Natural substances and types of energy that serve as the means of existence of human society and are used in the economy are called .

One of the varieties of natural resources is mineral resources.

Mineral resources - these are rocks and minerals that are used or can be used in the national economy: to obtain energy, in the form of raw materials, materials, etc. Mineral resources serve as the mineral resource base of the country's economy. Currently, more than 200 types of mineral resources are used in the economy.

Often synonymous with mineral resources is the term "minerals".

There are several classifications of mineral resources.

Based on the consideration of physical properties, solid (various ores, coal, marble, granite, salts) mineral resources are distinguished, liquid (oil, mineral waters) and gaseous (combustible gases, helium, methane).

By origin, mineral resources are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic.

Based on the scope of the use of mineral resources, combustible (coal, peat, oil, natural gas, oil shale), ore (rock ores, including metallic useful components and non-metallic (graphite, asbestos) and non-metallic (or non-metallic, non-combustible: sand, clay , limestone, apatite, sulfur, potassium salts) Precious and ornamental stones are a separate group.

The distribution of mineral resources on our planet is subject to geological patterns (Table 1).

Mineral resources of sedimentary origin are most characteristic of platforms, where they occur in the sedimentary cover, as well as in foothill and marginal troughs.

Igneous mineral resources are confined to folded areas and places where the crystalline basement of ancient platforms comes to the surface (or close to the surface). This is explained as follows. Ores were formed mainly from magma and hot aqueous solutions released from the carrier. Typically, magma rise occurs during periods of active tectonic movement, so ore minerals are associated with folded areas. On platform plains, they are confined to the basement; therefore, they can occur in those parts of the platform where the thickness of the sedimentary cover is small and the basement comes close to the surface or on shields.

Minerals on the map of the World

Minerals on the map of Russia

Table 1. Distribution of deposits of the main minerals by continents and parts of the world

Minerals	Continents and parts of the world
			North America	South America		Australia
Aluminum
Manganese
Floor and metals
Rare earth metals
Tungsten
non-metallic

Potassium salts
Rock salt
Phosphorites
Piezoquartz
ornamental stones

Sedimentary origin is primarily fuel resources. They were formed from the remains of plants and animals, which could accumulate only in sufficiently humid and warm conditions favorable for the abundant development of living organisms. This occurred in the coastal parts of shallow seas and in lacustrine-marsh land conditions. Of the total mineral fuel reserves, more than 60% is coal, about 12% is oil, and 15% is natural gas, the rest is oil shale, peat and other fuels. Mineral fuel resources form large coal and oil and gas bearing basins.

coal basin(coal-bearing basin) - a large area (thousands of km 2) of continuous or intermittent development of coal-bearing deposits (coal-bearing formation) with layers (deposits) of fossil coal.

Coal basins of the same geological age often form coal accumulation belts extending over thousands of kilometers.

More than 3.6 thousand coal basins are known on the globe, which together occupy 15% of the earth's land area.

More than 90% of all coal resources are located in the Northern Hemisphere - in Asia, North America, Europe. Africa and Australia are well supplied with coal. The most coal-poor continent is South America. Coal resources have been explored in almost 100 countries of the world. Most of both total and explored coal reserves are concentrated in economically developed countries.

The largest countries in the world in terms of proven coal reserves are: USA, Russia, China, India, Australia, South Africa, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Poland, Brazil. Approximately 80% of the total geological reserves of coal are in only three countries - Russia, the USA, China.

The qualitative composition of coals is essential, in particular, the proportion of coking coals used in ferrous metallurgy. Their share is greatest in the fields of Australia, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, USA, India and China.

Oil and gas basin— the area of ​​continuous or insular distribution of oil, gas or gas condensate deposits, significant in terms of size or mineral reserves.

Mineral deposit called a section of the earth's crust in which, as a result of certain geological processes, an accumulation of mineral matter occurred, which, in terms of quantity, quality and conditions of occurrence, is suitable for industrial use.

oil and gas bearing More than 600 basins have been explored, 450 are being developed. The main reserves are located in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in Mesozoic deposits. An important place belongs to the so-called giant fields with reserves of over 500 million tons and even over 1 billion tons of oil and 1 trillion m 3 of gas each. There are 50 such oil fields (more than half - in the countries of the Near and Middle East), gas - 20 (such fields are most typical for the CIS countries). They contain over 70% of all stocks.

The main part of oil and gas reserves is concentrated in a relatively small number of major basins.

The largest oil and gas basins: Persian Gulf, Maracaibe, Orinok, Gulf of Mexico, Texas, Illinois, California, Western Canadian, Alaska, North Sea, Volga-Ural, West Siberian, Daqing, Sumatran, Gulf of Guinea, Sahara.

More than half of the explored oil reserves are confined to offshore fields, the continental shelf zone, and sea coasts. Large accumulations of oil have been identified off the coast of Alaska, in the Gulf of Mexico, in the coastal regions of the northern part of South America (the Maracaibo depression), in the North Sea (especially in the waters of the British and Norwegian sectors), as well as in the Barents, Bering and Caspian Seas, off the western coasts Africa (Guinean washed down), in the Persian Gulf, near the islands of Southeast Asia and in other places.

The countries of the world with the largest oil reserves are Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Venezuela, Mexico, Libya, and the USA. Large reserves are also found in Qatar, Bahrain, Ecuador, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Brunei.

The availability of proven oil reserves with modern production is 45 years in the world as a whole. On average for OPEC, this figure is 85 leg; in the USA it barely exceeds 10 years, in Russia it is 20 years, in Saudi Arabia it is 90 years, in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates it is about 140 years.

Countries leading in terms of gas reserves in the world, are Russia, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Large reserves are also found in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, USA, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Algeria, Libya, Norway, the Netherlands, Great Britain, China, Brunei, Indonesia.

The provision of the world economy with natural gas at the current level of its production is 71 years.

Metal ores can serve as an example of igneous mineral resources. Metallic ores include ores of iron, manganese, chromium, aluminum, lead and zinc, copper, tin, gold, platinum, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, etc. Often they form huge ore (metallogenic) belts - Alpine-Himalayan, Pacific etc. and serve as a raw material base for the mining industry of individual countries.

Iron ores serve as the main raw material for the production of ferrous metals. The iron content in the ore averages 40%. Depending on the percentage of iron, ores are divided into rich and poor. Rich ores, with an iron content above 45%, are used without enrichment, while poor ones undergo preliminary enrichment.

By the size of the general geological resources of iron ore the first place is occupied by the CIS countries, the second - by foreign Asia, the third and fourth are shared by Africa and South America, the fifth - is occupied by North America.

