Consensus common definitions, expressed by participial phrases and adjectives with dependent words, and agreed non-extended definitions are isolated (separated by a comma or, if in the middle of a sentence, separated by commas) if they appear after the word being defined (postposition).
Varya, very pleased, took Podgorin by the arm.
Young woman, quiet and thoughtful, had a pleasant appearance.
A single postpositive definition, referring to a qualifying phrase (noun with a definition), is isolated; As a rule, such a definition is of a clarifying or specific nature.
Young Grigory Dumny , thirty years old, was elected chairman of the collective farm.
Prepositive common definitions, including participial phrases, are isolated, being complicated by adverbial meaning.
The PO is complicated by an additional adverbial meaning; the meaning of the phrase approaches the meaning of the causal clause. Isolated definitions, being formally associated with the defined noun, simultaneously apply to the predicate.
Lost in thoughts, Chechevitsyn did not answer anything (because he was immersed in his thoughts).
Always cheerful, the girl was sad today (although she was always cheerful, today she is sad).
Inconsistent definitions expressed by an infinitive are always postpositive and are separated by a dash if the name being qualified already has a definition.
Any definitions are separated if they refer to a personal pronoun. Definitions relating to pronouns in oblique cases, as a rule, can only be isolated in postposition.
Completely dead, he was forced to interrupt his visits and return home.
Very tired, she lay down to rest.
She, pale and motionless like a statue, stands and catches every step with his gaze.
Behind me, confident, there were those who still doubted the rightness of our cause.
Behind me, small, maybe three years old and pantsless, was being chased by a huge shaggy dog.
Definitions expressed by short adjectives or short passive participles are always isolated. They have the meaning of an additional message, an additional predicate.
Enveloped in a thing of drowsiness, the half-naked forest is sad.
It was raining - and the asphalt river sparkled, wide and deep.
The definition is also isolated before the OS if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence.
Bent in the wind, gray roadmen moved past weeds.
Determinative phrases included in sentences with an omitted OS (it is restored both as a noun and as a pronoun).
Definitions at the end of a sentence, both single and with words spreading them, as well as included in homogeneous rows, can be separated by a dash, which enhances their isolation and independent position.
The low door under the high outlines of the church, letting people in, every now and then opened its illumination, warmed warm color - yellowish .
Definitions located inside a sentence and highlighted with a dash sign acquire the meaning of explanatory and clarifying members of the sentence.
These are many of Bunin's characters - colorful, bright, original, rushing about in search of the meaning of life and the use of their remarkable powers.
Home of Talents
On the edge of the Meshchera forests, not far from Ryazan, lies the village of Solotcha. Solotcha is famous for its climate, dunes, rivers and pine forests. There is electricity in Solotch.
Peasant horses, herded into the meadows at night, look wildly at the white stars of electric lanterns hanging in the distant forest, and snore with fear.
I lived for the first year in Solotch with a meek old woman, an old maid and a village dressmaker, Marya Mikhailovna. She was called the age-old woman - she whiled away her entire life alone, without a husband, without children.
In her cleanly washed toy hut, several clocks were ticking and two ancient paintings by an unknown Italian master hung. I rubbed them with raw onions, and the Italian morning, full of sun and reflections of the water, filled the quiet hut. The painting was left to Marya Mikhailovna’s father as payment for the room by an unknown foreign artist. He came to Solotcha to study the icon-painting skills there. He was an almost beggarly and strange man. When leaving, he promised that the painting would be sent to him in Moscow in exchange for money. The artist did not send any money - he died suddenly in Moscow.
Behind the wall of the hut, the neighbor's garden rustled at night. In the garden stood a two-story house, surrounded by a solid fence. I wandered into this house looking for a room. A beautiful gray-haired old woman spoke to me. She looked at me sternly blue eyes and refused to rent out the room. Over her shoulder, I saw walls hung with paintings.
Whose is this house? - I asked the age-old woman.
Yes, of course! Academician Pozhalostin, famous engraver. He died before the revolution, and the old woman was his daughter. There are two old women living there. One is completely decrepit, hunchbacked.
I was perplexed. Engraver Pozhalostin is one of the best Russian engravers, his works are scattered everywhere: here, in France, in England, and suddenly - Solotch! But soon I stopped being perplexed when I heard how the collective farmers, while digging potatoes, argued whether the artist Arkhipov would come to Solotcha this year or not.
Pozhalostin is a former shepherd. Artists Arkhipov and Malyavin, sculptor Golubkina - all from these Ryazan places. There is almost no hut in Solotch that does not have paintings. You ask: who wrote? They answer: grandfather, or father, or brother. Solotchintsy were once famous bogomaz. The name Pozhalostina is still pronounced with respect. He taught Solotsk residents to draw. They went to him secretly, carrying their canvases wrapped in a clean rag for evaluation - for praise or reproach.
For a long time I could not get used to the idea that next to me, behind the wall, in the darkish rooms of the old house, lay the rarest books on art and copper engraved boards. Late at night I went to the well to drink water. There was frost on the frame, the bucket burned my fingers, icy stars stood over the silent and black edge, and only in Pozhalostin’s house a window glowed dimly: his daughter read until dawn. From time to time she probably raised her glasses to her forehead and listened - she guarded the house.
The next year I settled with the Pozhalostins. I rented an old bathhouse in their garden. The garden was deserted, covered in lilacs, wild rose hips, apple trees and maples covered with lichen.
On the walls in the Pozhalostinsky house hung beautiful engravings - portraits of people of the last century. I couldn't get rid of their gaze. When I was repairing fishing rods or writing, a crowd of women and men in tightly buttoned frock coats, a crowd of the seventies, looked at me from the walls with deep attention. I raised my head, met the eyes of Turgenev or General Ermolov, and for some reason I felt awkward.
Solotchinsk district - country talented people. Yesenin was born not far from Solotcha.
One day an old woman in a blanket came to my bathhouse and brought me sour cream to sell.
“If you still need sour cream,” she said affectionately, “then come to me, I have it.” Ask the church where Tatyana Yesenina lives. Everyone will show you.
Yesenin Sergei is not your relative?
Singing? - asked the grandmother.
Yes, a poet.
“My nephew,” the grandmother sighed and wiped her mouth with the end of her handkerchief. - He was a good singer, but it was painfully strange. So if you need sour cream, come to me, honey.
Kuzma Zotov lives on one of the forest lakes near Solotcha. Before the revolution, Kuzma was an irresponsible poor man. Because of his poverty, he retained the habit of speaking in a low voice, imperceptibly - it was better not to speak, but to remain silent. But from this same poverty, from the “cockroach life,” he also retained a stubborn desire to make his children “real people” at any cost.
In the Zotovs' hut there appeared last years a lot of new things - radio, newspapers, books. All that remains from the old days is a decrepit dog - he just doesn’t want to die.
No matter how much you feed him, he still gets thin,” says Kuzma. “He remained such a poor factory for the rest of his life.” Those who are dressed cleaner are afraid of them and are buried under the bench. He thinks - gentlemen!
Kuzma has three sons who are Komsomol members. The fourth son is still just a boy, Vasya.
One of the sons, Misha, is in charge of an experimental ichthyological station on Lake Velikoye, near the town of Spas-Klepiki. One summer Misha brought home an old violin without strings - he bought it from some old woman. The violin was lying in the old woman’s hut, in a chest, left over from the landowners Shcherbatovs. The violin was made in Italy, and Misha decided in the winter, when there was little work at the experimental station, to go to Moscow and show it to experts. He didn't know how to play the violin.
If it turns out to be valuable, he told me, I’ll give it to one of our best violinists.
