Research project “Goldfish” Author of the project: Avilova S. Yu. primary school teacher MBOU-SOSH village. Kistenday
Objectives: § § get acquainted with theoretical information; analyze and summarize facts; by comparing the collected material, develop interest in the topic; conduct research work to study the life and behavior of fish in an aquarium; § to develop an environmental culture and the ability to work independently; § give practical recommendations for improving the life of fish in an aquarium.
Stages: § § § formation of topics for students’ work; distribution into microgroups for work; choosing a creative name for the project; discussion of the students’ work plan; independent work of microgroups to complete tasks; students preparing a presentation.
Hypotheses: § if you carefully study the necessary information, analyze and summarize the necessary facts, you can not only replenish and expand your knowledge, but also develop creative abilities and the ability to work independently.
Breeding ornamental and freshwater aquarium fish is one of the most common hobbies not only for children, but also for adults. The first fish to be bred in aquariums were goldfish. They appeared in China more than a thousand years ago. In the 6th century BC. e. goldfish were kept as ornamental animals. The image of a goldfish appears in early Chinese writings and on the coats of arms of noble families. Goldfish were considered sacred. The first European to see and describe fish of extraordinary beauty was the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254-1324). It is not known exactly when goldfish came to Europe. Various dates are given, most of them belong to the 17th century. Overseas wonders brought on military sailing ships settled in spacious pools at the courts of kings under the protection of guards, and were presented as gifts or as rewards to the nobles.
Appearance. § The body of goldfish is streamlined, compressed laterally, pointed in front and narrowed in back. This body shape allows the fish to swim well. § At the end of the body, the goldfish, like all other fish, has a caudal fin. In addition, the fish has fins on the back, abdomen and chest. The fins are reddish or golden. The dorsal fin is long, and the anal fin, on the contrary, is short, shifted closer to the tail.
"Comet" Species. Basically, a “comet” is an ordinary goldfish with a slightly raised back and an elongated, ribbon-like caudal fin with identical ends. In some species of this breed, the length of the tail is three to four times longer than the body of the fish. The tail is like a fork.
“Valehvost” The body of this fish is ovoid, the fins are long, colored, but thin, almost transparent. The eyes are slightly enlarged. The length of the caudal fin, hanging down in the form of a veil, in purebred fish can exceed the length of the body. Reaches full flowering by four years.
“Telescope” The body of the telescope is ovoid, swollen, all fins are elongated. The main difference between the breed is its greatly enlarged eyes. They must be identical and symmetrical. The color of the fish is very diverse - orange, bright red, black. The most prized are the delicate and heat-loving black ones.
"Oranda" The body is ovoid, swollen. The shape and size of the fins is similar to the veiltail, but the head is larger. With age, curly growths appear on the head. The color of the fish is very diverse: chocolate, red and red-white, black. The red riding hood - "tancho" - has gained great popularity. She has a pure white body with a convex bright red growth on her head. A very beautiful fish.
“Pearl” The body is short, ovoid, swollen. All fins are short, the anal and caudal fins are forked. The scales are large, strongly convex, similar to pearls. One of the most capricious and delicate types of goldfish.
“Heavenly Eye” It is found in two types - short-bodied and long-bodied. There is no dorsal fin. The rest are short, the anal and caudal are forked. The color is golden-red. Very similar to a telescope. In the park ponds of Buddhist monasteries, he is considered an obligatory settler.
“Water eyes” The shape resembles the celestial eye, but under the eyes directed upward and forward, it has huge, transparent bags filled with liquid. They reach a quarter of the size of the fish itself. The coloring is very diverse. With age, the size of the bags often evens out.
Care. In good conditions, goldfish live up to 25 years, and the size of the fish ranges from 15 cm to 30 cm. § The water temperature for goldfish should be between 15 § and 28 °C. The water is soft. Fish need air. Goldfish lose their color if kept in a dark place, so the aquarium needs good lighting. § Goldfish are omnivores. They are very fond of bloodworms - the red larva of a harmless mosquito. One goldfish eats 4-5 larvae per day. Also, all aquarium fish eat dry food well - daphnia and cyclops. These are very small crustaceans that are specially caught and then dried. It’s good to give lettuce and nettles, otherwise the fish will start to eat the plants. It is advisable to grow plants such as riccia and duckweed in the aquarium - the fish are fed with them. The fish are given no more food than they can eat, so as not to pollute the aquarium. Feed the fish at the same time. Fish should not be overfed. § Fish benefit from fasting days.
§ § § In order for the fish to be healthy and swim happily, it is necessary not only to take good care of them, but also to treat them with care. They cannot be frightened, caught with your hands, or played with. You can admire them, how beautiful they are, how they swim, rest and eat. As you know, fish have a calming effect on an irritated and tired person. Freely sliding behind the glass of the aquarium, they not only please the eye, shimmering with various bright colors, but also relieve stress, anxiety, and tension. § They also say that goldfish bring their § owners good luck and happiness.
Reproduction. § Goldfish reproduce by spawning. On average, a large adult fish can spawn up to 3 thousand eggs over the entire spawning period, and a small one – much less. Goldfish eggs are up to 1 mm in size, translucent at first, and slightly yellowish in color. The males then fertilize the eggs. After a few days, the eggs form larvae, and then fry (small fish).
Observations and facts. If we knock on the glass of the aquarium, the fish swim to the feeder when we knock, which means they hear. Also, when you throw food, the fish catch it in their mouths. It is very funny. Scientists have proven that goldfish can be trained to take food directly from their owner's fingers. But when they offered to give food to strangers, the fish did not go for food. Various experiments and experiences have shown that fish generally distinguish well between their own and others. In addition, the English researcher Clifford Bower-Shaw proved that goldfish can be trained, since goldfish are the smartest aquarium fish.
