institute he was creating. The schooner was supposed to become an expedition vessel and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was located at that time.
On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Academy named after Lenin. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named “Nadezhda” and, together with another schooner “Ucheba”, was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad naval base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.
On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and transferred free of charge to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name “Leningrad” and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner underwent major repairs and re-equipment at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, and a new pilothouse appeared, noticeably changing the silhouette of the schooner.
The schooner served as an internship for cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's Youth School, and oceanology students. The schooner repeatedly participated in filming by Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.
From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city's Scarlet Sails alumni celebrations. After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the schooner was returned to its former name “Nadezhda”. Due to financial difficulties and unsatisfactory technical condition, the schooner has practically not been used since 2005.
In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the schooner's hull, the lower rooms were redesigned, the architecture of the hull above the main deck was changed, the standing and running rigging was replaced, new sails were sewn, the main engine was rebuilt, two new ones were installed diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.
Since 2014 - Fund for the support, reconstruction and revival of historical ships and classic yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.
In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is “the repatriation of the schooner Seeteufel to Germany.”
Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Side height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from overhead line
Number of sails - 9
Sail area - 340 (460) m²
Training sailing ship "Young Baltiets"
The training sailing ship "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltic Shipyard named after. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the state flag of the USSR was raised on the ship.
The first independent exit from the plant's pier in May 1989. The ship's crew consists of 52 people, of which 32 are trainees, cabin boys aged from 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailing ship visited the ports of Germany: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to arrive to participate in sailing festivals held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race, at the first stage in Group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailing ships like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which school-aged children do internships. Over the years, "Young Baltic" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.
Performance characteristics:
Length – 48.4 m
Width – 8.4 m
Height – 36.0 m
Displacement – 441t/132t
Sail area – 500 sq.m.
Main propulsion power – 408 hp.
Speed under the main propulsion – 9.5 knots
Sailing speed – 10.5 knots
Crew – 20 people
Trainees – 32 people
A working replica of the historical frigate "Standart".
"Standart" is a copy of the frigate "Standart" from the time of Peter I, built by the non-governmental non-profit organization "Project "Standard".
In 1994, Vladimir Martus and an initiative group took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovskoye Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Standart.
The crew of the Shtandart is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the “Standard” set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Grand Embassy - those cities and countries that Peter I visited while learning ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the frigate "Standart" had been on twelve voyages around Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, the Shtandart sailed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the Neva waters to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. “Standard” actively takes part in international sea regattas, festivals, and filming.
But in June 2009, “Standard” was presented to inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. To restore the vessel to the classification register, on June 18, 2009, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before departure for the voyage.
The shipowner, the non-profit partnership “Project “Standard””, considering the requirements presented as fundamentally impossible to fulfill given the historical design of the vessel, decided to stop operating the vessel in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues of Russian legislation on historical and traditional vessels are resolved.
Since 2009, “Standart” has been carrying out training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, and is certified by the Dutch Register of Historic and Sailing Ships Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to inspect the vessel as a sports sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But the review of documents has not been completed. The Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.
The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.
A working replica of the historical battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's Providence")
A historical copy of the Russian battleship “Goto Predestination” from the time of Peter I, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteyskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.
At the beginning of 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on creating the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship have not been preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from the state archive, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century were used, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.
On June 15, 2011, the foundation board for the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk plant. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to the designer of the superstructure, Alexander Tikhomirov, the same materials from which the original ship was built were used for its construction: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.
On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the vessel from Pavlovsk with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. At the end of August 2013, the upper part was sent from Petrozavodsk of the future ship In mid-September, installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was moved to Admiralteyskaya Square.
In January 2014, construction of the coastal parking lot for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. On July 2, 2014, the ship set out on its maiden voyage for sea trials.
On July 27, 2014, on Navy Day, the ship “Goto Predestination” was inaugurated near the Admiralty Square in Voronezh. St. Andrew's flag was raised on the ship. After this, the ship set off on its first voyage, in which workers from the Pavlovsk shipyard who built the ship took part. During departure, a salvo was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier near Admiralty Square. A total of about 40 people worked on the ship. It took just over 3 years to build the vessel from the moment it was laid, while the original during the time of Peter the Great took just under 1.5 years to build.
In addition to the existing operational copies of the historical ships, there was another copy. Replica of the frigate "Holy Spirit".
