Reasoning
Reasoning- this is a type of speech whose purpose is to clarify a concept, prove or refute a thought. From a logical point of view, reasoning is a chain of conclusions on any topic, presented in a sequential form. Reasoning is a series of judgments related to any issue. In this case, judgments follow one after another in such a way that the second follows from the first judgment, and as a result we receive an answer to the question posed.
Composition of a monologue-reasoning
- Thesis (a thought that requires proof (confirmation or refutation).
- Rationale (arguments, arguments, evidence, examples).
- Conclusion.
Speech concepts
Reasoning- this is a type of speech whose purpose is to clarify a concept, prove or refute a thought.
Exposition- part of the text leading to the question (or introduction to the topic of discussion).
Thesis- the main statement or several statements of the argumentative text.
Antithesis- a statement opposite to the thesis.
Argument- proof.
Argumentation– evidence system
validity of the thesis.
Types of Reasoning
Reasoning- proof
It is built according to the following scheme:
Reasoning- explanation
- exposition (leading to the issue)
- question
- answer to the question (thesis)
- proof of thesis
- conclusions.
Reasoning-explanation assumes that the main statement of the text is true, so there is no need to prove the truth or falsity of the thesis. The main task of the statement is to reveal the content of the thesis. After the thesis, the explanation usually uses words and expressions like: it turned out..., the fact is... that..., here..., why..., here..., for example..., this is evidenced by such facts as it turned out...
When constructing argumentative texts, one should rely on the following rules: 1. Proof and explanation can be built according to the same scheme: exposition - question - answer to the question (thesis) - evidence - thesis - conclusions. 2. After the thesis in the proof, the natural question is Why? 3. The scheme of reasoning-proof and reasoning-explanation in practice is quite often implemented in an abbreviated form: sometimes the question is omitted, often there are no conclusions, often there is no exposition. In all cases, the omission is explained by the fact that the reasoning is understandable without missing components, since they are all implied. Thus, The obligatory parts of the argument are the thesis and its proof. Exposition, problematic issue, conclusions can either be present in the text or absent.
Types of Reasoning
Reasoning- reflection
Reflection is one of the types of reasoning texts and
It is usually constructed in question-and-answer form. In this reasoning
questions may or may not be reflected in the text.
Reasoning-reflection includes explanation and proof, in
which it is necessary to give examples, compare or contrast,
When constructing a reflection, one must begin to comprehend the topic and select material for its disclosure. Naturally, not all questions that arise at the pre-text stage are then reflected in the monologue; moreover, they can be omitted altogether. When creating a reasoning-reflection, attention should be paid to solving problematic questions and answering them.
indicate cause-and-effect relationships, limit, expand or
generalize, etc.
The text-reflection is based on a common reasoning for all types of reasoning
scheme, but, unlike proof and explanation, does not contain
one question and answer, but a system of questions and answers, therefore,
complementing and conditioning each other:
- exposition (leading to a problematic issue);
- system of problematic questions and answers to them;
- conclusions.
Why is this so?
Because (since)…
Argument 1 Argument2
What follows from the above?
Conclusion
Specifics text-reasoning
My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant. My loss, at the prices at that time, was significant. I could not help but admit in my heart that my behavior in the Simbirsk tavern was stupid, and I felt guilty before Savelich. All this tormented me.
- The reasoning begins with thesis statements : My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant. And although further we do not find subordinate reasons, the very arrangement of subsequent conclusions is perceived as an explanation of the reasons for Grinev’s dissatisfaction with himself.
- As arguments perform
- loss amount,
- "stupid" behavior
- feeling of guilt before the old servant.
- IN conclusion a conclusion is drawn about the internal state of the narrator, which is perceived as a consequence of “sorrowful conclusions”: All this tormented me.