Iron ore resources are located in many developed and developing countries. According to them total and proven reserves Russia, Ukraine, Brazil, China, Australia stand out. There are large reserves of iron ore in the USA, Canada, India, France, and Sweden. Large deposits are also located in the UK, Norway, Luxembourg, Venezuela, South Africa, Algeria, Liberia, Gabon, Angola, Mauritania, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan.

The provision of the world economy with iron ore at the current level of its production is 250 years.

In the production of ferrous metals, alloying metals (manganese, chromium, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum), used in steelmaking as special additives to improve the quality of the metal, are of great importance.

By reserves manganese ores South Africa, Australia, Gabon, Brazil, India, China, Kazakhstan stand out; nickel ores - Russia, Australia, New Caledonia (islands in Melanesia, southwest Pacific Ocean), Cuba, as well as Canada, Indonesia, Philippines; chromites - South Africa, Zimbabwe; cobalt - DR Congo, Zambia, Australia, Philippines; tungsten and molybdenum USA, Canada, South Korea, Australia.

Non-ferrous metals are widely used in modern industries. Ores of non-ferrous metals, unlike ferrous ones, have a very low percentage of useful elements in the ore (often tenths and even hundredths of a percent).

Raw material base aluminum industry constitute bauxites, nephelines, alunites, syenites. The main raw material is bauxite.

There are several bauxite-bearing provinces in the world:

• Mediterranean (France, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Romania, etc.);
• coast of the Gulf of Guinea (Guinea, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Cameroon);
• Caribbean coast (Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Suriname);
• Australia.

Stocks are also available in the CIS countries and China.

Countries of the world that have largest total and proven bauxite reserves: Guinea, Jamaica, Brazil, Australia, Russia. The provision of the world economy with bauxites at the current level of their production (80 million tons) is 250 years.

The volumes of raw materials for obtaining other non-ferrous metals (copper, polymetallic, tin and other ores) are more limited in comparison with the raw material base of the aluminum industry.

Stocks copper ores concentrated mainly in Asia (India, Indonesia, etc.), Africa (Zimbabwe, Zambia, DRC), North America (USA, Canada) and CIS countries (Russia, Kazakhstan). Resources of copper ores are also available in Latin America (Mexico, Panama, Peru, Chile), Europe (Germany, Poland, Yugoslavia), as well as in Australia and Oceania (Australia, Papua New Guinea). Leading in copper ore reserves Chile, USA, Canada, DR Congo, Zambia, Peru, Australia, Kazakhstan, China.

Provision of the world economy with explored reserves of copper ores with the current volume of their annual production is approximately 56 years.

By reserves polymetallic ores containing lead, zinc, as well as copper, tin, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, gold, silver, selenium, tellurium, sulfur, the leading positions in the world are occupied by the countries of North America (USA, Canada), Latin America (Mexico, Peru), as well as Australia. The resources of polymetallic ores are located in the countries of Western Europe (Ireland, Germany), Asia (China, Japan) and the CIS countries (Kazakhstan, Russia).

Place of Birth zinc are available in 70 countries of the world, the availability of their reserves, taking into account the growth in demand for this metal, is more than 40 years. Australia, Canada, USA, Russia, Kazakhstan and China have the largest reserves. These countries account for more than 50% of the world's zinc ore reserves.

World deposits tin ores are found in Southeast Asia, mainly in China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Other large deposits are located in South America (Bolivia, Peru, Brazil) and in Australia.

If we compare economically developed countries and developing countries in terms of their share in the resources of various types of ore raw materials, then it is obvious that the former have a sharp predominance in the resources of platinum, vanadium, chromites, gold, manganese, lead, zinc, tungsten, and the latter in the resources of cobalt, bauxite, tin, nickel, copper.

uranium ores form the basis of modern nuclear energy. Uranium is very widespread in the earth's crust. Potentially, its reserves are estimated at 10 million tons. However, it is economically profitable to develop only those deposits whose ores contain at least 0.1% uranium, and the production cost does not exceed $80 per 1 kg. The explored reserves of such uranium in the world amount to 1.4 million tons. They are located in Australia, Canada, the USA, South Africa, Niger, Brazil, Namibia, as well as in Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Diamonds are usually formed at depths of 100-200 km, where the temperature reaches 1100-1300 ° C, and the pressure is 35-50 kilobars. Such conditions favor the metamorphosis of carbon into diamond. After spending billions of years at great depths, diamonds are brought to the surface by kimberlig magma during volcanic explosions, thus forming primary deposits of diamonds - kimberlite pipes. The first of these pipes was discovered in southern Africa in the province of Kimberley, after this province they began to call the pipes kimberlite, and the rock containing precious diamonds, kimberlite. To date, thousands of kimberlite pipes have been found, but only a few dozen of them are profitable.

Currently, diamonds are mined from two types of deposits: primary (kimberlite and lamproite pipes) and secondary - placers. The main part of diamond reserves, 68.8%, is concentrated in Africa, about 20% - in Australia, 11.1% - in South and North America; Asia accounts for only 0.3%. Diamond deposits have been discovered in South Africa, Brazil, India, Canada, Australia, Russia, Botswana, Angola, Sierra Lsona, Namibia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, etc. Botswana, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Angola, Namibia and DR Congo.

Nonmetallic mineral resources- these are, first of all, mineral chemical raw materials (sulfur, phosphorites, potassium salts), as well as building materials, refractory raw materials, graphite, etc. They are widespread, occurring both on platforms and in folded areas.

For example, in hot dry conditions, salts accumulated in shallow seas and coastal lagoons.

Potassium salts are used as raw materials for the production of mineral fertilizers. The largest deposits of potassium salts are located in Canada (Saskatchewan basin), Russia (the Solikamsk and Bereznyaki deposits in the Perm Territory), Belarus (Starobinskoye), Ukraine (Kalushskoye, Stebnikskoye), as well as in Germany, France, and the USA. With the current annual production of potash salts, proven reserves will last for 70 years.

Sulfur It is used primarily to produce sulfuric acid, the vast majority of which is used in the production of phosphate fertilizers, pesticides, and also in the pulp and paper industry. In agriculture, sulfur is used to control pests. The United States, Mexico, Poland, France, Germany, Iran, Japan, Ukraine, Turkmenistan have significant reserves of native sulfur.

The reserves of individual types of mineral raw materials are not the same. The need for mineral resources is constantly growing, which means that the size of their production is growing. Mineral resources are exhaustible, non-renewable natural resources, therefore, despite the discovery and development of new deposits, the availability of mineral resources is declining.

Resource availability is the ratio between the amount of (explored) natural resources and the amount of their use. It is expressed either in the number of years that a particular resource should last at a given level of consumption, or in its per capita reserves at current rates of extraction or use. The resource supply with mineral resources is determined by the number of years for which this mineral should be enough.

