Bekhterev's teaching. Contribution by V.M. Bekhterev in the formation and development of domestic psychology. Test questions and assignments

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

V. M. Bekhterev among the students of the Imperial Military Medical Academy

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (January 20 (February 1) 1857, Sarali (now Bekhterevo, Elabuga district) - December 24, 1927, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian psychiatrist, neuropathologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.

In 1907 he founded the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg - the world's first scientific center for comprehensive study human and scientific development of psychology, psychiatry, neurology and other “human science” disciplines, organized as research and higher education educational institution, now bearing the name of V. M. Bekhterev.

Biography

Born into the family of a minor civil servant in the village of Sarali, Elabuga district, Vyatka province, presumably on January 20, 1857 (he was baptized on January 23, 1857). He was a representative of the ancient Vyatka family of Bekhterevs. He received his education at the Vyatka gymnasium and the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.
After completing the course (1878), Bekhterev devoted himself to the study of mental and nervous diseases and for this purpose he worked at the clinic of prof. I. P. Merzheevsky.

In 1879, Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. And in 1884 he was sent abroad, where he studied with Dubois-Reymond (Berlin), Wundt (Leipzig), Meynert (Vienna), Charcot (Paris) and others.

After defending his doctoral dissertation (April 4, 1881), he was approved as a private associate professor of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, and since 1885 he was a professor at Kazan University and the head of the psychiatric clinic of the Kazan district hospital. While working at Kazan University, he created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the Kazan Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists. In 1893 he headed the department of nervous and mental diseases of the Medical-Surgical Academy. In the same year he founded the journal Neurological Bulletin. In 1894, Vladimir Mikhailovich was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in 1895 - a member of the military medical scientific council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of a nursing home for the mentally ill. Since 1897, he also taught at the Women's Medical Institute.

Organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society of Normal and experimental psychology And scientific organization labor. He edited the journals “Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology”, “Study and Education of Personality”, “Problems in the Study of Labor” and others.

In November 1900, Bekhterev’s two-volume book “Conducting tracts of the spinal cord and brain” was put forward Russian Academy Sciences for the Academician K. M. Baer Prize. In the same year, Vladimir Mikhailovich was elected chairman of the Russian Society of Normal and Pathological Psychology.

After completing work on the seven volumes of “Fundamentals of the Study of Brain Functions,” problems of psychology began to attract special attention of Bekhterev as a scientist. Based on the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and, above all, on the doctrine of combined (conditioned) reflexes. In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book “Objective Psychology”. The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and autonomic reactions, which are accessible to observation and registration.

He was a member of the editorial committee of the multi-volume “Traite international de psychologie pathologique” (“International treatise on pathological psychology”) (Paris, 1908-1910), for which he wrote several chapters. In 1908, the Psychoneurological Institute founded by Bekhterev began work in St. Petersburg.
Pedagogical, legal and medical faculties were opened there. In 1916, these faculties were transformed into the private Petrograd University at the Psychoneurological Institute. Bekhterev himself took an active part in the work of the institute and university, heading the economic committee of the latter.

In May 1918, Bekhterev appealed to the Council of People's Commissars with a petition to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. Soon the Institute opened, and Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was its director until his death. In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.

At the age of about 70, he married for the second time Yagoda’s young niece Berta Yakovlevna.

He died suddenly on December 24, 1927 in Moscow. He was buried on the Literary Bridge at the Volkovskoye Cemetery in Leningrad.

After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.

On Bekhterev Street in Moscow is located the largest in Moscow, the 14th city psychiatric hospital named after Bekhterev, which serves all districts of Moscow, especially the Moscow Closed Administrative District.

Versions about the causes of death

By official version, the cause of death was canned food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev’s death is connected with the consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.

According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:

“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a theory, but an obvious thing. He was killed for diagnosing Lenin with cerebral syphilis.”

VERSIONS ABOUT THE CAUSES OF V.M.’S DEATH BEKHTEREV
Lukashina V.A., Gubanova G.V.

2012 marks the 155th anniversary of the birth and 85 years of the death of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, the founder of Russian experimental psychology, physician, neurologist, psychiatrist, physiologist and morphologist, whose work on the study of brain morphology became a significant contribution to science.

The circumstances of the unexpected death of this remarkable scientist, which followed on December 24, 1927, have not yet been fully clarified and serve as the basis for various legends. There are several versions of the reasons for the death of Bekhterev. Let's look at some of them.

