Human cloning is the creation of its genetic copy. If an embryo is created whose stem cells will later be used for medical purposes - we are talking about therapeutic cloning. The growth and transformation of an embryo into a ready-made person is called reproductive cloning. It is important to understand that although the genotype is inherited identically, the phenotype will, of course, be different. Accordingly, the creation of a new Jobs or Pele is almost impossible at the current technological level.
Cloning mechanism comes down to core porting technology. First, the egg (oocyte) is removed, from which the “native” nucleus (all genetic information) is removed and replaced with the nucleus or DNA of the future clone. After 5-6 days, a blastocyst (the first stage of the embryo) is formed from this cell, which carries embryonic stem cells. The advantage of the latter is that such cells totipotent, that is, they can, by dividing, turn into any type of body cell. (Fig. 1) And this means that a person with a sick heart can grow and transplant a new healthy engine, and not someone else's, but his own. 100% compatible and no risk of rejection.
It is quite logical that the history of human cloning began with experiments on animals. Everyone has heard of Dolly the Sheep, born in 1996 as part of a cloning experiment led by Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell. Nuclei were transferred into 277 eggs from the udder tissue of a six-year-old donor sheep. 29 embryos were formed, of which only one survived. Not Dolly alone. The video below highlights 15 of the most prominent animal clones.
Attention should be paid to the fact that just a year after the birth of Dolly, an Additional Protocol on the Prohibition of Human Cloning of 1998 to the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights in Biomedicine of 1996 was adopted in Europe. the role of God in the creation of life, the legal status of future clones, attitudes in society, etc.), and of a technical nature (a small percentage of successful cloning, unpredictable development and growth of clones, accompanied by diseases and bodily defects). However, only reproductive human cloning is now universally prohibited, while therapeutic cloning is allowed in a number of countries, due to its enormous importance in the field of saving lives. However, there are ardent opponents here, especially on the issue of whether a 6-day-old embryo is a person or not.
But can declarative prohibitions interfere with those interested in such a tasty and unexplored sphere of being? In this regard, it is worth mentioning the Raelite sect, founded in 1973 by the French racer Claude Varilon (Rael), who claims that humanity was created by the extraterrestrial super-race of the Elohim (by the way, in all scriptures, Elohim is translated as God) by genetic engineering. The Raelite sect advocates the lifting of prohibitions on human cloning and believes that in the future a person will be reproduced as an adult, and memory and personality will be transplanted into a new shell. Thus we will achieve immortality. Apparently for this, in 1997 they created the Clonaid company, which offered the service of human cloning for $ 200,000. On December 27, 2002, information was leaked to the media about the creation of the first human clone in history, which, for greater symbolism, was called Eve. By March 2004, Clonaid claimed 13 successful 
clones, but despite the hype and widespread coverage of this issue, no evidence has been provided. The company's website (clonaid.com) has not been updated since 2009, and apparently, if the experiments continue, then it is already unofficial.
We cannot fail to mention the name of Samuel H. Wood, a scientist who in 2008 became the first person to clone himself by transferring his DNA into a female egg. Later, 5 embryos that appeared were destroyed, leaving the possibility of their development into a full-fledged individual undisclosed. As Dr. Wood pointed out, even if such a scenario were real, implementing reproductive cloning technology is both illegal and unethical.
We can say for sure that on, the prospects for therapeutic cloning look much brighter than reproductive. Research in the field of embryonic stem cells will help find cures for incurable diseases, as well as significantly extend the life of a person through transplantation of “worn out” organs.
Human reproductive cloning is lagging behind in this regard. This is primarily due to the imperfection of the current technology (a small percentage of successful cloning among animals, gene marriage, high mortality, etc.). But even if technological flaws are solved, what is the use of a clone that has a completely different phenotype and life experience. Until we learn how to download memories into a new body and brain in particular, developments in this area will be under legal prohibition in all countries of the world. Which, however, will not prevent secret laboratories from regularly supplying clones of world celebrities for individual use to the black market ...
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The first cloned human was born. The birth of a girl who is an exact genetic copy of her 30-year-old mother, a US citizen, was reported by the AFP agency, citing representatives of the Raelians religious sect. As expected, the birth required a caesarean section, but otherwise the delivery went "very well," says biochemist Brigitte Boisselier, head of the company set up to carry out the project. Clonaid .
The woman who became the mother of the first clone girl had previously suffered from infertility, Nadine Gary, a spokeswoman for the US private firm Clonaid, who supervised the pregnancy, told Kyodo Tsushin.