Linguistic means characteristic of reasoning
Introductory words
Situation in which this construction is used
Firstly, secondly..., finally
When entering multiple arguments
On the one hand on the other hand…
When considering a thesis from different angles
On the contrary, on the contrary, however
When refuting
In our opinion, in our opinion, according to someone, according to someone’s proposal, according to information, according to someone, as is known, according to a message from such and such a person, any source
Suppose, suppose, suppose
When contrasting your opinion with someone else's
Read the text. Define main idea text. Does the author prove it or explain it? Justify your answer. Name language means inherent in this type of reasoning. Science is generally a very exciting activity. Who doesn’t dream or dream of making some great discovery or inventing something that people need? So, science all consists of discoveries and inventions. Let these discoveries concern seemingly very insignificant things, for example, the history of one word or even one sound. Such discoveries will not necessarily make you famous, except for a small circle of scientists who study the same problems. But still, these are discoveries. And how happy is a person who, one might say, makes discoveries every day throughout his life!
Topic 3. Is the Internet good or evil? ( reasoning on the question posed)
In your statement, answer the following questions:
- What are the functions of the Internet?
- How do you understand the expression “Internet – World Wide Web”?
- What do you think makes the Internet a good thing? When does he turn evil?
Task 4. Dialogue. Please provide complete answers to questions asked by your interlocutor.
- For what purposes do you use the Internet?
- How much time do you spend on the Internet?
- Does the Internet make your life easier or more difficult?
The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks for storing and transmitting information. Often referred to as Net, World Wide Web , Global network or The World Wide Web.
Pros of the Internet
The Internet is an invaluable repository of information and
human experience.
Internet is the fastest source
obtaining information.
The Internet makes it possible to communicate with friends and
loved ones all over the world.
The Internet is a modern, practical tool for self-education and learning.
The Internet provides the opportunity for personal development.
You can make money on the Internet.
Pros of the Internet
Internet – the ability to travel anywhere
to the world.
The Internet allows you to meet people and find friends
according to hobbies.
The Internet makes it possible to purchase the necessary
goods without leaving home.
The Internet broadens one's horizons (virtual museums, performances, films, etc.)
The Internet is an opportunity to spend your leisure time (games, music, reading books, etc.)
The Internet allows you to become a participant in any massive world events and competitions
Cons of the Internet
An overabundance of negative information affecting
human psyche.
Dangerous people don't just exist in the real world,
but also in virtual space. For example, various
groups such as Blue Whale, who have already taken away a lot
teenagers' lives.
The Internet takes up the lion's share of time if
use it thoughtlessly.
The Internet sometimes negatively affects health (vision deteriorates, problems arise due to a sedentary lifestyle, etc.)
The Internet deprives a person of the opportunity for live, real communication and makes him lonely.
Behavior on the Internet generates similar behavior in life (consumerism, not creation)
Cons of the Internet
There are many viruses on the World Wide Web.
They negatively affect the operation of the device, sometimes
even lead to its breakdown.
Rapid onset of Internet addiction (from games,
aimless wandering around the Internet, etc.)
Internet games sometimes create false feelings in a person.
idea of one's own superiority, greatness,
foster unsubstantiated ambitions.
A person becomes susceptible to depression and stress.
Excessive use of the Internet can have a detrimental effect on everyday, educational, social, work, family, financial and psychological areas of life.
On the Internet you can run into scammers, inappropriate people or people with diseases of the nervous system.
1. Thesis statement
Thesis (formulated answer to the question posed; interpretation proposed in the assignment words ; statement , proved in the argument).
The Internet is...
…
…
- The Internet is... In my opinion (I think, it seems to me), the Internet is... … The Internet becomes a good (evil) if... … The Internet is good (evil) because... It seems to me that the Internet is...
2. Main part. Argumentation
Examples - arguments
- Examples - arguments
- Firstly,… Secondly, … Third, … Besides,
- Firstly,…
- Secondly, …
- Third, …
- To confirm what has been said, let us turn to the following facts:...
- This fact confirms the idea that the Internet is...
- This idea is easy to prove by referring to examples from... (life, personal experience, TV shows, films, etc.)