According to the official version, the cause of death was canned food poisoning. According to information, in December 1927, Bekhterev, getting ready from Leningrad to Moscow for the First All-Union Congress of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists, received a telegram from the Kremlin’s medical department with a request, upon arriving in Moscow, to contact the department. On Friday, December 22, having returned from the Kremlin, Bekhterev made a report at the congress, then, from the very morning of December 23, he inspected the new laboratory of the Institute of Psychoprophylaxis, and from there he went to Grand Theatre to Tchaikovsky's ballet "Swan Lake". It was there that the scientist allegedly ate something in the buffet, and this contributed to his poisoning. From the second act V.M. Bekhterev returned to the apartment of Professor S.I. Blagovolin, with whom he stayed in Moscow, feeling unwell. The visiting professor Burmin prescribed him bed rest. By the evening, Bekhterev’s health had deteriorated sharply. This time, Professor Shervinsky, as well as two doctors, Klimenkov and Konstantinovsky, arrived with Burmin. Both professors confirmed the morning diagnosis - an acute gastrointestinal disease; the doctors remained on duty overnight.

The general poisoning of Bekhterev's body grew uncontrollably. He lost consciousness at times. Breathing became intermittent. The pulse rate dropped sharply, and at 23:45 on December 24, after a short agony, the great scientist died of cardiac paralysis.

On the morning of December 25, Blagovolin’s apartment was filled with the luminaries of Soviet medicine of that time. Neuropathologists G.I. arrived. Rossolimo, L.S. Minora, V.V. Kramer, psychiatrist V.A. Gilyarovsky, pathologist A.I. Abrikosov, People's Commissar of Health N.A. Semashko. Sculptor I.D. Shadr removed the plaster mask, and Professor Abrikosov removed the brain of the deceased. V.M.’s last will was announced. Bekhterev: transfer his brain to the Leningrad Institute for Brain Research, cremate his body.

Bekhterev's death gave rise to a legend version with many unknowns. Many colleagues of the medical scientist had doubts about the official version. Some believe that it is strange and stupid to think “that a world-famous scientist could be treated to stale food in a famous theater.” Others argue that the sick Bekhterev was provided with insufficient and unqualified assistance. An obituary in the journal “Bulletin of Knowledge” reported that the cause of death was a gastrointestinal disease.
This conclusion is assessed by supporters of the poisoning version as “vague and unprofessional.” This, of course, is not at all true. Doctors tried to do everything possible, using all the achievements of science of that time.

What seems strange, in our opinion, is the fact that “representatives of the People’s Commissariat of Health decided not to do an autopsy or pathological examination, but decided only to remove the brain.” The body was allegedly cremated at the will of the scientist, but all of Bekhterev’s relatives (except his wife) were against this.

One of the assumptions was that Bekhterev was deliberately poisoned by the NKVD after he spoke impartially about the state of mental health of I.V. Stalin. As if Bekhterev was several hours late for the meeting of the congress on December 22. When asked by his colleagues about the reason for the delay, he replied with irritation that he was “looking at one paranoid withered arm.” Moreover, Bekhterev made the disastrous conclusion for himself that a person with such a disease cannot lead the country. And Bekhterev carelessly and openly allegedly shared these conclusions with his colleagues, openly calling Stalin a “withered-armed paranoid.” But even a novice psychiatrist cannot say this about a patient, and Bekhterev was a major specialist recognized throughout the world. He was distinguished by exceptional tact, delicacy, and subtlety in his relationships with people; he urged his colleagues to observe medical confidentiality and spare the pride of patients...

A completely different version of Bekhterev’s death was expressed in a conversation with Rudolf Balandin, a correspondent for the Youth Technology magazine, by writer Gleb Anfilov. According to his hypothesis, the death of the scientist was directly related to his work in the field of creating “ideological weapons”. During conversations with former employees Bekhterev Anfilov learned that two directions in research had emerged. One of them is the transmission of thoughts and emotions at a distance, that is, telepathy. When developing another direction, a conventional radio network or microphone was used for suggestion.