Conclusion. § § § § The work done showed that the main goal - developing a caring attitude towards living beings, empathy for them, understanding of the need for protection, based on one's own observations, on environmental knowledge - was achieved. It is obvious that the project plays a big role in the upbringing and education of primary schoolchildren, develops research skills, the ability to look for a way to solve a given problem, develops creative abilities, increases motivation for learning, and contributes to the formation of new relationships - cooperation between teacher and students. §
Literature and resources. 1. How to choose fish, Moscow. : 2005 Mizzle D. 2. All about aquarium fish. Atlas-reference book 2007. Publisher: Crystal 2. Encyclopedia for children. 3. http: //ru. aquariumist. net/wiki/Goldfish 4 http: //www. zooclub. ru/aqua/vidy/268. shtml 5 5 http: //goldfishy. ru/gf. prl. html 6 http: //aquadomik. ru/zolotaya-rybka/
Larionova Elizaveta
Research work by 3rd grade student Elizaveta Larionova "Aquarium fish"
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Municipal state educational institution
"Simbirsk secondary school"
RESEARCH WORK
OBSERVING AQUARIUM FISH
Completed by: Elizaveta Larionova,
2nd grade
Head: Strekalina T.L.,
Primary school teacher
April 2013
Introduction
Chapter 1
- Observing aquarium fish:
2.1 characteristics of aquarium fish angelfish
2.2 organization of living space
2.3 my observations:
a) feeding the fish
b) temperature and light conditions
B) development of conditioned reflexes
3. Conclusions
4. References
1. Introduction
There are fish in the aquarium
They have their own little world
There are stones and snails
And a stream of bubbles.
An aquarium is a relaxation corner, a window into nature. Its importance is especially great here in Siberia. After all, summer here is short, and before you know it, autumn is already coming, and then a long winter. In an aquarium, it can be summer all year round and this gives any apartment coziness and comfort.
Caring for the inhabitants of the aquarium disciplines and fosters a sense of responsibility: when someone’s life depends on a person, this helps the development of the main qualities of a harmonious personality. After a hard day, it’s nice to return home and immerse yourself in silence, peace, watching the slow continuous movement in a glass vessel with fish and look at their life from the outside.
Water calms, relaxes, and brings peace of mind.
I have always dreamed of having a small corner of wildlife at home. A hobby is then pleasant and brings joy when it takes little time. Therefore, the aquarium became for me a corner of relaxation and a window into nature. In the light of a lamp, when the room is completely dark and the house is very quiet, the aquarium is especially beautiful; a different life continues there. Currently I have three angelfish, three barbs, two speckled catfish and one snail living in my aquarium.
I love taking care of fish and learning something new about them every day.
Relevance The research project reflects the meaning of human need to communicate with nature. Since I have an aquarium, I decided to study and conduct observations of aquarium fish.
Hypothesis: studying scientific literature about the life of aquarium fish and applying the acquired knowledge to care for pets.
Purpose of my research: to monitor the life activity of aquariumsfish and their behavior during the experiment.
Tasks:
- Organize a living space for aquarium fish "Angelar".
- Determine what food the fish prefer.
- Observe the property of irritability in fish (to light, heat).
Object of study: aquarium -45 liters, angelfish
Research methodI chose to observe fish during feeding, their reaction to light, heat, and an experiment on the development of conditioned reflexes in angelfish.
Chapter 1. Observing aquarium fish
1.1 Characteristics of aquarium fish angelfish
Angelfish is a genus of fish of the order Perciformes, belongs to the family Cichlids . The length of the fish reaches 15 cm, height up to 26 cm. The body of these fish has a disc-shaped shape, with more height than length. Thanks to its highly elongated fins, it takes on a shape resembling a crescent. The basic body color of angelfish varies greatly. It can have various shades, ranging from greenish-gray to olive with a silvery tint. The back of the fish is darker than the belly. Vertical dark stripes run along their body, the intensity of which depends on the condition of the fish.
The homeland of angelfish is the northern part of South America, the middle reaches of the Amazon River and its tributaries. There they live in slow-flowing rivers with dense vegetation. The generic name of this fish is translated as “winged leaf”. In the West it is called “angel fish”. These fish appeared in our country at the beginning of the 20th century.
Angelfish need a large and deep aquarium of at least 50 cm in height. The aquarium should have dense vegetation, but at the same time it also needs free space for swimming. (Annex 1)
1.2 Organization of living space
The fish and plants kept in the aquarium are mostly from tropical areas. Therefore, the first thing I had to do was create good living conditions for my pets.
An aquarium is a small artificial reservoir. For the aquarium I needed: a floating feeder, a heater, a thermometer, a lamp, a net for catching fish, a compressor, a filter. (Appendix 2)
To provide the aquarium plants with a substrate and the fish with “soil under their feet” at the bottom of the aquarium, I place soil from small pebbles and various shells. (Appendix 3)
To decorate the living space of the aquarium, you will also need aquatic plants and certain decorative materials. I plant aquatic plants in the ground. To decorate the aquarium, I place a clay pot in the center. And she filled a glass vessel with water and let it sit for two to three days. At first the water was cloudy, but gradually small particles of soil settled and the water became clear. The inhabitants of the aquarium were placed in water that had settled and heated to the required temperature.
FISH ONLY LIVE IN CLEAN WATER. (Annex 1)
Chapter 2. Practical work
2.1 Care and maintenance of angelfish
a) feeding the fish
The main factor in the long life of fish is proper feeding. It is necessary to feed the fish slowly and carefully observing their reaction to the food.
However, one of the main rules for an aquarist is this: it is better to underfeed than to overfeed. If there is uneaten food left in the aquarium, it begins to rot, the water becomes cloudy, and this can result in mass death of fish.
After my observation, I determined that, having taken any measure of food, it should be added in small portions so that the fish eat it instantly, and the food that accidentally fell to the bottom was collected in about five minutes. I sprinkled the food into the floating feeder. I began to give this amount of food, that is, eaten in five minutes, in the following days. And I remove excess food with a net.