According to the calculations of scientists, the world's general geological reserves of mineral fuel at the current level of production can be enough for more than 1000 years. However, if we take into account the reserves available for extraction, as well as the constant growth in consumption, this provision can be reduced by several times.

For economic use, the most beneficial are territorial combinations of mineral resources, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials.

Only a few countries in the world have significant reserves of many types of mineral resources. Among them are Russia, the USA, China.

Many states have deposits of one or more types of world-class resources. For example, the countries of the Near and Middle East - oil and gas; Chile, Zaire, Zambia - copper, Morocco and Nauru - phosphorites, etc.

Rice. 1. Principles of rational nature management

The rational use of resources is important - more complete processing of extracted minerals, their integrated use, etc. (Fig. 1).

Target. Learn to mark mineral deposits on a contour map, compare an atlas map with a contour map, correctly apply symbols and signatures.

Equipment. Map "Mineral Resources RUSSIA", geographic atlases, contour maps, rulers, colored pencils.

Briefing. Using the generally accepted conventional signs of minerals, comparing atlas maps with contour maps and linking deposits to geographical objects, plot the largest mineral deposits.

When drawing up a contour map, observe the following requirements:

1) make conventional signs and signatures clearly, accurately, use different colors if necessary;

2) do signatures of deposits along parallels;

3) arrange all explanations in the conventional signs of the contour map.

Nomenclature.

Peat deposits. North of the European part: (Moscow, Gorky, Kirov regions), West Siberian Plain.

Coal deposits. Kuzbass, Karaganda basin, Pechora basin, Moscow region basin, Ekibastuz, Kansk-Achinsk basin, South Yakutsk basin.

Oil fields. Central part of Western Siberia (Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Megion, etc.); Volga-Ural oil and gas province (Mishinskoye, Buguruslanskoye, Zhigulevskoye); Eastern coast of the Caspian Sea (Prorva, Uzen, Cheleken), North Caucasus Komi ASSR (Usinsk);

Gas fields. North and north-west of the West Siberian Plain (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhskoye), Volga-Uralskoye (Stepnoye, Orenburgskoye), North Caucasian (Stavropolskoye, Berezanskoye), Komi ASSR (Vuktylskoye, Voyvolzhskoye).

iron ore deposits. Kursk magnetic anomaly (KMA), Krivoy Rog, Kerch, Kostomuksh, Kachkanar, Sokolov, Sarbai, Taiga.

Natural resources of the Russian Federation, their assessment

Russia is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources. The Russian Federation has a huge and diverse in terms of species composition (more than 200 species) natural resource potential. In terms of the volume and variety of Russia's natural resources, there are practically no equals in the world. According to the calculations of scientists, the Russian Federation is provided with reserves of coal, iron ore, potash salts and phosphate raw materials for 2-3 centuries. Significant forest, water resources, gas and oil reserves. The population of Russia is 2.4% of the population of our planet, and the territory of the Russian Federation is 10% of the earth. At the same time, ~ 45% of the world's natural gas reserves, 13% of oil, 23% of coal are concentrated in the Russian Federation, 0.87 hectares of arable land per capita, the territory in Russia is covered with forests, constituting 22% of the world's "forest" surface. In terms of reserves of certain types of natural resources, Russia holds the first or one of the first places in the world (1st - in gas, timber, iron ore, potash, hydro resources; in terms of oil reserves - 3rd place in the world). Russia is also rich in bauxites, nickel, tin, gold, diamonds, platinum, lead, zinc. Many of these resources are located in Siberia, where long distances, sparse population, harsh climate and permafrost make it difficult to economically extract and transport raw materials to places of processing and consumption.

1) Water resources

Water is the basis of life on the planet. Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans, as well as the inland Caspian Sea. On the territory of Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other objects of the water fund. The lower reaches of large rivers are best provided with water resources. An increased level of water supply is characteristic of the humid zones (tundra and forest) of Russia. Of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Kamchatka Region (without autonomous districts), the Sakhalin Region, and the Jewish Autonomous Region have the highest indicators. In the center and south of the European part of the country, where the main population of Russia is concentrated, the zone of satisfactory water supply is limited to the Volga valley and the mountainous regions of the Caucasus. Of the administrative entities, the greatest shortage of water resources is noted in Kalmykia and the Rostov region. The situation is slightly better in the Stavropol Territory, the southern regions of the Central Chernozem Region and in the southern Trans-Urals.

Total water resources of Russia

Fresh water resources are approximately 790 km 3 /year. More than a third of potential resources are concentrated in the European part of the country. The most explored probable resources are in the Kaliningrad region - 87.9%, the least - from 2.5 to 4.8% - in the north and north-west of Russia, as well as in the Siberian and Far Eastern regions.

Data on the total resources and reserves of fresh water in Russia are given in the table

2) Land resources

Lands located within the Russian Federation constitute the land fund of the country. According to the current legislation and established practice, the state registration of land in the Russian Federation is carried out by category of land and land.

In accordance with the data of the state statistical reporting, the area of ​​the land fund of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2005 amounted to 1,709.8 million hectares.

Rice. The structure of the land fund of the Russian Federation by land categories

Distribution of the land fund of the Russian Federation by categories, mln. ha

Land resources are the natural basis for agricultural production. The most significant resources of highly productive lands are in the black earth regions, especially in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga-Don interfluve, in the flat part of the North Caucasus and the steppe Trans-Urals. Lands of medium agricultural quality occupy vast areas in the non-chernozem regions of European Russia. There are local plots of land with a satisfactory agricultural potential in southern Siberia, in the south of the Far East, and even in the alas zone of Yakutia.

There is a noticeable underutilization of the agricultural potential in industrialized regions - the Moscow region, Kuzbass, Samara and Rostov regions. Under such conditions, only large farms (or powerful cooperation) specializing in the food supply of industrial cities are able to compete with factories for personnel and investments.

For the north of Siberia - from the Urals to Chukotka, one can also talk about the presence of certain reserves for the production of agricultural products (in particular, reindeer breeding).

3) Hydropower resources

Russia has huge hydropower resources.

But they are used by less than 20%. Most of the hydropower resources are in Siberia and the Far East (80%). They are especially large in the basins of the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Angara, Irtysh, and Amur rivers. The rivers of the North Caucasus are rich in hydropower resources.

The importance of rivers for the development of inter-regional and intra-economic relations is great. Russia has the most extensive river network in the world; the length of navigable river routes in Russia is over 400 thousand km.

4) Fuel resources

A feature of the distribution of fuel resources on the territory of Russia is the high localization and remoteness of the most productive and intensively used deposits. As a result, the centers of production and consumption of resources are separated from each other by huge distances, even by the scale of Russia.