A working replica of the historical frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP company were recreated at the Avangard shipyard in 1992.
According to historical fact, during the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates “Courier” and “Holy Spirit” in August 1702 were dragged along the “Osudareva” road, 170 miles long through Karelian forests and swamps. The movement of ships and troops by land from the White Sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.
The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype and carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.
Basic technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
cable length - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m
In 1992, "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden ships in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian Navy and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the St. Andrew's flag.
In 1993, the flagship of the Russian Historical Fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.
In 1994, the frigate took part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia, "Blue Onego-94".
But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit", on its way to a festival in the city of Amsterdam, sank off the coast of Holland during a strong storm in the North Sea.
Also, at the moment, the historical shipbuilding shipyard "Poltava" is recreating the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched at the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
Construction of the original 4th rank battleship Poltava began in 1709 and ended in 1712; construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosei Sklyaev supervised the construction.
A full-size replica of the Poltava ship was conceived in 2013 and is planned to be launched in 2016.
In the summer of 2013, the midship frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions; it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was built and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid and the first frames were installed. The ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the ship's spars are made of pine, and the planking is planned to be made of larch. The 54 guns that will be installed on the Poltava ship are cast at the plant from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.
The shipyard's staff already consists of more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the frigate "Standart" or at the "Poltava" shipyard.
On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on an excursion and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily excursions, master classes and events on weekends.
Russia is a huge state, two thirds of whose borders are washed by seas and oceans. Since ancient times, the Russians knew how to sail the seas, but there was no single school and traditions for a long time. The first wooden ships were single-tree canoes, the first of which was found at the end of the nineteenth century and was more than 4,000 years old. Similar boats, made from a single tree trunk, were popular among the Slavs. In the 10th century, canopies appeared; the sides of these boats were enlarged with sheathing, which made them much more spacious.
Slavic fleet - Russian boat
At the same time, typesetting boats appeared; these small ships were used for trade, but they also proved themselves well in military campaigns. With a length of 20 meters, the boats took on board up to 15 tons of cargo; ships had to be literally carried across the rapids of the Dnieper; this did not allow them to be made longer. But these small boats with a dozen oars and one straight sail successfully plied the Black Sea in all directions. The Slavs had a lot of different vessels, all of them were small in size, for more convenient transportation overland between river beds.
Only in the 12th century, with the development of the Baltic waters, relatively large ships began to appear. It was the Pomeranian ketches that became the basis of the Navy’s concept; there were also flat-bottomed vessels that could take on board up to two hundred tons, with a hull length of 25 meters and a width of 8 meters. The boats, called “overseas”, could travel up to 300 km per day.
The Russian battle fleet began with a decree of Peter the Great in October 1696. A strong fleet is needed to organize access to the sea, necessary for the development of trade and strengthening of the state. Until the end of the Crimean War in 1856, the fleet was wooden, rowing or sailing. These were years of struggle for the seas, for the right to be present on them, regularly having to prove their worth and strength. And this is not easy to do, because the experience of sea powers is much greater and not by ten years, but by several centuries.
Soon Russia created a strong fleet and developed its own shipbuilding, of course, this did not please the neighbors who wanted in every possible way to squeeze the Russians out of the sea. Constant wars, sometimes waged on several fronts, did not break us, but rather strengthened us and allowed us to educate outstanding sailors and naval commanders and create a high-quality school. Most of the victories were won over an enemy superior in numbers and weaponry. Russian ships not only ensured the security of their borders, but also served as peacekeepers, guaranteeing stability in Europe.
The first Russian war galleys
They refer to sea-going sailing and rowing vessels, where the main moving force was oars driven by slaves, convicts or the soldiers themselves. The design also included two or three masts with slanting sails. Despite the fact that galleys were used as merchant ships, their primary purpose was combat, due to their speed, enormous for their time. It is the galleys that hold the record for the duration of their existence as part of the armed forces of their states; they existed for about one and a half thousand years.
The first galley arrived from the Netherlands disassembled at the end of the seventeenth century to Arkhangelsk, but the tsar ordered it to be sent to the village of Preobrazhenskoye without assembling it. So this galley became a model for the creation of twenty-two more ships that joined the squadron under the flags of Admiral Lefort, the model also entered service.