A variety of live food can be considered an ideal food. But it is not always possible to purchase it in our conditions, so we have to make do with dry food. Dry food is best purchased at special pet stores. They sell high-quality vitamin food.
We bought two types of food: “Universal” and “Cocktail” - daily food for aquarium fish. This is a feed balanced in all essential nutrients, vitamins and microelements. Produced from natural products of animal and plant origin using the dry pressing method. The food contains: fish, wheat, grass and soy flour, nettle, microelements, vitamins A, B, C, D, E, K, H and special additives.
I fed the fish 2 times a day, morning and evening, alternating food. But I tried at the same time. The fish really liked the food I fed them. (Appendix 4)
Conclusion: Fish like any of these foods; they quickly get used to the feeding regime. The inhabitants of the aquarium love a variety of food, so it is better to alternate food. You should not give the fish too much food, as this leads to disruption of the biological balance in the aquarium and worsens the condition of its inhabitants.
b) temperature and light conditions
Then I made the following observation. When the water in my aquarium was 20-22°, at this temperature the fish swam on top. I decided to test how the fish would react to heat. When the temperature of the heater increased, the fish quickly chose a warm place and swam where the water was heated by the heater. (Appendix 5)
Continuing the experiment, I placed the angelfish in a separate jar with a temperature of 28°C.
I saw that at a very high temperature - above 28°C it becomes bad, they lack oxygen, and they begin to suffocate. After all, less oxygen dissolves in warm water than in cold water. If the temperature is 28°C, then it is necessary that the air ventilation in the aquarium be constant. The optimal temperature for keeping angelfish is 24°C, and in order for them to begin to reproduce, the temperature must be increased to 26°C-28°C. But at this temperature, the water must be purged and filtered. And if the temperature in the aquarium drops to 17°, then illness, and then the death of the wonderful fish, is inevitable.
Conclusion: The best water temperature for angelfish is 24-26°C. At this temperature the fish look especially bright.
I paid special attention to the lighting of the aquarium where the fish live. My aquarium does not have special lighting, so I use a fluorescent table lamp. I noticed that if you screw a simple light bulb into a lamp, the water in the aquarium quickly becomes cloudy and the fish begin to lose their bright colors. Angelfish are also very shy. A sudden light can frighten them and then their paint also fades. If the light is on in the aquarium, then the fish behave more animatedly, swim near the light, they like the artificial sun, but not more than 12 hours a day.
The conclusion of my observation: angelfish love bright light, but with prolonged illumination they lose their color.
2.2. Development of conditioned reflexes
Over the course of five days, I conducted an experiment with my fish on the development of conditioned reflexes. I fed the fish at the same time.
Day 1 I tapped the aquarium with a spoon. The fish did not swim up to the knock. Sprinkled the food. The fish swam up.
Day 2. I tapped the aquarium with a spoon. Five fish swam up. Sprinkled the food. The fish all swam up.
Day 3 I tapped the aquarium with a spoon. Almost all the big fish swam up and a few small ones. Sprinkled the food. All the fish swam up
Day 4 I tapped the aquarium with a spoon. All the fish swam up with some exceptions. Sprinkled the food. All the fish swam up.
Day 5 I tapped the aquarium with a spoon. All the fish swam to the feeder. Sprinkled the food. (Appendix 7)
Conclusion: Thus, it only took me 5 days to develop a conditioned reflex in fish to sound. To develop a conditioned reflex, you need to feed the fish at the same time, knock on the wall of the aquarium in a certain place.
Conclusion of my observations
Based on my observations and experiments, I concluded that these fish easily get along with other fish breeds. Angelfish need a large and deep aquarium with a height of at least 50 cm, so it is more convenient to observe them. Angelfish eat any kind of food. They need to be fed in small portions at the same time once a day or even every other day. It is better to alternate food. Excess food has a bad effect on the water in the aquarium and its inhabitants. Angelfish love warmth; the optimal water temperature in the aquarium is 24-26 degrees. And too warm water will kill the fish. Angelfish also love light, but with prolonged exposure they lose their colors. It is easy for these fish to develop a conditioned reflex. You just need to feed the fish at the same time, but first knock on the aquarium with some object.
In the future, I plan to observe the birth of the fry and their behavior in the first days of life. I want to observe how long it takes for the fry to reach the size of adult fish? I have yet to find out the answers to these questions.
Literature:
- A.V.Efremov Aquarium and its inhabitants. – Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk Book Publishing House, 1992-192 p.
- M. B. Tsirling 99 tips. An aquarium in every home / - M.: Aquarium-Print LLC, 2007. – 112 p.
- Encyclopedia for children. T.2. Biology / Comp. S.T. Ismailova. – 3rd ed. Reworked and additional – M.: Avanta, 1996. – 704 p.
Class 1A research project "Aquarium and its inhabitants"
Research topic:"Aquarium and its inhabitants."
Relevance of the project can be expressed in just one phrase by I. Sokolov-Mikitov: “Love for nature, however, like any human love, undoubtedly develops in us from childhood.”
Living in harmony with yourself, with other people and in harmony with nature is a necessary condition for a happy and successful human life in the world. Love for nature is a great feeling; it helps a person to become more generous, responsible, and fairer. A person who loves nature will never offend his neighbor, will not mock our smaller brothers, will not pollute his native nature.
Objective of the project:
Project objectives:
1. familiarize yourself with theoretical information;
2. analyze and summarize the facts;
3. by comparing the collected material, develop interest in the topic,
4. ability to speak in front of an audience;
5. cultivate an environmental culture and the ability to work independently.
Expected results of the project:
Based on the collected material, create a collection of facts from the life of aquarium fish and complete application work.
