A sentence in which the predicate is expressed by a phraseological phrase. How to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate? Types of predicates

Materials for preparing for the Unified State Exam (Appendix No. 3)

Purpose: 1. to update and generalize the basic knowledge of students on the topics: - members of the sentence; - isolated members of a sentence. 2. Strengthen the skills and abilities necessary to complete the tasks of the Unified State Exam: - in part A: A8, 20; - in part B: B6; 3. Improve the ability to use a variety of syntactic constructions when writing an essay (part C: K5, K6, K8, K9).

Members of the sentence	Information to review
Subject	*Subjects expressed by different parts of speech, phrases
Predicate	*Simple and compound predicates, predicates expressed in phraseological units, etc.;
Definition	*Definition and its role in the sentence; *definition and defined word; *ways of expressing definitions *definitions and applications are single and common; *agreed and uncoordinated; *isolation of definitions*;
Addition	*Addition and its role in the sentence; * ways of expressing additions; * isolation of additions;
Circumstance	*Circumstance and its role in the sentence; * ways of expressing circumstances; * isolation of circumstances;

Subject

Exercise No. 1 Task: Look at the table, find the subject in the sentences, determine how it is expressed. Compose or select from fiction similar example. Fill the table.

How is the subject expressed (indicate the part of speech or other way of expressing the subject)	Suggestion for analysis (underline the subject)	Self-selected example
	The well-fed cannot understand the hungry.
	What you have gained through untruth will not be used for future use.
	To live is to serve the Motherland.
	Twelve is an even number.
	Everyone is already tired of your constant “tomorrow”.
	There was a cheer in the distance. (P.)
	Anyone can sing like that.
	Rock crystal is considered a semi-precious stone
	A row of red fly agarics, like fairy dwarves, are sleeping (A. Maikov)
	My friend and I went to the library.
	My grandfather and I decided to go fishing.

Exercise No. 2

Think and answer. 1. Where is the subject from the poem by V. Dykhovichny and M. Slobodsky: And behind the wall the roaring, ringing, thundering, hurrying, running rushes the present? 2. Can the subject include a noun in the genitive case? If yes, please provide examples. 3. Which of the three sentences contains the word This is the subject: a) Stamps are his hobby; b) This activity was his passion; c) Was this his hobby? (Answers: 1. Present. 2. If it is combined with a quantitative number or being, denoting any measure: A glass of tea. Two comrades. 3. In the 3rd.)

Predicate

Predicate questions: what does the object do? What's happening to him? What is said about the subject? What (what) subject? What is an object? (in a word item we conditionally call the subject).

Simple verb = verb in one of the moods Compound * Verb = Auxiliary + Infinitive * Nominal = Auxiliary + non-Infinitive (nominal part)

Predicates of different types	Auxiliary part	Part of the predicate containing the lexical meaning
		Any verb in the form of one of the moods (remember: a verb in the form of the future false tense - I will study - a simple verbal predicate; phraseological unit - I have come to my senses (= wiser - 1 verb) - a simple GS
Compound verb predicate	Began (a, and), began, continued, stopped, wanted, would be glad, ready	Infinitive (if together with an auxiliary verb they refer to the same person: He wanted to come. But he asked me (about what?) come ( actions relate to different persons).
Complex verb predicates	Predicates of the following type: I'll go for a walk in the garden. He took it and left. We can't wait spring. He All he does is read. That's really true sang so sang. And he know yourself chuckles. I I was getting ready to the opera.
Compound nominal predicate	Linking verb be in the form of one of the moods, in the present tense – There is or zero connective (in place of the zero connective in a letter, a dash sign is usually placed before the nominal part expressed by being, infinite, number); other connectives: seemed, became, lived, was born, etc.	* noun (as+noun) * adjective * participle * numeral * pronoun * adverb * phrase

Exercise No. 1.

Make up sentences by “transforming” these words and phrases into predicates. Determine the type of predicate.

1. I get carried away. 2. Let's study. 3. Let's sing. 4.Let him tell you. 5. We started building. 6. Started to run.7. Duty. 8. Didn't stop pouring. 9. We can wait. 10.It wasn’t easy. 11. He was short. 12. Amateur. 13. Like a mirror. 14. It was a consequence. 15. It seemed impossible. 17. Interesting. 18. It has become a habit. 19. Didn’t lift a finger. 20. Be careful. 21. Will study. 23. Without a single mistake. 24. Forty two. 25. Not becoming. 26 Inconvenient. 28. Must be built. 29. We couldn’t believe our eyes. 30.Like he fell through the ground.

Exercise No. 2

Think and answer.

1. Why is the proverb interesting from a syntactic point of view? Salt - noover-salt, praise - don’t over-praise? 2. How is the grammatical basis of the sentence expressed in a proverb? Speaking without thinking is like shooting without aiming?. 3. Where are the predicates in the following sentences:

1) We plow, and he waves his arms. (Last)

2) The huntress was like a girl before the flowers. (Aitm.)

3) Varya had teary eyes.

4) I'm not a story teller.

5) He wanted to appear brave in the fourth battalion. (L.T.)

6) An old friend is better than two new ones. (Last.).

Exercise No. 3

By analogy, compose sentences where the predicate, in addition to the connective to be (in the present tense – zero,) would include:

1.Combination of a noun and an adjective in the genitive case: Afanasy Ivanovich was tall (G.) 2. Noun or pronoun in the genitive case with a preposition: a) without: Masha was without feelings. (P.) b) for: This room is just for a child. (Ch.) c) from: Are you perhaps not from Moscow? (Paust.) d) from: One letter was from my mother. e) against: Who is against this proposal? 3. Noun in the prepositional case with a preposition: Waist-deep grass. 4. Noun in the prepositional case: A large hat covered in frost, a mustache and beard in silver (N.) 5. Adjective in short form: The building was huge. 6. Comparative adjectives: In winter, the days are shorter and the nights are longer. 7. Adjectives in superlatives: Of all the tree species, spruce and beech are the most common in our country. 8. Adverb or prepositional-nominal combination of adverbial character: And everything fits us, we can do everything, we can handle everything that lies ahead (TV.)

Exercise #4

How many sentences contain a compound verb predicate? 1. Fyodor went for a swim. 2. Anya was asked to close the window. 3. The wind began to get stronger. 4. We will rest after lunch. 5. Work didn’t come to his mind.

Exercise #5

Find syntactic (grammatical) errors in sentences (predicate agreement with subject) 1. Most students who completed test, coped with the proposed tasks. 2. Two students walked slowly along the path to school.. 3. The medicinal plant celandine grew next to the house. 4. The robe hung on the back of the chair. 5. None of the sisters, even the eldest, knew about the sudden arrival of their father. 6. 500 conference participants arrived.

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition

Definition - minor member sentences that mean attribute of an object and answers questions Which? Whose? Definitions depend on the members of the sentence expressed by nouns, pronouns (words being defined). In a sentence, there may be coordinated ones before the word being defined, or inconsistent ones after it. This is the direct order of words in a sentence. If agreed definitions occupy a position after the word being defined, and inconsistent ones - before the word being defined, the word order changes (indirect word order is called inversion). Inversion serves to highlight, with the help of intonation (in writing, such definitions are most often distinguished by commas, less often - dashes) important members of the sentence, enhances the emotional coloring of speech, and serves as one of the means of connecting words in a sentence (see table)

Place of the defined word and definitions in a sentence

Direct word order
Agreed Definition	Agreed Definition		Defined word	Inconsistent definition
Our nomadic roadwith deep ruts meanders among the fields .
Agreed Definition			Defined word		Inconsistent definition
Smiling with happiness rushed across the field postmanin a flowing cape
Changed word order - inversion
Defined word		Agreed Definition
Sea,sparkling, solemn, I was incredibly worried. Assol,dreaming of happiness , I believed in the prediction.