- For example, by analyzing the behavior (speech, actions) of (who?) you can see that for him the Internet is….…
- Besides, Another proof of the validity of my statement can be provided by the following example:...
Conclusion to the monologue
III . Conclusion ( conclusion, based on arguments and related with a thesis).
Voice signals:
Thus, …
So, …
Hence,…
To summarize what has been said, I would like to note...
I guess, that…
I would really like it to...
I would like to believe that...
To summarize what has been said, I would like note that...
The manual is intended for effective preparation for the oral part of the main state exam in the Russian language and contains training tasks, as well as tips and tricks to avoid common mistakes in oral responses.
Working with the manual, students will learn
build monologues and dialogues on given topics in accordance with a certain type of speech;
present material based on personal life experience;
present and defend your point of view in dialogue;
FIPI Test samples measuring materials for the “Speaking” section in the State Final Certification in the Russian Language. M., 2017
Nechaeva O. A. Functional and semantic types of speech: description, narration, reasoning. - Ulan-Ude, 1974. K.K.Akhmedyarov, Sh.K.Zharkynbekova. Russian language. – Almaty: Kazak University, 2008
It is impossible not to agree with the author's point of view.
The ability to be friends has always been an indicator of a person’s moral qualities and maturity.
Argument 1
At all times, friendship was valued very highly, because it is in relation to another that a person reveals his essence, something that is often hidden from others.
Illustrations for argument 1
For example, you can remember how the first lyceum students were friends. They remained faithful to their brotherhood all their lives, supported their friends in the most difficult days, showing courage, nobility, and loyalty. I think one can only envy such a relationship!
Illustrations for argument 2
Let us at least remember Onegin, the hero of the novel by A.S. Pushkin. Brought up according to the laws of secular society, Evgeny treats Vladimir Lensky with condescension, considers him inexperienced, ardent, and naive. Onegin does not have the courage to refuse a duel with his friend. Following secular rules and conventions turned out to be more important to him than the life of another person. It is through his attitude towards Lensky that Onegin’s spiritual immaturity and selfishness are expressed. Perhaps this is one of the most striking characteristics manifested through friendship.
Thus, nothing reveals a person better than the attitude towards a friend.
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From the 2011 FIPI Analytical Report
Slide 3
Methods and techniques for teaching writing a commentary on a problem.
Samples of texts and fragments of comments on the problems discussed in them.
Methods and techniques for teaching argumentation.
Analysis of typical errors according to criteria 2 (commentary on the formulated problem) and 4 (argumentation of one’s own opinion).
A “bank” of arguments on a wide variety of issues.
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Comment
problem means
show
degree of understanding of the text;
the ability to see its most important aspects;
Slide 5
Requirements for a comment
Commentary on an issue may include
characteristics of the problem;
analysis of the composition of the text, allowing us to understand the author’s intention and position;
analysis of aspects (microthemes);
syntactic constructions that allow you to see the course of the author’s thought:
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The role of speech types in commentary
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Options for learning how to write a comment
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Working with text
TEARS OF A CROCODILE
(1) The sky was clouded. (2) The rain sadly beat on the windows and made me sad. (3) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, Polikarp Semyonovich Judin stood at the window and looked out onto the street.
(4) “Well, what is our life?” he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. (5) “What is it?” (6) Some kind of book with a lot of pages on which more suffering and sorrow are written than joys.. (7) Why was it given to us? (8) For what? (9) After all, God did not create the world for sorrows! (10) But it turns out the other way around. (11) There are more tears than laughter..."
(12) Judah took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.
(13) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in fact they exist. (14) They were created by humanity itself. (15) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (16) ) And for what, one might ask, for what?”
(17) He took out his left hand and mournfully ran it over his face.