The study was based on the following hypothesis: if you carefully study the necessary information, analyze and summarize the necessary facts, you can not only replenish and expand your knowledge, but also develop creative abilities and the ability to work independently.
Aquarium fish were chosen as the object of study.
Subject of study: literature study
Research methods: search, systematization, comparative analysis
Project implementation timeline: 2 months.
Implementation of projects at the class level:
Association of parents, children and teachers.
Ecological culture of junior schoolchildren
Environmental competitions, KVN, projects, practical activities, observation.
I. Introduction
The idea of creating the research work “Aquarium and its inhabitants” was the theme of the lesson on the surrounding world “Aquarium”. We were very interested in this topic, and we wanted to find out from books and magazines how the first aquarium appeared, what kind of fish they were, how to keep and care for them, how to wash and clean the aquarium.
For us it was new, interesting and even exciting, and we set ourselves target:
study theoretical material about aquarium fish in order to answer questions that interest us, complete application work and introduce the children of our class to the life of aquarium fish.
Man has long been interested in the underwater world inhabited by animals and plants. Relatively recently, scuba gear and research submarines have appeared, making it possible to observe fish in their natural environment for several hours and study their way of life. Despite this, people have long learned to recreate a piece of the underwater world next to them. These are aquariums - permanent homes for fish. An aquarium is not just a beautiful thing that satisfies a person’s aesthetic needs, and not only a means to fill one’s leisure time, but also a working model of a natural reservoir.
II. 1. Aquarium science.
Aquarium science is an occupation associated with modeling an ecosystem in a closed artificial reservoir. Having studied the literature, we learned that: the first European book on aquarium husbandry was published in 1797 in Thuringia by J.M. Bechstein, where the conditions for keeping fish in captivity were described. Fishes are the oldest, most species-rich, and most widespread group. Even the total number of fish species is not known exactly; according to a rough estimate, it ranges from 21 thousand to 25 thousand individuals. They are certainly beautiful creatures. As you know, fish have a calming effect on an irritated and tired person. Freely sliding behind the glass of the aquarium, they not only please the eye, shimmering with various bright colors, but also relieve stress, anxiety, and tension.
Breeding ornamental and freshwater aquarium fish is one of the most common hobbies not only for children, but also for adults. There are many reasons why people want to have fish and aquatic plants around them. And yet, all aquarists - consciously or unconsciously, to a greater or lesser extent are united by one thing: a love for living nature, as well as the pleasure derived from observing the underwater world. Other motivations for becoming an aquarist are responsibility for living creatures and the joy of successfully caring for them.
II. 2. Aquarium fish.
The most ancient information about goldfish appeared in China in the 6th century BC, which were considered sacred.
The first European to see and describe fish of extraordinary beauty was the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo.
The first goldfish were brought to Europe on military sailing ships and appeared in spacious pools at the courts of kings, guarded by guards, and presented as gifts or as rewards to nobles. A goldfish was discovered to have intelligence.
Not all fish can be together in one aquarium. Betta fish are the most beautiful members of the aquarium community, but cannot stand the community of cichlids, but angelfish have a calm character, but they cannot be planted with small fish, which they can easily swallow.
Guppies are the most favorite fish of beginning aquarists, since the hardiest bright freshwater fish, capable of surviving in a small aquarium, are undemanding to water quality, can withstand two weeks of fasting and are even ready to eat algae.
Pearl: This is a small fish. Each scale has a convex shape, which gives it a special originality. Feeding is the same as for other fish species. As for the conditions of detention, the fish requires a large volume of water.
Neon: These fish are quite small and very active. They earned their name because of the silvery shine of their scales. The male is traditionally smaller and slimmer than the female. The fish's fins are transparent. It is better to keep them in an aquarium with peace-loving fish.
Telescope: A very interesting and unique fish. She has large, bulging, attentive eyes (it is worth mentioning that the fish often damages them and goes blind, so there should not be many hard plants in the aquarium that could hurt her). The fish has a spherical shape and is therefore clumsy, slow and a little clumsy. The telescope reacts to temperature fluctuations, so you should be attentive to it.
Veiltail: This is a type of goldfish that is very popular among inexperienced aquarists. She has a short, wide body, a small head, a forked, very long, thin and transparent (like a veil) tail, which is why she has such a name.
Clown fish, or amphiprions, belong to the Pomacentra family. The size of the fish is from 8 to 15 cm. The color is plain with contrasting stripes and spots. Widely distributed in the Pacific and Indian oceans. More recently, thanks to the clown fish, scientists made one important discovery. It made it possible to fight jellyfish burns. Based on the mucus of a clown fish, scientists have developed and made an “anti-jellyfish” cream.
Fish are pets and, creating their own world in the apartment, they need care and attention.
II. 3. Creative activity.
Having carried out a lot of interesting work on the topic, the students of our class shared their knowledge and impressions in the class. Not only the children, but also their parents became interested in this work. No one remained indifferent, the children, with the help of their parents, prepared various messages “Aquarium plants”, “Aquarium and its world”, “Guppies - aquarium fish”, “Breeding aquarium fish”, children spoke about their home aquariums, an application competition was held in class "My Aquarium", several people presented their presentations on this topic.
II. 4. Conclusions on the topic.
Having completed the work, we made the following conclusions for ourselves: people should not only admire the diversity and beauty of the underwater world, but must make every effort to preserve this heritage of our planet: protect the seas and oceans, rivers and lakes from pollution, protect fish from extermination and unreasonable catching.
III. Conclusion
This work helped us understand that fish are pets that delight us not only with their beauty, but also calm our nervous system, so they need care and attention, and for this we must correctly use the knowledge gained. We expanded our knowledge, learned a lot of interesting things and shared our knowledge with our friends.