Types of definitions by method of expression
Agreed	Singles	Marine ( adj.) the shore is dotted dried out (participle) algae. My (local) my daughter woke up.
	Common	Dark with time (adj.+dependent noun) portrait, decorating the living room ( participle turnover), recalled the past well-being of the family.
Uncoordinated	Singles	Screen computer (noun in R.P.) glowed in the dark. Give me a task more difficult (compare degree adj.). I got the opportunity study (infinitive) .
	Common	Built a house six floors (noun with preposition + number) Young woman with blue eyes sang about spring.
Applications	Singles	We met the pilot -tester ( noun in the same case as the definition. word; profession)
	Common	starlings, harbingers of spring (noun + noun) , merrily circled over the old garden.

Separating definitions and applications

Agreed Definitions	Inconsistent definitions	Applications	All kinds of definitions and applications
Separated: after the defined noun. (or words as a noun) 1. common (participial phrases and adjective + noun phrases) after the defined noun. We looked at the cloud slowly growing on the horizon. We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous centuries-old forest, equal in size good principality (L.T.); Those three are also standing , everyone is gloomy (M.G.).	Separated after the defined noun. (or words as a noun) 1. expressed by an adjective in the comparative degree: One bird bolder others , flew up to us. 2.in combination with agreed definitions (see below)	Separated after the defined noun. (or words as a noun) 1. common applications Mighty Lion, forest storm , lost power (I.Kr.); 2. after a proper name: Pushkin , great poet, everyone knows. 3.before your own name, if the application has an additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in his studies. 4. applications with the conjunction HOW, if they have an additional meaning of reason (= because, being, as) Brother, as the initiator, should play the main role. 5. applications appended with the words: by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth: Yermolai had a pointer dog, nicknamed Valetka.	They are isolated 1.if they refer to a personal pronoun: Cheerful and lively, she was waiting for guests. And he, rebellious, asks for storms... (L.) How are you , with your mind, they didn’t understand this. Clever girl, he was loved by everyone. 2. If separated from the definition. words in other words: Repeatedly, mysterious and lonely appeared in the sky moon.
2. several homogeneous definitions (with and without conjunction): Martovskaya night, cloudy and foggy , enveloped the earth (A.Ch.) I saw strange person, elderly, in rags.
A dash can be used instead of a comma: 1. The definition is expressed by the infinitive: I came with one purpose - help you (dash = namely). 2. The application is at the end of the sentence: November has come - month of frost.

Exercise No. 1

Turn the following phrases with inconsistent definitions into phrases with consistent definitions and come up with short sentences with them:

1. Theater ticket. 2. Order out of turn. 3. Groves near Moscow. 4. Fog before dawn. 5. Mileage of 200 kilometers.6. A girl with a round face. 7. Moonlight. 8. Moonlight.

Exercise No. 2

In order to determine which of the two written nouns is an application, you need to remember that the application characterizes the object in a new way, gives it a different name: woman- doctor- woman, working as a doctor. When combining a common noun with a person's proper name, the application will be common noun: doctor Petrova.

Assignment: transform phrases with agreed inconsistent definitions into applications, mark * the noun being defined.

1. The apartment is a museum. 2. Oil industry worker. 3. An engineer working in the field of electrical engineering. 4. A carpet that flies by itself. 5. A student who came from America. 6.Ivanov, working as a mason.

Exercise No. 3

Make up sentences on literary topics using words from the list as definitions:

sad and lonely, great and powerful, caring about the fate of Masha Mironova, proud of the victory won in the war with Napoleon, denouncing Famus society, despising Grushnitsky, a young man in love, “my good friend,” a suffering egoist, “Russian soul,” enslaved by ideas, Mikhailovsky’s keeper, a stranger in the “dark kingdom”, “the last of the Mohicans” on the Lopakhin estate.

Underline the definitions, characterize the definitions using symbols:

OOSO - isolated single homogeneous agreed definitions, OSRO - isolated agreed common definitions, ORP - isolated common applications. What definitions were not found in the list? symbols? Give examples of such definitions.

Exercise #4

Write down, place punctuation marks, determine the type of separate members: 1. Grishka’s old mother died, but the old father and father-in-law were still alive. 2. For centuries past, giants of the Cossack burial mounds have stood guard over their glory. 3. In the far corner there was a yellow spot glowing from the fire of Seraphima’s apartment. 4. A smart young Cossack woman in a colorful sundress, leaning against the high gate of the open gate, sang a song of suffering. 5. He was stubborn and didn’t want to listen to anything. 6.His aunt, a cheerful, talkative old lady, loved to have tea with her neighbors. 7.Maria, his sister, was miraculously good. 8. I had a cast iron kettle with me, my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus. 9. The head of the family, Vladimir Mikhailovich Golovlev, was known from a young age for his careless and mischievous character. 10. Nikolai, being a cautious person, did not tell anyone about his plan. 11. Our new friend, nicknamed the Beetle, really looked like a slow and important beetle.

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Theoretical block

Types of predicate

Simple verb predicate

TO simple verb They also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense and grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed:

truncated verb forms: push, grab, bam, etc. ...Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump to another entryway, from the porch to the yard... (A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, are just out of bed jump, with a man! with the young one! (A.S. Griboedov); ...And Prince Guidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long run; lo and behold- a white swan swims on top of the flowing waters. (A.S. Pushkin); I'm hurrying here grab, hit the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height. (A.S. Griboedov); But the princess in both hands grab- caught it. (A.S. Pushkin);

infinitive in the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with your eyes, and snap fingers, and spin, akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror. (A.S. Pushkin)

complex form of the future tense of the verb: I'll be there tomorrow Will work(this is a simple verb predicate).

phraseological combinations with varying degrees of cohesion of the parts, since they have a single integral meaning (cf.: lost his temper - got angry). For example: touched a nerve, lost patience, got into trouble, gets into trouble, fell into doubt, dances to someone else’s tune, came to a conviction, became indignant, walks around, takes part, sharpens his bows, an eyesore, raised the alarm, without a knife stabbed him to death, sucked him out of his finger, ordered him to live long, put his teeth on a shelf, drove him out of his mind, showered him with contempt, etc.

a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. This includes:
1. A combination of two verbs in the same form, of which the first indicates an action, and the second indicates the purpose of this action: I’ll go for a walk in the garden; Sit down and write your mother a letter.
2. Connection using conjunctions and, yes, yes and and the form of the verb take and the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action determined by the personal whim of the subject: I'll take it and do it vice versa; He took it and left at all.
3. A combination of two cognate verbs and a particle not between them, with the modal meaning of impossibility: We can't wait spring; Can't breathe wonderful mountain air.
4. The combination of an infinitive with a personal form of the same verb, preceded by the particle not, to enhance the negative meaning of the predicate: Sam work doesn't work, and it bothers others too.
5. The combination of the phrase “I just do” (you do, does, etc.), which is followed by a verb in the same form to indicate the intensity of the action: He All he does is draw.
6. Repeating the predicate to indicate the duration of the action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field.
7. Repeating the predicate with an intensifying particle like this to denote an action that has been fully carried out: That’s really true sang so sang.
8. The connection of a verb with the particle know or know yourself to denote an action that is performed despite obstacles: And he know yourself chuckles.

It happens that in simple verbal predicates, verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then additional semantic shades arise. For example, in the sentence She doesn’t notice him, like he don't worry, though die(A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the indicative meaning (cf. no matter how hard he fought), but with additional meaning conditional (cf. no matter how hard he fights).
In a sentence...You put your foot in the stirrup and rush around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow even from the front, even from the rear (A.S. Griboedov), the imperative mood in the indicative meaning creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in the indefinite form (in the infinitive). The main lexical meaning is expressed by the verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.