The second son, Vanya, is a teacher of botany and zoology in a large forest village, a hundred kilometers from his native lake. During his vacation, he will help his mother with housework, and during free time wanders through the forests or around the lake in waist-deep water, looking for some rare algae. He promised to show them to his students, who were nimble and terribly curious.
Vanya is a shy person. From his father he inherited gentleness, goodwill towards people, and a love of sincere conversations.
Vasya is still in school. There is no school on the lake - there are only four huts there - and Vasya has to run to school through the forest, seven kilometers away.
Vasya is an expert in his places. He knows every path in the forest, every badger hole, the plumage of every bird. His gray, narrowed eyes have extraordinary vigilance.
Two years ago an artist came to the lake from Moscow. He took Vasya as his assistant. Vasya transported the artist on a canoe to the other side of the lake, changed his water for paints (the artist painted with Lefranc's French watercolors), and handed him lead tubes from a box.
One day the artist and Vasya were caught on the shore by a thunderstorm. I remember her. It was not a thunderstorm, but a swift, treacherous hurricane. Dust, pink from the shine of lightning, swept across the ground. The forests rustled as if the oceans had broken through the dams and were flooding Meshchera. Thunder shook the earth.
The artist and Vasya barely made it home. In the hut, the artist discovered a missing tin box with watercolors. The colors were lost, the magnificent colors of Lefranc! The artist searched for them for several days, but did not find them and soon left for Moscow.
Two months later in Moscow, the artist received a letter written in large, clumsy letters.
“Hello,” wrote Vasya. - Write down what to do with your paints and how to send them to you. After you left, I looked for them for two weeks, searched everything until I found them, but I had a bad cold, because it was already raining, I got sick and couldn’t write to you earlier. I almost died, but now I’m walking, although I’m still very weak. So don't be angry. Dad said that I had inflammation in my lungs. Send me, if you have any opportunity, a book about all sorts of trees and colored pencils - I want to draw. The snow was already falling here, but it just melted, and in the forest under the Christmas tree - you look - and there’s a hare sitting! I remain Vasya Zotov.”
§ 46. Separate (stand out or separate) commas attributive phrases, i.e. definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, in the following cases.
1. The attributive phrase after the defined noun is highlighted or separated by commas: A dirty city downpour struck, mixed with dust (B. Past.); Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, missed you all the way to the Yenisei(Spread); Master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded(Hall.); In the rough grass similar to goat hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods(Color.); Dust, pink from the sparkle of lightning, rushed along the ground(Paust.); loose clouds, soaked in dark water, rushed low over the sea(Paust.).
2. The attributive phrase standing before the defined noun, does not separate comma from the word being defined: The silence of this night was filled with music unborn Tchaikovsky(Hall.); In this box Yazykov later kept his souvenirs from Trigorsky, letters to him from Pushkin and Osipov-Wulf and given to him by Pushkin autograph of the poems “By the Lukomorye there is a green oak tree...”(Gaych.); Full of darkness the forests stood motionless.
However, the attributive phrase standing before the noun separated by commas, if it is complicated by a circumstantial connotation of meaning. Wed: Surrounded by green hedge the house caught our attention(word house included in the attributive phrase house surrounded by green hedge). - Surrounded by green hedge, the house was not visible from afar(the definition is isolated, as it is complicated by the adverbial meaning: as it was surrounded by a green hedge); Stuck underground the harvest promised a satisfying winter(Color.). - Stuck underground, the harvest promised a well-fed winter(in the first case, the attributive phrase is not separated from the defined name; in the second case, the phrase hidden underground isolated from the name, such a turn creates an additional causal connotation: because it was taken underground). Wed. Also: Knew the city well the guest easily found the street he needed(Bulg.). - Knew the city well, the guest easily found the street he needed(in the second case the causal meaning is emphasized).
Note. A circumstantial connotation of meaning may also appear in attributive phrases related to phrases: Written extremely simply and precisely, A new book , according to Konstantin Vorobyov, should become a “cardiogram of the heart”(V.V. Vorobyova). Wed: Being written extremely simply and accurately, the new book... should become a “cardiogram of the heart”.
3. Determinative turnover separated by commas, if it is separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence: Bent in the wind, gray road weeds moved past(Leon.); Somewhere hundreds of miles away, fenced off by steep pine trees and wide poplars of impenetrable Baltic swamps, their big homeland is spread out...(Sparrow); Full of fire and sacraments, the sky was flashing from all sides(Boon.); Born of the desert, sound oscillates(Sick.); In the next small room on the sofa, covered with a hospital gown, the master lay in deep sleep(Bulg.); The pebbles crunched underfoot, in dim light, reminiscent of the discarded skin of a snake (Leon.); The wheel shook and jumped on the hood in time with her thoughts, gray with dirt (Set.).
§ 47. Determinative phrases related to the personal pronoun both in the nominative and indirect cases are highlighted commas, regardless of location: Completely dead, he is forced to interrupt his visits and return home(Bend over); He, thrice young, I expected everything from life, but I never expected this letter(Shuksh.); We, accustomed to the boundless noise of the sea, were even depressed by this silence(Paust.); We went home upset about what happened; In his hut, sitting at the table, he thought, full of sadness (Sick.); He[intelligence] show me me swayed on the sea wave, me, flying with the wind to an invisible land (Sick.); Accustomed to need, she was infuriated by even the smallest well-being(Leon.).
§ 48. Uncommon (without dependent words), agreed definitions (adjectives and participles) are separated or not separated by commas, depending on the position in relation to the word being defined, on the presence of a second definition standing before the word being defined, on the way of expressing the word being defined.
1. Non-widespread definitions are isolated if they appear after the defined noun, which already has a definition, i.e. they relate to the phrase: My first Moscow autumn, warm and welcoming, stood for a long time(Chiv.).
However, relative adjectives in the role of definitions for phrases may not be isolated if they have logical stress: On a quiet evening winter in a small house near the Prechistensky Gate we sat having tea(Color.). Wed. with the clarification value: On a quiet evening, winter, in a small house at the Prechistensky Gate... (winter, i.e. quiet like winter).
Highlighting is required when specifying: The steps were of different lengths, sometimes wide, sometimes mincing (Hall.).
2. Uncommon definitions relating to nouns that do not have definitions in front are isolated only if they have an explanatory and specific meaning: I often found notes in my place, short and disturbing (Ch.); In the morning he unfolds the newspaper, local (Sol.); I open it into the night, black, star, Sorrento, casement window(Color.).
Note. Uncommon definitions that appear after the defined name of a noun that does not have a definition in front are not isolated if this noun needs a definition, since in itself it is not capable of expressing the full meaning in this context: "I visited again" - unfinished poem (Gaych.); It took them a while to realize what was in front of them. extraordinary personality, unique (Gran.); Is this really what it is? human progress (Hall.); Vanya was looking too a universal and universally binding thought (Hall.); ...Somewhere in this world there is life is pure, graceful, poetic (Ch.).
In such attributive phrases, the logical emphasis always falls on the definition: .
3. Unused definitions related to personal pronouns are separated. They can come before them, after them, or be separated from them by other members of the sentence. Wed: I lit a fire and went to look for women. They, quiet, separately, stood on the bank of a stream under a clump of bird cherry trees(Sparrow) - Quiet, they, separately, stood on the bank of the stream...; Sopronov did not look at anyone. He was now sitting at the table, pale, played and tapped a pencil on the tabletop(White); Behind me, small, May be three years old and pantsless, a huge shaggy dog was chasing(P. Neil.).