(18) “But how easily it would be possible to help people’s grief... if only you wanted to. (19) For example, there is a rich funeral procession. (20) A gear of horses in black blankets is carrying a magnificent coffin, and a little behind is riding there's a line of carriages for a mile away. (21) The torchbearers step out importantly with lanterns. (22) Cardboard coats of arms dangle from the horses: they are burying an important person, the dignitary must have died. (23) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (24) Did you warm the poor man? (25) Of course not... (26) Tinsel!.."
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(27) - What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?
(28) - Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the suit. (29) In my opinion, it is impossible to give more than six rubles for it, but she asks for seven; He says the children are sick and need to be treated.
(30) - And six is a lot. (31) Don’t give more than five. (32) Just look carefully to see if there are any holes or stains... (33) “Well, sir, so this is life. (34) And behind the hearse stretches a pine coffin. (35) It trails behind, splashing through the mud, only one old woman. (36) She, perhaps, is putting her daily food into the grave... (37) But ask, will this lady sitting in the carriage give her even a penny? (38) Of course not. .."
(39) - What else is there?
(40) - The old woman brought a fur coat... (41) How much should I give?
(42) - Rabbit fur... (43) Nothing, it’s strong, it costs five rubles. (44) Give three rubles, and interest, of course, in advance... (45) “Where, really, are people, where are their hearts? (46) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care...”
(47) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought...
(Al.P. Chekhov)
Slide 10
Option 1. Let's turn to task A28.
Which statement contradicts the content of the text?
Polikarp Semenovich takes pleasure in mentally sympathizing with disadvantaged people, feeling like their moral intercessor, condemning the injustice of life.
Judah sincerely strives to help people in difficult situations.
Philosophizing on the theme of the unjust structure of the world, Jude condemns the rich for their indifference to human grief.
The moneylender shamelessly and mercilessly robs the poor.
Of course, this is option 2. Let's remove it.
All other options are nothing more than aspects of the problem of hypocrisy and duplicity, which should be commented on.
Slide 11
Considering this problem using the example of an episode from the life of P.S. Judin, the writer draws the reader’s attention to the humanity of the philosophical reasoning of this hero, allegedly suffering from the unjust structure of the world. Al.P. Chekhov conveys his thoughts so masterfully that there is no doubt that in life the moneylender helps poor people. However, his dialogue with his assistant made it possible to see that in fact Judas would never miss personal gain, and therefore mercilessly robs people who find themselves in difficult financial situations.
Slide 12
Option 2. Analyze compositional and artistic techniques
The title of the story (what does the phraseological unit crocodile tears mean? Did Al.P. Chekhov accidentally or intentionally modify it into crocodile tears?)
The “talking” surname of the hero.
A sharp contrast between the external and internal qualities of the character, his thoughts and actions.
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Option 3. Talk about the relevance of the problem
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Samples of work on commentary Option 4: analyze aspects of the problem
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Option 5: analysis of speech types (narration)
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Type of speech - reasoning.
In literary texts, reasoning
shows an object or phenomenon, revealing its internal characteristics;
proves or disproves this or that idea or position.
Slide 18
Learning from ready-made examples
Of course, this is a pressing moral problem that can be classified as “eternal.” Perhaps there is not a single person who has never shown this character trait at least in small things, trying on different masks, personalities, guises. But to some, these masks grow tightly, and one cannot become spiritually close to such people: who knows what they hide behind feigned virtue? And don’t we know many examples when people prefer to “appear” rather than “be”? This vice is especially disgusting when a person speaks a lot and correctly, seems almost holy in the eyes of others, but in fact commits acts that are disgusting in their essence.
(The problem of duplicity, hypocrisy)
Slide 19
Reflecting on a conversation with teenagers, the author makes the reader think about why modern schoolchildren know so little about the Great Patriotic War. He writes with alarm that this event for some students seems as distant as battle of Borodino. The publicist claims: many students cannot even name the names of the heroes of this war, even the most famous ones. This, according to the author, happens because the further the Great Patriotic War is from us, the fewer its witnesses and participants remain alive, the less often schoolchildren are told about the meaning of our great victory.