Children's works.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary school No. 34 of the city of Bratsk"
Research work on the topic:
“Aquarium is a small artificial ecosystem”
The work was completed by: Dubovikov Vyacheslav,
student of 4th "A" class
Head: Nikiforova E.G.,
primary school teacher
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….......3
From the history of the creation of the aquarium………………………………………………………...5
Types and purpose of aquariums………………………………………………………......7
An aquarium is a small artificial ecosystem………………………9
2.1. Survey results…………………………………………………………...10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….15
References……………………………………………………………16
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………....17
Introduction
Once upon a time, for my 6th birthday, my grandmother gave me a small aquarium. That same day, the whole family poured stones into the bottom, planted several plants and poured water.
The first fish in my aquarium were Sumatran barbs. Then we acquired other fish - these were gourami, angelfish, cockerels and a very beautiful pterodoplicht catfish.
My aquarium was populated by more and more new residents: ampullaria snails, crayfish, shrimp and frogs.
It is not easy to care for an aquarium; you need to know and be able to do a lot so that the fish have a good life and the aquarium is beautiful. This is how the idea of creating a research paper came about. I was very interested in this topic, and I decided to find out how the first aquarium appeared, what fish can be bred in an aquarium, how to keep and care for them, how to properly wash and clean the aquarium.
Goal: learn to maintain the aquarium ecosystem.
1.Study theoretical material about aquariums and aquarium fish.
2. Conduct a survey among younger schoolchildren.
Hypothesis:
Let's assume that the life of the aquarium ecosystem is possible without human intervention
Research methods:
1. Study of special literature.
2.Search for information on the Internet;
3.Questioning of junior schoolchildren;
4.Analysis and synthesis.
The importance of my work lies in the fact that many of my peers want to have or have already started an aquarium, but they don’t know how to care for it or what fish to breed together.
From the history of the creation of the aquarium
Man has long sought to understand the secrets of the mysterious underwater world. Even now, not each of us is given the opportunity to penetrate the depths of the aquatic environment. However, everyone can have a “small lake” at home, observe its inhabitants, and discover its secrets.
The very first aquarists were Chinese. For almost four millennia they have been breeding different fish - at first the fish were kept in artificial reservoirs (original prototypes of aquariums), then vessels were created for them. About two thousand years ago, the selection of goldfish began, without which it is difficult to imagine a traditional aquarium today.
A little earlier, about 2.5 thousand years ago, carp began to be bred in Japan, as well as their decorative breeds were developed: as a result, carp, under the supervision of the Japanese, became the progenitors of koi, and goldfish received a new image - a unique feathery shape. Also, the first mentions of fish farming are associated with Egypt and Assyria. Even 5-6 thousand years BC, the Egyptians kept many Nile fish in ponds, most of them colorful or of unusual shape or behavior. The architects of Babylon created open decorative ponds with fish back in the 9th century BC. e. In palaces, stone basins were installed for the same purposes. Chinese emperors kept fish in luxurious vases decorated with lotus flowers, and peasants wove baskets from rice straw so thick that water did not spill out.
In 1841, an aquarium in the modern sense of the word appeared. The aquarium contained plants and aquarium fish. The English scientist N. Ward (1791-1868), is known for the fact that in 1829 he began to grow plants in glass vessels and so accidentally became one of the progenitors of the modern aquarium. N. Ward placed goldfish in a glass vessel along with a Vallisneria plant. The term “aquarium” itself appeared in 1853 thanks to the German naturalist E.A. Rossmessler.
In 1849, the world's first exhibition of terrariums and aquariums opened in London, then public aquariums appeared in Vienna, Paris, and Berlin in 1860, 1861, 1869, respectively. In Russia, the first public aquarium opened at the Moscow Zoo in 1904.
Mentions of overseas goldfish in Russia are found already in evidence from the 15th century - the time of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily the Dark. In 1862, during the creation of the Moscow Zoological Garden, the idea of establishing a public “Aquarium” arose. In 1864, the Moscow Zoo was officially organized by the Imperial Russian Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants. A room for the “Sea Aquarium” is being built on its territory, but due to difficulties with the delivery of animals, the room is not being used for its intended purpose.
From 1900 to 1912, amateur aquarium keeping acquired the character of a mass hobby, and the breeding of aquarium fish reached almost industrial proportions. During these years, mass aquarium clubs were opened in Moscow, Kyiv and St. Petersburg, aquarium magazines were published, and annual aquarium exhibitions were organized.
Types and purpose of aquariums
It is very important for the inhabitants of the aquarium that their conditions are similar to those in nature. This will help them feel comfortable. Of course, fish can be kept in a three-liter jar, but do not expect them to live a long life and give birth to offspring. In addition, the appearance of the jar will not particularly decorate the room, even if very beautiful fish live in them.
Any body of water created by man to contain aquatic inhabitants in enclosed spaces is called an aquarium.
Specially built structures of enormous volume for displaying animals inhabiting the aquatic environment are also called aquariums or, when it comes to marine life, oceanariums.
Home aquariums can be either freshwater or saltwater. In turn, aquariums for keeping freshwater fish in temperate zones are called cold-water. Fish from central Russia can live in them. The mode suitable for them is maintained by a special water cooling system.
But most often, an “aquarium” is understood as a glass vessel for keeping people from tropical countries.
The purpose of an indoor aquarium can be different.
A decorative aquarium is used to decorate the interior of a room. It is usually of medium or large volume, beautifully decorated with plants or plastic substitutes, properly lit and stocked with large, active fish species.
A children's aquarium is not much different from the previous type, but is often smaller in size and populated with bright, large, non-timid fish species (for example, golden ones). It is designed to awaken a child’s interest in the life of the underwater world and foster a responsible attitude towards pets.
A research aquarium can be of any size depending on the interests of the owner. It does not always look spectacular, since it is created for the convenience of its inhabitants (and the convenience of observing them)
A commercial aquarium is similar to the previous one. His appearance doesn't matter much. It is used for mass breeding and rearing of aquarium inhabitants: both fish and plants, snails, etc.