In a compound verbal predicate, two types of auxiliary verbs can be used:

phase verbs, indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action:

to begin, to begin, to become, to be accepted (in the meaning of “to begin”), to continue, to end, to cease-stop, to quit-throw (in the meaning of “to finish.”

Oh my god! What will start talking Princess Marya Aleksevna! (A.S. Griboedov);

modal verbs, denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of action, etc.:

want, wish, know how, be able, intend, try, strive, refuse, contrive, unlearn, be able to, prepare, dream, hope, fear, prepare, strive, decide, count, assume, get used to, hurry, hesitate, endure, love, hate, fear, be cowardly, be ashamed, set a goal, burn with desire, have honor, have an intention, make a promise, have a habit, etc.

He's nice knows how to make you laugh everyone. Not with him bold I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexey Stepanych, are with you couldn't say two words. Ah, Chatsky! Love you are all fools dress up... (A.S. Griboyedov) Chichikov, as we have already seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... Got it in my head it was for the night make a wish on the cards after prayer... (N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhyme book to roam across the world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the hour of death of the poet? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and I don't want to start first... (A.A. Tarkovsky)

Modal meaning can be expressed And some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (state category words), nouns: glad, must, ready, obligated, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master (meaning “can, I can”), able, able, etc.

Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She didn't give birth, but according to my calculations, must give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all necessary and depend from others. Not a craftswoman (meaning “I can’t”) I'm on the shelves distinguish. (A.S. Griboedov)
In this case, the grammatical meaning of mood and tense is expressed by the linking verb to be in the required form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) linkage; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a copula, as in the examples given above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it would be more correct to say that in such sentences the copula is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute close your eyes eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ...Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to cry in the most pathetic way, but feeling that it was easy could have lost dish, brought his mouth back to its previous position and began gnawing a lamb bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master There are feather beds. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on his heels, lashed him with a whip... (N.V. Gogol)
A compound verb predicate can have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my years shouldn't dare your judgment have. (A.S. Griboedov)

How to determine the syntactic role of the infinitive?

Not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate. In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, several conditions must be met:

The auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what is being said in the sentence: I started - what to do? (no answer, the verb is lexically incomplete); I want - what should I do? (there is no answer either, the verb is lexically incomplete).

If in the combination “verb + infinitive” the verb is full-valued, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence: She (what did she do?) sat down (for what purpose?) to rest (sat down is a full-valued verb, which means this a simple verbal predicate, and infinitiverelax- this is a circumstance of the goal).

The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member: I want to sing (I want to sing - a compound verbal predicate, because I want - I and I will sing - I). I asked her to sing (asked - a simple verb predicate, infinitivesing- addition, because I asked, she will sing).

An infinitive can be a definition if it refers to a noun and answers the question what?: There was a desire to sing (a desire arose - this is the basis of a sentence, arose - a simple verbal predicate, since the verb is full-valued; a desire (what?) to sing - infinitive as a modifier).

Predicates expressed by the complex form of the future tense of the verb are not compound verbs: We we will remember and in the cold of Lethea, that the earth cost us ten heavens. (O.E. Mandelstam) (this is a simple verbal predicate).

Compound nominal predicate

In a compound nominal predicate there is a verbal connective expressing the grammatical meaning, and a main (nominal) component - words or phrases different parts speeches (most often nouns or adjectives) that contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.

As a link in a compound nominal predicate, the verb to be is most often used in the form of some mood. He's in Rome there would be Brutus, in Athens - Pericles(A.S. Pushkin) - conditional. incl. In a harsh fate be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent...(N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth... (N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. onc., past vr. Destructive will be crushed, knocked over fragments of slabs... (N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. on, bud. vr.
In the present tense, the verb to be is usually absent; in other words, the copula is zero: Not a sinner he is in nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief. (A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a connective in the present tense form of the verb to be: Daughter of hell, anger There is co-maker countless cruel troubles. (V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought expressed there is a lie. (F.I. Tyutchev)

In a compound nominal predicate other linking verbs can also be used: to appear, to remain, to become, to become, to be done, to be considered, to be called, to seem, to appear, to introduce oneself, etc.; they differ in meaning. The estate is ours was called a farm, - Kamenka village, - main estate ours was considered Zadonskoe, where my father went often and for a long time, and to farm it was small, mongrel small in number.
In total it turned out to be more amazing wax in the city.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse. (I.A. Bunin)
Made our generals cheerful, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called shiny... The atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) And Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the emerald thicket, the road I won’t say where. (A.A. Akhmatova)

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is usually

short adjectives and participles- House of greenery painted(participle) in the form of a grove. Myself thick(adjective), its artists skinny(adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);

nouns in the nominative or instrumental case- Dead person was venerable chamberlain.(A.S. Griboedov) Marriage for us it will be torture.(A.S. Pushkin) Lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);

full names adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case - After all crazy your father... (A.S. Griboyedov) Am I really real and will death really come? In such moments and the air to me seems brown... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);

adjectives in comparative or superlative degree- Oh, evil tongues scarier pistol Well, a constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboedov)

In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional case forms of the noun- And I’m in front of her V unpaid debt.(A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune.(A.S. Griboedov); pronoun- Like all Moscow people, your father that's how it is... My custom such: signed, off your shoulders. (A.S. Griboedov); adverb- After all, I am somewhat akin.(A.S. Griboedov); infinitive- His joy is in the forests wander for the animals. (V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn- He out of my mind. Dearest! You not at ease.(A.S. Griboedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. All old ladies - people are angry. He noticeable person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter. (A.S. Griboedov)
The nominal part may include conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc., introducing comparison into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, What's up, burned by sin. (A.A. Tarkovsky)

It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its type if the sentence contains the verb to be in the conjugated form. This verb can be not only a connective in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the meaning of “to have”, “to be”, “to occur”, then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two. (A.S. Griboyedov) To the left was gloomy forest, to the right - Yenisei. (N.A. Nekrasov) Here were the relatives of those who had gone to where I was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)

Practical work on the topic “Types of predicates”

Find the predicates and highlight them.

Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world. Today I worked all night for you, sir, and cried like a child with grief. This is such a tragic, special style. This is an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don’t try it on in front of me. I can't stand this! (E.L. Schwartz)

1. Find compound verb predicates.

How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...

I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream about happiness.

I won't sleep on New Year's night,
I'll start a new notebook today.

I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
I still couldn’t say goodbye and kept the piece of paper in my hand.
Light spread across the paving stones. On eyelashes and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on the gray gloves.

(A.A. Tarkovsky)

2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.

They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with anything. The stranger's entire appearance was remarkable, but the first thing that caught your eye was his huge nose. “What do you allow yourself?” - the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip is spread out in my way. But I swear on my nose I will listen to this one the smartest person, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with my sword!” Gassendi's voice noticeably warmed: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What’s your name, young man?” “Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet,” the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)

3.

One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore unable to manage the family’s property. The old man did not make excuses - he just read the tragedy that had just ended to the judges. After this, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and his son was recognized as a shameless liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus at Colonus", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)

1) went to court - simple verb;
2) survived - simple verb;
3) unable to dispose - compound verb;
4) didn’t - simple verb.

Find compound nominal predicates.

Vaska Pechenkin's favorite pastime is flying a kite. From this peaceful occupation he made himself a robbery. When his kite is flown, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. Pechenkin's serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)

1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) verbbein the required form; 2) phraseological use; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be .

The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum courtyard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, manager of the Tsarskoye Selo palace and palace garden. Every morning, lyceum students saw how, when preparing to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into political history Lyceum
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, discovered that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken free from the chain. We started looking, but to no avail: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)

2. Find 1) compound verbal predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.

Alexander the Great crossed Persia with his sword, subjugated Egypt to his power, and reached the shores of Indian Ocean. The Greek language was established on the vast territory of the state he formed. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years the Greek language was state language Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe Only in the fourteenth century did they begin to study the language of the great thinkers of antiquity. Only then did it become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.

