Verb is an independent significant part of speech denoting an action ( read), state ( get sick), property ( limp), relation ( dress), sign ( turn white).
Indefinite verb form (infinitive)
The initial form of a verb is its indefinite form, or infinitive.
The verb in the infinitive answers the questions what to do? or what to do? and has only constant signs of transition (read- transition, sleep- nepereh.), repayment (wash - wash) And kind (decide- Nesov. view, decide- owls view).
The infinitive can be any member of the sentence: subject ( Learning is always useful), predicate ( Begreat storm!), addition ( Everyone asked hersing), definition ( I have an irresistible desiresleep), circumstance ( I wenttake a walk).
Transitivity/intransitivity of the verb
Transitivity - the ability of a verb to control a noun with the meaning of an object in a v. p. without a preposition ( read books). When denied, the form of V. p. changes to R. p. (do not read books); To transitional also include verbs that attach R. p., combining the meaning of object and quantity ( drink water). Verbs that can control nouns in these forms are called transitive.
TO intransitive other verbs include ( lie), including verbs, which are sometimes called indirectly transitive, - attaching a noun with the meaning of an object in a v. p. with a preposition or in another case with or without a preposition ( manage the plant), as well as verbs like want: in design I want ice cream infinitive missing: I want to eat ice cream.
Refundability/non-refundability
Refundable are called verbs with a word-forming suffix - Xia : learn, laugh. Most of them are formed from verbs without -sya ( prepare prepare), but there are also reflexive verbs that do not have this correspondence ( fear, be proud, be lazy, hope, like, laugh, doubt and etc.).
Reflexive verbs can convey the following meanings:
1) the subject’s action is directed towards himself: wash, comb your hair, tune in, humiliate yourself; These verbs can usually be converted into a construction from themselves;
2) actions of several subjects directed at each other, each of which is both the subject and the object of a similar action: make up, meet, kiss;
3) the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: be built(build a house for yourself) fit in(pack your things); it is possible to rebuild in a design with for yourself, for yourself;
4) the action of the subject, closed in the sphere of his state: worry, rejoice, get angry, have fun; worry;
5) potential active sign of the subject: dog bites(may bite);
6) potential passive attribute of an object: glass beats(may break);
7) impersonality - like, unwell, dark.
Usually reflexive verbs are intransitive - with rare exceptions: be afraid, shy mom.
Aspect as a morphological feature of a verb
View - a constant morphological feature of the verb, generally indicating the nature of the action or the distribution of the action in time.
All verbs have aspectual characteristics - they refer to perfect view (SV) or imperfect form (NSV).
SV verbs answer in the infinitive the question what to do? and denote a completed action (read) or an action that has reached a certain limit ( lose weight).
These verbs describe an action as a fact ( Autumn has come, the leaves have turned yellow and fallen And.). Very rarely, mainly in colloquial speech, SV verbs can denote a fact as an example of a repeated action ( This happens to him: he stops and thinks).
NSV verbs answer in the infinitive the question what to do? and do not indicate a completed action ( read) action that has reached a certain limit ( lose weight).
The scope of use of NSV verbs is wider than that of SV verbs: NSV verbs denote an action as a process ( Late autumn was approaching, the leaves were quickly turning yellow and falling off.), repeated action ( He sometimes stops and thinks), constant relation ( Parallel lines do not intersect). In a situation where the fact of an action is indicated, and not the nature of its occurrence, the verb NSV can be used synonymously with the verb SV; compare: I have already read this book = I have already read this book.
Most non-derivative verbs of the Russian language have the characteristic NSV ( read, change, shout). To form SV verbs from them, you need to add a prefix ( read re-read), prefix and suffix ( change s-men-i-t) or the suffix -nu- with the meaning of one-time occurrence ( scream scream).
There is no change in the aspectual characteristic of only 17 verbs of multidirectional movement when a prefix with a spatial meaning is added to them, for example : fly u-fly.
Two verbs that differ only in aspectual meaning (completion of an action, reaching the limit by an action) constitute species pair : do - do, read - read.
For most verbs, the prefix, in addition to the aspectual meaning, also introduces another additional semantic component: beginning ( sing-for-sing), softness ( get sick), intensity ( beat-to-beat) and etc.
If you add the suffixes -iva-/-yva-, -va-, -a- to the verb SV, then the verb NSV is formed from them: re-read, re-read, beat, beat, decide, decide. These suffixes, as a rule, add only a specific meaning (incompleteness of an action, lack of reaching a limit). By adding these suffixes, species pairs are formed; exceptions are few (see, for example, get lost - get lost).
Some verbs have suppletive (formed from another stem) aspectual pairs: talk - say. In some cases, verbs in an aspectual pair differ externally only in the place of stress ( cut - cut).
Usually there is one species pair ( do - do, reread - reread), but in some cases one SV verb can have two aspectual pairs formed at both stages of speciation: weaken - weaken - weaken.