Note. A non-separate definition for personal pronouns is rare: You can not understand me today, experiencing the old age of my old age, do not understand the state of my body and the flow of thoughts that have become too simple for you(Hall.); Red Director and we are pale looked straight at Ivan Petrovich(Ch.); Don't understand not waiting for them how in the middle of the fire you saved me with your expectation(Sim.); And truly you are the capital for the crazy and bright us (Ahm.); And blind and stupid me just today I had a dream that she never loved me(Bl.); The little woman looked at a stranger to me (Eut.). Such definitions are the semantic center of the statement; they usually refer to pronouns in oblique cases and precede them. In the position after the pronoun, they pull the stress from the pronoun to themselves: .
§ 49. Adjectives or participles, single and with dependent words, in any word order are not isolated, if they are included in the predicate: This mushroom until spring remains firm and smelly (Spread); Weather stood just boring (Shuksh.); Autumn stand long and quiet (Spread); Desert for centuries lay untouched (Paust.); Kitty stood scared, timid, ashamed and therefore even more lovely (L. T.); Terrible and pale stands he's in front of me(M.G.); To the hut we arrived soaked through (Paust.); Doomed He Human, he will never have a wife, children, or a cozy home(Akun.).
§ 50. Not segregated definitions are not common and with dependent words, coming after pronouns negative, indefinite, demonstrative, attributive, forming a single group with them (emphasis falls on the definition): Nothing human it is not alien to him; In the pre-dawn deep darkness I saw him wave over the fence someone big and heavy (Shol.); It’s not enough for me that I’m flying, and I want something more (Spread); I felt what happened in the world something related to me personally(Cat.); He entered the landing of the iron ladder leading to the mechanic's office. someone unfamiliar (White); At the very wall of the monastery he told her something very simple and ordinary from student life (Sparrow); tell me something fun (Ch.); Every submitter application for the competition must wait for the call.
However, if there is a clarifying and restrictive meaning of the definition are isolated: The man who entered whispered something to the man sitting, and the one completely upset, rose from his chair(Bulg.); I wanted to distinguish myself in front of this dear to me, person(M.G.); I have never heard that anyone, even the most desperate, began to be rude or capricious in front of her(Spread). Wed: Vaughn the little one, is already approaching the finish line(definition small specifies the meaning of the pronoun That, i.e. indicates the small one among all the others); - Vaughn that little one is already approaching the finish line(definition is demonstrative pronoun That, and defined - small; meaning: point to one of the small ones); All those departing and seeing off must go to the waiting room(participles have a definition - a pronoun All). - Everyone leaving and seeing off, located in the waiting room(participle adjectives clarify the meaning of the pronoun All); He can't understand those current who like to receive money but not get things done(Shcherb.). - He can't understand those current, which…(in the first case the demonstrative pronoun those with a defined substantivized adjective; in the second - an adjective attribute of a pronoun).
§ 51. Definitions at the end of a sentence, both unextended and with dependent words, can be separated by the sign dash. Such definitions have explanatory and clarifying meaning: Ultimately, human happiness depends on the results of this struggle - present and future (Ast.); Then I again noticed her glances at me - sometimes inquisitive and insightful, causing anxiety, sometimes absent, with a lost thought, then fast, warily crafty (Spread); And spring came - kind and clueless (Shuksh.); It smelled like smoke again, but it was a different smell - woody, dry, morning (Shuksh.).
Definitions located inside a sentence can be distinguished by a dash on both sides. They acquire the meaning of explanatory and clarifying members of the sentence: Every time I return from fishing, cats of all stripes - red, black, gray and white with tan marks- they put the house under siege(Paust.) (see also § 97).
§ 52. Always stand out commas definitions expressed by short adjectives or passive participles. They can occupy any position in relation to the word being defined: Awakened at the usual hour, she got up by candlelight(P.); Covered in a prophetic drowsiness, the half-naked forest is sad(Tyutch.); It flashed at me again shackled by sleep, crystal bowl in the darkness of the night(Sick.); The air vibrates transparent and clean, in the shining stars the leaf sways(Sick.); Then the beast appeared tall and shaggy, and just like many other animals, recognizing the man, he retreated back(Sick.).
Isolation of minor members of a sentence
Let's first remember those parts of the sentence that can never, under any circumstances, be isolated - the subject and the predicate. It is not for nothing that they are called the grammatical basis, the backbone of the sentence. By the way, you can’t even separate them with a comma, otherwise you risk “killing” the sentence - breaking its very backbone.
But you can (for various reasons) highlight it with commas on both sides (that is, separate it) definitions(words or phrases that answer the question Which?), circumstances(words that answer questions Where? Where? How? For what? Why? When? etc.) and additions(words answering questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? etc.).
Those cases when separation minor member proposals are possible and even extremely important, there are not so many (the main ones are only six!), and all of them are legalized only after many years of practice. In three cases, circumstances are highlighted with commas, in two – definitions, in one – additions. And all for different reasons, and they should not be confused, otherwise extra, unnecessary commas may appear. And it is still unknown what is worse: the absence of commas or their excess.
The main criterion for isolating definitions is their position in relation to the word being defined (that is, to the name of the object they describe, whose attribute they define). Compare:
Tender and fluffyFrost lay on the trees.
Frost, tender and fluffy, lay on the trees.
In the first sentence, the description of the object precedes its name, in the second, on the contrary, it is customary to first name the object, and then describe what it is. This second case is a manifestation of the most important law of separation of definitions.
Compare:
Covered by forestmountains rose in the distance. - Mountains, covered with forest, rose in the distance.
Thin and slenderBirch trees were visible at the edge. - Birches, thin and slender, could be seen at the edge of the forest.
This, by the way, coincides with the meaning of the statement - after all, that’s why we rearrange the definitions in order to draw the attention of the listener or reader to them. Compare which of the sentences you notice more about the description of the city:
Streets new big the cities pleased with their cleanliness.
City streets, new, big, pleased with its cleanliness.
Sometimes it is only thanks to this rearrangement and isolation of definitions that a phrase becomes understandable (especially in business papers). Compare:
This task is only completed until admitted to work performers in concerning them parts.
This task is communicated only to the performers, admitted to work, in part, concerning them .
As you can see, only thanks to the commas that highlight the definitions, the meaning of the order becomes clearer. But this is so important for orders and instructions - to be absolutely clear!
Exercise 222.Place punctuation marks.
1. Thick and blue shadows lay on the road. 2. The dense snow, pinkish from the sunlight, blinded my eyes. 3. A bush peeking forlornly from under the snow caught his gaze, full of mournful thoughts about the past. 4. The squat and shaggy spruce trees were completely covered with snow. 5. Thin and slender birch trees were visible at the edge of the forest. 6. Tender and fluffy frost sparkled on the trees. 7. Pink snowdrifts from the bright rays of the cold winter sun wrapped everything around. 8. The lush grass turned green after the rains along the road. 9. The story, written witty and original, aroused our admiration. 10. The butterfly that was flying around us disappeared somewhere. 11. After swimming, Natasha, cheerful and excited, ran up to us. 12. The old man who was writing something on a telegraph form raised his head. 13. The frozen pond in November beckoned us to go ice skating. 14. The sunlit forest looked especially cheerful and young. 15. The dark and dense grove promised a lot of boletus.
Exercise 223.Place punctuation marks.