Currently, indoor aquariums for surface observation of fish in the form of bowls or vases, as was practiced in Ancient China, are not used. However, such vessels can be used as terrariums for keeping other animals. Sometimes swimming pools are built indoors (from hotels to zoos) for tropical inhabitants. A person can admire them both from above and through the side walls.
An aquarium is a small artificial ecosystem
An aquarium is an ecosystem because it contains all the components of an ecosystem. It is called artificial because it is created by man. An ecosystem is a unity of living organisms and their habitat, in which living organisms of different “professions” are able to jointly maintain the circulation of substances. Should an aquarium contain organisms of different “professions”?
Producers (“breadwinners”) are living organisms (mainly plants) that create organic substances from inorganic, mineral substances.
Consumers (“eaters”) are living organisms (mainly animals) that use ready-made organic substances as food.
Destroyers (“scavengers”) are living organisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) that use the remains of dead organisms for nutrition. They process organic substances, breaking them down into simpler organic and mineral substances.
An aquarium is an artificially created small ecosystem. This system is formed by living organisms - plants, animals, microorganisms, as well as elements of inanimate nature - habitats - water, soil, air, light.
Survey results
I conducted a survey in which 81 primary school students took part. The questionnaire included the following questions:
Do you have an aquarium?
What is an aquarium?
What kind of water for an aquarium?
What size should be the soil for an aquarium?
Do you need light?
After processing the questionnaires, it turned out that 23 out of 81 schoolchildren surveyed had an aquarium. Despite this, only 6 people know that an aquarium is an artificial ecological system. 12 people know that water for an aquarium must be settled and at a certain temperature, depending on the type of fish. Only 6 people know what size the soil in an aquarium should be. “We need light,” answered 75 people. To the question “What else should be in the aquarium” different answers were given: algae, plants, fish, filter, stones.
Having found out that my peers, even having an aquarium at home, do not know how to care for it, I prepared recommendations for them and everyone who wants to breed fish at home.
First of all, you should think about your own lifestyle and try to find 20-30 minutes of free time in your daily hassle and worries for aquarium activities. I want to reassure you right away: you will spend 90% of this time just watching your pets. Caring for an aquarium will not require much time and labor if the owner has thoroughly mastered the basic techniques of maintaining it.
All the many options for indoor aquariums are divided into two groups: naturally balanced and energy-intensive high-tech artificial reservoirs.
A naturally balanced aquarium requires minimal outside intervention. In addition to the vessel itself, it requires settled water, soil, underwater plants, fish, food for them, as well as the heat of the living space and air in contact with the surface of the water. Naturally, such an aquarium needs to be cleaned and water changed from time to time.
It is easier to achieve biological balance in a relatively low and wide aquarium, in which a large surface of the water is in contact with the air.
A high-tech aquarium involves the use of various technical means to ensure the existence of its inhabitants.
However, you should remember: the more devices and accessories are used to maintain the aquarium, the more serious the consequences of a power outage in your apartment will be. In addition, it is not recommended to leave high-tech aquariums unattended during your departure.
A variety of beautiful fish are bred in the aquarium. But in order for the fish to live a long time, and even be able to reproduce, it is necessary to prepare an appropriate habitat for them.
Where to start? With soil preparation. For this purpose, washed, coarse-grained sand or pebbles (layer 4-6 cm) are specially selected. Soil is necessary for plant rooting and nutrition. It is an important component of the habitat for burrowing fish and for fish spawning in the ground. You should not put shells on the bottom of the aquarium, as they make the water hard.
Tap water for the aquarium is left to stand for 5-7 days. Then water is poured into a special glass container and soil is laid.
After a couple of days, aquatic plants are planted in the aquarium. Vallisneria, Elodea, and Riccia grow well all year round in warm and cold-water aquariums. Common tropical plants include: cryptocorynes with multi-colored leaves, lancet echinodorus, glossy ludwigia, hornwort, cabomba, pistia.
You cannot oversaturate the aquarium with plants: during the day, in the light, they release oxygen, but at night, in the dark, they absorb it, just like the fish themselves.
The water in the aquarium is weakly mixed, and carbon dioxide accumulates in the lower layers. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically pump air into the aquarium.
A green aquarium will immediately need light: a lot, but not too much. How much light is required is determined experimentally in the first months of the aquarium’s life. Green fouling has appeared - there is a lot of light. The walls were covered with brown algae, the plants stretched out and became pale - there was little light.
The aquarium should be without fish for about a week - complex processes of relationships between micro-inhabitants that have entered the reservoir along with the soil and plants will take place in it.
At first, the water in the aquarium will become cloudy. Do not change it under any circumstances. After 5-7 days, the water brightens and acquires special transparency: its “self-purification” occurs. All this means that biological balance has been established in the aquarium.
It's time to populate the pond with fish! For an aquarium, fish are selected that live naturally in the same areas, or those that live in the same environmental conditions.
It is recommended to keep cold-water fish separately from warm-water ones, and predatory ones from non-predatory ones. The size and behavior of fish are very important characteristics. In nature, the larger ones usually eat the smaller ones. When choosing fish, you need to make sure that even the smallest inhabitants of the aquarium are large enough so as not to become victims of others, and you need to pay attention to this in the future, when the fish grow up.
At home, it is easier to create a warm-water aquarium than a cold-water one. Therefore, tropical fish are more common inhabitants of indoor aquariums.
The warm-water aquarium contains breeds of American fish: guppies, swordtails, catfish, platies, limias.
Often Asian zebrafish, barbs, cardinals or South American luminous neon fish, fireflies and others are placed in the same aquarium.
The cold-water aquarium houses fish that live in Russian water bodies: crucian carp, bitterling, small spined lances, carp, tench. They also contain breeds of goldfish: veiltails, telescopes.