(The problem of historical memory)
Slide 20
Note!
The commentary part of the essay (if it follows the formulated problem) should end with a thesis that sets out the position of the author of the text on the problem under consideration.
Slide 21
Typical mistakes in comments
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Working on your argument
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Argument bank option
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Why is this so?
Because (since)…
Argument 1Argument2
What follows from the above?
Slide 27
Task options
Determine which of the options is an argument for the thesis. Use conjunction substitution as, because.
Hypocritical love is worse than hatred.
a) The surest way to win the love of others is to give them your love.
b) To love means to find your own happiness in the happiness of another.
c) The actions and deeds of the hater are predictable.
The answer is c)
Slide 28
Determine which option
It is NOT an argument to the thesis.
Better an obvious enemy than a vile hypocrite. (Peter I)
a) A hating person does not cover up his open feeling of enmity with lofty words.
b) An obvious enemy does not hide his intentions
c) Man is his own worst enemy.
The answer is c)
Slide 29
Determine what is the consequence (conclusion) of this statement. Use the word substitution method therefore, therefore, therefore.
If you pretend to others, you end up pretending to yourself.
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Slide 2
To understand the meaning of any text, it is important to determine the type of speech used in it, since it is the type of speech that determines the ways of forming and developing the main idea. Traditionally, our speech is divided into three types (i.e. it can be presented in typical speech forms): description narrative reasoning
Slide 3
Description - the type of speech with which it is depicted the world- objects, phenomena, people. For example. You can only hear the dull roar of the Dnieper below and the blows of instantly awakened waves echoing from three sides, one after another. He doesn't rebel. He, like an old man, grumbles and complains; everything displeased him; everything changed around him; he is quietly at war with the coastal mountains, forests, meadows and brings a complaint against them to the Black Sea. (N. Gogol)
Slide 4
Description - By object of description, you can select a description of a place, a description of a condition, a description of an object.
Slide 5
Narration is a type of speech that describes events in their temporal sequence. For example. I walked in the direction of Irinovsky Shlyakh and after about two minutes I heard that the dog was again chasing somewhere not far from me. Captivated by the excitement of the hunt, I ran, holding my gun at the ready, through the dense bush, breaking branches and not paying attention to their cruel blows. I ran like this for quite a long time and was already out of breath, when suddenly the dog’s barking stopped. I walked more quietly. (A. Kuprin)
Slide 6
Narration - Narration gives us an idea of the development of events, their sequence. From the point of view of composition in the narrative, there are: exposition - the setting that precedes the action; plot - the beginning of the development of action; development of action; denouement - the end of the action.
Slide 7
Reasoning is a type of speech with the help of which any ideas are presented and explained, any thought is denied or confirmed. In any argument there is a thesis and justification for the expressed thought, a logical conclusion. For example. Pushkin's life, all its romantic impulses and insights, prepare as many traps as temptations for writers of fashionable biographies. IN Lately There are a lot of them written in Russia, I saw one or two that were quite tasteless. But besides this, there is also the good, disinterested work of a few selected minds who, delving into the past, collecting the smallest details, are not at all concerned with making tinsel for the needs of vulgar taste. And yet, a fatal moment comes when the most chaste scientist almost unconsciously begins to create a novel, and now literary lies have already settled in this work of a conscientious erudite as rudely as in the creation of a shameless compiler. (V. Nabokov)
Slide 8
Reasoning - In a typical reasoning, the following parts are usually distinguished: thesis - an idea that needs to be proven; arguments - facts, examples, statements that prove or refute the thesis; conclusion - a general result, a conclusion about the thesis.