Baptism of fire
After the unsuccessful siege of Azov in 1695, Peter became especially passionate about creating a fleet capable of fighting battles from the sea. All because of, who transported supplies to Azov by sea. Over the winter, having built 23 galleys according to the Dutch model, 2 galleasses, 1300 plows, 3 hundred boats, 4, a new campaign was ready by spring.
In May, a Russian flotilla under the command of the emperor appeared near Azov, blocking the supply of supplies from sea and land; after a fierce siege, the Turks finally surrendered. This was Russia's first victory thanks to the efforts of the fleet, but the real battles were yet to come.
One of the historically important naval victories was in the Ganguda naval battle. A serious Swedish group of thirty ships, half of which were linear frigates, was defeated by 20 Russian ships, mostly galleys. Peter immediately understood that he could not defeat a heavily armed, experienced and outnumbered enemy with a frontal attack. The Swedes' self-confidence played a cruel joke on them; Peter misled the enemy by starting to build a portage to drag the galleys across the isthmus. Swedish Vice Admiral Watrang decided that the Russians wanted to transfer their forces in order to attack from the rear and immediately sent some of the ships to meet them, and some to reserve. The weather also played into the hands of the Russians; the calm that established before the battle pinned down the sailing ships, seriously limiting their mobility. The Swedes, taken by surprise, did not have time to regroup, and the ships of Rear Admiral Taube, who arrived to help, hastily retreated, believing that the entire Russian flotilla had advanced towards them.
Galley fleet under Peter I
Peter's fleet began with galleys, since they were best suited to the needs of the fleet. In 1710, craftsmen gathered from all over the country to build rowing ships. The choice in favor of galleys was explained by a number of reasons:
- The vessels are versatile and suitable for both combat and patrol;
- Relatively cheap to produce, ship timber was very expensive, and Russian pine was not only cheaper, but also more suitable for construction;
- The low draft, rarely exceeding two meters, was very important, since large Swedish battleships could not fully operate off the coastline.
The vessels could accommodate up to three hundred oarsmen, and the oar weight reached ninety kilograms, with up to five people per oar. The maximum speed reached six knots and sometimes more, while the rowers made up to twenty strokes of the oars per minute. Since oars were located along the entire side, the guns were located only in the bow and stern of the ship, which also influenced the tactics of combat.
Description of the case
Russian galleys had only a basic description in common, these were oars on the sides and cannons in front and behind, the rest constantly changed from model to model. There is little information left about the first galley, which arrived disassembled, it could be classified as a half-galley, its length was a little more than thirty-eight meters, with a beam of nine and a draft of one meter and eighty centimeters.
From that moment on, the construction of a variety of models began, from twenty to twenty-four cans, up to fifty-three meters in length, relatively narrow no more than seven hundred and thirty centimeters. They were armed with up to twenty-seven cannons; these were the first and last goliaths of their era; later Peter abandoned them in favor of more modestly sized ships.
Options for installing a falconet and guns on the bow of a galley
Galleys of the Turkish style had a long hull and had dangerously low sides above the water, which often caused them to sink. In front there was a ledge raised to the top, to which the foremast was attached. Behind this ledge there was a platform with large-caliber guns. The platform for the movement of people along the ship was called a curonian, it was covered with a tarpaulin, and at the stern it was crowned with a superstructure-cabin made of wooden beams or arches, on which a tent was stretched.
Weapons and combat tactics
Due to their low armament, the galleys were never lined up for defense. Thanks to its speed characteristics, it became a means of attack. In the front part, as a rule, there were two or four cannons, which “fired back” until the moment of ramming, and in their tactics they were somewhat reminiscent of Japanese kamikazes. Quickly emerging from cover, the galleys rammed the enemy, after which they boarded the enemy. Often the rowers were the first to suffer in a firefight, since they had no cover, partly because of this, during the rowing attack, what is called “like the last time,” their survival depended on the speed of the attack.
The first sailing warships of Russia
Of course, it is not fair to say that the fleet in Russia began from the time of Peter, long before the appearance of the Tsar’s son Alexei Mikhailovich, merchant ships called beads were built in Rus', which were famous for their ability to catch even the slightest breath of the breeze. Busy were the main types of ships, they were built in Arkhangelsk and had an amazing carrying capacity of over two hundred tons. These ships can be called military with great difficulty, rather they were independent, the beads were merchant ships and had at least twenty archers and gunners on board, they could easily go on the attack, but first of all, the firepower was designed for defense. This is primarily due to the fact that Russia did not have a goal to conduct naval battles, since, in fact, there was only one full-fledged seaport.