The unique significance for the fuel and energy supply of the country of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts is well known. The regions of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province - Tataria, Udmurtia, Samara and Orenburg (to a lesser extent Perm), as well as Komi, Kuzbass and Yakutia, have an increased, relative to the average Russian level, the potential of natural fuel. There is a natural decrease in the resource potential in regions with a long age of active exploitation of deposits.

5) Biological resources

Flora: in Russia there are 11,400 species of vascular plants; 1370 - bryophytes; more than 9,000 algae, about 3,000 lichen species, more than 30,000 fungi.

1363 species have various beneficial properties, of which 1103 species are used in medicine

It should be noted that according to some estimates, the volume of commercial stocks of wild plants is about 50% of biological stocks.

Wildlife: The territory of Russia is huge - over 17 million square kilometers. Natural conditions are very diverse. Therefore, a significant part of the world's biological diversity is located in our country. There are about 1513 species of vertebrates in Russia:

320 species of mammals,

732 species of birds,

80 species of reptiles,

29 species of amphibians,

343 species of freshwater fish,

9 species of cyclostomes.

In addition, about 1,500 species of marine fish live in the seas washing our country.

As for the fauna of invertebrates, it has up to 150,000 species, of which 97 percent are insects.

And many of these species exist only in our country, they are not found anywhere else in the world. Scientists call these species endemic.

6) Forest resources

Russia is the largest forest power. The area of ​​the forest fund and forests that are not included in the forest fund exceeds 1180 million hectares in the Russian Federation. In terms of forest supply, Russia ranks first in the world, having about 1/5 of the world's forest plantations and timber reserves, and in relation to boreal and temperate forests it is practically a monopolist, having 2/3 of the world's reserves. The forest fund of the Russian Federation, stretching for many thousands of kilometers from the pine forests of the Curonian Spit on the shores of the Baltic Sea to the birch forests of Kamchatka and the spruce forests of Northern Sakhalin, from the scarce dwarf vegetation of the north of the Kola Subpolar Region to the richest in species composition forests of the Black Sea, occupies 69% of the country's land. At the same time, the level of forest cover (the ratio of the area covered with forest to the entire territory) in Russia as a whole is 45.3%.

The forests of Russia are rich in animals and game.

7) Mineral resources

Russia has a rich and varied mineral resource base. Under the mineral resources (mineral resources) is understood the totality of minerals discovered in the bowels of the earth as a result of geological exploration and available for industrial use. Mineral resources are among the non-renewable types of natural resources. Mineral raw materials extracted from the depths and products of their processing provide the vast majority of energy, 90% of heavy industry products, about one fifth of all consumer goods.

A distinctive feature of the mineral resource base of Russia is its complexity - it includes almost all types of minerals: fuel and energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium); ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chrome ores); non-ferrous and rare metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum raw materials, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony, mercury, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, rhenium, scandium, strontium, etc.); precious metals (gold, silver, platinoids) and diamonds; non-metallic minerals (apatite, phosphorite, potassium and table salts, fluorspar, mica-muscovite, talc, magnesium, graphite, barite, piezo-optical raw materials, precious and ornamental stones, etc.).

The mineral resource potential of Russia is generally sufficient for an independent and effective economic policy. Russia accounts for almost 1/2 of the world's coal resources, about 1/7 of the world's oil reserves and 1/3 of natural gas. Russia, along with Canada, the USA, Australia, South Africa, France, and Niger, is a major producer and exporter of enriched uranium. The main deposits are located in Eastern Siberia, the Northern region, etc. Large resources of mineral raw materials are contained in the bowels under the waters of the internal and external seas of Russia (shelves, continental slopes), in coastal and bottom sediments of these seas. The bowels of the shelves have large deposits of oil and gas; in the coastal bottom sediments of the seas, accumulations of tin, gold, titanium, zirconium, iron, manganese, etc. are concentrated mainly in the form of coastal placers.

8) Recreational resources

Recreational resources include natural and cultural-historical complexes and their elements, each of which has its own specifics.

Recreational resources are a complex of physical, biological and energy-informational elements and forces of nature, which are used in the process of restoration and development of the physical and spiritual forces of a person, his ability to work and health. Almost all natural resources have recreational and tourist potential, but the degree of its use is different and depends on the recreational demand and specialization of the region.

There are areas in Russia where recreational activity is the defining industry in the structure of their social reproduction. It includes a network of recreational enterprises and organizations. The greatest wealth in terms of recreational resources are zones of mixed forests and forest-steppe. Of the mountainous regions, the Caucasus is of the greatest interest. The Altai Territory and a number of eastern mountainous regions are promising.

PR placements by regions

The distribution of natural resources in Russia is extremely uneven. This is due to differences in climatic and tectonic processes occurring on Earth, various conditions for the formation of minerals in past geological epochs.

In nature, resources are not located separately, but in the form of their complex combinations located in certain areas. Large combinations of resources of national importance and covering vast territories are called natural bases. There are several of them on the territory of Russia: in the Eastern Zone - South Siberian, North Siberian, North Eastern, Primorskaya; in the Western Zone - North European, Central, Ural-Volga.

Almost all types of resources (except for iron ores and potash salts) are concentrated in the eastern regions (in Siberia and the Far East), and the main consumers are in the European part of Russia. This leads to the need to transport huge masses of goods from east to west.

Resources in the European part of Russia have been used much more intensively than in the eastern regions, and at present their reserves are largely depleted. This is especially true for the forest resources of the European North, the oil and gas reserves of the Volga region and the North Caucasus, the chernozem soils of the steppes and forest-steppes (they have reduced humus content, deteriorated mechanical properties, most of them are subject to erosion, etc.). Therefore, in the European part of Russia, a careful attitude to resources is required, and most importantly, a reduction in the resource intensity of the economy in order to produce more finished products from a smaller amount of resources.

In Siberia and the Far East, in recent decades, they have tried to locate the most resource-intensive industries (electricity, heat and water). The eastern regions are now the main fuel and energy base of Russia, the main producer of non-ferrous metals. Raw material bases are increasingly shifting to the east and north - areas rich in resources, but with harsh natural conditions. Naturally, their extraction there is much more difficult and more expensive. Environmental spending has increased in recent years, especially in the extractive industries. This trend is intensifying.

70% of oil reserves are concentrated in Western Siberia. There are significant reserves in the Far East and Eastern Siberia. More than 80% of the gas is also located in the north of Western Siberia. There are giant deposits here, including those that are among the ten largest in the world. There is a certain potential for gas reserves in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

The distribution of forest resources is mainly zonal in nature.

The maximum reserves are available in the regions of the taiga zone (Irkutsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, the central part of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the European part of the country - Kostroma and Novgorod regions). To the north and south of the central part of the forest zone of the country, there is a noticeable decrease in timber reserves per unit area.