1. A young tree covered with green leaves rustles merrily above my head. 2. The searchlights lit by order of the captain could not penetrate the dense curtain of fog. 3. A quiet and sad song came from somewhere behind. 4. Nikolai, accustomed to discipline since childhood, loved a clear military routine. 5. The detachment, unnoticed by the enemy, approached the village itself. 6. A wagon pulled by three exhausted horses slowly dragged along the road. 7. The timid and shy girl unexpectedly discovered willpower and perseverance. 8. With his passionate and lively speech, he captivated everyone. 9. Sergei, well-read and intelligent, enjoyed authority in the group. 10. The scarlet stripe of dawn lay on the edge of a cloud frozen motionless on the horizon. 11. The boy approached the bank overgrown with willows and stopped. 12. The sky, completely black with clouds, merged on the horizon with the darkened sea. 13. A wagon drawn by three exhausted horses was slowly dragging along the Saratov road. 14. A mountainous ridge sparkling with gold and bound with iron stretched from the north. 15. The rich fields, laden with harvest, swayed from the wind.
And further. Regardless of the position, those definitions that describe not nouns, but personal pronouns replacing them (words I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, YOU, THEY). Compare:
Excited by what I heard, Ijumped up from his seat.
I excited by what he heard, jumped up from his seat.
Exercise 224.Place punctuation marks.
1. Tired from the long journey, we reached the village only in the evening. 2. Illuminated by the sun, she looked especially young and attractive. 3. Unnoticed by anyone, he carefully entered the room. - Unnoticed by anyone, Ilya carefully entered the room. 4. Well-read and intelligent, he enjoyed universal respect. - The well-read and intelligent young man enjoyed universal respect. 5. Amazed by what I saw, I froze in place. 6. They were extremely interested in the conversation and came closer. 7. Leaves fell from the trees; caught by the wind they flew along the road. 8. Cheerful and happy, we ran to our father. 9. Thoughtful and silent, I headed towards the house. 10. Flushed and excited, she shared her impressions of the performance. 11. Completely upset latest events I returned to the hotel. 12. Attracted by the unusual noise, they looked into the door. 13. Dissatisfied with the movie, we got up from our seats and moved towards the exit. 14. We working here have many common interests. 15. Having lived in these parts for centuries, they are accustomed to trusting the folk calendar.
So, this whole “terrible” topic – the isolation of definitions – comes down to these two cases. We’ll “banish” everything else into the notes, and I’m almost sure that the cases described in them will not come across you too often. But the structures we analyzed are at every step, in almost every sentence. So direct your main efforts to mastering these types of isolation.
Let us note in passing that the grammatical characteristics of definitions do not play any role: definitions can be expressed by adjectives, participles, participial phrases and even nouns (then these definitions are called differently - applications), but the same rules apply for them and the same:
Tender and fluffyFrost sparkled on the trees. - Frost, tender and fluffy, sparkled in the trees. – Tender and fluffy, he was pleasing to the eye.
the snow blinded my eyes. - Snow, pinkish from sunlight, blinded my eyes. - Pinkish from sunlight, it blinded my eyes.
Sparkling with icemountains stretched to the horizon. - Mountains, sparkling with ice, stretched to the horizon. - Sparkling with ice, they stretched to the horizon.
Older brother in the familyAndrei was very similar to his father. - Andrey, elder brother in the family, was very similar to his father. – Older brother in the family, he was very similar to his father.
Pay attention to applications that begin with the words BY NAME, BY SURNAME, BY NICKNAME, etc.: they always appear after the word being defined, which means they are always isolated.
My neighbor by surname Semyonov, worked in the police for many years.
Exercise 225Place punctuation marks.
1. This word contained all the happiness that filled his soul. 2. Armed with a scarecrow and a supply of sweets, they went out into the street. 3. The wasteland began with fallow lands clogged with thick forest grass and flowers. 4. Then his attention was attracted by a motley bird circling over a raspberry bush. 5. Busy with conversations, they did not pay attention to Shurka. 6. On the table covered with fragrant new oilcloth, the samovar, polished the day before with crushed brick, hisses and snorts. 7. Even the bitter and sharply tingling radish on the tongue seems incredibly tasty. 8. He squints angrily at the sun, which has risen quite high, and looks at his father with envy and admiration. 9. Shurka helped his mother push a cart loaded with shopping. 10. The last ice floes floated along the red Volga, which flooded the meadow. 11. The cat came out of the attic window onto the roof illuminated by the sun and meowed. 12. The autumn day was clear and quiet and was approaching evening. 13. A clearing surrounded by aspen trees suddenly opened up in front of them. 14. The guys went down into a pit overgrown with prickly burdocks. 15. The golden cross of the bell tower thrown into the sky burned like a piece of the sun.
(From the works of Vas. Smirnov)
Exercise 226. Ra add punctuation marks.
1. Tall and plump, she was dressed extremely smartly. 2. The transparent and icy forest attracts us with its coolness. 3. The maple, dimly lit by the sun, is barely visible at the edge of the path. 4. Tired of fruitless waiting, we sat down on the porch. 5. The garden plot, not yet fenced, blocked our way. 6. The poor seagull, tired of hovering over our ship, sits on the deck. 7. Alien to the art of war, I did not suspect that the fate of the campaign was being decided at that moment. 8. The mountain stream is impetuous and fast, capturing everything in its path. 9. Concerned about his long absence, we called the institute. 10. A steamship whistle was heard, announcing the arrival of the morning flight. 11. Her friendly and kind words encouraged and reassured me. 12. At these words, a ragged, red-haired and crooked boy ran out to me. 13. Enraged, I left them. 14. All the guards who surrounded the horsemen took out their pistols. 15. Sometimes a guard flew by on a hot horse, scattering foam.
Exercise 227.Place punctuation marks.
1. Pink dust from the shine of lightning rushed across the ground. 2. Exhausted by the labors of the night, I lay down in the shade. (L.) 3. At night, a warm, humid wind blew, clouds hung over the farm, by dawn the rain poured, and the snow that had melted earlier melted in streams of water. (Paust.) 4. The lecture given at the first lesson interested everyone. 5. An interesting, fascinating and truly scientifically written book can play a decisive role in choosing a profession. 6. Heated up by the argument, I couldn’t sleep. 7. Petya, inspired by the praise, rushed into battle. 8. Many languages are spoken by the people living in our country. 9. The grass scorched by the merciless sun looks sad and hopeless. 10. Awareness of the danger threatening her daughter quickly raised the mother to her feet. 11. The detachment that left early in the morning managed to cover half the distance. 12. Along the road leading to the village there were cars loaded with vegetables. 13. Mortally wounded, he still fired and did not miss. 14. The old man sat down at the table set for breakfast. 15. At the entrance to the palace a guard walked, sometimes entering a striped booth.
Exercise 228.Place punctuation marks.
1. In the intervals of silence that followed the thunderstorm, the sound of drops falling from the branches was heard. 2. Along the valley, surrounded on all sides by hills, people were slowly moving, tired from a long journey. 3. Tired of new impressions, he fell asleep earlier than usual. 4. He walked her home and, confused and discouraged, went home. 5. Enchanted by the radiant warmth, half asleep, I lie by the fire. (Bun.) 6. Belgian engineers treated us Russian workers arrogantly and distrustfully. (Paust.) 7. The roar of thunder, either close or distant, was heard all night 8. The lake was wide but shallow and stretched for several kilometers. 9. The air smelling of fog and the freshness of the morning leaves a dewy park rushes into the room. 10. Larks, invisible in the air filled with steam and light, flooded over the steppe. (Boon.) 11. In the thinned garden, the road to a large hut, a field strewn with straw and the hut itself are far visible. (Boon.) 12. A shell that hit the French ship pierced the captain’s cabin. 13. From the window of the sanatorium one could see a garden overgrown with raspberries, a vegetable garden abandoned as unnecessary, and fields sown with rye. 14. Stunned by the unkind reception, I was completely at a loss.
Exercise 229.Place punctuation marks.