3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.

He was a thoughtful hare, he looked for a daughter from a widow, a hare, and wanted to get married. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was detailed - compound nominal;
2) looked out - simple verb;
3) wanted to get married - compound verb.

4. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.

He was an old campaigning beast, he knew how to build dens and uproot trees; Consequently, to some extent he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was - simple verb;
2) knew how to construct - compound verb;
3) turn out with roots - compound nominal;
4) knew art - compound nominal.

Answers

Answer. Sir, I am engaged in hat and hat business master. I I do the best hats and caps in the world. Today I'm up all night have worked at you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put it on, so disappear, and the poor master forever won't know, coming whether she is for you or not. Take it, only don't try it on with me. I this I can't bear it! (E.L. Schwartz)

1. Answer: I want to breathe, I started dreaming, I couldn’t say goodbye, I started falling.

The predicate I will not sleep is a simple verb, because. this is the future compound tense of the verb. The verb I will begin can be mistaken for a phase auxiliary, but there is no verb in the indefinite form in the sentence, so I will begin - a simple verbal predicate.

2. Answer: simple verbs - saw, caught the eye ( stable expression), if you please, I heard, spread out, I will listen, warmed up, they are calling, answered; compound verbs - I want to listen, I have to pierce, I am able to help.

3. Answer: 3.

Answer: launched, launched, feels like a master, like sparrows, powerful and

1. Answer: 1) ...there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden; two steps away was the palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle….

2. Answer: 1) was the official language; became a sign; 2) began to study.

3. Answer: 1.

# Old man doesn't listen.

# She didn't no movement- because she didn't move.

· nominal – in the linguistic tradition there is the concept of only a compound nominal predicate (it is not divided, like a verb in structure)

#I am a student. – compound nominal with zero connective.

Structure: linking verb + nominal part. The connective plays a grammatical role. There are 3 types of ligaments:

Abstract is the verb “to be” in all tense forms. It has a purely formal function - it simply conveys the categories of tense and mood.

Semi-abstract (semi-nominal) – a verb with a weakened lexical meaning, also mainly conveys only verbal categories. To seem, to become, to be done, to be called, to be considered.

The nominative connective is a full-valued verb that denotes a specific action. In such predicates, information is combined (both the verb and the nominal part of speech carry their own information). Instead of a formal connective verb, a verb is used that denotes action in time and space. Most often these are verbs of movement and location. They replace the connective component, but at the same time they are full-valued. The difficulty is that these verbs can act as independent simple verbal predicates.

# He back home. He came back tired.

# Kitty returned home to Russia cured. – because the point is that she was cured.

Moon crimson has risen And gloomy. - It has risen - in the sense it has become.

These predicates are also distinguished by their nominal part. Typical for a compound nominal predicate is the nominal part, which is in the nominative, genitive and instrumental case. The most common is creative; it is called instrumental predicative.

# She was a beauty.

· mixed

2. Structural– by the number of components

· simple

· compound – consists of 2 components – auxiliary verb + infinitive of the semantic verb. The auxiliary verb conveys the grammatical meaning, and the semantic meaning is contained in the infinitive. As an auxiliary verb appears:

Phase verb (started, finished, continued)

Modal verb (desire, possibility of the speaker: I can, I want, I wish, etc.)

Verbs of mental action (love, fear, fear)

Short predicative adjectives (glad, obliged, must, willing, called, intends)

Stable combinations of a phraseological nature, equal in meaning to modal verbs (agree = agree, come to an idea = decide, have no right = cannot)

· complex (polynomial): complex – verbal, complex mixed (verb + nominal: he decided to become a doctor)

3. By the nature of the connection with the subject:

· agreed upon

· inconsistent – ​​expressed:

Infinitive (we - run, they - scream, and the queen - laugh)

Verb interjection (butterfly wings byak-byak-byak)

The imperative mood of the verb in combination with a non-2nd person

4. By the presence/absence of complicating elements

· complicated - a predicate in which, in addition to the obligatory structure, there are complicating elements (I’m reading, I’m reading, I can’t get enough of it. Well, I said it, I said it. I haven’t read it, but I know the content.)

Verbs with an empty lexical meaning (know, give, take) act as an element of complication.

# Let me see. How can I go and start talking to her? (You can’t just take it... :D)

Such elements belong to colloquial speech.

· Uncomplicated

· Compound verb predicate is a predicate that consists of an auxiliary verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate and an indefinite form of the verb expressing its main lexical meaning, for example: Young Dubrovsky wanted to do affairs(A. Pushkin). The role of an auxiliary verb can be combinations of short adjectives must, ready, glad, etc. and an auxiliary linking verb in the form of one of the moods, for example: I ready with you argue (A. Pushkin); In a few days must I was to find myself in the middle of my family(A. Pushkin). Also, words with the meaning of desirability, necessity, possibility can act as an auxiliary verb - necessary, necessary, necessary, possible, impossible etc., for example: Need to study language, need to expand your vocabulary(M. Gorky); as well as words expressing an emotional assessment of the action called the infinitive - sad, cheerful, pleasant, bitter, disgusting etc., for example: On hot summer days wander well in a birch grove(I. Sokolov-Mikitov).

· --- Composite nominal predicate.

· Compound nominal predicate- this is a predicate, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part expressing its main lexical meaning, for example: Blizzard it was scary .

The most common is the linking verb be, which expresses only grammatical meanings. The peculiarity of this linking verb is that it is not used in the present tense, i.e. null connective, for example: He was wearing a gray jacket(past tense) - He's wearing a gray jacket(present time). Other linking verbs to become, to become, to appear, to appear, to be considered, to appear, to become are used less frequently in Russian, but they also express additional lexical meanings, for example: Castle seemed like an island sad; All it becomes lighter, more cheerful from the first snow(A. Pushkin).

· Also, verbs that have the meaning of movement and state can act as connectives: come, come, return etc., for example: Young woman I came tired (B. Polevoy).

· The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed:

· 1) a noun, for example: All the sky was in small clouds (D. Granin);

· 2) an adjective, for example: Wind there was a counter (L. Tolstoy);

· 3) short passive participle, for example: Her eyebrows were moved, lips compressed, the eyes looked straight and stern(I. Turgenev);

· 4) a numeral name, for example: Seven plus three it will be ten ;

· 5) pronoun, for example : She has a room was exactly like this how I imagined her(A. Kuprin);

· 6) by an adverb, for example: her shoes will fit ;

· 7) phraseology, for example: He was a jack of all trades (N. Dubov);

· 8) a syntactically indivisible phrase, for example: Evening sea it was black.

· main member one-part sentence

· Grammar center, the structural basis of one-part sentences. In some of them (definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal), the main member in its morphological expression (verb form) can be correlated with the predicate of a two-part sentence, in others (nominative) - with the subject or predicate. However, such a comparison is very conditional, since the concepts of subject and predicate are correlative, and given the presence of only one main member due to the nature of one-part sentences, there is nothing to correlate it with in terms of predicative relations inherent in a two-part sentence. “If a single-component sentence is defined either as a subject or as a predicate, then it must be considered incomplete”(V.V. Vinogradov).

A one-part sentence has only one main member, and it cannot be called either subject or predicate. This is the main part of the sentence.

17. Additions, types of additions distinguished by traditional and modern linguistics.

18. Definition. Types of definitions. Their place in the sentence. The relationship of the definition with other members of the sentence.

19. Syntactic functions of the infinitive, ways of describing them.

With the main members there are distributors, which are called secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance.