The species pair can be different for different meanings of one verb:
teach (what) - learn,
teach (whom) - to teach.
In Russian there is bi-aspect verbs: They acquire the meaning of appearance in context. These are verbs execute, marry, baptize, promise(Yesterday he finally got married - SV. - He married several times - NSV), verbs ending in -ing: telegraph, operate(He was telegraphed weekly about the successes of the enterprise - NSV - He decided to telegraph about his arrival - SV).
In the Russian language there are verbs that do not participate in speciation, since their meaning is alien to the description of the course of an action: they do not denote an action, but a fact ( cost, have- NSV) or an instant transition from one state to another (cry out, wake up - SV).
Mood as a morphological feature of a verb
Mood - an unstable morphological feature of the verb, presented in the conjugated forms of the verb and expressing by contrasting the forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods the relation of action to reality.
Indicative expresses a real action in the past, present or future. The verb in the indicative mood changes according to tenses ( I am writing - I have written - I will write).
Imperative mood (imperative) expresses a call to action in the form of a request or order. A verb in the imperative mood does not change tenses.
Forms of the imperative mood are mainly formed from the present tense stem with the help of the suffix -and or without a suffix. The zero ending is an indicator of the singular form, and the ending - those forms the form plural (run-and-run-and-those, cut-cut-those).
Conditional (subjunctive) the mood denotes an action possible under certain conditions, as well as this condition itself. The conditional mood is formed by adding to the form of the particle coinciding with the past tense: If would He came, We went would to the cinema.
Tense as a morphological feature of a verb
Time - a non-constant sign of a verb, indicating the time of the action in relation to the moment of speech about it.
In Russian, the conjugated forms of the verb have three tenses: past, present and future .
Past tense denotes the precedence of an action to the moment of speech about it. At the same time, the very moment of speech (speech-mental activity) can be located not only in the present ( I am late.), but also in the past ( I realized that I was late.) or future ( He will come again before the appointed time and will say that I am late.).
When forming past tense forms, the suffix - l- ( see - seen).
Present tense Only NSV has it. It is formally expressed by personal endings of the verb ( I'm not, I'm not eating, I'm not eating, I'm not eating, I'm not eating, I'm not eating).
Present tense can denote an action taking place at the moment of speech. Moreover, the moment of speech itself can be located not only in the present ( He walks ahead of me.) but also in the past ( He thought he was ahead of me) or future ( He will run ahead again, but he will think that he is only a little ahead of me).
In addition, the present tense can mean:
1) constant attitude: The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea.
2) repeating action: He always studies in the library.
3) potential sign: Some dogs bite.
Future denotes an action that will take place after the moment of speech about it ( I will go to the cinema in the evening / Yesterday morning I thought that I would go to the cinema in the evening, but I couldn’t).
Both NSV and SV verbs have a future tense, but it is expressed differently. For verbs, the NSV is represented compound form of the future tense : conjugated form of the verb to be + infinitive ( I will read), in SV verbs the future tense is expressed by personal endings ( read it).
Tense forms can have figurative use.
Present tense can be used:
1) in the meaning of the future:
a) the action is perceived as obligatory and real: Tomorrow I'm going to the dacha;
b) present of imaginary action: Imagine: you meet him on the street, but he doesn’t notice you;
2) in the meaning of the past (for figurative actualization of events): I was walking down the street yesterday and I saw...
Past tense can be used:
1) in the meaning of a foregone future: Well I'm off;
2) in the meaning of the present when negated: He was always like this: he saw nothing, heard nothing.
Future can be used figuratively in the present sense: For some reason I can’t find the newspaper.
Face as a morphological feature of a verb. Impersonal verbs
Verbs in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have an inconsistent morphological feature faces .
The face indicates the producer of the action.
Form 1 face indicates that the producer of the action is the speaker (alone or with a group of people): I'm coming, let's go.
2 face shape indicates that the producer of the action is the listener/listeners: go, go, go, go.
3rd person shape indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or by objects: goes, let them go, let them go / let them go.
From the point of view of relation to the morphological category of person, verbs can be divided into personal And impersonal .
Personal Verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences (I I'm sick).
Impersonal Verbs denote actions that do not have a manufacturer ( It's getting dark), or an action that is thought of as occurring against the will of the subject (I not feeling well). These are states of nature ( It's getting dark), person (Me chills) or subjective assessment of the situation ( I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as main member one-part impersonal sentence.
In the indicative mood, the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, it is a concordant category: the personal pronouns I and we require the verb to be put in the 1st person form, the personal pronouns you and you require the verb to be put in the 2nd person, other pronouns and all nouns, and also words acting as a noun require the use of a verb in the 3rd person form.
Conjugation
Conjugation - this is a change of verb in persons and numbers .
