Biography and episodes of life Fedora Tyutchev. When born and died Fyodor Tyutchev, memorable places and dates of important events of his life. Poet quotes, Photo and video.
Years of life of Fyodor Tyutchev:
born November 23, 1803, died July 15, 1873
Epitaph
“And he shone like a son of nature,
Playing with your eyes and mind,
It shone like waters sparkle in summer,
How the moon shines over the hill!”
From a poem by Nikolai Rubtsov dedicated to Tyutchev
Biography
He made a brilliant public career, which did not prevent him from becoming one of the greatest Russians poets of the 19th century century and a master of lyrical landscape. The biography of Fyodor Tyutchev is the biography of a man who served his country faithfully and truly, and he also sincerely and talentedly served his other calling - poetry.
Tyutchev's father was a lieutenant of the guard, his mother came from an old noble family of Tolstoy. Little Fedor was given a good education at home - by the age of 13 he spoke Latin and Ancient Greek. The boy was destined for a good future - study at Moscow University, and then public service. The young and capable young man quickly moved up the career ladder - soon after graduation he was sent to Munich as part of the Russian diplomatic mission. In parallel with his service, Tyutchev was engaged in literary creativity. He began writing poetry as a child, and by the age of 20 his works began to be distinguished by their originality - Tyutchev managed to combine the traditions of Russian ode and European romanticism. During his service abroad, Tyutchev received the rank of chamberlain, then state councilor, and finally was appointed senior secretary of the embassy in Turin. A break from work had to be taken due to Tyutchev’s personal tragedy - his wife died, whose health was severely damaged by a shipwreck in which she and her children got into while heading to her husband. The loss of his wife, his faithful friend and mother of his children, was a shock for the poet. He lived abroad for some time, after which he returned to Russia, where he resumed his service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A few years before his death, Tyutchev was promoted to privy councilors, which was considered a very high government position - he received this position thanks to his diplomacy and wisdom.
In the last years of his life, Tyutchev wrote a lot, creating a large number of poems on political and love themes. Six months before his death, Tyutchev was partially paralyzed, which led to severe headaches. Soon he was struck by a strong blow that paralyzed the entire left half of his body. A few months later, Tyutchev died; the cause of Tyutchev’s death was the consequences of a stroke he suffered. Tyutchev's funeral took place on July 18, 1873; Tyutchev's grave is located in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.
Tyutchev's favorite women - Eleanor Botmer, Ernestina Pfeffel and Elena Denisyeva (from left to right)
Life line
November 23, 1803 Date of birth of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.
1817 Visit to the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University as a free listener.
1818 Admission to Moscow University.
1819 Member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
1821 Graduation from university, service in the College of Foreign Affairs.
1826 Marriage to Eleanor Peterson.
April 21, 1829 Birth of daughter Anna.
1834 Birth of daughter Daria.
1835 Birth of daughter Catherine.
1837 Work as a senior secretary at the embassy in Turin.
1838 Death of Tyutchev's wife.
1839 Care with civil service, moving abroad, marrying Ernestine Pfeffel.
1840 Birth of daughter Maria.
1841 Birth of son Dmitry.
1844 Return to Russia.
1845 Return to service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1846 Birth of son Ivan.
1848 Obtaining the position of senior censor.
1851 The birth of a daughter, Elena, from a relationship with Elena Denisyeva, Tyutchev’s mistress.
1854 Release of Tyutchev's first book.
1858 Taking office as Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.
1860 The birth of a son, Fedor, from a relationship with Deniseva.
1864 The birth of a son, Nikolai, from a relationship with Denisyeva, the death of Elena Denisyeva.
1865 Death of daughter Elena and son Nikolai.
1870 Death of son Dmitry.
July 15, 1873 Date of death of Tyutchev.
July 18, 1873 Tyutchev's funeral.