The first warship "Eagle"
During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, a period of active development of trade with neighboring states began. Due to the turbulent situation in the Caspian Sea, merchant ships required enhanced security; this fact was spelled out in the agreement with Persia. According to this agreement, the first shipyard was founded.
Ship “Eagle” 1667
On the Oka River in 1667, construction began on a shipyard specifically for one ship and several small vessels. Dutch craftsmen were brought in especially for this task, and Colonel Van Bukovets and Captain Butler were brought in to supervise the construction. All of them, together with the artisans, were subordinate to the boyar Ordyn-Nashchokin, the author of the idea of his own fleet for Russia.
In May 1668, a ship of the Western European type was built, with two decks, three masts, armed with twenty-two cannons. This galliot was twenty-four meters long and six and a half wide, with a modest draft of no more than one and a half meters.
At the end of April 1669, by royal decree, the galliot was given the name “Eagle” in honor of the Russian coat of arms. By royal order, double-headed eagles were embroidered on the flags, and carved gilded wooden eagles were also installed. These symbols found their place on all military vessels in the future. It was from Orel that the Russian Navy began, its creation led to the emergence of the Ship's Charter, and the articles received before Orel's sailing became the prototype of the Navy's charter. A huge historical contribution, a unique event for a huge empire, the basis of Russia's maritime successes never fulfilled its intended purpose. In August of the same year, Orel was captured by the Cossacks led by Stepan Razin. The rebels then burned many ships stationed in the roadstead in Astrakhan, and the Eagle was driven to the Kutum channel, where it rotted. So the ship, which had never seen the sea, became the basis of the navy. Rumor has it that it is his silhouette that adorns the spire of the Admiralty.
Sailing fleet of the Russian Empire from the 18th to the 20th century
The active development of the Baltic Fleet was noted in the first decades of the eighteenth century. A large sailing fleet was created, during which time bases were created in St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Kronstadt, Reval, and Helsingfors.
By the middle of the century, the composition consisted of ships from twenty-four Russian shipyards of Voronezh, Pereyaslavl, Astrakhan and other cities. The fleet had one hundred and thirty ships and three hundred and ninety-six rowing vessels:
- Nine frigates;
- Five banderas;
- Thirty-six battleships;
- Three shnyavs;
- Seventy-seven different auxiliary vessels;
- Two hundred and fifty-three galleys;
- 143 brigantines.
Almost no information has been preserved about most of the ships, but there were also ships whose names left their mark on history. Thus, the first Russian battleship of its kind, Poltava, built in St. Petersburg in 1712, had 54 cannons on board and did not miss a single battle during the entire Northern War. In 1780, the battleship Pobedonosets was launched; it was the best ship of its time, armed with forty-eight guns of various calibers.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century it became the third largest in the world. In 1841, the 120-gun giant "" was launched. This was the peak of prosperity, followed by decline, for several reasons. The root cause was the obsolescence of the sailing fleet, it was replaced by steam engines, and in the sixties of the nineteenth century, steamships replaced sailing ships from military affairs. It is worth noting that Peter the Great’s fleet could not survive to our times; the life expectancy of the first ships rarely exceeded one dozen years. Because in his thirst to adopt the experience of building ships in the European style, Peter forgot to learn how to prepare wood; galleys and other ships, due to haste, were built from raw, improperly processed wood.
Ship "Twelve Apostles" model
Despite the difficulties, Russian sailors demonstrated courage and valor, which allowed them to gain superiority at sea. By 1861, the first battleship was launched, which became a symbol of the industrial development of the state. Throughout the reign of Nicholas II, the fleet was updated, and as a result of the lack of its own ships, despite the rapid development of industry, it was even necessary to order ships from Denmark, Germany, France and Germany.
After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, global influence at sea was seriously shaken, and Russia slipped to sixth place in naval armament. At the same time, submarines appeared in service; in the last ten years before the revolution, the emperor spent colossal sums on rearmament of the army, the budget of the navy was the fifth in the world.