The resulting “ideological weapon” was supposed to have internal application. If psychological weapons are usually aimed at suppressing and disorganizing the enemy, then this, on the contrary, was supposed to mobilize and inspire “our own people.” In fact, it was a weapon for conquering one’s own people. It created not only obedient crowds, but also the image of an adored leader. At the beginning of 1927, one of the work leaders suddenly disappeared, most likely, he fled to Germany, taking secret papers with him. This explains a lot about the similarity of the political situations of Russia and Germany at that time.
Bekhterev was targeted by the NKVD. In addition, the authorities no longer needed it, since the method had been worked out and tested. .

“The circumstances of the death of Academician Bekhterev in the late twenties were secretly investigated by three major Russian lawyers: N.K. Muravyov, P.N. Malyantovich and A.A. Iogansen,” the latter’s grandson writes in his book. According to the author of this study, in 1927 G.E. Zinoviev, who stood at the head of the Leningrad party organization, having entered into a mortal battle with Stalin for power, decided to bring charges against the “leader and teacher” for poisoning Lenin. Zinoviev in 1927 hoped to defeat Joseph Vissarionovich with the help of Bekhterev's testimony. Why did he begin to put pressure on the scientist? In 1923, he examined the sick Lenin and had no doubt that Vladimir Ilyich was poisoned. Expert opinion Bekhterev, a world-famous scientist with enormous authority, could have put Stalin in a very difficult position. However, a way out was found. “No person, no problem.”
And the great scientist passed away.

Bekhterev's great-grandson, Svyatoslav Lebedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain, shared the same opinion. He believes that the scientist was killed because of the diagnosis made to Vladimir Lenin (syphilis of the brain). Although Vladimir Ilyich was already lying in the mausoleum by that time, the truth about the true cause of his death in no way should have become public. Therefore, preventing the leakage of dangerous information, Bekhterev could well have been killed.

Later, Natalya Petrovna Bekhtereva, speaking on television, literally stated the following: “In our family, everyone knew that Vladimir Mikhailovich was poisoned by his second wife...”. And this statement further confuses the already complicated story of the death of the famous academician...

The death of the great Russian scientist Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, who, among many other things, studied higher physiology nervous activity, is still surrounded by a veil of secrecy. Confirmation or refutation of any of the versions can only be done by working with archival classified documents of the NKVD, provided that such documents exist.

Rae.ru›forum2012/9/2506

But no measures were any longer useful. The general poisoning of Bekhterev's body grew uncontrollably. He lost consciousness at times. Breathing became intermittent.
The pulse rate dropped sharply, and at 23:45 on December 24, after a short agony, the great scientist died of cardiac paralysis.

Voenternet.livejournal.com›179491.html
The official version of the cause of death was: cardiac paralysis due to a short-term attack...

The purpose of this article is to find out the true reason for the death of the outstanding Russian psychiatrist Academician VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH BEKHTEREV by his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

2 8 30 49 55 72 78 81 84 96 97 102 112 125 135 152 165 175 197 198 208 220 235 238 248 272
B E KH T E R E V V L A D I M I R M I K H A Y L O V ICH
272 270 264 242 223 217 200 194 191 188 176 175 170 160 147 137 120 107 97 75 74 64 52 37 34 24

3 15 16 21 31 44 54 71 84 94 116 117 127 139 154 157 167 191 193 199 221 240 246 263 269 272
V L A D I M I R M I KHA Y L OVICH B E KH T E R E V
272 269 257 256 251 241 228 218 201 188 178 156 155 145 133 118 115 105 81 79 73 51 32 26 9 3

BEKHTEREV VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH = 272.

272 = 139-VIOLATIONS + 133-MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM.

272 = 199-RHYTHM DISORDERS + 73-MYOCARDIUM.

272 = 191-\63-DEath + 128-HEART\ + 81-PARALSY.

97 = 57-(c)HEART + 40-BREAK*(d)
__________________________________
176 = (short)CHEN MYOCARDIAL RHYTHM*

102 = 57-(c)HEART + 45-DIRROR*
___________________________________
175 = (shortened)CHEN RHYTHM MYOCARDIAL*(a)

Marked with an asterisk (reference letters of the NAME code).

Reference:

Short PQ syndrome: causes, symptoms, treatment
FB.ru›article/279943/sindrom-ukorochennogo-pq…
Short PQ syndrome is one of a whole galaxy of manifestations of heart rhythm disturbances. It is rarely an independent pathology.
Mostly in medical histories it appears as a complication of the underlying disease and is one of the common causes of sudden death.