Memorable places
1. The Ovstug estate, where Tyutchev was born and where today the Tyutchev Museum-Reserve is located.
2. Muranovo Estate, Tyutchev’s family estate, where today the Tyutchev Museum is located.
3. Moscow State University them. M. Lomonosov, who graduated from Tyutchev.
4. Tyutchev’s house, where he lived in 1805-1810. in Moscow (estate of Count F.A. Osterman).
5. Tyutchev’s house in Moscow, where he lived in 1810-1821.
6. Tyutchev’s house in Munich, where he lived in 1822-1828.
7. Tyutchev’s house in Munich, where he lived in 1842-1844.
8. Monument to Tyutchev in Bryansk.
9. Monument to Tyutchev in Munich in the “Garden of Poets”.
10. Novodevichy cemetery, where Tyutchev is buried.
Episodes of life
According to eyewitnesses, sitting at the coffin of his deceased first wife, Tyutchev turned gray overnight. But, evil tongues said, he turned gray not from grief, but from the fact that he repented of his love affair with his wife. A year after the death of his first wife, Tyutchev married his mistress, with whom he had a relationship last years his first marriage. But this connection was not the last for the poet. So, his affair with Elena Deniseva lasted several years, until her death. Denisyeva gave birth to three children for the poet, two of whom died several years before Tyutchev’s death, which also became a serious tragedy for him.
And yet Tyutchev could hardly be called a cruel traitor - he loved both his wife and his mistress equally, and could not imagine life without each of them. Tyutchev once wrote to his wife, whom he considered a saint, already during his relationship with Deniseva: “How much dignity and seriousness there is in your love - and how petty and how pathetic I feel compared to you!.. The further, the more I'm falling in own opinion, and when everyone sees me as I see myself, my work will be over.”
Tyutchev outlived his mistress by nine years, and his second wife outlived her husband by more than twenty years. It is Ernestine Pfeffel that society today should be indebted to for having Tyutchev’s legacy. Tyutchev never took himself seriously as a writer; poetry was for him a way of sublimating his personal experiences, and journalistic articles were the result of his thoughts about the fate of Russia. After Tyutchev’s death, his wife collected and rewrote all her husband’s poems and articles, even those dedicated to Deniseva, thereby preserving them.
Covenant
“A spoken thought is a lie.”
Documentary film from the series “Geniuses and Villains” in memory of Tyutchev
Condolences
“Tyutchev was a representative of true and refined culture: a type, rare in its value at that time, and non-existent in our days. In him, in his culture, there lived a deep heredity - next to the Slavic - Latin, Germanic heredity. Tyutchev, of course, is the most cultured of all our poets. Even in Pushkin I feel this less than in Tyutchev.”
Prince Sergei Volkonsky, theater figure, director, critic
“We have one less smart, characterful, original person. The loss is painful in our fatal desolation! Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died at the age of 70, in Tsarskoye Selo, on July 15th, after several blows that befell him during recent times. Who did not know in St. Petersburg and Moscow, in the highest and educated circles, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev?
Mikhail Pogodin, historian, collector
“Dear, smart as day Fyodor Ivanovich, forgive me - goodbye!”
Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev is a nineteenth-century writer who left behind more than four hundred wonderful poems. This is a publicist and diplomat, a correspondent for the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, who had an interesting life, and in order to get to know Tyutchev better, we suggest studying his short story for children.
Biography of Tyutchev briefly the most important thing
Studying briefly the writer’s biography by date, let’s take a brief look at each stage of his life, including his childhood and youth, years of life abroad, as well as his legacy.
Childhood and youth
The writer's life begins in December 1803 with his birth. He was a calm and gifted child who was born into a noble family, where from birth much attention was paid to the child's education. At first it was home education. The teacher was the poet and translator Raich, who instilled in Fyodor a love of writing poetry. By the age of thirteen, the future writer knew Latin, science, and understood ancient Roman poetry.
Literary creativity of Tyutchev
If we talk about the writer’s literary work, then from his youth he wrote his poems, but they were not successful and only in 1836 did Tyutchev truly make his debut as a poet. This happened thanks to Pushkin, who noticed the aspiring poet and published several poems in his Contemporary. More and more collections will follow; there will even be a collection of poems that the writer will dedicate to his mistress.
Living abroad and returning to Russia
As mentioned above, after university, Tyutchev works at the College of Foreign Affairs and thus, in the role of a diplomat, ends up in Munich. He lived abroad for 22 years. There he met his first love, his wife with whom he had three girls. While in Munich, the writer became interested in German idealist philosophy. Carrying out the functions of a diplomat, he does not stop writing his works.
Then Tyutchev is transferred to Turin, where over time his wife dies. After her death, Tyutchev marries his mistress and, without the consent of the government, goes to Switzerland, thereby putting an end to his career as a diplomat. Later he will return to Munich again, try to regain his position, but after failure he will return to Russia.