The division of sentence parts into main and secondary ones is carried out in grammars of the 19th century. and are still preserved.

The concept of VChP did not appear immediately, but it appeared during the period of the logical-syntactic direction in syntax, which was based on the fact that a sentence is a logical judgment.

OH. Vostokov and N.I. Grech, representatives of this direction, identified 2 categories of HF:

1. addition

2. definition (the circumstance was included in the category of definitions).

F.I. Buslaev introduces a circumstance and selects 3 VChP. He considers them in 2 aspects:

As words attached to the main members through agreement, control and adjacency ( grammatical aspect)

By value, i.e. based on a logical question

But he himself says that such an analysis may not always be consistent.

A.A. Potebnya(psychological-syntactic direction) - when learning a language, it is necessary to proceed from psychological, and not from logical, foundations. In this regard, he analyzed in detail the role of each part of speech in psychological process thinking. The conclusion was this: the main thing is the verb. Hence the origin verbocentric theory of language.

Potebnya based his classification of VChPs on their correspondence to parts of speech. This doctrine was developed in the works of Ovsyannikov-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky and A.A. Shakhmatova. Peshkovsky believed that we should not talk about secondary members of the proposal, but about coordinated, controlled and adjacent members (we should not talk about additions, circumstances, etc.). The fact is that all VChP are nothing more than what called parts of speech to life. Parts of speech are monuments to the members of a sentence.

HF, as soon as this concept appeared, began to be criticized from different positions. The discussion about the status continued until 1954 (the publication of Vinogradov’s Akademgrammatika). In this Academic Grammar, HCPs were described in great detail.

V.V. Vinogradov, although he showed the imperfection of the doctrine of high-precision crimes, still confirmed their rights. On the other hand, Academic Grammar contains very detailed description phrases.

Academic Grammar 70 says that these are 2 banners, which cannot be carried at the same time. And in Akademgrammatika 70 the sentence was described through the concept of a structural diagram of a sentence, the concept of VChP was abandoned.

The idea that members of a sentence that perform a secondary function are its distributors has gained wide popularity. That’s what V.V. called them. Vinogradov. This idea was developed N.Yu. Shvedova in the doctrine of determinants.

V.V. Vinogradov noticed that in a sentence there are members associated with the predicative center, but this connection, firstly, is not due to grammatical form, not the lexical meaning of the predicative center, and, secondly, they relate not only to the predicative center, but to the entire sentence as a whole.

# When you get old, life is so disgusting. – “In old age” does not refer to anything, but to the entire sentence as a whole; it seems to frame the whole situation.

# By dawn, the travelers reached the eastern highway. – “Towards Dawn” is located in the orbit farthest from the center, this is the so-called. backstage of the proposal. This member refers to the entire situation as a whole, it is not associated with any specific member of the sentence, is not included in either the subject group or the predicate group, and can participate in the creation of sentences that have different structural patterns.

# Today the rain. It's warmer today. It was decided to start today. – the same member frames the situation in the sentence.

That. Shvedova identifies a special member of the sentence - determinant- that which determines the entire situation. Determinants are divided into 2 groups:

· d. adverbial meaning

· d. object value. The object tends to relate not to the whole situation, but to the action that is transferred to it - it gravitates towards the verb. Therefore, the existence of circumstantial determinants is questionable, but Shvedova identifies them.

Thus, a new, fourth, HCP determinant has appeared. This is already a change in the theory about VChP.

Simple verbal predicates also include predicates expressed in phraseological combinations with varying degrees of cohesion of parts, since they have a single integral meaning (cf.: lost your temper - got angry). For example: touched a nerve, lost patience, got into trouble, gets into trouble, fell into doubt, dances to someone else’s tune, came to a conviction, became indignant, walks around, takes part, sharpens his bows, an eyesore, raised the alarm, without a knife stabbed him to death, sucked him out of his finger, ordered him to live long, put his teeth on a shelf, drove him out of his mind, showered him with contempt, etc.

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All topics in this section:

Collocation and sentence as basic syntactic units
Syntax, as a section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech, includes two main parts: 1) the study of phrases and 2) the study of sentences. Of particular note is the section dealing with

Main features of the proposal
Most types of sentence, as mentioned above, correspond to logical reasoning. In a judgment, something about something is affirmed or denied, and in this the so-called predetermination finds its expression.

Brief history of the issue
The problem of word combinations has long attracted the attention of Russian linguists. In the first grammatical works, the main content of syntax was considered to be the doctrine of “word composition”, i.e. about combining words in

Types of phrases according to their structure
According to the structure, phrases are divided into simple (two-term) and complex (polynomial). In simple phrases there is a spread of one word to another with different semantic meanings.

Types of phrases depending on the lexico-grammatical properties of the main word
Depending on which word is the main word in a phrase, the main lexical and grammatical types of phrases differ. The classification according to this criterion has the following scheme:

Syntactic relations between the components of phrases
The words included in phrases are in different semantic-syntactic relationships with each other. Generally speaking, these relationships can be reduced to the main ones: a) attributive (for example: tetra

Ways of expressing syntactic relations in phrases and sentences
The most important means expressing the relationship between members of a phrase (and members of a sentence) is the form of the word. With the help of inflection, the connection between all changeable words acting as dependent

Types of syntactic connections in phrases and sentences
There are two main types of syntactic connection in a sentence - composition and subordination. When composing, syntactically equal elements independent of each other (members of sentences) come into contact.

Proposals of real and unreal modality. Affirmative and negative sentences
General value objective modality, conveyed in a sentence, is differentiated as the meaning of temporal certainty and temporal uncertainty. In the first case, what is reported in the sentence is

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences
Depending on the purpose of the statement, sentences are distinguished: narrative, interrogative and incentive. Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about something.

Exclamatory sentences
Exclamatory sentences are emotionally charged sentences, which are conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Can have emotional overtones Various types sentences: and pove

Common and non-common offers
Uncommon is a sentence consisting only of the main members - subject and predicate, for example: She did not answer and turned away (L.); He is young, good (L.); Several years have passed (P

Two-part and one-part sentences
A sentence consists of main members - subject and predicate, and secondary ones, some of which relate to the subject and together with it form the composition of the subject, others - to the predicate and image

Simple and complex sentences
A simple sentence has one or two grammatical compounds and thus contains one predicative unit. For example: The morning was fresh and beautiful (L.); After noon she started

Main members of a two-part sentence
A two-part sentence is a sentence that has two grammatical compositions: the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate. The composition of the subject is the subject with or without words related to it

Secondary members of the sentence, their syntactic function
The main members of a sentence can be explained by members that are called minor, since they grammatically depend on other members of the sentence. The term "minor members of the sentence"

Expressing the subject using different parts of speech
The most common form of expressing the subject is the nominative case of the noun. The objective meaning of the noun and the independent nominative case are most suitable

Expressing the subject using phrases
The role of the subject can be phrases that are integral in meaning, lexically or syntactically indecomposable. These include: 1. Composite geographical names (Northern Arctic

Verbal predicate, formally likened to the subject
The role of the verbal predicate is represented by verb forms of any mood, tense and person. For example: 1) verb in the indicative mood: The autumn wind brings sadness (N.); Pugachev m

Verbal predicate, not formally assimilated to the subject
The verb predicate is expressed: 1) by an infinitive with the meaning of an energetic beginning of an action: Our brethren - swear (Pumped); And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss... (Kr.); 2)

Complex verb predicate
Complicated forms of a simple verbal predicate include a combination of two verbs or a combination of a verb with different particles. These include: 1. The combination of two verbs in the same form

Compound verb predicate with modal verb
This includes verbs such as want, wish, be able, be able, intend, try, endeavor, refuse, hope, fear, etc. For example: I wanted to portray ordinary decent people in a new way