The revolution and civil war put an end to the entire tsarist fleet; everything that was not lost in battle was captured or plundered; only a few ships survived.
On June 28, 1712, in the presence of Peter I, the first Russian battleship was launched. We remember 7 legendary domestic sailing ships that made a name for the Russian fleet.
Galiot "Eagle"
In 1668, by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Russian shipbuilders built the first large combat sailing ship on the Oka River - the Eagle galliot. The length of the “large” vessel is 24.5 m, width 6.5 m. The crew is 22 sailors and 35 archers. This double-decker ship carried three masts and was armed with 22 arquebuses. "Eagle" was the first purely sailing warship built in Russia. Straight sails were installed on the foremast and main mast of the Eagle, and oblique sails on the mizzen mast. Here are the lines from the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on this ship: “The ship, which was made in the village of Dedinovo, should be given the nickname “Eagle.” Put an eagle on the bow and stern and sew eagles on the banners.” When the “Eagle” was ready, wooden carved double-headed eagles, painted gold, were attached to its stern and bow. These heraldic symbols of royal power were a kind of confirmation of the name of the ship, and then became a traditional decoration of all military ships.
Yacht "St. Peter"
"St. Peter" is the first Russian warship to fly the Russian flag in foreign waters. The yacht of Peter I was built in Arkhangelsk according to the Dutch model in 1693. This small sailing ship had one mast with straight and oblique sails and was armed with 12 cannons. Peter I first went out to the open sea on it to accompany Dutch and English merchant ships leaving Arkhangelsk and reached the eastern shores of the Kola Peninsula with them. In May of the following year, 1694, he again comes to Arkhangelsk and sails to the Solovetsky Islands, and then accompanies the next caravan of merchant ships leaving Arkhangelsk to Cape Svyatoy Nos, in other words, to the ocean. Having served thirty years of naval service, the yacht became the first museum object in Arkhangelsk.
Galley "Principium"
In 1696, this ship was the first to sail into the Sea of Azov, and in June, as part of the Russian fleet, it took part in the siege of the Turkish fortress of Azov. Built at the beginning of 1696 in Voronezh according to the Dutch model. Length - 38, width - 6 meters, height from keel to deck - about 4 m. It was driven by 34 pairs of oars. The crew size is up to 170 people. It was armed with 6 guns. According to the “Principium” type, with only some modifications, another 22 ships were built to participate in the Azov campaign of Peter I. During the 12-day passage from Voronezh to Cherkessk, Peter I wrote the so-called “Decree on Galleys” on board, which appeared the prototype of the "Naval Regulations", which stipulated day and night signals, as well as instructions in case of battle. At the end of the fighting near Azov, the galley was disarmed and placed on the Don near the fortress, where it was subsequently dismantled for firewood due to its disrepair.
Frigate "Fortress"
"Fortress" is the first Russian warship to enter Constantinople. It was built at the Panshinskaya shipyard in 1699, not far from the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns. In the summer of 1699, the Fortress, under the command of Captain Pamburg, delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by Duma Councilor Yem. Ukraintsev. The appearance of a Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was quickly concluded between Turkey and Russia. The frigate, moreover, entered the waters of the Black Sea for the first time, which allowed Russian sailors to take hydrographic measurements of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay (also for the first time!). At the same time, the first plans for the Crimean coast were drawn up.
Battleship "Poltava"
"Poltava" is the first battleship of the Russian fleet, and the first one built in St. Petersburg. The construction of "Poltava", named after the outstanding victory over the Swedes near Poltava, was led by Peter I. Length - 34.6 width - 11.7, was armed with 54 guns of 18, 12 and 6-pound calibers. After entering service in 1712, this ship participated in all campaigns of the Russian Baltic naval fleet during the Northern War, and in May 1713, covering the actions of the galley fleet to capture Helsingfors, it was the flagship of Peter the Great.
Battleship "Pobedonosets"
"Pobedonosets" is the first ship of the 66-gun rank, with improved combat and seaworthiness. The best ship of its time, built after the death of Peter I. Assembled according to drawings and under the direct supervision of one of the most talented Russian shipbuilders, A. Katasonov. Length on lower deck - 160 feet; width - 44.6 feet. The armament consisted of twenty-six 30-pounder, twenty-six 12-pounder and fourteen 6-pounder guns. Launched in 1780. It was one of the few long-lived Russian ships. Served for 27 years.