In addition, the central part of Russia, in the course of long-term economic development, has lost a significant part of its forests. The steppe zone itself and the tundra are the most forest-deficient regions of Russia.

Complete the definition: Minerals are

In the south of the country, a local focus of forest resources is noted in the mountain forests of the Caucasus. The forest potential of semi-desert Kalmykia has the minimum value in the country.

Coal deposits are more differentiated. However, the Eastern regions account for more than 90% of all coal reserves. The first place in terms of coal reserves is occupied by Western Siberia ~ 50%, Eastern Siberia accounts for >30%, in the Far East - 9%. In the Eastern regions (Siberia and the Far East) there are deposits that are among the ten largest coal basins in the world (Kuznetsk, Lena, Tunguska, Taimyr, Kansk-Achinsk).

Russia has a large hydro potential - 2500 billion kWh (of which it is technically possible to use 1670 billion kWh). 86% of hydropower resources are also in the eastern districts, only 53% - in the Far East. The Angara-Yenisei cascade of 5 HPPs was created, 4 of them are large.

In Western Siberia there is the world's largest artesian basin.

Thermal springs are known in Kamchatka - the Valley of Geysers (~70 springs), in Chukotka (~13 springs), in Altai, in Buryatia. In 1967, the Pauzhetskaya Geothermal Power Plant (GTPP) was built.

There are significant reserves of iron ore in Gornaya Shoria in the south of the Kemerovo region, the Angara-Ilim basin (Irkutsk region), etc.

Reserves of manganese ores are small in the Kemerovo region. - Usinsky.

There are known reserves of nephelines in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit).

The promising deposits include deposits of cuprous sandstones - Udokanskoye (Chita region).

Copper-nickel ores are concentrated in the Norilsk region in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Polymetallic ores are concentrated in Transbaikalia - Nerchinskoye deposit, Primorsky Krai - Dalnegorskoye.

Large deposits of tin are concentrated in the Pacific ore belt and Eastern Transbaikalia. Kavalerovo - Primorsky Territory, Komsomolskoye - Khabarovsk Territory, Esse-Khaya - the Republic of Sakha, Sherlovaya Gora and Khapcheranga in the Chita Region.

Certain reserves of natural resources are concentrated in the European part of the country, including the Urals. It is necessary to single out the iron ore reserves of the KMA in the Central Chernobyl region with a high iron content in the ore. KMA reserves account for 55% of iron ore reserves in the country.

More than 9% of oil is concentrated in the Urals. There are oil reserves in the North Caucasus.

The potential of natural gas in the North Caucasus is noticeable. Significant reserves of gas - condensate - in the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan region) and in the Urals (Orenburg region).

There are reserves of coal in the Pechora basin (Komi Republic) and the eastern wing of the Donbass.

In the Urals, reserves of manganese ores are concentrated (Sverdlovsk region), bauxite - in the north of Sverdlovsk region, nickel-cobalt ores - Khamilovskoye (Orenburg region)

On the Kola Peninsula - appatite-nepheline and copper-nickel ores.

In the Komi Republic - bauxites - the South Timansky bauxite region, as well as in the Arkhangelsk and Leningrad regions (Boksitogorsk).

In the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania - polymetallic ores - the Sadonskoye deposit.

SULFUR INDUSTRY (a. sulphur industry; n. Schwefelindustrie; f. industrie du soufre; and. industrie de azufre) is a branch of the chemical industry that unites enterprises for the production of elemental natural and gaseous (associated) sulfur. Natural sulfur is obtained from sulfur ore deposits, gas sulfur is obtained from the purification of natural gases, gases from oil refining, non-ferrous metallurgy and other industries.

In Russia, they knew how to extract “fuel-filled sulfur” from hydrogen sulfide springs in a number of places in the Northern Territory. In the middle of the 17th century, deposits of native sulfur were discovered in the Samara and Kazan Volga regions. Mining it in small quantities has been carried out since the time of Peter I. By the beginning of the 20th century. its production ceased, and from 1911 Russia imported sulfur from other countries. In 1913, 26,000 tons of sulfur were imported into the country.

The first sulfur mine in the USSR was put into operation in the Crimea (Chekur-Koyash) in 1930. Then, autoclave sulfur plants (on the basis of the Karakum sulfur deposits) and the Shorsu mine in the Uzbek CCP were put into operation, where a combined method of smelting natural sulfur was first implemented. In 1934, sulfur enterprises were put into operation in the Volga region and the Turkmen CCP, where the combined method of obtaining sulfur was also used. This made it possible to increase the volume of natural sulfur production in the country to 40,000 tons per year. At the same time, the production of gas sulfur from non-ferrous metallurgy waste and coke production was developing. With the production of gaseous sulfur at the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant, the volume of its production in the country by 1940 was increased to 50,000 tons per year. In the 50s. Native sulfur deposits were discovered in Ciscarpathia, on the basis of which the Rozdolsky (1958) and Yavorovsky (1970) mining and chemical plants were put into operation. In the same years, the underground smelting method (SWS) was widely introduced into the practice of mining operations, which makes it possible to extract sulfur reserves that are not available for open-pit mining. There is an increase in production capacities for the processing of natural sulfur at the Gaurdak sulfur plant and Kuibyshev, the production of gas sulfur obtained during the purification of natural and coke oven gases, sour oils, and off-gases of non-ferrous metallurgy is being intensively developed. Gas sulfur production increased with the commissioning of the Mubarek (1970), Orenburg (1974) and Astrakhan (1986) gas processing plants. The dynamics of elemental sulfur production is given in fig. For industrial-genetic types and location of deposits, see Sulfur ores.

About 50% of all reserves can be developed by open pit mining with subsequent enrichment and smelting of sulfur from concentrates. The rest of the reserves are suitable for mining by the PVA method. Developed fields: Yazovskoye, Nemirovskoye, Rozdolskoye, Podorozhnenskoye, Zagaipolskoye in the Precarpathian region, Vodinskoye in the Middle Volga region, Gaurdakskoye in Central Asia. The largest enterprises for the processing of natural sulfur are the Rozdol and Yavoriv production associations and the Gaurdak sulfur plant.

Minerals in Russia

Natural sulfur is obtained by a combined method (autoclave or reagentless) by smelting it from a flotation concentrate during the enrichment of sulfur ores. In open-pit mining, the technological scheme for beneficiation of sulfur ores includes: crushing, fine grinding in the aquatic environment and flotation (for details, see Native sulfur). The total sulfur recovery in the combined method is 82-86%. The coefficient of extraction of sulfur from the bowels of the underground smelting 40%. The depth of development is from 120 to 600 m, sometimes more.