1. This palisade is a trap for village cats who love fish. (Paust.) 2. Kostya, my younger brother, was intently fiddling with the receiver. 3. Peter Ivanovich, a kind and sympathetic person, quickly won her heart. 4. A light rain, a harbinger of autumn, sprinkles the earth. (Paust.) 5. One of Troekurov’s hounds named Paramoshka was offended by Dubrovsky. (P.) 6. A yard dog nicknamed Polkan is dozing at the gate. 7. Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva. (P.) 8. I tried to imagine Captain Mironov as my future boss and imagined him as a strict, angry old man. (P.) 9. I am your old matchmaker and godfather who came to make peace with you. (Kr.) 10. The manor’s house stood on the south, that is, on a hill open to all the winds. (Ax.) 11. Burns or steppe fires usually begin in July. (Ax.) 12. My father showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. (Ax.) 13. Two hundred fathoms Ik is divided into two branches or channels. (Ax.) 14. We decided to go to the cinema or theater in the evening. 15. It is worth saying that at first he was taught calligraphy or calligraphy.
Exercise 230.Place punctuation marks.
1. And the highway, my only true fairway, disappeared. (V.V.) 2. Even Roman, my constant companion on such trips, refused to accompany me this time. 3. A fanatic of his business, Kuzmichev always thought only about work. 4. Sons of beloved victory, the Swedes are rushing through the fire of the trenches. (P.) 5. I had a cast-iron teapot with me, my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus. (L.) 6. His daughter Ekaterina Ivanovna, a young girl, played the piano. (Ch.) 7. My older brother Andrei was very similar to his father. 8. Andrey, my older brother, was very similar to his father. 9. A very precise and silent person, Ivanov avoided premature generalizations. 10. My good friend Onegin was born on the banks of the Neva. (P.) 11. Senior Lieutenant Kononov was in charge of loading the wounded. 12. Marya Ivanovna, our new teacher, stood at the window in the corridor. 13. Early in the morning, my neighbor Pyotr Vasilyevich goes fishing. 14. Nikanorov, the chief of our garrison, was already on his feet. 15. Our cats, big fans of fresh fish, have been watching us at the gate since the very morning.
Exercise 231.
1. A dewy, clear morning blossoms. 2. Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly. 3. He did not feel inclined towards bureaucracy and, endowed with an outstanding talent for observation, knew his environment very well. 4. A pillow in a chintz pillowcase, also very wrinkled, lay in the corner. 5. In one of the second-class carriages, five passengers are dozing, shrouded in twilight. 6. One boot was lying under the table, covered with dust and crumpled. 7. Kashtanka stretched, yawned and walked around the room, angry and gloomy. 8. At the sight of the finger pointed at him, he became terribly embarrassed and spun around in his chair. 9. Under the same bush, a boot was found, which turned out to be a pair of boots found in the bedroom. 10. Anna Sergeevna, dressed in his favorite gray dress, tired from the journey and waiting for him since yesterday evening. 11. I screamed, took a step towards the door and closed my eyes full of horror, despair and amazement. 12. Mitya put on his cap and ran out into the street, triumphant and joyful. 13. Tired of a long speech, I yawned.14. The fire, carried by the wind, spread quickly. 15. Invisible, he stood in the darkness of the room by the window.
(From the works of A.P. Chekhov)
Exercise 232.Add missing punctuation marks.
1. Alarmed by these rumors, I called a friend. 2. Nekrasov, who early recognized grief and hatred and early fell in love with the Russian people, felt a desire to get closer to them from his childhood. 3. The other bank is flat and sandy and covered with a bunch of huts. 4. Young people, excited and concerned, rushed to him. 5. Just at this time, my uncle, who worked as an engineer, was transferred from Bryansk to Moscow. (Paust.) 6. The sky is darkening; heavy and inhospitable, it hangs lower and lower over the city. 7. The wind was still blowing strongly now from the east. 8. A vague and unclear anxiety gripped Vaska. 9. Andrey, red-faced and angry, jumped out of the office and slammed the door as hard as he could. 10. Confident in our abilities, we went to the exam completely calmly. 11. The novel created by the young author caused lively debate. 12. The street leading to the church is lined with poplars. 13. The spring forest, already covered with young greenery, rustled quietly and gently. 14. Was early spring dry and gray. 15. Exhausted by questions, she fell silent.
Well, now - the promised additional information.
Note 1. Definitions that stand before the word being defined, but at the same time have meaning of the reason. In this context, a definition is not just a description of an object ( what is he like?), but also the answer to the question, Why certain events happen to him:
Attracted by the lightbutterflies circled around the lamp(that is, they were spinning because they were attracted by the light).
In fact, there is a certain mystery in our desire to be sure to highlight in a sentence those characteristics of an object that also indicate the reason for what is happening. But be careful with this: only definitions can be isolated in this way, and not circumstances! In a sentence “For some reason, I started thinking...”- gross mistake!
Exercise 233.Place punctuation marks.
1. The schoolchildren, engaged in some important conversation, were sitting on a bench. 2. The father and mother, busy talking, do not pay attention to their son. 3. Exhausted from the long journey, the tourists approached the edge of the forest. 4. The tourists, exhausted from the long journey, slept like the dead all night. 5. The children, tired from the walk, undressed at the lockers. 6. The children, tired from the walk, instantly fell asleep. 7. The children, tired from the walk, undressed at the lockers. 8. The starling, frightened by my movement, flies up and flies away. 9. Surrounded by the most interesting books, Pavel never felt bored. 10. Having survived the war and famine, Olga quickly grew old and faded. 11. The young and inexperienced teacher immediately made a serious miscalculation. 12. Surrounded by lilacs, our dacha is fragrant with aromas in May. 13. Mountains covered with trees rose in the distance. 14. The guys, stunned by this news, were silent. 15. Ragged, half-starved, he evoked everyone’s sympathy.
Exercise 234.Add missing punctuation marks.
1. Accustomed to constant tricks on the part of the village boys, Mitya became all wary and ruffled. (Soloukh.) 2. Carried away by the formation of the company, Zolushkin did not immediately notice that a dump had formed near one cabinet with cartridges. (Soloukh.) 3. The steamer that arrived in the morning has already blown its whistle. 4. The horses harnessed to the plows and harrows were well-fed and large. 5. Nikolai, who was bored during the week of forced solitude, was glad to have visitors. 6. Completely withered flowers stood on the windowsill as a silent reproach. 7. The flowers that were not watered yesterday turned completely yellow and dried out in the evening. 8. Tall and plump, she was a real village beauty. 9. The fire burning on the shore was visible from afar. 10. Attracted by the cheerful voices, Makar looked into the veranda. 11. The students visited the exhibition that opened yesterday. 12. Confident that he was right, Andrei cared little about the matter. 13. I walked through the garden along a gravel path. 14. The song sounding in silence seemed familiar to me. 15. Frightened by the sharp sound, the cat darted under the porch.
Note 2. The so-called inconsistent definitions (that is, expressed not by adjectives or participles, but by nouns with prepositions; for example, not blue-eyed youth, A young man with blue eyes), if they describe an already known person or thing. Compare:
A girl in a white dress entered the room.
Natasha entered the room, in a white dress.
This is probably explained by the fact that in the first case, when we are talking about a stranger, the phrase we are interested in seems to merge with the noun into one whole, into the general name of the stranger. Something like how we are in public place We call out to a stranger: “Girl in a raincoat!” “Citizen with a briefcase!” - we need to call someone somehow, to distinguish a person from the crowd, since we do not have the generally accepted polite address to strangers. Don’t shout into space: “Excuse me, please!” It turns out that in this context, an inconsistent definition is not a description, but a name of a person, a replacement for a name, and it cannot be separated from a noun by a comma. Compare:
An unfamiliar old man with a white beard was sitting in the corner..