84 = 3-(from injection) B* + 81-PARALYSIS
________________________________
191 = INJECTION PARALYSIS*

157 = (par)ALICH FROM INJECTIONS*
____________________________
118 = INFLUENCE OF UK (tins)

154 = (par)ALICH FROM INJECTION*(c)
_____________________________
133 = INFLUENCE OF UKO*(fishing)

139 = (par)ALICH FROM INJECTIONS*(s)
____________________________
145 = EFFECT OF INJECTION*(s)

"Deep" decryption offers the following options in which all columns match:

BE(yes) + (backs)X(ae)T(sya) + (breaths)E (p)RE(r)V(ano) + V(sudden) (times)LAD (r)I(tma) MI( oka)R(da) + M(gnoven)I(e) + (backs)HA(yushchi)Y(sia) + (stop)L(en)O (cro)V(reversal) + (paral)ICH

272 = BE,X,T, + ,E,RE,V, + V,LAD,I, MI,R, + M,I, + ,HA,Y, + ,L,O,V, + ,ICH.

BE(yes) + (backs)X(ae)T(sya) + (breaths)E (p)RE(r)V(ano) + V(sudden) (times)LAD (r)I(tma) MI( oka)R(da) + (u)MI(raising) + (backs)HA(nie) + (de)Y(action) (punch)LOV + (paral)ICH

272 = BE, + ,X,T, + ,E,RE,V, + V,LAD,I, MI,R, + ,MI, + ,HA, + ,Y,LOV + ,ICH.

Reference:

What is cardiac paralysis?
cordislab.com›zabolevaniya-serdca/347…umiraet…
Sudden cardiac death is a human condition in which the heart muscle, for no apparent reason, stops maintaining the correct rhythm and stops working. That is in simple words the heart suddenly stops beating.

Cardiac paralysis is a life-threatening (terminal) condition in which voluntary contractions of the myocardium suddenly stop, causing the heart muscles to lose the ability to pump blood and maintain normal blood flow in the body.
Heart paralysis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis...
ilive.com.ua›paralich-serdca 98304i15949.html

Sudden cardiac arrest is cardiac paralysis. The heart suddenly stops beating, for no apparent reason.
zoovet.ru›slovo.php?slovoid=5043

Sudden cardiac death, cardiac paralysis
medicin-germany.ru›bolezni…smert-paralich-serdca/
Sudden cardiac death is understood as a condition when the heart is unexpected and without previous reasons... In most cases, instant cardiac death is caused by a violation of blood circulation in the vessels of the heart...

5 8 9 14 37 38 57 86 110 116 135 138 145 162 181 196 202 207 213 224 225 227 244 276
T W A D T H E T V Y R T O E D E C A B R Y
276 271 268 267 262 239 238 219 190 166 160 141 138 131 114 95 80 74 69 63 52 51 49 32

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

D(breathing) (interrupt)V(ano) + (stop)A + (ser)DCA + (death)TH + (toxic)CHE(s) ((o)T(ra)V(lenition) + (m) ЁRT(c) + O(established) (blood circulation)E + (ser)DE(nal) KA(tastrophe) + (gi)B(el) + (ot)R(avils)I

276 = D,V, + ,A + ,DTSA,T + ,CHE,T,V, + ,ЁRT, + O,E + ,DE, KA, + ,B, + ,P,Y.

Look at the column in the top table of the FULL NAME code:

238 = (twenty)THE FOURTH OF DECEMBER
____________________________________
37 = TWENTY(at...)

238 = 37-POISON + 201-DYING FROM INJECTIONS
_
37 = POISON

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE = SEVENTY = 146.

18 24 37 66 71 77 95 127 146
SEVENTY
146 128 122 109 80 75 69 51 19

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

CE(rdechnaya) (s)M(ert)b + D(yhani)E (interrupts)SYA + (ka)T(astrophe)

146 = CE,M,b + D,E,SIA + ,T,.

Look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:

127 = SEVENTY(t)
_______________________________________

127 = 12-(uko)L + 115-DEATH (outcome)
_______________________________________
155 = 12-(uko)L + 143-DEATH IS(move)

RSFSR
USSR Scientific field: Alma mater:

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev(January 20 (February 1), Sorali (now Bekhterevo, Elabuga district) - December 24, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian psychiatrist, neurologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological direction in Russia, academician.

He organized the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society of Normal and Experimental Psychology and Scientific Organization of Labor in St. Petersburg. He edited the journals “Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology”, “Study and Education of Personality”, “Problems in the Study of Labor” and others.