However, while scientists treat this message with understandable skepticism: the project was carried out in an atmosphere of deep secrecy, so there is no reliable evidence that the child is really a "clone".
Among the skeptics, for example, is Alexander Zelenin, professor at the Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In an interview He told Ekho Moskvy that "there is absolutely no certainty" about the veracity of the sect's statement about the birth of a cloned girl.
According to Zelenin, "scientists are accustomed to believing new scientific fact only after it is published in a reputable journal, where all the details of the experiment are presented, its result, full proof is given that it is a cloned child, and so on.
If all this is true, the scientist suggested, "the same thing will happen as with Dolly the sheep: until these experiments were repeated, reproduced on a number of other animals, the whole world doubted the results of these works."
Boisselier plans to hold a press conference on Friday evening where he promises to show the video footage and provide the DNA of the mother and the cloned child for independent identification. A mother with a baby will not be shown to the public "for reasons of medical ethics."
The girl, who was born on Thursday, was the first of five whose cloned embryos were previously reported to develop normally.
The Raelian sect has 55,000 followers worldwide. These people believe that aliens who visited the planet about 25,000 years ago brought life to Earth. The head of the sect "prophet" Rael teaches that all life on Earth was created by space aliens using genetic engineering. In 1997, with the financial support of the sect, the Clonaid company was organized, which should embody the ultimate goal of the Raelians: to achieve immortality through cloning.
Earlier, another leader in this field, the Italian doctor Severino Antinori, who became famous after he helped a 62-year-old patient become pregnant by medical methods, announced his success in human cloning. He recently announced that his cloned child, "whose father is a rich Arab," should be born in January 2003, but later retracted his words.
Antinori himself, commenting on the news of the birth of a cloned girl, called her "insolvent with scientific point Antinori also once again urged journalists to "keep quiet" about his own cloning experiments.
The clone will be a defective creature and will grow old in 30 years, according to Russian scientists
Even if the human cloning experiment really succeeded, this is an irresponsible and immoral step, the director of the Institute believes molecular genetics RAS Evgeny Sverdlov.
"The results of animal cloning experiments showed that in most cases various developmental anomalies were detected. And the life of a cloned person will become a nightmare, since by the age of 30 he will turn into an old man," the scientist said in an interview with ITAR-TASS.
In addition, according to Sverdlov, "in 99% of cases there is a risk of giving birth to a freak." For example, to create the famous sheep Dolly, 300 transplants had to be done - "all the other clones either died or were born freaks," Sverdlov notes. Yes, and Dolly herself revealed various diseases - for example, polyarthritis - not characteristic of sheep, and signs of early aging appeared.
"When it comes to an illegal and uncontrolled action, you can expect anything," summed up Sverdlov.
If the experiment is successful, then it will become a new word in medicine. The chief obstetrician of the Ministry of Health, Vladimir Serov, generally believes that very soon cloning will become an ordinary and widespread area of \u200b\u200bmedical activity, including in Russia. "The scientific basis of the cloning process is quite well developed. In fact, it can be carried out in any in vitro fertilization laboratory (producing a child "from a test tube"), of which there are many throughout the world," the doctor said in an interview with Interfax. There are more than 20 such laboratories in Russia. "Only the ethical side of the issue and the unpredictability of the consequences of cloning stop doctors," Serov said.
"Progress and science cannot be stopped," the doctor is sure. And for Russia, "given the difficult demographic situation," cloning "may be a way out." "If we think about the future of the nation, then we must not stand in the way of these technologies, we must promote their development and transfer to a civilized channel," Serov says.
Human cloning no longer seems such a fantasy as some 20-30 years ago. In this issue, we will talk about how scientists have advanced in this matter and how soon we will be able to grow clones for ourselves.
Let's start, perhaps, with our smaller brothers, because it is animals that show the main successes in matters of cloning. Of course, we could not ignore Dolly the sheep, which became the first cloned mammal back in 1995. And on January 24 of this year, scientists from China officially reported on the successful cloning of monkeys, which brought humanity much closer to creating their own copies. But such scientific experiments, first of all, are aimed at studying genetic diseases and new methods of fighting cancer, which claim millions of lives every year.
Newborn clones often suffer from gigantism, defects in the liver, heart and brain, due to which the animals simply die. This is one of the major obstacles to human cloning. Also, thanks to science fiction people, people think about the absolute identity of the clone, not only in appearance, but also, for example, in character. Unfortunately, this factor cannot be controlled, because. Human consciousness is formed not only by genetics.