Compound verb predicate with predicative adjective
Along with modal verbs in the role of the first component of a compound verbal predicate, predicative adjectives (special short adjectives used in the role of ska) can be used

Predicate expressed by adverb, participle, interjection and phraseological combination
1. The predicate can be expressed by an adverb with or without a connective, for example: At your age I was married (L.T.); How inopportune this memory was (Ch.); After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.). 2

Types of complex predicate
A complex (trinomial, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts (the term “complex predicate” is used here not in the meaning in which it is sometimes used, see § 259

Form of the verb predicate
The verb predicate is coordinated with the subject, expressed by a personal pronoun, in person and number, and in the past tense of the indicative mood and in subjunctive mood- in gender and number. Nap

Bundle shape
The copula usually correlates with the subject (in the past tense - in gender and number), for example: My whole life was the guarantee of a faithful meeting with you (P.). If the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, then with

Brief history of the issue
The question of minor members of a sentence in the history of Russian grammar has different solutions. However, two main directions in the doctrine of minor members of a sentence stand out: races

Definitions agreed and inconsistent
According to the nature of the syntactic connection between the definition and the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent. Definitions agreed upon are expressed by those parts of speech that

Ways to Express Complements
Supplements are usually expressed by nouns (with and without prepositions) in indirect cases, as well as words used in the meaning of nouns (pronouns,

Types of additions and their meanings
Due to their basic meaning - designating the object of an action or state - additions usually refer to sentence members expressed by verbs or impersonal predicative words, i.e. tale

Additions in active and passive phrases
An active phrase is a phrase with a direct object and a predicate expressed by a transitive verb. The subject in actual circulation denotes an actor or thing, and the complement denotes a person

Ways of expressing circumstances
Circumstances can be expressed by adverbs, gerunds, nouns in the instrumental case without a preposition, nouns in the oblique cases with prepositions, infinitives, phraseological

Types of circumstances by meaning
Denoting a qualitative characteristic of an action, state or sign, as well as the conditions accompanying them (indication of the cause, time, place, etc.), circumstances are divided into circumstances image

Syntactic and actual division of sentences
A sentence as a unit of syntax includes members of the sentence that occupy certain syntactic positions. This division of a sentence from the point of view of its syntactic structure is

Communicative, syntactic and stylistic meaning of word order
The order of words in a sentence - the arrangement of word forms in it - can perform the following functions: 1) communicative (is a means of actual division of a sentence and, more broadly, of any actualization);

Place of subject and predicate in a simple sentence
In a declarative sentence, the subject is usually in front of the predicate (the latter is postpositive), for example: Marya Ivanovna walked up the stairs with trepidation (P.); They entered the courtyard

Place of an object in a sentence
The addition (verb and adjective) is usually postpositive, for example: I will send you ammunition and tobacco (A.N.T.); About a hundred workers were clearing warehouses and sites (Azh.). Pre

Place of definition in a sentence
The agreed upon definition is usually prepositive, for example: To the left was a deep gorge... (Azh.); ...He took out his grief on your sides - the grief of his life (M. G.); It became creepy in these silent

Place of circumstances in a sentence
Circumstances of the course of action, expressed by adverbs starting with -о, -е, are usually prepositive, for example: One of the waves playfully rolls onto the shores, making a defiant noise, crawling towards Rahim’s head (M.G.). ABOUT

Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal sentences are those whose main member is expressed by the form of a verb in the first or second person of the present and future tense. The verb in this case does not need a place

Vaguely personal proposals
Indefinite-personal sentences are those one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a verb in the form of the 3rd person plural of the present and future tense or in the form

Generalized-personal proposals
Generalized personal sentences are one-part sentences, the main member of which is expressed by a verb of the 2nd person singular (present and future tense), and the action denoted by the verb is in

Impersonal offers
Impersonal sentences are one-part sentences, the main member of which does not allow the designation of the subject of action in the form of the nominative case and names a process or state regardless of the active

Infinitive sentences
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other word in the sentence; therefore, it cannot have any impersonal verb, neither impersonal

Nominative sentences
Nominative sentences are those one-part sentences whose main member is expressed by a noun or a substantivized part of speech in the nominative case. The main member can be grown

Constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences
Some syntactic constructions may coincide in form with nominative sentences, but in fact they are not them. These are constructions that either do not contain the meaning of being, su

Types of word-sentences
Sentence words are divided into several groups depending on their function in speech. Affirmative words-sentences: - Smells of sulfur. Is this necessary? - Yes (Ch.). - St

Types of Incomplete Sentences
Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. Contextual are incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context: in the nearest paragraphs

Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech
Incomplete sentences are especially typical for dialogical speech, which is a combination of remarks or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in

Elliptic sentences (sentences with zero predicate)
Elliptical are self-used sentences of a special type, the specific structure of which is the absence of a verbal predicate, and a predicate not mentioned in the context

The concept of homogeneous members
Homogeneous members of a sentence are members of the same name, related friend with each other by coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united are the same

Unions with homogeneous members
To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used: 1. Connecting conjunctions: and, yes (meaning “and”), neither...nor, etc. The conjunction and can be single and p

Homogeneous definitions
Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and list

Heterogeneous definitions
Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun

Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
The form of the predicate for homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc. 1. For subjects having the form m

Coordination of definitions with the word being defined
The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases: 1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined

Prepositions with homogeneous members
Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains... (Kr.). It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions are not

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members
A generalizing word is usually a grammatical form of expression of a generic concept, uniting, on the basis of material proximity, subordinate concepts, the grammatical form of expression of which serves as

General concepts
Separation is the semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in a sentence. Separate members sentences contain an add element

Separate Consensus Definitions
1. As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud, hanging

Separate inconsistent definitions
1. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman, in boots and in a saddle-backed coat, with a bu

Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases
1. As a rule, participial phrases are isolated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or adverbials with different meaning, for example: Pass

Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs
Depending on the semantic load, weak syntactic connection with the predicate verb, the degree of prevalence of the phrase, and its intentional emphasis, the circumstances expressed by it can be isolated

Isolation of revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution
Case forms of nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations can be isolated: besides, instead of, besides, apart from, excluding, over, etc., with the meaning of inclusion, exception, for

Isolation of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the proposal
Along with isolation in the proper sense of the word, i.e. by highlighting the minor members of the sentence, there is an intonation-semantic highlighting in the sentence of words that can be not only second

Introductory words and phrases
Introductory words are words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (that is, not related to them by the method of coordination, control or adjacency), that are not members of the sentence and express

Introductory sentences
The meanings inherent in introductory words and phrases can be expressed in whole sentences that retain the intonation features of introductory constructions. For example: Buran, it seemed to me, was still with

Plug-in structures
Inserted words are words, phrases and sentences that introduce additional information, incidental comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence. Similar to

The concept of conversion
An address is a word or combination of words that names the person (or object) to whom speech is addressed. An address extends a sentence, but is not a member of it (i.e., it does not perform the function of a

Ways of expressing appeal
The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In Old Russian, the vocative case form was used for this purpose

Brief history of the issue
In the works of A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherby, V.V. Vinogradov highlights the special meaning of some conjunctions - connecting (A.M. Peshkovsky speaks of composition and subordination after the dividing clause

The essence of joining
Accession - as a unique type of syntactic connection - differs from both composition and subordination. When composing, the elements of a statement act as syntactically equal

Structural and grammatical types of connecting constructions
In structural and grammatical terms, connecting constructions are not homogeneous. The following can be added to the main statement: 1) constructions with connecting conjunctions and allied words

Union connection structures
1. Connecting conjunctions and conjunctions are usually formed by connecting coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, as well as some particles and pronominal adverbs with conjunctions and, a. These are the ones with

Unionless connecting structures
Non-union connecting structures, used only after a long pause, are divided into four groups according to their functions: 1) connecting structures that act as members

^ WE'RE PREPARING FOR THE TEST

IN RUSSIAN
PREDICATE

SIMPLE VERB PREDICATE
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which usually agrees with the subject (in number, person or gender) and has a meaning expressed in questions: what does the subject do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?