After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.

Versions about the causes of death

According to the official version, the cause of death was canned food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev’s death is connected with the consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.

According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:

“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a theory, but an obvious thing. He was killed for diagnosing Lenin with cerebral syphilis.”

Family

Bekhtereva-Nikonova, Olga Vladimirovna - daughter.
Bekhtereva, Natalya Petrovna - granddaughter.
Nikonov, Vladimir Borisovich - grandson.
Medvedev, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich - great-grandson.

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

Autumn 1914 - December 1927 - mansion - embankment of the Malaya Nevka River, 25.

Memory

Postage stamps and a commemorative coin were issued in honor of Bekhterev:

Memorable places

“Quiet Coast” - Bekhterev’s estate in the current village of Smolyachkovo (Kurortny district of St. Petersburg), is a historical monument.
The house of V. M. Bekhterev in Kirov is a historical monument.

Scientific contribution

Bekhterev studied a large number of psychiatric, neurological, physiological, morphological and psychological problems. In his approach, he always focused on a comprehensive study of problems of the brain and man. Carrying out the reformation modern psychology, developed his own teaching, which he consistently designated as objective psychology (c), then as psychoreflexology (c) and as reflexology (c). He paid special attention to the development of reflexology as a comprehensive science about man and society (different from physiology and psychology), designed to replace psychology.

Widely used the concept of “nervous reflex”. He introduced the concept of “combination-motor reflex” and developed the concept of this reflex. He discovered and studied the pathways of the human spinal cord and brain, and described some brain formations. He established and identified a number of reflexes, syndromes and symptoms. Physiological reflexes of Bekhterev (scapulohumeral, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) allow us to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological ones (Mendel-Bekhterev dorsalfoot reflex, carpal-digital reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect damage to the pyramidal tracts.

He described some diseases and developed methods of their treatment (“Postencephalitic symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis”, “Psychotherapeutic triad of ankylosing spondylitis”, “Phobic symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis”, etc.). Bekhterev described “stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease” (“Bekhterev’s disease”, “Ankylosing spondylitis”). Bekhterev identified such diseases as “choric epilepsy”, “syphilitic multiple sclerosis”, “acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics”. Created a series medicines. "Bekhterev's medicine" was widely used as a sedative.

For many years he studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion, including in alcoholism.

For more than 20 years he studied issues of sexual behavior and child upbringing. Developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children.

according to normal anatomy nervous system;
pathological anatomy of the central nervous system;
physiology of the central nervous system;
in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases and, finally,
in psychology (Education of our ideas about space, “Bulletin of Psychiatry”,).

In these works, Bekhterev was engaged in the study and investigation of the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter and at the same time, on the basis of his experiments, elucidating the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (visual thalamus, vestibular branches of the auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigeminalis, etc.).

Bekhterev also managed to obtain some new data on the localization of various centers in the cerebral cortex (for example, on the localization of skin - tactile and pain - sensations and muscle consciousness on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, "Doctor",) and also on the physiology of the motor centers of the cerebral cortex ( "Doctor", ). Many of Bekhterev's works are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases.

Essays:

Fundamentals of the doctrine of brain functions, St. Petersburg, 1903-07;
Objective psychology, St. Petersburg, 1907-10;
Psyche and life, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1904;
Bekhterev V.M. Suggestion and its role in public life. St. Petersburg: Publishing house K.L.Rikker, 1908
- Bechterew, W. M. La suggestion et son rôle dans la vie sociale; trad. et adapté du russe par le Dr P. Kéraval. Paris: Boulangé, 1910
General diagnosis of diseases of the nervous system, parts 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1911-15;
Collective reflexology, P., 1921
General principles of human reflexology, M.-P., 1923;
Conducting pathways of the spinal cord and brain, M.-L., 1926;
Brain and activity, M.-L., 1928: Izbr. production, M., 1954.

From the photo archive

Notes

Literature

Nikiforov A. S. Bekhterev / Afterword. N. T. Trubilina.. - M.: Young Guard, 1986. - (Life of remarkable people. Series of biographies. Issue 2 (664)). - 150,000 copies.(in translation)
Chudinovskikh A. G. V.M. Bekhterev. Biography. - Kirov: Triada-S LLC, 2000. - 256 p. With. - 1000 copies.