Uncle Mityai, with a white beard, looked impressive.
Exercise 235.Place punctuation marks.
1. Half an hour later, the grandmother already comes out into the hall in her coat and hat. 2. Two recruits in green uniforms stood at attention at the door. 3. A gentleman with an angry face suddenly appeared at the door. 4. At this very time, Alena came out of the entrance with a travel bag in her hands. 5. In the crowd I noticed a beautiful girl in a blue elegant dress. 6. Elena entered the room in a new blue dress. 7. An old man with a thick black beard was sitting by the window. 8. Petya in his new school suit was the subject of everyone's attention. 9. The passenger in the gray raincoat especially stood out. 10. On the road I noticed an elderly woman in an old coat. 11. A young woman in a white cloak ran into the boss’s office. 12. Arkady in a light shirt was reclining on the sofa. 13. In the room he found a dark-skinned girl with sad eyes. 14. Natasha, with her black sparkling eyes in a short children's dress, was especially happy and pretty that evening. (L.T.) 15. The most indignant of all was a citizen in a leather coat and expensive boots.
Note 3. Definitions related to indefinite and attributive pronouns SOMETHING, SOMEONE, EVERYONE, EVERYONE, ALL, ANYONE, SOMETHING, SOMEONE.
There was something on the table wrapped in paper .
Probably, only together with definitions do such “vague” words acquire some specificity. By the absence of commas in definitions, we seem to emphasize this.
All who came to school that day were joyfully excited
Note 4. Definitions expressed by adjectives in comparative degree:
Her friend opened the door almost twice my age.
Neighbor's house, three times our size, seemed like a real palace.
Note 5. Definitions are separated if they separated from the defined word in other words:
Not watered in the evening, greenhouse tomatoes rustled their leaves reproachfully in the beds.
This kind of sentence, of course, rarely comes across: usually we still try to attach a definition directly to a noun or pronoun. But for the sake of completeness, we also include this linguistic observation.
Exercise 236.Add missing punctuation marks.
1. Shocked by what happened, Sasha could not come to his senses for a long time. 2. Dust pillars flew along the road, driven by the wind. (L.T.) 3. The moon, red and wide, has already risen in the sky. 4. Semyonov, immersed in his thoughts, did not answer this question. 5. The carriage conductors, worried and alarmed, ran along the corridor every now and then. 6. The dust raised by our feet stood in the air. 7. There was something wrapped in newspaper on the table. 8. I need to meet someone who knows this specialty. 9. Lost in deep thought, I sat motionless. 10. In the meadows overgrown with lush vegetation there were many birds. 11. The novel created by a young author caused lively debate. 12. From somewhere came sounds similar to the crying of a child. 13. Her soft and graceful movements were pleasing to the eye. 14. In the snowy expanses that deceive the inexperienced eye, it is difficult to determine the distance. 15. The sun had set, and light clouds, pink from the sunset, froze in the sky.
Exercise 237.Place punctuation marks.
1. Several pinkish and yellowish haze stood over the city. 2. Something resembling a cart came out from around the corner. 3. It rained slantingly and lightly all night. 4. The gate, which had not been locked since the evening, swung open hospitably. 5. Taken by surprise, I remained silent. 6. I saw a group of rocks that looked like deer and fell in love. (L.) 7. An endlessly long, gloomily cold night was approaching. 8. The entire expanse, thickly flooded with the darkness of the night, was in frantic movement. 9. Meanwhile, the frosts, although very light, dried out and colored all the leaves. 10. The road goes around bare rocks and winds through a deep hollow. 11. A rapid and stormy mountain stream either washes away the road or gets lost in a deep stone bed. 12. Satisfied with the bad pun, he became amused. 13. The completely dried stalks of grass ringing in the wind cover the wild steppe. 14. Vaska was increasingly overwhelmed by vague and unclear anxiety. 15. The windows covered with frost sparkled in the sun. 16. Pale, he rose from his seat.
Exercise 238.Place punctuation marks.
1. Gifted with extraordinary strength, he worked for four. (T.) 2. Completely reassured, I went to the meeting. 3. It was early spring, dry and gray. 4. Her friend, almost twice her age, refused to talk to me. 5. Soon he brought another pole three times shorter. 6. Lyudmila in a shiny bright blouse and short skirt walked towards him. 7. Father stood in the middle of the room in a long jacket with black buttons. 8. There are fields covered with snow all around. 9. Exhausted from the long journey, she was silent. 10. Something large and shapeless was white at the window. 11. Amazed to the depths of his soul, Oleg could not find words. 12. Creaking carts pulled along the dusty road leading to the gardens. 13. Pavel, endowed with an extraordinary sense of humor, also had a great understanding of people. 14. His proud and somewhat arrogant appearance annoyed me. 15. The other shore is flat and sandy, densely covered with a dense cluster of huts.
Exercise 239.Place punctuation marks.
1. The girls noticed that Volodya, always cheerful and talkative, this time spoke little and did not smile at all. 2. Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house. 3. The old man sitting in front of him in the right row of seats carefully wiped his bald head. 4. Standing next to him was a tall, thin Englishwoman with a large birdlike nose that looked more like a hook than a nose. 5. Volodya, a seventeen-year-old youth with a sickly and timid face, was sitting in the gazebo. 6. Olenka, the daughter of a retired collegiate assessor Plemyannikov, was sitting on her porch in her yard. 7. In the hospital courtyard there is a small outbuilding surrounded by a whole forest of burdocks. 8. Special marks no clues could be found. 9. And the clerk Nikolai Tikhonovich, a slender brunette with curls, dressed in fashion with a large pin on his tie, had already cleared a place on the counter. 10. Nikolashka, a young guy with a long pockmarked nose and a sunken chest, entered the room. 11. The friends kissed each other three times and looked at each other with eyes full of tears. 12. Kunitsyn, who did not know languages, shook his head. 13. The whole Korolev family, who had been waiting for their Volodya from hour to hour, rushed to the door. 14. And the official, busy with his thoughts, got up and for some reason went to the closet. 15. Somewhere downstairs, a half-broken door knocked.
(From the works of A.P. Chekhov)
Exercise 240.Place punctuation marks.
1. In the summer he bought another car three times more expensive than the previous one. 2. Two sentries in iron helmets stood with carbines on their shoulders near the gangway. (Boon.) 3. Suddenly, from somewhere, a furiously out of breath gentleman in a beaver hat and a long coat with a beaver collar appeared in front of us. (Boon.) 4. The second boy, older and taller, stood nearby. 5. Meanwhile, a third ravine appeared wider and deeper than the previous ones. 6. A small island no wider than ten meters divided the river into two channels. 7. Grandfather in grandma’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints and smiles at something. (M.G.) 8. Today she was especially young and beautiful in her new blue hood. 9. An elegant lady in a ball gown entered. 10. Anna in a light green suit stood by the window and did not turn around when we entered. 11. Next to me was a guy in a checkered cowboy jacket. 12. Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day. 13. Father, black with dust and with bloodshot eyes, arrived only in the evening. 14. This room with windows to the west and north occupied almost half of the entire house. 15. In the crowd I saw the same girl with a yellow bag.
Exercise 241.Add missing punctuation marks.