Sloop "Mirny"
The ship of the First Russian Antarctic round-the-world expedition of 1819-1821, which discovered Antarctica. "Mirny" is a rebuilt auxiliary vessel. By attaching studs to the sloop, they lengthened the stern part, placed a knyavdiged on the stem, and additionally sheathed the hull with one-inch boards, firmly securing them with copper nails. The hull was carefully caulked, and the underwater part was covered with copper sheets to prevent it from becoming overgrown with algae. Additional fastenings were installed inside the hull in case of exposure to ice floes, and the pine steering wheel was replaced with an oak one. The previously supplied standing rigging, shrouds, stays and other rigging made from low-grade hemp were replaced with stronger ones used on naval ships. Construction was carried out at the Olonets shipyard in Lodeynoye Pole, near St. Petersburg. The Mirny sloop was a three-masted, two-decker ship armed with 20 guns: six 12-pounders (120 mm caliber) and fourteen 3-pounders (76 mm caliber). The crew consisted of 72 people. The ship was at sea for more than two years, sailing a distance more than twice the length of the equator.
The rapid development of trade between Russia and Persia (Iran) in the second half of the 17th century required the establishment of shipping on the Caspian Sea, and the conclusion of a trade agreement signed by the Russian Tsar and the Persian Shah also stipulated the protection of trade sea routes by ships.
For this purpose, in the village of Dedinovo, located on the Oka River below the confluence of the Moscow River, the construction of a small shipyard began in 1667, intended for the construction of military ships. On the instructions of the Tsar, several shipwrights were invited from Holland and other European countries to be hired for Russian service. Among the invitees were Colonel Van Bukovets, who was to become the immediate leader and organizer of the construction of the ships, captain and helmsman Butler, as well as shipwrights Gelt, Van den Streck and Minster. To help them, thirty carpenters, four blacksmiths and four gunners were allocated from among the “free people” of the surrounding villages. The general management of the construction was carried out by one of the most educated and far-sighted royal dignitaries, boyar A.L. Ordyn-Nashchokin, who took the initiative to build the ships.
Initially it was planned to build one ship, a boat, a yacht and two boats. On November 14, 1667, the keel of the ship took place, which was given the name "Eagle".
On May 19 of the following year, she was already launched, but due to delays in the supply of materials and a lack of specialists, she was able to set out on her maiden voyage only in the summer of 1669.
"Eagle" was a type of naval double-deck, three-masted sailing ship with a length of 25 m, a width of 6.5 m and a draft of 1.5 m. The vessel's armament was to consist of 22 cannons, 40 muskets, 40 pairs of pistols and hand grenades.
Together with other ships built in Dedinovo, the ship moved first to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. There, a year later, he was captured by rebel peasants led by Stepan Razin. According to surviving documents, the "Eagle" stood idle in the Kutum channel near one of the Astrakhan settlements and became completely unfit for navigation.
The founder of the Russian regular fleet, Peter the Great, highly praised the construction of the country's first warship, saying:
“Although the fatherly intention did not receive its end, it is nevertheless worthy of eternal glorification, since... from the beginning of that, as from a good Seed, the current naval business arose.”
Battleship "Ingermanland"
Ingria... In honor of these primordially Russian lands, located at the mouth of the Neva and conquered from foreign invaders in 1703, Peter the Great decided to name the new battleship laid down on October 30, 1712 at the Admiralty in St. Petersburg. On May 1, 1715, Ingermanland, a two-deck, three-masted battleship, was launched and soon joined the naval squadron of the Baltic Fleet.
Soon after entering service, Ingermanland became the flagship of the squadron of Vice Admiral Peter Mikhailov (Peter the Great), who for several years kept his Flag on this ship.
The Northern War was going on. In 1716, Russia, together with England and Denmark, continued to conduct military operations against Sweden.
In order to strike the enemy, it was planned that the Russian army would attack Stockholm from the Gulf of Bothnia and land a joint Russian-Danish landing force on the southern coast of Sweden. To implement this plan, in July the Baltic naval squadron, consisting of seven battleships, three frigates and three ships, entered Danish waters. Together with several ships that arrived from Arkhangelsk, the forces gathered in the Sound under the command of Peter the Great amounted to twenty-two ships.