Historiography and links

Akimenko, M. A. (2004). Psychoneurology is a scientific direction created by V. M. Bekhterev
Akimenko, M. A. & N. Dekker (2006). V. M. Bekhterev and medical schools of the University of Leipzig

Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich in the library of Maxim Moshkov
The role of suggestion in public life - speech by V. M. Bekhterev on December 18, 1897
Biographical materials about V. M. Bekhterev from the Chronos project

Categories:

Personalities in alphabetical order
Scientists by alphabet
Born on February 1
Born in 1857
Born in Vyatka province
Died on December 24
Died in 1927
Died in Moscow
Psychologists of Russia
Psychologists of the USSR
Psychiatrists in Russia
Psychiatrists of the Russian Empire
Physiologists of Russia
Psychologists in alphabetical order
Personologists
Buried on Literatorskie Mostki
Graduates of the Military Medical Academy
Teachers of the Military Medical Academy
Teachers of Kazan University
Hypnotists of Russia

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

BEKHTEREV Vladimir Mikhailovich(1857-1927) - Russian physiologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist. He founded the first experimental psychological laboratory in Russia (1885), and then the Psychoneurological Institute (1908) - the world's first center for the comprehensive study of man. Based on the reflex concept of mental activity put forward by Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, he developed a natural science theory of behavior. Arose in opposition to traditional introspective psychology of consciousness, the theory of V.M. Bekhterev initially received the name objective psychology (1904), then psychoreflexology (1910) and, finally, reflexology (1917). V.M. Bekhterev made a major contribution to the development of domestic experimental psychology (“General Fundamentals of Human Reflexology”, 1917).

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, famous Russian neurologist, neuropathologist, psychologist, psychiatrist, morphologist and physiologist of the nervous system, was born on January 20, 1857. in the village of Sorali, Elabuga district, Vyatka province, in the family of a minor civil servant. In August 1867 he began classes at the Vyatka gymnasium, and since Bekhterev decided in his youth to devote his life to neuropathology and psychiatry, after graduating from seven classes of the gymnasium in 1873. he entered the Medical-Surgical Academy.

In 1878 He graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg and was retained for further studies at the Department of Psychiatry under I. P. Merzheevsky. In 1879 Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists.

April 4, 1881 Bekhterev successfully defended his doctoral dissertation in medicine on the topic “Experience in clinical research of body temperature in some forms of mental illness” and received the academic title of privat-docent. In 1884 Bekhterev went on a business trip abroad, where he studied with such famous European psychologists as Dubois-Reymond, Wundt, Fleksig and Charcot.

After returning from a business trip, Bekhterev began giving a course of lectures on the diagnosis of nervous diseases to fifth-year students at Kazan University. Having been since 1884 a professor at the Kazan University in the Department of Mental Diseases, Bekhterev ensured the teaching of this subject by setting up a clinical department in the Kazan district hospital and a psychophysiological laboratory at the university; founded the Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists, founded the journal “Neurological Bulletin” and published a number of his works, as well as the works of his students in various departments of neuropathology and anatomy of the nervous system.

In 1883 Bekhterev was awarded a silver medal by the Society of Russian Doctors for his article “On forced and violent movements during the destruction of certain parts of the central nervous system.” In this article, Bekhterev drew attention to the fact that nervous diseases can often be accompanied by mental disorders, and with mental illness there may also be signs of organic damage to the central nervous system. In the same year he was elected a member of the Italian Society of Psychiatrists.

His most famous article, “Stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease,” was published in the capital’s magazine “Doctor” in 1892. Bekhterev described “stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease” (now better known as ankylosing spondylitis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid spondylitis), that is, a systemic inflammatory disease of connective tissue with damage to the articular-ligamentous apparatus of the spine, as well as peripheral joints, sacroiliac articulations, hip and shoulder joints and the involvement of internal organs in the process. Bekhterev also identified diseases such as choreic epilepsy, syphilitic multiple sclerosis, and acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics. These, as well as other neurological symptoms first identified by the scientist and a number of original clinical observations were reflected in the two-volume book “Nervous Diseases in Individual Observations”, published in Kazan.

Since 1893 The Kazan Neurological Society began to regularly publish its printed organ - the journal “Neurological Bulletin”, which was published until 1918. edited by Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev. In the spring of 1893 Bekhterev received an invitation from the head of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy to occupy the department of mental and nervous diseases. Bekhterev arrived in St. Petersburg and began to create the first neurosurgical operating room in Russia.