1. A tattered, gloomy man, stained in clay, wearing a tunic and homemade sandals, with a black beard, came out of the wall. (Bulᴦ.) 2. Andrei, in his new black suit and recently purchased tie, seemed quite grown up. 3. On the edge of the highway we noticed a lonely slender girl in a light dress. 4. Lera, with her blond hair and kind, cheerful eyes, always seemed so sweet, homely, and cozy. 5. She was a short, slender, thin woman with a pale face and thick black hair. 6. A golden moon floated in the deep blue, almost black sky. 7. There was always something anxious and restless in his eyes. 8. Struck by fear, I followed her. 9. There is something similar to a lullaby in the noise of your native river. (L.) 10. Everyone who came to the meeting agreed with this. 11. His free and amiable conversation soon dispelled my shyness. (P.) 12. Muromsky’s horse, who had never been hunting, got scared and bolted. (P.) 13. Muromsky, who proclaimed himself an excellent rider, gave her free rein and was internally pleased with the opportunity that saved him from an unpleasant interlocutor. (P.) 14. Sofya Pavlovna Talman, smiling, powdered and painted, looking like a large elegant doll, sat on the sofa with two sisters of Second Lieutenant Mikhin. (Kupr.) 15. The platoon stood on the side of an asphalt highway lined with two rows of wooden huts. (Soloukh.)
Exercise 242.Add missing punctuation marks.
1. I lived near a large pond made by people in the middle of the dry, hot Voronezh steppe. (Soloukh.) 2. Next to the pond there was a tiny windmill the size of a thimble. (Soloukh.) 3. The earth, abundantly mixed with beaten, worn-out straw, lay exposed and completely soaked around me. (Soloukh.) 4. Ivan let out a terrible battle cry, audible, to the general temptation, even on the boulevard and began to defend himself. (Bulᴦ.) 5. Captivated by the game, they did not hear anything. 6. Surprised and delighted, I opened the door for her. 7. Suppressed by melancholy, he powerlessly wandered along the street. 8. Valya, tired during the day, fell fast asleep. 9. We entered the grove, wet from the rain. 10. I like his calmness and even speech, simple and clear. 11. And then the crow of a rooster, announcing the beginning of a new day, was heard at the edge of the village. 12. The children, cheerful and rested, set off on their journey. 13. The younger sister Zhenya, while they were talking about the zemstvo, was silent. (Ch.) 14. Pyotr Vasilyevich her father often went on business trips. 15. We are small people in a society of holes. (V.V.)
In answer 298132 you write: “It would be more correct to consider only the first (temple, village, embankment, street, etc.) as a generic word, and the second word, which is written with lowercase letter, should be considered part of the proper name (not to be confused with a proper name!)" The answer is incomprehensible and contradicts the Rules (§ 169. "In geographical and administrative-territorial names - the names of continents, seas, lakes, rivers, hills, mountains, countries, territories, regions, settlements, streets, etc. - all words are written with a capital letter, except for generic concepts (island, sea, mountain, region, province, street, square, etc.), service words, as well as words of year, years") Where in geographical and administrative-territorial names - the names of settlements - can words appear with a lowercase letter that are not official or generic? Example: the proper name "subsistence village of the sanatorium "Porechye"", where "Porechye" is enclosed in quotation marks and is the name only the sanatorium itself Why in this geographical name are the words “subsidiary farming” written in lowercase?
You touched on a big complex problem– use of capital letters in geographical names. By general rule All words of a compound geographical name must begin with a capital letter, except the words years, years and service inside the name (like Russian and, on, and borrowed as part of the name an, del, der and etc.). Words indicating type geographical feature(in the rule they are called generic concepts), they are not included in the name.
This rule is easy to apply to most geographical names, and writing them does not cause difficulties, for example: Cape of Good Hope, Losinaya Gar tract, Bulag-Dobo spring,Bald Baba mountain, Lysy y Ded hill, Lyudmila Left stream, May-Boroda mountain, Malaya Almazinka river, Moldovansky Kust ridge, Novaya Sila village. The names may include geographical terms that have lost their terminological meaning, that is, they do not indicate the type of geographical object. They are written in capitals, for example: Moleny Mys village, Molchanov Klyuch stream, Mokhovishche Stormy Lake tract, Obodnaya Pad stream, Obshaya Balka river.
However, some combinations of names and terms are not so easy to correlate with the rule. For example, there is a special class of hills - hills. One of the meanings of this word, recorded explanatory dictionaries, – “volcano”. But from about the 70s–80s of the last century, geographers began to include the word hill in the names of volcanoes. On maps and in catalogs of geographical names they began to write: Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka(on maps of the mid-twentieth century you can find the writing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka). But the word Sopka included in the names of many mountains , eg: Birch Hill, Borkova Hill, Burnistaya Hill. Apparently, geographers, clarifying the nomenclature of geographical terms, strived for their unambiguity and defined hill as a special type of hills. All mountains and volcanoes that do not meet the definition of the term hill, from now on, strictly according to the rule of steel Hills.
Let's look at another example. The name of the square contains the word descent must be written in capitals: Vasilyevsky Spusk(see Moscow Street Dictionary). In the name of the street along which one goes down, for example to the river, the word descent retains its direct meaning"an inclined surface; a place along which one goes down." However (unlike hills in the names of mountains and volcanoes) in the names of streets the word descent fixed in writing with lowercase: Borovetsky descent, Vladimirsky descent, Erofeevsky descent- streets in Vladimir. Words are also written with lowercase letters in street names alley, ring, line, clearing. Probably, we can talk about the formation of a meaning for all these words with the “street” component.
There is a difficulty of a different kind. These are unusual names of settlements like subsistence village of the sanatorium "Porechye". The rule would be to write: Utility village of the Sanatorium “Porechye”(cf.: Cape of Good Hope). Some villages do not have conventional names of the traditional type, such as Listvyanka, Bolshaya Rechka, Dalny, Ust-Kamchatsk, Lesnoy Gorodok, Kuitun, Cheremkhovo. The function of a proper name is taken on by a combination of words indicating the affiliation of the village (in the past and/or present) with any organization. Such names were never described by spelling rules, apparently because the rules were created at approximately the same time as these names. In documents and on geographical maps they wrote, guided by the most general principles capital letters, but they were used in different ways. And now we are forced to write such names not uniformly, but in the way they are enshrined in the State Catalog of Geographical Names. Here are some examples: village Kuglaya base, village 16th km, Yurlovo forestry village, forestry village, Moskvoretsky forest parkkhoz village, Klyazminsky forest park village village, Severka lock village, state farm village named after. Lenin, village of state farm branch« Dedinovo», village of the central estate of the state farm Uvarovsky-2, village of the medical-instrumental plant, village of the state breeding plant« Konstantinovo» , village of the May Day factory.
It must be said that common nouns can gradually acquire the status of a toponym. This transition is reflected on road signs highway from Khabarovsk to Irkutsk: more than 20 streams are found here, designated as stream, Ruchey or RUCHEY.
| Question No. 278921 | ||
Hello!
I have been using your Internet resource for a long time. It has almost everything, except for some subtle points that are quite difficult to find even through your “Help”. I kindly ask you to help me understand the attributive phrases, or rather one of their varieties - participial phrases. I have been trying for quite a long time to find out whether participial phrases always stand out in postposition. I hope that you will still help me solve this dilemma, since your resource, as you yourself write, is one of the few (even if not entirely official) that today has a close relationship with the Russian language, and to be more precise, to its “legislators”.
First, a short introduction based on my personal searches:
What do the rules of 1956 say about this (http://gramota.ru/spravka/rules/?rub=zap&text=19_31), which are posted on your resource:
§ 151. Commas highlight:
1. Participles and adjectives that have explanatory words with them and stand after the noun they define, except for those that are closely related in meaning to the verb, for example:
Several adjacent mountain peaks, covered with snow, glowed in the rays of the rising sun (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The forests stood motionless, full of darkness (Gogol).
But:
The children returned from the skating rink flushed from the cold and having fun.