The endings of the present/simple future tense are called personal verb endings (since they also convey the meaning of the face).
Verbs I conjugations have endings - eat, -eat, -eat, -eat, -ut (-ut).
Verbs II conjugation have endings - ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at (-yat).
If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. Thus, the verb to sleep belongs to the II conjugation ( sleep), and the verb to drink - to the I conjugation ( drink-eat). The same conjugation includes prefixed verbs derived from them with unstressed endings ( drink and eat).
If the endings are unstressed, then the conjugation is determined by the form of the infinitive of the verb: conjugation II includes all verbs ending in -it, except shave, lay, rest, as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs ending in -et ( look, see, endure, turn, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs ending in -аt ( hear, breathe, drive, hold). The remaining verbs belong to the I conjugation.
In the Russian language there are verbs in which part of the personal endings belongs to the first conjugation, and part to the second. Such verbs are called heterogeneously conjugated. This want, run, honor and all verbs formed from those given.
Verb want has endings of the first conjugation in all singular forms. numbers and endings of the second conjugation in all plural forms. numbers.
Verb run has endings of the second conjugation in all forms except the 3rd person plural. numbers where it has the ending I conjugation.
Verb honor can either be heteroconjugated or belong to the II conjugation, which depends on the form of the 3rd person plural. numbers are honored/honored.
In addition, there are verbs, some of whose personal endings are not represented in either the I or II conjugations. Such verbs have a special conjugation. This is and give and all educated from them ( eat, pass), as well as verbs associated with origin data ( get bored, create).
Most verbs have all possible forms of person and number, but there are also verbs that do not have any or usually do not use certain forms. So, for verbs win, find yourself, wonder there are no forms of 1st person unit. numbers, verbs crowd, group, scatter unit forms are not used. numbers, verbs foal, crystallize- 1st and 2nd person forms.
Genus. Number. Relationship between verb categories
Genus a verb is an inflectional morphological characteristic of such verb forms as singular forms of the past tense of the indicative mood, singular forms conditional mood, participial forms. The gender characteristic of a verb serves to coordinate the verb with nouns and pronominal nouns and is an extra-word indicator of their gender characteristic (Boy came- Girl came-A). Neuter gender may also indicate the impersonality of the verb ( It was getting dark-O).
Number - a morphological characteristic inherent in all verbal forms. The verb number serves to coordinate verb forms with a noun or pronominal noun ( Came Human - Arrived-And People). The plural of a verb in a one-part sentence indicates the uncertainty of the subject (At the door knocking), and the only thing can indicate impersonality (Me chills).
Morphological analysis of the verb
The analysis of the infinitive form is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (infinitive).
II. Morphological characteristics. Permanent characteristics: a) type; b) transitivity; c) repayment; d) conjugation. Non-constant features: a) mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive); b) time (if any); c) number; d) face (if any); e) gender (if any).III. Syntactic role.
Sample morphological analysis of a verb.
- He needs to be warned.
- “No need,” said Balaganov, “let him know next time how to violate the convention.”
- What kind of convention is this?
- Wait, I'll tell you later. Entered, entered! (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)
I. Warn (what to do?) - verb., initial. form to warn.
II. Constant signs: transition, non-return, NE, I reference;
inconstant signs: in the infinitive form.
III. (What to do?) need to be warned (predicate).
I. Let him know (what he is doing?) - verb., initial. form to know.
II. Constant signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I reference;
inconstant signs: in command. incl., 3rd person, unit. number.
III. (What is he doing?) let him know (predicate).
I. Violate (what to do?) - verb., initial. form to violate
II. Constant signs: transition, non-return, NSV, I reference;
inconstant features: in the infinitive form
III. (What to do?) violate (predicate).
I. Wait (what will you do?) - verb, initial. form wait.
II. Constant signs: transition, non-return, NE, I reference;
inconsistent signs: led. incl., 2nd person, plural number.
III. (Do what?) wait (predicate).
I. Entered (what did you do?) - verb., initial. login form.
II. Constant signs: non-transition, non-return, NE, I reference;
inconsistent signs: in withdrawal. nakl., pr. vr., male kind, units number.
III. (What did you do?) entered (predicate).
Lesson topic: “Indefinite form of verbs.”
It is called indefinite because it cannot be used to determine either time, number, person, or gender of the verb.
Listen to the poem, find the verbs.
It’s so good, friends, to walk
Along the trail with a backpack.
It’s wonderful to jump across the field
On horseback.
It's also nice to take the express -
Will flash in the window there is a meadow and a forest.
Slide not bad on the waves
On a sea ship.
But it's better to rush in the skies
On a steel liner. (I. Kholin)
Walk, jump (what to do?),
sit down (what to do?),
slide (what to do), rush (what to do?).
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.
Verb will flash(what will he do?) is used in the form of the future tense, singular, 3rd person. You will learn to determine the faces of verbs in 4th grade.