In the laboratories of the clinic, Bekhterev, together with his employees and students, continued numerous studies on the morphology and physiology of the nervous system. This allowed him to replenish materials on neuromorphology and begin work on the fundamental seven-volume work “Fundamentals of the Study of Brain Functions.”

In 1894 Bekhterev was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and in 1895. he became a member of the Military Medical Academic Council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the board of a nursing home for the mentally ill.

In November 1900 The two-volume book “Conducting Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain” was nominated by the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Academician K. M. Baer Prize. In 1902 He published the book “Psyche and Life”. By that time, Bekhterev had prepared for publication the first volume of the work “Fundamentals of the Study of Brain Functions,” which became his main work on neurophysiology. Here were collected and systematized general provisions about brain activity. Thus, Bekhterev presented the energy theory of inhibition, according to which nervous energy in the brain rushes to the center in an active state. According to Bekhterev, this energy seems to flock to him along the pathways connecting individual territories of the brain, primarily from nearby brain territories, in which, as Bekhterev believed, “a decrease in excitability, and therefore depression,” occurs.

In general, Bekhterev’s work on the study of brain morphology made an invaluable contribution to the development domestic psychology He, in particular, was interested in the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of his experiments, he was able to clarify the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (visual thalamus, vestibular branch auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigeminal).

Working directly on the functions of the brain, Bekhterev discovered the nuclei and pathways in the brain; created the doctrine of the spinal cord pathways and functional anatomy of the brain; established the anatomical and physiological basis of balance and spatial orientation, discovered centers of movement and secretion of internal organs in the cerebral cortex, etc.

After completing work on the seven volumes of “Fundamentals of the Study of Brain Functions,” Bekhterev began to attract special attention to problems of psychology. Bekhterev spoke about the equal existence of two psychologies: he distinguished subjective psychology, the main method of which should be introspection, and objective psychology. Bekhterev called himself a representative of objective psychology, but he considered it possible to objectively study only what is externally observable, i.e. behavior (in the behaviorist sense), and physiological activity of the nervous system.

Based on the fact that mental activity arises as a result of the work of the brain, he considered it possible to rely mainly on the achievements of physiology, and above all on the doctrine of conditioned reflexes. Thus, Bekhterev creates a whole doctrine, which he called reflexology, which actually continued the work of Bekhterev’s objective psychology.

In 1907-1910, Bekhterev published three volumes of the book “Objective Psychology”. The scientist argued that all mental processes are accompanied by reflex motor and autonomic reactions, which are accessible to observation and registration.

To describe complex forms of reflex activity, Bekhterev proposed the term “combination-motor reflex.” He also described a number of physiological and pathological reflexes, symptoms and syndromes. The physiological reflexes discovered by Bekhterev (scapulohumeral, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological ones (Mendel-Bekhterev dorsalfoot reflex, carpal-digital reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect damage to the pyramidal tracts. Bekhterev's symptoms are observed in various pathological conditions: tabes dorsalis, sciatic neuralgia, massive cerebral strokes, angiotrophoneurosis, pathological processes in the membranes of the base of the brain, etc.

To assess symptoms, Bekhterev created special devices (algesimeter, which allows you to accurately measure pain sensitivity; baresthesiometer, which measures sensitivity to pressure; myoesthesiometer - a device for measuring sensitivity, etc.).

Bekhterev also developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children, the connection between nervous and mental illnesses, psychopathy and circular psychosis, the clinic and pathogenesis of hallucinations, described a number of forms of obsessive states, various manifestations of mental automatism. For the treatment of neuropsychic diseases, he introduced combination-reflex therapy for neuroses and alcoholism, psychotherapy using the method of distraction, collective psychotherapy. Ankylosing spondylitis was widely used as a sedative.

In 1908 Bekhterev created the Psychoneurological Institute in St. Petersburg and became its director. After the revolution in 1918 Bekhterev appealed to the Council of People's Commissars with a petition to organize an Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. When the institute was created, Bekhterev took the position of its director and remained so until his death. The Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity was subsequently named the State Reflexological Institute for the Study of the Brain named after. V. M. Bekhtereva.