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Test. Test yourself. 1) “Like a multi-tiered honeycomb, the Beautiful City smoked and made noise and lived in the frost and fog on the mountains above the Dnieper. For days on end, smoke spiraled upward from countless chimneys into the sky. The streets were smoking with haze, and the downed giant snow creaked.” (M. Bulgakov " White Guard") Determine the type of speech:
Slide 11
Test. Test yourself. Determine the type of speech: 2) “Meanwhile, the devil crept quietly towards the month and was about to reach out his hand to grab it, but suddenly pulled it back, as if having been burned, sucked his fingers, swung his leg and ran on the other side, and again jumped back and pulled his hand away. However, despite all the failures, the cunning devil did not abandon his mischief. Having run, he suddenly grabbed the month with both hands, grimacing and blowing, throwing it from one hand to the other, like a man who got fire for his cradle with his bare hands.” (N.V. Gogol)
Slide 12
Test. Test yourself. 3) “So much nonsense in last years comes across as an unshakable truth! How much wood has been broken! Take, for example, the topic of fathers and sons. Only parents began to come to their senses and trust less in children's programs, teen magazines, and school innovations, when - bang! – they took on them, their parents. ...A school for parents, courses for future fathers and mothers, parent universities... And in some of the most advanced minds the idea of an exam has already matured, according to successful completion whom a person has the right to bear the title of parent." (I. Medvedeva) Determine the type of speech:
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Run the test. 1. What is liberte? Freedom. What kind of freedom? Equal freedom for everyone to do whatever they want within the limits of the law. When can you do anything? When you have a million. Does freedom give everyone a million? No. What is a man without a million? A man without a million is not one who does anything, but one with whom they do anything. What follows from this? What follows is that, in addition to freedom, there is also equality, and namely equality before the law. 2. Huge blue spruce trees stood behind the blue alpine meadow; they were pushed apart, dispersed, pressed, now to the left, now to the right, by a white stream-river, as if driving this herd of spruce down: the harsh forest began to become rounder, curly, spilling into a gently rippling deciduous sea, and the deep sapphire-colored basin of the valley, quiet and continuous, lay in the very depths, and behind it the mountains rose, just as slowly becoming visible. 3. Dictionary - a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order), set expressions with explanations, interpretations or translation into another language; a collection of words of any language, as well as words used in one work, the work of some writer, or generally used by someone. 4. At first, Repin followed in the footsteps of Vasily Perov, building a composition on the contrast of priests swollen with prosperity and beggars - downtrodden peasants. Then there was the “Procession in the Oak Forest”, where the main emphasis was on coloristic effects - a motley meadow, lush greenery, the sun breaking through the foliage, etc... And finally, in the third version, “Procession in the Kursk Province”, Repin abandons his former colorfulness and head-on class comparisons. Read the text. Determine the type of speech.
Slide 17
Run the test. 5. If the field of human knowledge were limited to abstract thinking alone, then, having criticized the explanation of power that science gives, humanity would come to the conclusion that power is only a word and does not really exist. But to understand phenomena, in addition to abstract thinking, a person has an instrument of experience with which he tests the results of thinking. And experience says that power is not a word, but a truly existing phenomenon. 6. It’s spring on Arbat. Today, so belated, timid, changeable, she still takes her toll. From time to time, snow or rain falls on the paving slabs, but immediately the sun peeks out from behind the clouds, delighting the people walking back and forth, eating chips, asking the price of souvenirs, looking at paintings, filling the cafe... The usual rhythm and appearance the most Moscow of Moscow streets. But many of those who remember it 30-40 years ago probably feel a sense of nostalgia. This Arbat is also new - with its total pedestrian traffic, tourist ins and outs, a row of lanterns similar to a theater set, multi-storey chests of drawers, built and under construction, which, despite the prohibitions, still broke through here. 7. Red-haired, pointy-nosed Max also came out onto the site. Sweeping. I noticed a golden beam in the corner. He bent down. Ring. I hid it in my vest pocket. Yurko looked around to see if anyone had seen him. Luzhin's back in the doorway was motionless. Max carefully took out the ring: in the dim light he could see the capital word and numbers carved inside. I thought: “In Chinese...” But in reality it was: “August 1, 1915. Alexei". He put the ring back in his pocket. Read the text. Determine the type of speech.