Soon the Russian detachment was joined by the English and Dutch squadrons that arrived to protect merchant shipping from Swedish privateers and frigates, and then by Danish ships. In total, there were seventy ships in the combined Russian-Danish-Anglo-Dutch fleet. Having united such large forces under his command, Peter the Great on August 5 sent a squadron, led by the Ingermanland, to the island of Bornholm to search for the enemy, but, not finding the Swedish ships, returned to the Danish straits.
Three years passed, and in June 1719, the standard of Peter the Great again soared over Ingria, who again led his squadron to the shores of Sweden. The campaign turned out to be successful. Having defeated the enemy and approached the Swedish capital by three kilometers, with the onset of autumn, the Russian fleet stopped cruising and went to the winter.
In memory of these campaigns, Peter the Great ordered the Ingermanland to be preserved for posterity, but in 1735 the ship, while permanently moored in Kronstadt, sank during a severe flood, and the following year, due to the impossibility of restoration, it was dismantled.
Length 46 m, width 12.8 m, draft 5.6 m. Armament: 64 guns.
Battleship "Eustathius"
In the battle that took place on the night of June 26, 1770, Russian sailors destroyed 14 enemy battleships, 6 frigates and about 40 small ships. In addition, the battleship Rhodes and five galleys were captured as trophies. Of the 15 thousand enemy personnel, no more than 4 thousand were saved, while Russian losses amounted to only 11 people. These are the results of the naval battle of Chesma.
There was a Russian-Turkish war. A Russian squadron cruising in the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of 9 battleships, 3 frigates, a bombardment ship and 17 auxiliary ships under the overall command of the commander-in-chief of the Russian forces in that area, A. Orlov, at dawn on June 24, 1770, having received information about the concentration of the Turkish fleet near the island of Chios, headed to approach the enemy. The Turkish fleet, consisting of 16 battleships, 6 frigates and several dozen other ships, was anchored in the Chios Strait near Chesme Bay.
Around noon, the Russian ships, having formed a battle formation, decisively moved towards approaching the enemy. When the distance was reduced to 500 meters, the Turks opened fire. The lead ship "Europe" was temporarily out of commission.
Its place was immediately taken by the battleship "Eustathius", flying under the flag of the vanguard commander G. A. Spiridov. Swiftly passing along the entire line of the enemy fleet, he approached the Turkish flagship Real Mustafa within pistol range and fired a devastating broadside. The enemy ship caught fire, and its sailors began to jump overboard in panic.
However, the Eustathius, which came under fire from five enemy ships, was damaged. He lost control and was thrown onto the burning Turkish ship by the current. All attempts to tow the Eustathius aside using boats ended in failure. Due to the interlocking gear, the fire spread to the Russian ship, but its courageous crew, led by Captain 1st Rank A. I. Cruz, skillfully waged a boarding battle, during which the Russian sailors tore down and captured the stern flag of the Turkish flagship.
The fate of both ships was decided by an unforeseen event: the burning mainmast of the Real Mustafa collapsed. Having got into the open crew chamber of the Russian ship, the sparks caused an explosion of gunpowder and ammunition. Following the Eustathius, the Turkish ship also took off.
The death of "Real Mustafa" and the incessant intense fire of the Russian squadron demoralized the enemy. Hastily cutting off the anchor ropes, the Turks rushed in disarray into Chesme Bay, where the next day they met their fatal end. Length 47.4 m, width 12.65 m, draft 5.5 m. Armament: 66 guns. Launched from the boathouse of the St. Petersburg Admiralty on July 30, 1762.
Sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny"
Antarctica - "Terra Australis incognita" - the unknown southern land. This harsh, vast continent was the last to be discovered, although it has long attracted the attention of researchers and scientists. The famous English navigator James Cook, after his voyage of 1772-1775, wrote: “I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and did it in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it can be discovered, is only near the pole, in places , inaccessible for navigation... I can safely say that not a single person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I did.”
Based on hypotheses and research, leading Russian officers and admirals V. M. Golovnin, I. F. Kruzenshtern, G. A. Sarychev and others have repeatedly advocated the need for further study of the southern polar seas. This idea was supported by the progressive public of Russia.
On July 3, 1819, Kronstadt solemnly conducted two expeditions on a long voyage. One went to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and determine the possibility of access through the Bering Strait to the Atlantic Ocean, the other to the South Polar region.