In Russia, he works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a censor and continues to write. In the fifties, the writer mainly wrote on political topics.
Since 1864, Tyutchev began a black streak. The second wife dies, followed by their children, and then his mother. This was reflected in the poet’s biography by the deterioration of his health, and then difficult period in his work, because the published collection did not become popular. All this is not in the best possible way affected the life of the writer and in 1873 Tyutchev died in Tsarskoe Selo.
The poet's legacy
If we talk separately about the poet’s legacy, about his work and about what exactly Fyodor Ivanovich left behind, then these are more than 400 poems that were published in his collections. In his poems he wrote on different topics. There is a theme of nature, a theme of love, and works for children that we study at school, as well as political themes.
He lived in the 19th century, during the heyday of Russian culture.
In his work, Fyodor Tyutchev sang in all its glory the beauty of Russian nature, and the poet did not ignore love lyrics. Many people know Tyutchev, primarily by his lines - “Russia cannot be understood with the mind...”
Fyodor Ivanovich was born at the end of November 1803, in the Oryol province of the Russian Empire, into the family of a nobleman. He received a good education at home, from childhood he showed a passion for learning, and those around him noticed the boy’s extraordinary intelligence.
Fedor was trained by the poet Raich. Rajic told him about ancient and Italian literature. As a 12-year-old boy, Tyutchev was fully engaged in translations under the strict guidance of his mentor. He translated works of Italian writers.
In 1819, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev decided to continue his studies, but at the university. The poet entered the Faculty of Literature at Moscow University.
Here he meets the best minds of our time. During his student years, Fyodor Ivanovich actively wrote poetry.
Two years later, his studies were completed and Ivan began working at the College of Foreign Affairs in the capital of the Russian Empire. A year later, Fyodor Tyutchev received a new appointment and was sent as part of the Russian diplomatic mission to Munich.
Tyutchev feels great abroad. In Germany he became friends with Heine and Schelling. He was involved in translations of works by major German authors into Russian. He was also actively involved in creativity, his poems were published in the Russian Empire.
In 1836, a great event occurred in the poet’s biography. Poems by Fyodor Tyutchev were published in the Sovremennik magazine. After publication, fame came to him. Fyodor Ivanovich was distinguished by his Slavophile views, for which he earned the respect of Emperor Nicholas I.
The poet wrote several famous articles about the historical role of Russia. He believed that the fate of humanity would be determined by the confrontation between the Russian Empire and the revolution. In part, these thoughts can be called prophetic.
In 1844, Fyodor Tyutchev returned to his homeland. Four years later he began working at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the capital, and 10 years later he became chairman of the foreign censorship committee. Fedo Ivanovich was a significant figure in public life capital of the Russian Empire. He was an excellent conversationalist and had a brilliant sense of humor.
Tyutchev's aphorisms were on everyone's lips. Here is what, for example, Tyutchev said about Russian history: - “The history of Russia before Peter I is one memorial service, after it is a continuous criminal case,” but here is Tyutchev’s opinion about the revolution: - “Spring is the only revolution that always succeeds.” Interesting thoughts, aren't they?
Fyodor Tyutchev died in 1873.
1. Brief biographical information.
2. The poet’s philosophical worldview.
3. Love and nature in Tyutchev’s poetry.
F.I. Tyutchev was born in 1803 into a noble noble family. The boy got a good education. Tyutchev showed interest in poetry quite early - already at the age of 12 he successfully translated the ancient Roman poet Horace. Tyutchev's first published work was a free adaptation of the Epistles of Horace to Maecenas. After graduating from St. Petersburg University, Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service. As an official of the Russian diplomatic mission, he was sent to Munich. It should be noted that Tyutchev spent a total of more than 20 years abroad. He married twice - for love, both in the relationship preceding the marriage and in the subsequent one. family life Tyutchev's life took shape quite dramatically.
The career growth of Tyutchev, who received the post of diplomatic envoy and the title of chamberlain, stopped due to the fault of the poet himself, who, during a period of rapid infatuation with Baroness E. Dernheim, who became his second wife, he voluntarily retired from service for some time, and even lost the documents entrusted to him. Having received his resignation, Tyutchev still lived abroad for some time, but after a few years he returned to his homeland. In 1850, he met E. Denisyeva, who was half his age and who soon became his lover. This relationship lasted 14 years, until Deniseva’s death; at the same time, Tyutchev retained the most tender feelings for his wife Eleanor. The love for these women is reflected in the poet’s work. Tyutchev died in 1873, after losing several close people: his brother, his eldest son and one of his daughters.