The main condition for successfully keeping fish in a cold-water aquarium, for example, a breed of goldfish, is their low density of planting, that is, for each fish 5 cm long there should be at least 5 liters of water. The water in such aquariums must be purged and filtered.
Other animals are sometimes placed in the aquarium: mollusks, crustaceans, turtles, snails.
Overfeeding the fish is unacceptable: if the water becomes cloudy from excess food, then feeding stops for a while until the water becomes clear again. It is best to feed the fish in minimal doses. Under no circumstances should food be given for future use. (Most types of adult fish can survive without food for 2-3 weeks.)
Conclusion
The aquarium is like a particle of the underwater world, transferred into the room. It is fraught with many mysteries, and observing it is extremely fascinating. At the same time, an aquarium is an artificially torn out piece of the underwater kingdom, the well-being of which is entirely in the hands of the owner. Environmentally competent handling of the aquarium will bring the living conditions of pets as close as possible to natural ones, and ignorance of the laws of life of the underwater world will lead to a violation of harmony and the death of pets.
Hypothesis: suppose that the life of the aquarium ecosystem is possible without human intervention, was not confirmed.
You need to understand that creating an artificial ecosystem, even a small one, is difficult.
This requires knowledge, patience, love for little friends.
If you seriously want to make your own small artificial ecosystem, find a book about aquariums and read it carefully or visit a special website on the Internet.
List of sources used
1. Akimushkin, I.I. Freaks of nature. - M.: Moscow, 1992.
2. Zolotnitsky, N.F. Amateur's aquarium. – M.: Terra, 1993.
3. Kochetov, A.M. Decorative fish farming. – M.: Education, 1991.
4. Internet resources:
http://www.aquariuminfo.ru/books/hlusov/
http://akvarium1.narod.ru/
Annex 1
Survey questions:
Do you have an aquarium?________________
What is an aquarium?
________________________
_____________________________________________________________
What kind of water is needed for an aquarium?
______________________________________
______________________________________
What size should be the soil for an aquarium? ___________________________________________
Do you need light? _____________________________
What else should be in the aquarium?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix 2
1. It is easier to achieve biological balance in a relatively low and wide aquarium, in which a large surface of the water is in contact with the air. Achieving biological balance is a ratio of microscopic creatures (bacteria, blue-green algae, etc.) and the inhabitants of the aquarium that we can see (fish, snails, plants) in which the water becomes transparent.
2. You cannot oversaturate the aquarium with plants: during the day, in the light, they produce oxygen, but at night, in the dark, they will shake it, just like the fish themselves.
3. The number of inhabitants of a reservoir is limited by its volume: fish should not experience oxygen deficiency. An indicator of this deficiency is if they rise to the surface in the morning and grab the surface layer of water with their mouths (labyrinth fish (see below “Cockerels”) are not taken into account).
4. The fish settle in the aquarium after the water in it has settled, all the plants have been planted, biological balance has been established, and the cloudy bacterial film has disappeared from the surface.
5. Do not rush to completely populate the aquarium with the entire planned set of fish; release new pets in batches and see what results it brings. In addition, new pets must undergo quarantine before being placed in a community aquarium.
6. It is better to underpopulate your aquarium than to overpopulate it. This will improve the existence of fish during unfavorable seasons of the year (lack of natural light in winter or even the owner’s departure for a while).
7. Overfeeding the fish is unacceptable: if the water becomes cloudy from excess food, then feeding stops for a while until the water becomes clear again. It is best to feed the fish in minimal doses. Under no circumstances should food be given for future use. (Most types of adult fish can survive without food for 2-3 weeks.)
9. Lighting should ensure normal plant growth; it is achieved by a combination of natural and artificial: the aquarium is placed against the wall 1 - 1.5 m from the window (fish look better in side lighting), and a lamp of appropriate power and spectrum is placed above it.
Competition of educational and research projects for schoolchildren "Eureka Junior" of the Small Academy of Sciences for students of Kuban
My aquarium
Surtsev Danil Romanovich
3 "B" class
MBOU secondary school No. 7
Art. Perevnaya 2012
Surtsev Danil Romanovich
3 "B" class
MBOU secondary school No. 7
Perepravnaya village, Mostovsky district
Scientific supervisor: Kolesnikova Tatyana Nikolaevna,
primary school teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 7
Brief summary
The work reveals the importance of the aquarium and its inhabitants for people. The aquarium, like an exotic island of nature, surprises and pleases the eye. And aquarium fish are a fantastic wealth of colors and shapes. Thanks to their graceful movements, they allow you to relax and forget about adversity and worries. The work describes the periods of development of the ecosystem in the aquarium.
Surtsev Danil Romanovich
3 "B" class
MBOU secondary school No. 7
Perepravnaya village, Mostovsky district
Scientific supervisor: Kolesnikova Tatyana Nikolaevna,
primary school teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 7
annotation
Relevance can be expressed in just one phrase by I. Sokolov-Mikitov: “Love for nature, however, like any human love, undoubtedly develops in us from childhood.”
Living in harmony with yourself, with other people and in harmony with nature is a necessary condition for a happy and successful human life in the world. Love for nature is a great feeling; it helps a person to become more generous, responsible, and fairer. A person who loves nature will never offend his neighbor, will not mock our smaller brothers, will not pollute his native nature.
Target: What is the significance of an aquarium for a person?
Tasks:
Identify the first aquarists;
Three periods of ecosystem development in an aquarium;
The importance of an aquarium in my life.
Research methods : search, systematization, comparative analysis
Conclusions: people should not only admire the diversity and beauty of the underwater world, but must make every effort to preserve this heritage of our planet: protect the seas and oceans, rivers and lakes from pollution, protect fish from extermination and unreasonable fishing.
Content
1. Introduction.2. My aquarium.
3. The first aquarists.
4 . Formation of the system.
5. Biological balance.
6. Destruction of the ecosystem.
7. Conclusion.
8.Literature.