If we talk about the complete cloning of human DNA, then such procedures are prohibited in most countries, which at the same time does not interfere with the development of genetics. Scientists have managed to save human umbilical cord blood and grow stem cells from it. But they are the building material for growing new organs. On the this moment mankind already has the experience of transplanting not only skin and bones, but also artificially grown bladders and trachea.
It will be important to note that there is another way of cloning, which causes a huge amount of controversy in society. This is the cultivation of a full-fledged human embryo consisting of about 100 cells. Its biomaterial is suitable for growing organs and other therapeutic purposes. True, such procedures are only allowed in the US, India and the UK, as well as in some parts of Australia.
Finally, it is also worth noting that, despite the development of technology, we still live in a deeply religious society. The Pope and the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church speak out against a person trying on the role of the Lord, and the lack of guarantees for the viability of the fetus makes one think about the ethics of cloning. All these factors, as well as various international conventions, are unlikely to allow legal human cloning in the next century, which, of course, will not interfere with secret experiments that are most likely being carried out by transcontinental medical corporations.
In Secret Technologies: Humans, Clones and Chimeras. Secrets of blood groups
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clones
Different people live on Earth. Alive and not quite alive. Clones were not created today or yesterday. Clones have always been created.
The fact that this fact was hidden from mankind for many years does not mean that people were not cloned. The funny fact of Dolly the sheep cloning, which “legitimized” for the masses the very concept of CLONE, lifted the veil of secret darkness for people.
Before the political upheaval in Russia, called the Revolution of 1917, Russian scientists were already cloning with might and main. This process has never stopped. Suffice it to say that in order to accomplish this very Revolution, a large, simply enormous number of clones of different nationalities were grown in China. Mostly Chinese and Jewish. Before the Revolution there was no such word "Jew" - this name of the nation was born much later. The Latvian shooters also belonged to the cloned ones. The brutality of the revolutionary masses can be explained by the callousness of the clones.
The revolution in France under the leadership of Marat and Robespierre was also made by clones. Moreover, these clones called Robespierre the Supreme Being. They had an innate, genetic obedience to commands.
Clones are also being created for our rulers, only it is not customary to talk about it. Writer Sergei Alekseev in one of his most interesting books described a secret laboratory for growing clones in Russia. Clones of all the rulers-presidents of the world were grown in the laboratory.
How are clones different from ordinary people?
- lack of spirituality, lack of compassion;
- lack of spirit, innate cowardice, meanness;
- the inability to absorb culture, lack of culture, despite education;
- unbridled sexuality, promiscuous "dog" sex;
- hypertrophied aggression, anger; - a manic desire to kill.
They have the opportunity to have children, although for many it is difficult. Infertility is common among clones. They are more likely to have artificial insemination. It is easier to say that basically it is their prerogative.
Clones were also grown for organ transplants. This is not a modern achievement. It has long been in the hands of man. This was used only by high-ranking clans above the people. Living in isolation. Nobody knows their lives. This is not the life of presidents. This is the life of special people who rule the world.
Today, secrets emerge into our lives. What yesterday seemed unbelievable, fantastic, is today a reality. There were schools that raised baby clones for organ harvesting. Donor clones. They grew up in isolation, in protected areas. In 2010, the film “Don't Let Me Go” was released on the screens of the world, about little clone children living in a boarding school in Hailsham. Upon reaching adulthood, children accidentally learn that they are being raised in order to donate their organs to rich people who can pay for it. And not only. Rich, noble people clone themselves during their lifetime in order to replace the diseased organs in their body with the clone organ if necessary. Moreover, he, a person, is not at all interested in the mental suffering of a clone, since it is customary to believe that clones do not have a soul. There are also options when a person suddenly dies - a bullet, an accident and other unforeseen circumstances that put the body of a venerable person in danger. In this case, the human brain from the original body is transplanted into the clone body. The veil is lifted about this in the Russian film Vepr, where they show the 70s of the USSR. The film shows not only that such an operation is possible in the 70s of the 20th century, but also at the beginning of the century, in the 20s, such operations were also performed. True, this is too specific an occupation, connected not only with precision surgery, but also with the transmigration of the soul from body to body.
Cloning labs exist inside highly secret military bases. As part of security, such bases are located inside the mountains, where you can’t go or get out. Can't escape. No curious journalist can enter.
Growing clones has several options. In several films, "The Sixth Day" and "The Matrix" show those very secret laboratories, only the people looking at the screen did not believe that they were looking at real human cloning laboratories.