Technical gas sulfur is obtained from hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide during the purification of natural and associated gases, gases of the oil refining industry and non-ferrous metallurgy. Hydrogen sulfide is isolated from gases by absorption methods. Obtaining sulfur from gases (from sulfur dioxide, etc.) is carried out by reducing it with methane, coal, etc. There are many technological schemes and modes, the effectiveness of which depends mainly on the content of sulfur-containing compounds in the processing raw materials.

Associated sulfur is obtained from the gases of the Orenburg field and the Astrakhan field, the gases of which contain up to 27% hydrogen sulfide.

The main types of products obtained from natural and gas sulfur are lump and liquid sulfur. GOST 127-76 "Technical sulfur" also provides for the production of granulated, ground and flaked sulfur. The specified GOST defines the production of 4 grades of natural sulfur (sulfur content from 99.2 to 99.95%) and 3 grades of gas sulfur (from 99 to 99.98%). For each variety, the norms for the mass fraction of various impurities (%) are established: ash 0.05-0.4, acid 0.002-0.002, organic matter 0.01-0.5, moisture 0.1-1, arsenic up to 0.005, etc.

The management of the natural sulfur production industry is carried out by the All-Union Association "Soyuzsera" of the Ministry for the Production of Mineral Fertilizers of the CCCP. The association is in charge of the branch institute of VNIPIser, Rozdol and Yavoriv production associations, as well as Gaurdak and Kuibyshev sulfur plants. Associated sulfur production enterprises are mainly subordinated to the ministries of gas, oil refining industry, and non-ferrous metallurgy.

In the socialist countries, the sulfur industry is developed in the GDR, KHP, Romania and Poland (for more details, see the section "Mining" in articles about these countries).

Sulfur is mined and released in about 60 industrialized capitalist and developing countries. Until the beginning of the 50s. 20th century it was obtained from native ores, from pyrite as the main one, and from ores of sulfurous metals as by-products. In the 50-60s. the technology of obtaining sulfur during the purification of natural gas is widely spread. A similar technology began to be used in oil refining, which led to a significant increase in the extraction of sulfur from gases during oil cracking. The main product is elemental sulfur. The leading producers of sulfur are countries that carry out large-scale extraction of natural gas and oil or have large reserves of native sulfur, which is extracted depending on the conditions of occurrence by an open method or a borehole method. Poor ores are pre-enriched. To extract sulfur from rich ores and concentrates in industry, a combined method is used. For deep-seated rich sulfur ores, underground smelting is used.

Among the industrialized capitalist and developing countries, the largest deposits of native sulfur are located in Iraq, Mexico, the USA, and Chile. The total production of all types of sulfur in these countries in 1986 exceeded 36.7 million tons, with most of the total production accounted for by the industrially developed capitalist countries (table).

About 51% of all sulfur was produced in the USA and Canada. In the United States, sulfur production in 1986 amounted to about 12 million tons, of which about 5.8 million tons was elemental reduced sulfur obtained during oil refining, from natural and coke oven gases, 4 million tons was native sulfur extracted by the borehole method, and 1.1 million tons - sulfur contained in sulfuric acid obtained as a by-product in the metallurgical processing of non-ferrous metals, as well as in pyrite, sulphurous anhydride and hydrogen sulfide.

In Canada, sulfur is obtained mainly during the purification of natural gas and oil cracking (87%), as well as from pyrite concentrates, etc.

Japan occupies the third place in the production of sulfur: 2.5 million tons in 1986, of which about 1.2 million tons were obtained as by-products of metallurgical production, 1 million tons from natural gas refining and oil cracking and 0.2 million tons from pyrite.

Traditionally, native sulfur deposits have been the main source of sulfur, but the production of reduced sulfur is growing at a faster pace. In 1986 more than two-thirds of the total output of all types of sulfur in the industrialized capitalist and developing countries accounted for reduced sulfur. The largest amount of this type of sulfur is produced in Canada, the USA, France, Germany and the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia.

The extraction of native sulfur in the industrially developed capitalist and developing countries in 1986 amounted to 6.2 million tons; since the beginning of the 80s. the level of production is constantly decreasing. It is mined mainly in the USA, Mexico, Iraq, Chile.

Pyrite is an important fossil sulfur-bearing raw material, the extraction of which, like native sulfur, tends to decrease. In 1985, the world production of pyrite (without the socialist countries) amounted to 4.2 million in terms of sulfur, most of the production fell on the countries of Western Europe. The main producers are Spain (30% of all production), South Africa, Japan, USA, Italy.

The main exporters of sulfur are Canada, the USA, Mexico and France, however, competition from the oil-producing states of the Near and Middle East is increasing. Over 1/2 of the exports of the industrially developed capitalist and developing countries are granulated sulfur (the main supplier is Canada), about 35% is liquid (Canada and Mexico), and the rest is lumpy.

Natural mineral resources are unevenly distributed.

Their placement on our planet is subject to geological laws. Fuel minerals (coal, oil, natural gas, shale, peat) are of sedimentary origin and are associated with the cover of ancient platforms and its troughs. The first place in terms of reserves among fuel resources is occupied by coal. Its geological reserves are almost 15 trillion. tons, and explored -1139 billion tons. World coal resources are located in 10 largest basins.

Topic: "Drawing the main mineral deposits on the contour map of Russia."

In Russia - Tunguska, Lena, Taimyr, Kansk-Achinsk (bur.), Kuznetsk, Pechora; in Ukraine - Donetsk; in the USA - Appalachian, Western; in Germany, the Ruhr. There are significant coal reserves in India, China, Australia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Great Britain and other countries.

Oil and gas resources are located in Asia, North America, Africa. There are 50 giant oil fields in the world with reserves of 500 million tons. More than 50% of them are in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Gas giants (about 20 fields) are located in Russia and Iran. Oil and gas production is carried out in Romania, the Netherlands, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and other countries.

Ore minerals are located in the foundation of platforms or in their shields, as well as in folded areas, forming ore belts. These are the "tin", "copper" Pacific belts. The Iron Ore Belt covers eastern South America and western Africa. Russia, Ukraine, Canada, the USA, Sweden, China have iron ore reserves,

India, South Africa, Australia. In the bowels of developing countries, 90% of cobalt, tin, 75% of bauxite, 60% of copper are concentrated. Aluminum ores are found in Australia, France, Russia, Hungary, China, Croatia, Bosnia, Brazil, Guyana, Jamaica.

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The placement of different minerals depends on the conditions under which they were formed. The formation of certain minerals is affected by the depth of occurrence, temperature, pressure, the presence of active magma chambers nearby, etc.

Magma is introduced from the depths of the earth along the fault lines of the earth's crust, and ore minerals are formed. Accordingly, they are of igneous origin.
Ores usually lie deep. But if the area of ​​their formation is subjected to destruction under the action of external forces or rises so that deep sections of the earth's crust are on the surface, then ore deposits are close to the surface or even on it. There are ore minerals in the area of ​​shields of ancient platforms (Baltic, Baltic shields), rejuvenated mountains of Paleozoic or Mesozoic folding (Urals, Appalachians).