The honor of exploring the Antarctic seas fell to the volunteer crews of two three-masted sloops:
"Vostok" (built in 1818 in St. Petersburg, displacement - 900 tons, armament - 28 guns, crew - 117 people) and "Mirny" (former transport "Ladoga", built in 1818 in Lodeynoye Pole, displacement - 530 tons, armament - 20 guns, crew - 73 people). The ships were commanded by experienced officers of the Russian navy, Captain 2nd Rank F. F. Bellingshausen and Lieutenant M. P. Lazarev.
The main objectives of the expedition were: to make the transition to Antarctica, cross the southern polar zone at the highest latitudes to find out whether land exists there, and if possible, go to the Pole.
The initial stage of this unprecedented journey took place along a route already familiar to Russian sailors. Having called at Copenhagen, Portsmouth, Santa Cruz on the island of Tenerife and Rio de Janeiro, on November 22 the expeditions split up, each going along its own route.
Having entered Antarctic waters, Vostok and Mirny made a hydrographic inventory of the southwestern shores of South Georgia Island. Capes and bays appeared on the map, named after the expedition members, officers Paryadin, Demidov, Kupriyanov, Novosilsky. Then the expedition discovered the islands of Annenkov, Leskov, Thorson (later one of the prominent participants in the Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg in 1825) and Zavadonsky. The entire range of islands was named after the Russian Minister of the Navy de Traversay.
Stubbornly making their way through the ice and dodging icebergs, brave Russian explorers finally approached the sixth continent on January 16, 1820. This significant day went down in world history as the day of the discovery of Antarctica.
Continuing to stay in this area until mid-February, two small sailing ships with wooden hulls, despite heavy ice and stormy weather, approached the icy shores twice more, and with the approach of Antarctic autumn, they headed to Sydney for a short rest.
On May 8, 1820, having made repairs and replenished supplies, the Vostok and Mirny set out for the tropical Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands in the Paumotu archipelago, which Bellingshausen called the Russian Islands. Each of the islands received the name of one of the famous Russian commanders, generals, admirals and sailors: Kutuzov, Ermolov, Barclay de Tolly, Raevsky, Volkonsky, Lazarev, Greig, Chichagov. In the group of Cook Islands, Vostok Island was discovered (named after the flagship ship), and in the area of the Fiji Islands - the Mikhailov and Simonov Islands.
On October 31, after careful preparation, the sloops again left Sydney for the Antarctic waters. Neither ice nor storms could break the will of the brave sailors. Maneuvering among numerous icebergs and ice, the sloops crossed the Antarctic Circle on December 13. On January 10, 1821, they discovered a large island, named after the founder of the Russian fleet, Peter the Great, and a week later - the mountainous coast of Alexander I. From here the expedition headed to the South Shetland Islands, where two archipelagos were discovered and described. Some of the islands were named in honor of the victories of the Russian army over Napoleon in the Patriotic War of 1812 at Borodino, Maly Yaroslavts, Smolensk, Polotsk, Leipzig, Waterloo and the Berezina.
On January 30, due to the poor condition of the hull of the sloop "Vostok", the detachment left Antarctica. Four days later, Russian sailors, passing the coast of South Georgia, completed their circumnavigation. On February 27, "Vostok" and "Mirny" arrived in Rio de Janeiro, and on July 24, having successfully completed the historical journey, they dropped anchor at the Great Kronstadt roadstead.
Having accomplished an outstanding scientific feat in the history of navigation, the expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev covered about 50 thousand miles and spent 751 days sailing, including 535 days in the Southern Hemisphere; For 100 days the voyage took place among icebergs and ice. During this period, Russian sailors and scientists discovered 29 islands and collected a wealth of materials for studying the Antarctic seas. The feat of the expedition is also characterized by the fact that people visited the areas where the Vostok and Mirny courses took place again only more than a hundred years later.
Honoring the memory of outstanding compatriots, Soviet polar explorers named the first scientific stations in Antarctica in honor of the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny”. The names of the leaders of the expedition, later famous Russian admirals M.P. Lazarev and F.F. Bellingshausen, are borne by a modern cruiser, expeditionary, icebreaking, transport and fishing vessels of the Soviet Union.