In 1921 Academician V.M. Bekhterev, together with the famous animal trainer V.L. Durov, conducted experiments in mentally instilling pre-planned actions in trained dogs. Similar experiments were carried out in the practical laboratory of zoopsychology, which was led by V.L. Durov with the participation of one of the pioneers of mental suggestion in the USSR, engineer B.B. Kazhinsky.

Already by the beginning of 1921. in the laboratory of V.L. Over the course of 20 months of research, Durov conducted 1,278 experiments with mental suggestion (on dogs), including 696 successful and 582 unsuccessful. Experiments with dogs showed that mental suggestion does not necessarily have to be carried out by a trainer, it could be an experienced inducer. It was only necessary that he knew and applied the transfer method established by the trainer. Suggestion was carried out both with direct visual contact with the animal and at a distance, when the dogs did not see or hear the trainer, and he did not hear them. It should be emphasized that the experiments were carried out with dogs that had certain changes in the psyche that arose after special training.

In 1927, Bekhterev was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. The great scientist died on December 24, 1927.

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (born January 20, old style, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province, now the village of Bekhterevo, Elabuga region of Tatarstan; died December 24, 1927 in Moscow) - a major scientist: doctor, neurologist, psychiatrist, psychologist, physiologist and morphologist.

Born into the family of a police officer, he lost his father early; my mother had difficulty finding funds to study at the gymnasium. Graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg; in the spring and summer of 1877 he took part in military operations in Bulgaria (during Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878)

On July 24, 1885, he was appointed extraordinary professor and head of the department of psychiatry at Kazan University. He participated in the establishment of Russia's first district psychiatric hospital in Kazan - he introduced useful and interesting job, excluded any forms of violence against patients.

Head the department subject to the organization of a research laboratory. For its creation, the Ministry of Education allocated 1000 rubles and an annual budget of 300 rubles. This was the first psychophysiological laboratory in Russia.

The subject of study was the structure of the brain and nerve tissue. In 1885, Bekhterev described the most important cellular accumulation that is part of the vestibular system.

In the works of 1887-1892. discovered and described the conductive pathways of the spinal cord and brain, showed the connection between individual areas of the cerebral cortex and certain internal organs and fabrics - this work brought him world fame.

Bekhterev was one of the first to apply a scientific approach to raising young children: based on studying the movements of infants, he showed that personality formation begins in the first months of life.

In the fall of 1893, Bekhterev moved to St. Petersburg, where he occupied the department of mental and nervous diseases at the Military Medical Academy. He began teaching neuropathology and psychiatry at the academy and the newly opened Women's Medical Institute.

At the Military Medical Academy, he organized one of the world's first neurosurgical departments.

Using public funds, he created the Psychoneurological Institute in 1908, which now bears his name.

During the war, the institute operated on the wounded and provided assistance to people who became mentally ill at the front.

In May 1918, he developed a plan for the creation of the Brain Institute, the leadership of which the Soviet government entrusted to Bekhterev.

Then, in 1918, Bekhterev announced the creation of a new science - reflexology. In his opinion, an objective study of personality is possible based on the study of reflexes.

Based on the law of conservation of energy, a person’s mental energy cannot disappear without a trace, the founder of reflexology argued, therefore, the so-called “immortality of the soul” should be the subject of scientific research.

Bekhterev was not welcome with such conclusions in the Soviet state. On December 24, 1927, during the First All-Union Congress of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists, Bekhterev died suddenly and unexpectedly.

According to the official version, he was “poisoned from canned food.” The urn with his ashes is buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg, the brain is kept at the Brain Institute.

The contribution of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev to medicine is enormous. In addition to his most famous work - the study of the conductive tracts of the brain and spinal cord - Bekhterev made many discoveries in anatomy and morphology.

As a neurologist, Bekhterev described a number of diseases, one of which (ankylosing spondylitis) is now called “Bekhterev’s disease.”

He studied and treated many mental disorders and syndromes: fear of blushing, fear of being late, obsessive jealousy, obsessive smiling, fear of someone else's gaze, fear of sexual impotence, obsession with reptiles (reptilophrenia) and others.

For more than 40 years, Bekhterev studied and used hypnosis for treatment, while developing the theory of suggestion.

In addition to the dissertation “Experience in clinical research of body temperature in some forms of mental illness,” Bekhterev owns numerous works that are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases.

Versions about the causes of death

Family

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

Memory

Memorable places

Scientific contribution

From the photo archive

see also

Notes

Literature

Historiography and links