5. Participles and adjectives, both with and without explanatory words, related to personal pronouns, for example:
How, poor thing, can I not grieve! (Krylov). In May, after the exams, she, healthy and cheerful, went home and on her way
stopped in Moscow to see Sasha (Chekhov). Sweat poured from me, but excited by Maslov’s shout, I waved my pitchfork as hard as I could (M. Gorky).
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And here’s what I found from Academician Lopatin:
§ 46. Determinative phrases, i.e., definitions expressed by participles or adjectives with dependent words, are isolated (highlighted or separated) by commas in the following cases.
1. The attributive phrase after the defined noun is highlighted or separated by commas:
A dirty city downpour, mixed with dust, broke out (B. Past.); Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, who crossed Siberia on horseback at the end of the last century on a trip to Sakhalin, got bored all the way to the Yenisei (Rap.); The master, dozing on the grass, stood up and nodded (Hall.); In the coarse grass, similar to goat's hair, low purple flowers bloomed between the low wormwoods (Color.); Dust, pink from the shine of lightning, rushed across the ground (Paust.); Loose clouds, saturated with dark water, rushed low over the sea (Paust.).
§ 47. Determinative phrases related to the personal pronoun, both in the nominative and indirect cases, are separated by commas, regardless of location:
Completely killed, he is forced to interrupt his visits and return home (Nagib.); He, three times young, expected everything from life, but he did not expect this letter (Shuksh.); We, accustomed to the boundless noise of the sea, were even overwhelmed by this silence (Paust.); We went home, upset by what had happened; In his hut, sitting at the table, he thought, filled with sadness (Sick.); He [reason] would show me me, swaying on a sea wave, me flying with the wind to an invisible land (Sick.); Accustomed to poverty, even the smallest well-being enraged her (Leon.).
3. Unused definitions related to personal pronouns are separated. They can come before them, after them, or be separated from them by other members of the sentence.
Wed: I lit a fire and went to look for women. They, silent, separately, stood on the bank of the stream under a clump of bird cherry (Sparrow) - Quiet, they, separately, stood on the bank of the stream...; Sopronov did not look at anyone. He was now sitting at the table, pale, playing and tapping his pencil on the tabletop (Bel.); I, small, maybe three years old and pantsless, was being chased by a huge shaggy dog (P. Neil.).
*Note. A non-separate definition for personal pronouns is rare:
You cannot understand the current me, experiencing the old age of my old age, you cannot understand the state of my body and the flow of thought, which have become too simple for you (Hall.); The red director and the pale ones looked straight at Ivan Petrovich (Ch.); Those who did not wait cannot understand how, in the midst of the fire, with your expectation you saved me (Sim.); And truly you are the capital for the crazy and the bright of us (Ahm.); Absurd and stupid, I only dreamed today in a dream that she never loved me (Bl.); The little woman looked at the stranger (Eut.).
Such definitions are the semantic center of the statement; they usually refer to pronouns in oblique cases and precede them. In the position after the pronoun, they pull the stress from the pronoun to themselves:
Don't understand me today.
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And Rosenthal has written a lot of interesting things about this (http://www.many-books.org/auth/9403/book/100123/rozental_ditmar_elyashevich/punktuatsiya/read/8 - 8th and 9th pages):
§ 18. Separate definitions
Agreed Definitions
1. Common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on it (the so-called attributive phrases) standing after the defined noun or substantivized word, are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides):
Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. T.); We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous centuries-old forest, equal in size to a good principality (Kupr.); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (M.G.).
2. Common definitions are not distinguished:
2) standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined:
Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended appearance (T.) - the combination of words “assumed an appearance” does not make sense; Chernyshevsky created the work in highest degree original and extremely wonderful (D.P.); You chose a rather strict judge (L.); Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons (L.); If you are a self-respecting person... then by all means ask for curses (Ven.); Attempts to write simply led to sad and funny results (M. G.) - without the next two definitions, the noun does not express the desired concept; It was an unusually kind smile, wide and soft (Ch.); We were greeted by a slender and pleasant-looking man; An intelligent and very expressive face looks at you from the portrait (cf.: ...the face of a woman, amazingly beautiful); All of them turned out to be well-prepared students; Division is the inverse action of multiplication; We often do not notice things that are much more significant; An elderly man with a bald skull, like that of an apostle, entered;
4) expressed in a complex comparative form or superlatives adjective, since these forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of the sentence:
More popular books appeared; Worked in less suitable conditions; A simpler option has been proposed; The most important information has been received; The experiments were carried out at lower temperatures.
Wed. (as part of the turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters (L.T.).
But:
It was possible to create a new alloy, stronger than steel - the influence of the previous definition of “new” is felt (cf.: It was possible to create an alloy stronger than steel), in addition, with the form of the comparative degree there is a combination “than steel?”, resulting in the formation defining phrase.
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In the “Russian Grammar” of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1980, it is generally categorically stated:
§ 2108. The isolation of a participial phrase depends on its place (postposition or preposition) in relation to the subordinating noun and on the degree of informative load of the participle. The postpositive participle is always isolated...
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Unfortunately, I do not have a philological education, so I had to thoroughly “dig” on the Internet, but, to be honest, I never came to a certain “denominator”. Some say that the participial phrase is always isolated, citing the example of the “Russian Grammar” of the USSR. Others, in turn, refer to Rosenthal and say that he tried to identify those cases when the participial phrase in postposition does not need to be distinguished. There are many other reference books, but they, in principle, contain a little bit from all the above sources. And all this is starting to make my head spin. Take this example from Rosenthal:
If you are a self-respecting person... then you will certainly ask for curses (Ven.).
On the face, in my opinion (although I could be wrong), the participial phrase (a person who respects himself), and putting a comma after “person” is not something one would raise. And then the meaning turns out to be quite strange (if you are a person...), as if they are addressing not a person, but an animal or someone else or something... Or maybe it’s all a matter of inversion - I don’t know ... I may be wrong, but there are many cases when a comma after the word being defined looks superfluous. I’m not going to give examples now, I’m just asking for help in understanding this issue. In my practice, I also encountered many controversial cases. Here are some of them:
1. With a heart(,) overflowing with love, she rushed to him...
2. List of rehabilitation centers for people(,) who have become believers in prison.
In the first option, if you put a comma, it turns out the same as with “person”, although the situation may be, for example, in an operating room or with an object that has the shape of a heart - with a heart, she rushed towards him... But again - in this case, what is meant is not the literal meaning, but rather “a heart overflowing with love.” In my opinion, the defined word with a participial (or maybe not quite participial - I don’t presume to say this) turn forms a semantic unity.
In the second option there is a contrast - for people who believe in places of imprisonment, and not in freedom. We are talking about specialized rehabilitation centers that are focused specifically on working with newly released prisoners who, while in prison, came to God, that is, believed. It is no coincidence that I cited an example from Lopatin’s reference book (in § 47). There in the Note it is indicated very interesting case non-isolation of the definition in relation to the personal pronoun, which is based precisely on the opposition (the current me, and not the one I was...). But this, unfortunately, only applies to single definitions. Lopatin has written nothing about non-isolation or necessarily isolation of participial phrases...
In general, in the process of my searches I did not come to anything. It seems like you need to rely on the reference book edited by Lopatin, but it is very “thin” - there is very little information regarding, so to speak, narrow points that are quite rare in the Russian language. Rosenthal has much more information on this subject, but he has much that is already considered outdated. As a result, there is some kind of “vacuum” in this matter. I ask you, please help me understand both the two cases I have cited and this issue as a whole, or tell me where I can turn for help (maybe there is some material on this topic or something else). I will be very grateful to you.
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