Gold, silver, iron, copper, platinum and other metals are extracted from ore minerals.

Non-metallic minerals include oil, natural gas, coal, peat, salts. All of them are of sedimentary origin. This means that their formation is associated with processes occurring on the surface or in the upper layer of the earth's crust.

Minerals of Russia

Many minerals accumulated in the past in swamps, at the bottom of reservoirs and oceans. This led to the formation of oil and natural gas deposits (for example, in the West Siberian Plain).

Marble and some other building materials were formed during the metamorphism (change) of rocks. This happens at great depths, there is high pressure and temperature.

Minerals are also mined in the oceans, especially on the shelf. Usually these are oil, natural gas, coal, sulfur and iron ore.

About the journal

Scientific and technical journal in Russian
«MINERAL RESOURCES OF RUSSIA. ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT"
ISSN 0869-3188

Re-registered by the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media
Mass media registration certificate PI No. FS 77 - 67315 dated September 30, 2016

Founders:

• Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation
• Joint Stock Company "Rosgeologia"
• Public organization "Russian Geological Society" (ROSGEO)

Magazine publisher: RG-Inform LLC

Subjects of materials published in the journal covers the problems of development and development of the resource base of the most important types of minerals both in the country as a whole and in its individual regions, the most important problems of the economy associated with subsoil use, including investment in geological exploration and mining, problems of managing the state subsoil fund and processes subsoil use, as well as legislative support for subsoil use.

The journal discusses the status and development prospects of the oil and gas and mining industries, including their technical and technological equipment, the activities of individual companies, the national and world mineral raw materials markets, and international cooperation issues.

Journal headings:

• Editor-in-chief column
• Geological exploration and resource base
• Economics and Management
• Legal support
• Companies and projects
• Technics and techology
• Market of mineral raw materials
• Foreign experience and international cooperation
• News and information

The magazine is distributed by subscription and direct mail in Russia, the CIS countries and far abroad, as well as at conferences, seminars, exhibitions. Circulation - 1000 copies.

Index in the all-Russian catalog "Rospechat" - 73252

Various complexes of minerals in the territory of Eurasia, as well as on other continents, correspond to certain geological structures. The rocks of the Precambrian basement of the platforms contain gold, precious stones, reserves of uranium ores, and diamonds (the Hindustan Peninsula, Sri Lanka, the Siberian Platform). The richest deposits of ores of various metals are confined to the outcrops of igneous and metamorphic rocks in the ledges of the platform foundations (on shields). For example, iron ores are mined in Scandinavia, in northeast China, on the Hindustan Peninsula. Along the eastern outskirts of the mainland, in the areas of Hercynian and Mesozoic folding, a belt of mountain structures rich in ores of tin, tungsten and other rare and non-ferrous metals stretches for many thousands of kilometers.

In many intermountain troughs of the earth's crust, the richest reserves of oil and gas have accumulated. Of particular importance are the deposits of the Mesopotamian foothill trough - the oil and gas region of the Persian Gulf (Iraq, southern Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia). About half of the actual oil reserves of foreign countries are concentrated in this area. The southeastern oil and gas region of Eurasia, covering southeastern China, Burma, Thailand, part of the islands of the Malay Archipelago (Sumatra Island) and the adjacent shelf of the South China Sea, is also considered promising. Oil has also been discovered on the continental shelf of the seas of the Arctic Ocean (for example, the Kara Sea).

Oil and gas fields (Volga-Ural oil and gas region, fields in Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, underwater fields of the North Sea); a number of oil fields are confined to the Neogene deposits of foothill and intermountain troughs - Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy, etc. Large deposits in Transcaucasia, on the West Siberian Plain, on the Cheleken Peninsula, Nebit-Dag, etc.; in areas adjacent to the coast of the Persian Gulf contains about 1/2 of the total oil reserves of foreign countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iraq, southwest Iran). In addition, oil is produced in China, Indonesia, India, Brunei. There are deposits of combustible gas in Uzbekistan, on the West Siberian Plain in the countries of the Near and Middle East.

In tectonic depressions filled with strata of sedimentary rocks, deposits of coal, various salts, oil and gas strata were formed. This is the "Carboniferous axis of Europe" - the coal basins of Russia, deposits on the Great Chinese Plain, in the depressions of Mongolia, Hindustan and some other areas of the mainland.
Deposits of hard and brown coal are being developed - Donetsk, Lvov-Volyn, Moscow, Pechersk, Upper Silesian, Ruhr, Welsh basins, Karaganda basin, Mangyshlak peninsula, Caspian lowland, Sakhalin, Siberia (Kuznetsk, Minusinsk, Tunguska basin), eastern parts of China, Korea and the eastern regions of the Hindustan peninsula.

Powerful deposits of iron ore are being developed in the Urals, Ukraine, the Kola Peninsula, deposits in Sweden are of great importance. A large deposit of manganese ores is located in the Nikopol region. There are deposits in Kazakhstan, in the Angaro-Ilimsk region of the Siberian platform, within the Aldan shield; in China, North Korea and India.

Bauxite deposits are known in the Urals and in the regions of the East European Platform, India, Burma, and Indonesia.

Non-ferrous metal ores are distributed mainly in the Hercynide belt (Germany, Spain, Bulgaria, in the Upper Silesian basin of Poland). In India and Transcaucasia there are the largest deposits of manganese. In the northwestern part of Kazakhstan, in Turkey, the Philippines and Iran there are deposits of chromium ores. The region of Norilsk is rich in nickel, Kazakhstan, the North of Siberia, Japan are rich in copper ores; in the regions of the Far East, Eastern Siberia, Burma, Thailand, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia, there are deposits of tin.

Deposits of rock and potassium salts are widespread among the Devonian and Permian deposits of Ukraine, Belarus, the Caspian and Cis-Urals.

Rich deposits of apatite-nepheline ores are being developed on the Kola Peninsula.

Large salt-bearing deposits of Permian and Triassic age are confined to the territories of Denmark, Germany, Poland, and France. Salt deposits are found in the Cambrian deposits of the Siberian Platform, Pakistan, and southern Iran, as well as in the Permian deposits of the Caspian Lowland.

Yakut and Indian diamonds are associated with volcanism that manifested itself on ancient platforms. Diamonds are found in the crystalline basement of ancient platforms that fell into the compression zone of the lithosphere. Squeezed, the platforms split, and the mantle substance penetrated into the cracks in the foundation. This process is called trap magmatism (or volcanism). Very high pressure in the fractures led to the formation of concentric structures - explosion pipes, or kimberlite pipes. And in them - diamonds - the hardest minerals on Earth.