What did this man bring to poetry that his Poems immortalized his name? Literary scholars have come to the conclusion that Tyutchev introduced motifs and images that were practically not used in literature before him. poetry XIX century. First of all, this is the universal, cosmic scope of the poet’s worldview:
The vault of heaven, burning with the glory of the stars,
Looks mysteriously from the depths, -
And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
A similar scale will subsequently often be reflected in the works of poets of the 20th century. But Tyutchev lived in the 19th century, so in some ways he anticipated the development of poetic trends and laid the foundations of a new tradition.
It is interesting to note that for Tyutchev such philosophical categories as infinity and eternity are close and tangible realities, and not abstract concepts. Human fear of them stems from the inability to rationally comprehend their essence:
But the day fades - night has come;
She came - and, from the world of fate
Fabric of blessed cover
Having torn it off, it throws it away...
And the abyss is laid bare to us
With your fears and darkness,
And there are no barriers between her and us -
This is why the night is scary for us!
However, Tyutchev is of course the heir to the poetic tradition that developed before him. For example, the poems “Cicero”, “Silentium!” written in the oratorical-didactic style, which was widely used in the 18th century. It should be noted that these two poems reveal some important elements of the poet’s philosophical worldview. In the poem “Cicero,” Tyutchev turns to the image of the ancient Roman orator to emphasize the continuity of historical eras and to promote the idea that the most interesting are the turning points of history:
Happy is he who has visited this world
His moments are fatal!
He was called by the all-good
As a companion at a feast.
He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council -
And alive, like a celestial being,
Immortality drank from their cup!
Witness major historical events Tyutchev regards him as an interlocutor of the gods. Only they can understand the deep experiences of the creative soul. As for people, it is extremely difficult to convey your thoughts and feelings to them; moreover, this often should not be done, as the poet writes about in the poem “Silentium!”:
How can the heart express itself?
How can someone else understand you?
Will he understand what you live for?
A spoken thought is a lie.
Exploding, you will disturb the keys, -
Feed on them - and be silent.
The use of mythological images in Tyutchev's poetry is also based on a tradition that already existed in Russian literature. The whimsical world of myth allows the poet to abstract himself from everyday life and feel a sense of involvement with certain mysterious forces:
You will say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus's eagle,
A thunderous goblet from the sky
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.
You need to pay attention to the composition of Tyutchev’s poems. They often consist of two interconnected parts: in one of them the poet gives something, like a sketch, shows this or that image, and the other part is devoted to the analysis and comprehension of this image.
Tyutchev's poetic world is characterized by a pronounced bipolarity, which is a reflection of his philosophical views: day and night, faith and unbelief, harmony and chaos... This list could be continued for a long time. The most expressive is the opposition of two principles, two elements in love lyrics Tyutcheva. Love in Tyutchev’s poems appears either as a “fatal duel” of two loving hearts, or as a confusion of seemingly incompatible concepts:
O you, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.
Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics is inextricably linked with the inner life of the lyrical hero. Let us note that Tyutchev often shows us not just pictures of nature, but transitional moments - twilight, when the light has not yet completely gone out and complete darkness has not yet set in, an autumn day that still vividly conveys the charm of the past summer, the first spring thunderstorm... As in history, so in nature, the poet is most interested in these “threshold”, turning points:
The gray shadows mixed,
The color faded, the sound fell asleep -
Life and movement resolved
In the unsteady twilight, in the distant rumble...
The theme of “mixing”, interpenetration, is often heard in those lines that are devoted to human perception of nature:
An hour of unspeakable melancholy!..
Everything is in me and I am in everything!..
...Feelings like a haze of self-forgetfulness
Fill it over the edge!..
Give me a taste of destruction
Mix with the slumbering world!
Tyutchev's perception of nature, as well as all of the poet's lyrics, is characterized by polarity and duality. Nature can appear in one of two guises - divine harmony:
There are in the brightness of autumn evenings
Touching, mysterious charm!..
or elemental chaos:
What are you howling about, night wind?
Why are you complaining so madly?..