Surtsev Danil Romanovich
3 "B" class
MBOU secondary school No. 7
Perepravnaya village, Mostovsky district
Scientific supervisor: Kolesnikova Tatyana Nikolaevna,
primary school teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 7
Introduction
The whole huge world is around me, above me
and beneath me is full of unknown secrets.
And I will open them all my life, because
What is the most interesting, the most
The most exciting activity in the world!
V. Bianchi
Each person, if desired, can create a small ecological system. You don't have to be a wizard to do this.
An aquarium is a model of an aquatic ecosystem. And, despite the many differences between a natural reservoir and an aquarium, the basic laws of development are common to them, and the processes occurring are largely similar.
Typically, an aquarium is considered an isolated system. However, this is not the case. Man constantly interferes in his life.
Surtsev Danil Romanovich
3 "B" class
MBOU secondary school No. 7
Perepravnaya village, Mostovsky district
Scientific supervisor: Kolesnikova Tatyana Nikolaevna,
primary school teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 7
Chapter 1. My aquarium
I have an aquarium at home and I constantly intervene in its life. It is small in size, volume 30 liters, with built-in lighting, artificial water heating, air blower and water purifier.
In addition to daily feeding, we remove debris from the bottom of the aquarium once a week. We clean its walls from the inside and add clean, settled water. Our pets are very diverse in size, color and behavior. This is the darkest and largest beautiful angelfish in our aquarium. Whiskered catfish, colorful and playful neons, gray cardinals with red specks on the tail and unpretentious swordtails also live here.
In addition to fish, the aquarium contains algae for nutrition and processing of carbon dioxide. But, nevertheless, the bulk of small algae growing on the walls of the aquarium is eaten by snails. I love my aquarium very much and I was interested in who came up with it.
Chapter 1.2 The first aquarists
The first aquarists were the Chinese. For about four thousand years they have been keeping and breeding various fish (first in artificial reservoirs, later in vessels), for almost two thousand years the selection of the famous goldfish has been ongoing, for the life of which in the aquarium it is necessary to regulate the temperature and chemical composition of the water, gas exchange, and determine it to your liking quantitative and qualitative composition of inhabitants.
This small ecosystem has its own producers. These are plants. Consumers are fish, destroyers are snails and some types of fish. But there can’t be scavengers in the aquarium, because people monitor the cleanliness.
Chapter 1.3 Formation of the system (stage one)
In order for the fish to live comfortably in the aquarium, I began to look for the necessary literature. I heard a lot of interesting things in lessons about the world around me, and I found answers to my “whys” in children’s encyclopedias and on the Internet.
It turns out that there are three periods of ecosystem development in an aquarium. The first stage is the formation of the system. At this time, soil is placed in the aquarium and water is poured. Intensive development of microorganisms is usually observed.
On the one hand, fresh water is rich in nutrients, and on the other -
the first settlers had no enemies or competitors. Usually after 2-3 days the water becomes milky due to the active proliferation of bacteria.
After a few more days, its transparency is restored. After 5-6 days, the plants are planted, and the next day the fish are released. At first, you should keep the maximum possible number of fish in the aquarium.
Once sufficient organic matter has accumulated, the number of fish can be reduced. By doing this we maintain the energy balance, because more and more energy will be released as a result of the decomposition of accumulated organic particles.
If there is an excess of organic matter in the aquarium, remove rotting leaves and debris and change the water regularly. An important source of energy is lighting.
Chapter 1.4 Biological equilibrium (stage two)
And if everything is fine in the aquarium: the lighting is chosen correctly, the plants have taken root and are actively developing, the fish have adapted to new conditions, the transition to the second stage of ecosystem development occurs. It is often called "biological balance". During this period, the aquarium has the ability to self-regulate. For example, replacing up to one third of the water goes almost unnoticed and without negative consequences.
All organisms are always closely related to each other and the environment. Thus, during photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide and water and release oxygen. It is consumed by respiration and decay. The water in the aquarium is weakly mixed, and carbon dioxide accumulates in the lower layers. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically pump air into the aquarium.
Chapter 1.5 Ecosystem destruction (stage three)
There is a constant accumulation of waste from plants, fish and other animals in the aquarium. Those types of aquatic organisms that are most demanding of water purity stop growing, while other plants that prefer silty soils grow intensively, filling the aquarium.
Bubbles with a characteristic unpleasant odor begin to rise from the bottom. This means that the ecosystem enters the third stage of development - destruction. It is necessary to update and thoroughly clean the aquarium.
With the correct distribution of forces, a balance between those who produce, consume and destroy energy, the aquarium ecosystem is capable of supporting itself like any organism.
Surtsev Danil Romanovich
3 "B" class
MBOU secondary school No. 7
Perepravnaya village, Mostovsky district
Scientific supervisor: Kolesnikova Tatyana Nikolaevna,
primary school teacher MBOU Secondary School No. 7
Conclusion
Aquarium activities develop in adults and children a sense of love for nature. Communicating with the beautiful world on glass shores relieves a person of stress and lowers blood pressure.
Despite the fact that fish, plants, and invertebrates exist autonomously in the aquarium, we consider ourselves an integral part of the aquarium ecosystem. Our bad or good mood is transmitted to the inhabitants of the underwater world. And fish and plants, in turn, help us and fill our soul with new bright sensations, giving a charge of energy and vigor.
Literature
1.Big encyclopedia of schoolchildren’s knowledge. Moscow "FOMEO", 2009
2.D. Doses "Your Aquarium". Moscow "Aquarium", 2008
3. V. Mikhailov “Aquarium”. Practical advice from an experienced aquarist. Moscow, 2006
4.A. A. Pleshakov “From earth to sky.” Atlas is a determinant. Moscow "Enlightenment", 2008.
Annex 1
Observing the growth of elody.
01.10