News and Events

Since the development of the fields in the Erginsky cluster, which began in 2017, Rosneft has produced five million tons of oil. Outstripping production growth at the project is ensured within...

The day before, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu arrived in Italy, where he took part in a meeting with his Italian counterpart. During the meeting, issues of international security were discussed, including...

The Russian government has refused to introduce a tax on associated petroleum gas (APG), - Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov on February 6 approved a package of stimulus measures for the development of petrochemical ...

Israel has begun exporting natural gas to Egypt via an underwater pipeline from its Leviathan offshore gas field in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Egyptian-Israeli...

Dubai and Abu Dhabi have made the world's largest natural gas discovery since 2005 as the two regions of the country push for energy self-sufficiency by the United...

Gazprom will undertake seismic exploration work in Bhol to find gas and oil together with Bapex, the Oil Exploration and Production Company of the Republic of Bangladesh.

Currently and...

Information

Rosneft produced five million tons of oil at the Erginsky cluster of fields
Shoigu: US openly rob Syria
Russia refuses to introduce a tax on APG

Directory of organizations and enterprises

develops mineral deposits, manages its own capital, increasing its value and liquidity.

Mining, outsourcing, repair of quarry equipment.

The company creates high-performance equipment for all the main links in the chain of open pit mining and mineral processing: drilling rigs, walking (draglines)...

Branch: FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALLURGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS, DEVELOPMENT OF DEPOSITS OF MINERAL RESOURCES, EXPLORATION OF NON-FERROUS ORES.

Plant protection products Organic Fertilizers Cadastral works Technical inventory, accounting Mining operations Hydrogeological works Geological exploration works...

Canadian company engaged in mineral exploration, mining of gold, silver, antimony, etc.

GOSTs, TUs, standards

The standard is intended to study the properties of overburden and enclosing rocks and their mixtures in the exploration of mineral deposits, design and implementation of reclamation work on lands disturbed during mining and...

The loss of the mass fraction of the substance during the calcination of the cord is determined according to GOST 22030-76, asbestos - depending on the deposit according to GOST 12871-83. 4.6.

deformation of the surface on which it is applied D. Flexibilitt E. Flexibility F. Souplesse Gloss Shine that appears only when...

KP Copals - fossil resins, artificial copals Organosilicon KO Organosilicon resins - polyorganosiloxane, polyorganosilazanosiloxane, silicon organourethane and other resins Xyphthalic KT Alkyd xylitophthalic resins.

5.2 Marking 5.2.1 Transport marking - in accordance with GOST 14192 with the following additional data: - clay grade and deposit name; - date of manufacture; - batch number; - designations of the state standard.

Share of titanium dioxide” for feldspar and quartz-feldspar materials of all grades is determined during the development of new deposits or areas.

Before developing mineral deposits, they need to be found, identified, and evaluated. This is an exciting but not easy task. The bowels of our planet are fraught with huge reserves of minerals. Some of them lie near the surface of the Earth, while others - at great depths, under the thickness of "empty" rock. It is especially difficult to search for hidden deposits, even an experienced geologist can pass over them without noticing anything. And here science comes to the rescue. A geologist, starting a search, must have a clear idea of ​​what and where he will look for. Science theoretically substantiates the general direction of the search for deposits: it indicates in which areas, among which rocks, and by what signs, accumulations of minerals should be sought. When searching for deposits in a particular area, a geological map is of great help to a prospecting geologist. Scientists have developed various direct and indirect methods for prospecting and exploration of minerals. They will be discussed below.

Geological map.

A geological map gives a general idea of ​​the geological structure of the area where one or another mineral is being sought. It is compiled on the basis of materials from the survey of outcrops, i.e. outcrops of bedrock (for example, in ravines, gorges and mountain slopes), as well as reference wells, from which rock samples are obtained from a depth of tens, hundreds and even thousands of meters.

The geological map shows which rocks and what age are in one place or another, in which direction they extend and sink to the depth. The map shows that some rocks are rare, while others stretch for tens and hundreds of kilometers. For example, the map indicates that granites occur in the central part of the Main Caucasian Range. There are many granites both in the Urals and in the Tien Shan. What does this tell the prospecting geologist? We already know that in the granites themselves and in igneous rocks similar to granites, one can find deposits of mica, rock crystal, lead, zinc, tin, tungsten, gold, silver, arsenic, antimony and mercury. And in dark-colored igneous rocks - dunites and peridotites - chromium, nickel, platinum, asbestos can be concentrated. Quite different minerals are associated with sedimentary rocks of different origin and age.

Geological maps of various scales have been compiled for the entire territory of the Soviet Union. In addition to the areas of distribution of various rocks, they distinguish folds, cracks and other areas in which ores can occur, as well as places where ore minerals are found. Based on these data, ore regions and larger areas are outlined - metallogenic provinces, in which signs of certain ores are established and their deposits can be found. In addition to the main maps, special forecast geological maps are compiled. Everything is put on them, even the smallest finds of minerals, as well as various indirect data that can suggest places where ore wealth is accumulated.

By analyzing the forecast map, geologists outline the most promising areas for ore prospecting, to which expeditions are sent. A geological map is a faithful and reliable assistant to a prospecting geologist. With a geological map in hand, he confidently follows the route, because he knows where not only the rocks of interest to him, but also minerals can be found. Here, for example, is how the geological map helped in the search for diamond deposits in Siberia. Geologists knew that in Yakutia there are the same igneous rocks as the diamond-bearing rocks of South Africa - kimberlites. Mineral explorers concluded that diamonds can be found in Yakutia. But where to look for tiny diamonds in the impenetrable taiga? The task seemed fantastic. And here the geological map came to the rescue. According to it, it was established in which regions of the taiga there are rocks in which or near which diamonds can be found. Geologists persistently searched for diamonds in these areas - and finally found them. It is difficult to look for minerals not only in the taiga, but also in the steppe, where only feather grass and plowed virgin lands are visible. What's under them? Who knows? This is how the steppe looks like in Western Kazakhstan, in the area of ​​Aktobe. Now geologists know that a huge array of ultrabasic rocks lies under the steppe lands. From rare beams and logs, a few natural outcrops, they found out where dunites are located - varieties of ultrabasic rocks in which deposits of chromite ores usually occur, established and mapped the boundaries and shape of their massifs.

From the map, the geologist determines where the ore is most likely to be located. But even with a map in hand, it can be difficult for a prospecting geologist to search for deposits if they are completely covered by the soil layer, hidden under the taiga thicket or water column. In addition, lead-zinc ores or chromites occur in far from every discovered limestone massif. Search features come to the rescue, accumulated by many generations of subsoil explorers or established by science.