For Tyutchev, nature is a huge living being, endowed with intelligence, with which a person can easily find a common language:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language...
Report on Fyodor Tyutchev, the eminent Russian poet of the nineteenth “golden” age of Russian poetry can be long, because his fate is rich in events, feelings, reflections, and creativity.
Childhood and youth of the future poet
Tyutchev was born into a noble family typical of that time, combining strict adherence to Russian traditions with fashionable communication in French. It happened on the twenty-third of November 1803 on the estate of the village of Ovstug, located in the Oryol province. The parents of the future poet Ekaterina Tolstaya and Ivan Tyutchev were noble, intelligent and educated people. They wanted to see their children the same way.
In Moscow, where Fedor spent his childhood and youth, Semyon Raich became his home teacher from the age of nine. The young talented wordsmith was an aspiring critic and poet, so he encouraged his pupil’s poetic experiments. At the age of twelve, Fyodor Tyutchev was already translating the works of Horace and composing poems. At fourteen he was elected a fellow of the Society of Lovers of Literature. The gifted boy was a volunteer student at Moscow University in 1816, a student at the Faculty of Philology in the fall of 1819, and a graduate in 1821, having studied for two years instead of three.
Service in Munich
Having received his degree, after a few months he began to serve in the then prestigious College of Foreign Affairs and in June 1822 he went to the German city of Munich. Fyodor Ivanovich broke ties with literature and devoted himself entirely to the diplomatic service. True, he did not stop writing poetry, but he did it for himself, without advertising them. He went on leave to his homeland only in 1825. Upon returning to duty in February 1826, he married Eleanor Peterson, becoming guardian of her three children from a previous marriage. The Tyutchev family grew. 3 more daughters were born.
In Munich, fate brought him together with the poet Heine and the philosopher Schelling. Later, having become friends with the German romantic poet, Tyutchev was the first to translate his poetic works into native language. He also continued to write his lyrical works. And in the spring of 1836 he transferred them to St. Petersburg, where they were published in Sovremennik, a published magazine. By the way, the great poet was delighted with the richness of poetic colors, depth of thought, strength and freshness of Tyutchev’s language.
Service in Germany lasted almost fifteen years. At the end of spring 1837, the diplomat and poet received leave and went to St. Petersburg for three months.
Life in Turin
But after the vacation, Tyutchev was destined to go to Turin. There he was appointed charge d'affaires of the Russian mission and first secretary. In this Italian city, a life tragedy awaited him, the death of his wife Eleanor. A year later, his marriage to Mrs. Dernberg marked the end of his career as a diplomat. Tyutchev was not forgiven for his unauthorized departure to Switzerland to perform the wedding ceremony with Ernestina.
The announcement of the poet's dismissal from his position did not take long to arrive. For two years he tried to return to service, but to no avail. Tyutchev was finally expelled from among the Ministry officials. Without an official position, being retired, the poet lived in Munich for five years.
Back home
In 1843 the poet returned to his father's land. He lived first in Moscow, then in St. Petersburg with his parents. Reunited with his family in 1844. In the spring of the following year he again began serving in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A year later he received the position of official of special assignments, and later - senior censor. There was career growth, social life was getting better. These and subsequent years were marked by the writing of journalistic articles that were published, and magnificent poems that no one read.
Poetic popularity
Twenty-four lyrical works and an article entitled “Russian minor poets,” written by, were published in the Sovremennik magazine at the beginning of 1850. They made the general public remember Tyutchev the poet. Four years later, the first collection of lyrical works was enthusiastically received by readers.
Farewell feeling
The love of young Elena Denisyeva and the middle-aged poet Fyodor Tyutchev lasted fourteen years. The fatal feeling gave birth to the beautiful lyrics of the so-called “Denisiev cycle.” Their relationship was doomed to tragedy, because the poet had a family. Tyutchev wrote about this in the poem “Oh, how murderously we love,” talking about a painful, sinful feeling condemned by people.
Bereavement
The last decade of the poet's life was filled with severe irreparable losses. Elena Denisyeva died of consumption in 1964, followed by the death of their son and daughter the following year, then her mother and brother in 1870. The poet's life, fading, loses its meaning. In 1873 he began to fall seriously ill and on July 15 of the same year his life was cut short.
His ashes were buried in the city of Petra at the Novodevichy cemetery. And Tyutchev himself remained a favorite poet of many generations.
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