The predicate expresses the grammatical meaning of one of the moods (indicative mood - present, past, future tense; conditional mood, imperative mood).

^ Types of predicates:

Simple verbal predicate - PGS

Compound verb predicate - SGS

Compound nominal predicate – SIS

A simple verbal predicate (SVS) can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

1 . Verb in any mood form	Coming gloomymorning . It's arrived gloomymorning. Sergey will arrive to the drama school. He with pleasurewould have left to the village. Write it down homework.
2 . Independent infinitive	Live – homelandserve.
3 . Interjective verb forms (truncated verb forms like bam, grab, jump )	Girlfriend everyone is quiet heresense girlfriend.
4. Phraseological phrase with the main word - a verb in conjugated form	Team won in the championship. He againchases the quitter .
5 . Verb in conjugated form + modal particle ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just and etc.)	Let's I I'll go with you. Let him go with Father. Let them dream sweet ones for youdreams . He was gone towards the door, but suddenly stopped. In the roomas if it smelled burning. He as if dumbfounded from fright. He nearly died out of grief. He just didn't tumble , trying to make the audience laugh. He almost crazy from happiness.

!!! NOTE!

1) Form of complex future tense ( will write; will sing etc.) is a simple verbal predicate;

2) as if, as if, as if, exactly, as if with the predicate - modal particles, not comparative conjunctions, therefore there is no comma in front of them(subject and predicate are never separated by a comma!);

3) modal particle was denotes an action that began but did not take place due to any reasons, unforeseen circumstances, and commas(Unlike introductory words happens, happened with the meaning of regular repetition of the action) doesn't stand out.

Wed: ^ He used to not show up in the village for weeks;

4) in order to distinguish a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a phraseological unit, from a compound nominal predicate, you should remember:

a) phraseology often can be replaced with one word:

to win - to win; to have meaning – to mean; make a promise - promise; give an order - order, etc.;

b) in a simple verbal predicate-phraseological unit, the verb cannot be replaced with the connective be, but in a compound nominal predicate it can be.

Wed: ^ He hung his nose (PGS) - you can’t: He had a nose; She sat tired (SIS) – She was tired; He was born happy (SIS) – He was happy.

NOTE

In speech (especially colloquial) there can be various types of complicated simple verb predicates with expressive meaning. The most common among them are the following:
1) a combination of two verb forms with the particle so (He made me so friendly!);

2) verb combination go with another verb in the same form (I'll go call my mom);

3) verb combination take with another verb in the same form in conjunction with particles yes, yes and, and (I’ll take it and leave for the village tomorrow; I’ll take it and leave- these are not homogeneous predicates (!), and one; and in this case – a particle, not a union);

4) combination of a verb with particles yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself (And Ivanushka just know to hold on; I screamed);

5) a combination of a verb with a cognate form of an adverbial type (He eats her; She roars).
^ Complicated types of simple verbal predicate

^ Sample parsing

Myaffairs going uphill .

They're going uphill – simple verbal predicate; expressed by verbal phraseology in the present tense of the indicative mood.

I'd like to forget about everything.

I'd like to forget – simple verbal predicate; expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.

 Secure.
Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical basis in each sentence. Sort out the subjects and predicates according to plan.
1. I’ve been fishing all morning (Paustovsky). 2. Decayed leaves lay at the bottom of the lake (Paustovsky). 3. There is something evening in all sounds (M. Gorky). 4. The old woman rushed after her son (Grigorovich). 5. So she roars all day long (Chekhov). 6. So I’ll take and sell the three! (Chekhov). 7. His words again touched Valitsky to the quick (Chakovsky). 8. I’ll go call my mother (Chekhov). 9. And you should cry right now (A.N. Tolstoy). 10. Through the bare brown branches of the trees, the motionless sky peacefully whitens (Turgenev). 11. My brother stood up for me (Marshak). 12. I will sing for a long time (Yesenin). 13. The day seemed to be dozing (Paustovsky). 14. Your lies have stuck in my throat for nine years (Chekhov). 15. The first weeks of sailing brought disappointment (Paustovsky). 16. Each friend here quietly pushes her friend (Krylov). 17. Here he is to scold me (M. Gorky). 18. Don’t be offended, Emelya (Chekhov). 19. Let them leave Godunov (Pushkin). 20. Let the readers know this mistake of mine (M. Gorky). 21. Suddenly the old mother came into the room (Turgenev). 22. Your father, take it and become attached to her (Turgenev). 23. Olya Nechaeva will bite her elbows out of remorse (Kataev). 24. The Kulumbe (Arsenyev) River originates from here. 25. A deputy of the French assembly probed Krasin’s ground, finding out the possibility of trade with Russia (Mogilevsky).
^ COMPOUND VERB PREDICATE
Compound predicates– these are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. Lexical meaning expressed in the main part, andgrammatical meaning (tense and mood) - in the auxiliary part.

Wed: Hesang (PGS). - Hestarted singing (GHS)

A compound verb predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:

A) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);

b) main part (indefinite form verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.

^ SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive

For example: I started singing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.

However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verbal predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verbal predicate, it must be fulfilled two conditions:

The auxiliary verb should be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without an infinitive) is not enough to understand what is being said in the sentence.

Wed: I started - what should I do?; I want - what should I do?
If in combination “verb + infinitive” significant verb , then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.

Wed .: She sat down (for what purpose?) to relax.
The action of the infinitive must relate to the subject (it is a subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (objective infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.

1. I want to sing. I want to sing - compound verb predicate (I want, I will sing, I will).

2. I asked her to sing. Requested– simple verb predicate , sing - addition (asked - I, asked(about what?) her, she will sing).

MEANING	^ TYPICAL VERBS AND PHRASEOLOGISTS	EXAMPLES
1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action)	Start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop, etc.	^ Hebegan to prepare to departure. Hecontinued to prepare to departure. Hefinished writing book.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of an action, etc.)	Can, be able to, wish, want, dream, intend, refuse, try, strive, count, be able to, contrive, strive, assume, get used to, hurry, be embarrassed, endure, love, hate, be afraid, be afraid, be cowardly, be ashamed, set a goal , burn with desire, have honor, etc.	II can sing . II want to sing . II'm afraid to sing . II like to sing . II'm ashamed to sing . II hope to sing this aria.

Plan for parsing a compound verbal predicate

1. 
   Indicate the type of predicate.
2. 
   Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what meaning does the auxiliary part have (phase, modal) and what form of the verb is it expressed.

Sample parsing

Hare started running from the hunter.
I started running – compound verb predicate. The main part (to run) is expressed by the subjective infinitive. The auxiliary part (started) has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
 Secure.

Exercise 1. Highlight grammar basics proposals. Sort out simple and compound verb predicates according to plan.

1. He was afraid to go to the doctors (Paustovsky). 2. The footman came to call me to the princess (Lermontov). 3. The old woman left to arrange for her to leave (Grigorovich). 4. He asked me to arrange for his departure (Chakovsky). 5. The great national poet knows how to make both the master and the peasant speak in their own language (Belinsky). 6. I try to teach them respect for their native land (Paustovsky). 7. No amount of effort will allow a person to convey the charm of this day (Paustovsky). 8. In Moscow I will neither see you, nor write to you, nor call you (Paustovsky). 9. Rare drops of rain began to knock heavily on the ground (Paustovsky). 10. The autumn rain will drizzle for a long time (Paustovsky). 11. And as if in response to her words, rare and warm rain begins to quietly rustle along the river and bushes (Paustovsky). 12. Behind the gate, dense, neglected alleys immediately began (Paustovsky). 13. Ominous rumors began to circulate about the need not only for knowledge of literacy, but also for other sciences, hitherto unheard of in that everyday life (Goncharov). 14. They continued to sniffle, doze and yawn for decades (Goncharov). 15. At times the sea stopped making noise completely (Paustovsky). 16. And the blizzard, as if mocking, did not want to subside (Lavrenev). 17. Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge (Konetsky). 18. I will not allow you to speak badly about life in my presence (Lukonin). 19. Tagilov didn’t go to Natalya’s for breakfast (Dicharov). 20. She didn’t even have time to say hello to him (Fedin).

^ COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE
Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

A) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);

b) main part – the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS = copula + nominal part

For example: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.
^ TYPES OF LINKING VERBS

Type of connective by meaning	Typical verbs	Examples
1. Grammatical connective – expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to appear. Present tense copula be usually stands in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of a copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	^ Hewas a doctor . Hewill be a doctor . Hedoctor . Hewas sick . Hewill be healthy . Hesick . Heis sick . LyricsThere is the highestmanifestation art.
2. Semi-nominal copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: to become, to become, to be done, to become; b) preservation of the sign: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to happen, to appear; d) assessment of a sign from the point of view of reality: to appear, to seem, to introduce oneself, to be considered, to be reputed; e) name of the attribute: to be called, to be called, to be revered.	^ Hebecame sick . Hestayed sick . Hebeen sick every autumn. Heturned out to be sick . Hewas considered sick . Heseemed sick . Heis sick . Hereputed to be sick . Theircalled sick.
3. A significant connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) verbs of state: live, work, be born, die.	^ Shesat tired . Heleft angry . Hereturned upset. Helived as a hermit . Heborn happy. Hedied a hero .

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

^ He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

^ He found himself in the city center; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb (He was sitting tired; what is more important is that he was tired, not that he was sitting and not standing or lying).

To combine "notional verb + name" was a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

• 
  the significant verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

^ He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;

• 
  the link can be made null:

^ He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He is the first.

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers which question?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate (he sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

^ WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE NAME PART

FORMS	EXAMPLES
Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He is mineBrother . Hewas minebrother .
1.2. Noun in oblique case with or without preposition	Navigatorwas in oblivion . Ipenniless . This house -Meshkova .
1.3. Whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	Son-in-lawwas a silent breed . This girltall .
2. Adjective
2.1. Short adjective	Hecheerful Hebecame cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	Hefunny. Hebecame cheerful .
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective	Here's the sound of musicwere more audible . Youthe best .
3. Communion
3.1. Short Communion	Heinjured. Glasswere defeated .
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	Glasswere broken . Glasswere broken .
^ 4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All fish -yours . Thissomething new .
^ 5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut -third on the edge. Their hutwas third on the edge.
6. Adverb	Iwas on guard . His daughterMarried for my brother.

!!! NOTE!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with zero copula) , this is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate ;

3) nominative and instrumental cases – basic case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.
Most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate :

1. The short form of an adjective and especially a participle is mistaken for a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. To avoid mistakes, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and a short adjective or participle will have the connective was (was, was, were).

For example:

^ He is sick (PGS). - He was sick;

He is sick (SIS). - He was ill;

The city is taken (SIS). - The city was taken.

2. A short neuter adjective (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb ending in -o. To avoid mistakes, pay attention to the form of the subject:

If there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

^ Wed: The sea is calm;

If the subject is an infinitive, a feminine noun, male, noun in plural, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

^ Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

If the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; You can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

^ Wed: The sea is calm (SIS; the nominal part is expressed as a short adjective). – The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a secondary member - a definition. In order not to make a mistake, pay attention to which word starts the question which? to this name.

If the question is posed from the subject or object, then this is a definition.

Wed: She haswas red (which one?)dress ; red – definition.

If the question is what? is placed from a verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.

^ Wed: Her dresswas (which?)red ; red – nominal part of the predicate.

If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:

• 
  definition usually comes before the subject noun.

^ Wed: She has a red dress;

• 
  nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject noun.

Wed: Her dress is red.

4 . The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

The subject usually precedes the predicate:

^ Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

However, in Russian the predicate can also precede the subject.

Wed: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;

The demonstrative particle stands or can be placed before the predicate:

^ Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Please note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother – This is the subject expressed by the demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

The subject can only be expressed in the nominative case; The predicate has two main case forms - nominative and instrumental cases. If you put the connective in a sentence be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were ) or the copula appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the instrumental form, and for the subject it will remain the same.

^ Wed: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

1. 
   Indicate the type of predicate.
2. 
   Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life - ThisFine .
Fine – compound nominal predicate. The nominal part is well expressed by an adverb; grammatical connective be - in zero form; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.
I came first .
Came first – compound nominal predicate. The first nominal part is expressed by an ordinal number in the nominative case; The significant connective came is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
^ Thisboy medium height .
Medium height – compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of average height is expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical connective be - in zero form; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

 Secure.

Exercise 1. Highlight the grammatical bases of the sentences. Sort out the predicates according to plan.

1. The last door was closed (Bondarev). 2. Alyosha and Alexashka came to dinner one day cheerful (A.N. Tolstoy). 3. The office is an Enchanted Kingdom for Shura (Mamin-Sibiryak). 4. She lay motionless for an hour (Lermontov). 5. Husband and wife are the most respectable people (Pushkin). 6. All the fish are yours (Soloukhin). 7. The air is clean and fresh, like a child’s kiss (Lermontov). 8. Giving in is shameful (Tendryakov). 9. In the lower grades of the gymnasium I was very short (Veresaev). 10. The word is the clothing of all facts, all thoughts (M. Gorky). 11. How inopportune this memory was (Chekhov). 12. All natural phenomena are dressed in words by the work of our mind (M. Gorky).
Task 2. Highlight the grammatical bases of the sentences. Which of these predicates are simple and which are compound? Justify your answer.

1. And the sailor walked wounded and tired (Semerin). 2. A wet, tired horse obediently follows me on the lead (Bunin). 3. At the beginning of August, the heat is often unbearable (Turgenev). 4. He stood sideways to her, with his hat pulled down on his forehead (Turgenev). 5. Apparently, I was born like this (Bunin). 6. The forester had two girls from his second wife (Isakovsky). 7. This whole story turned out to be stupid nonsense (A. Ostrovsky). 8. In an instant the sleigh was over the cliff (Markov). 9. The rain during the summer was light and warm (Soloukhin). 10. Warm rain falls in the darkness (Berholz).
Task 3. Highlight the grammatical bases of the sentences. Justify the distinction between subjects and predicates.
1. For you, are all people buyers and sellers? (M. Gorky). 2. What am I? (M. Gorky). 3. What a funny man you are! (M. Gorky). 4. A clever little thing is a human mind (M. Gorky). 5. The need to simplify is our childhood disease (M. Gorky). 6. What happiness it is to be able to do everything (M. Gorky). 7. Accuracy and certainty are one of the most important and necessary qualities and conditions of true poetry (Belinsky). 8. The fawn was born as spotted as its mother (Prishvin). 9. Valetka’s remarkable quality was his incomprehensible indifference to everything in the world (Turgenev). 10. The book had many color pictures covered with tissue paper (Paustovsky). 11. I woke up on a hard carriage bench, all numb from the hardness and morning cold (Bunin). 12. The next day, early in the morning, I ordered my stroller to be laid (Turgenev). 13. I went to wander through a small, once fruit, now wild garden (Turgenev). 14. I began to look with tension into the twilight of the moonlight, covered with vapors of light (Turgenev). 15. Annushka stood against the wall, pale (Paustovsky).