Find out Pushkin's fairy tales, from which excerpts were taken, and find verbs in them that are in the indefinite form. How can you tell them apart?
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do?
The mirror had the following properties:
It can speak well...
“You, queen, are the sweetest of all,
All blush and whiter."
And the queen laughs
And shrug your shoulders
And wink your eyes,
And click your fingers...
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights."
Verbs in the indefinite form:
what to do?
speak
laugh
shake
wink
snap
Tsar Dadon wanted in his old age
Take a break from military affairs
And give yourself some peace.
The neighbors are disturbing here
Steel the old king,
Doing terrible harm to him.
So that the ends of your possessions
Protect from attacks
He should have contained
Numerous army.
"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel."
what to do?
bother
guard
what to do?
relax
arrange
If you want, remember.
Verbs that answer the question what to do? are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the question what to do? are perfective verbs.
Verbs that answer the questions what to do? and what to do?, are considered in different words, even if they are the same root. They differ from each other in some parts of the base and therefore differ in meaning.
What to do?
laugh
shake
speak
What to do?
for laughing
shake
before talking
laugh - laugh out loud
The words are distinguished by the prefix za- (the prefix za- means “to begin an action”).
shake(root press -) - shake(root zha-)
The verb to shake names an action that is performed often (repeatedly), the verb to shake names an action that is performed once (one time).
talk - finish
The words are distinguished by the prefix do - (the prefix do- has the meaning “to complete the action”).
In order not to switch from one verb to another, you need to follow the prefix in the question.
1. Put a question to the form of the verb and find out whether the question contains the prefix C - or not.
2. Ask an indefinite question with or without the prefix C-.
3. Name the indefinite form of the desired verb.
The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти(go, go out, find, carry, crawl). Scientists have not yet agreed on what to call this part of the word. Some consider it an ending, while others consider it a suffix.
Sometimes the indefinite form of the verb ends in -ch, but these letters are part of the root:
guard - guard(root guard-, guard-), I'll lie down - lie down(root lie-, lie-).
In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь. It is also written after the letter h (-ch) - this is a spelling for the rule: ь in the indefinite form of the verb.
Let's determine the tense of verbs and find the indefinite form.
leaked- what did you do?, last century, what to do?, leak(root flow-flow)
I cut my hair- what am I doing?, now, what to do?, cut(root shear-cut)
I'll save save(root shore - take care)
I'll carry you away- what will I do?, bud.v., what to do?, captivate(root attract-attract)
The vowel letters in the indefinite form of verbs before -т are most often suffixes. They can be different: -a, -e, -i, -i, -o.
If they are unstressed, then there is always an orthogram in their place. These suffix letters cannot be determined by rule, they can only be learned from the dictionary and remembered.
Suffix -a: hear, swim, jump, listen
Suffix -e: see, offend, depend
Suffix -i: build, iron, cook, glue, put, construct
Suffix -ya: bark, melt, winnow, sow
Let's find the verb in the indefinite form.
The wind sings barely audibly,
Linden sighs by the garden...
Sensitive music lives everywhere -
In the rustle of grass,
In the noise of the oak forests,
You just need to listen.(V. Semernin)
What is he doing?, sings, sighs, lives- verbs in the present tense.
What to do?, listen - verb in an infinitive form.
Verbs often contain a special suffix -sya or -sya. It is special because it is located after -ТН. To distinguish it from other suffixes, scientists gave it their own name - postfix (“attached after”).
Form infinitive verbs using these suffixes and prefixes.
Prefixes VZ-, PO-, PRI-, OT-.
Roots -DREAM-, -COUGH-, -DANCE-.
Suffixes -IVA-, -NU-, -YVA-, -A-, -I-, -SYA.
Vz doze - prefix vz-, suffix -nu-,
doze - prefix po-, suffix -a,
po cough - prefix po-, suffix -ya-,
for cough - prefix from-, suffix -я-,
to dance - prefix po-, suffix -a-,
when dancing - prefix pri-, suffix -yva-,
from dancing - prefix from-, suffix -yva-.
Who eats what?
A fly can only suck up liquid food with its proboscis. Some butterflies have incisor-like teeth at the end of their proboscis, which they can use to chew through the skins of fruits and drink their juice! Eight flexible tentacles with suction cups help the octopus to grab and hold any prey very tightly. With its long neck, the giraffe is able to reach tree shoots. A snail living in a shell is capable of cutting and grinding food with its tongue. The spider can produce sticky silk for its web to catch insects. There are webs with lids, then the prey cannot escape from it.
Can (what to do?) suck in,
can (what to do?) chew and drink,
help (what to do?) to grab and hold,
able (what to do?) to get,
capable of (what to do?) cut and grind,
can (what to do?) produce,
should (what to do?) get caught,
what to do? don't slip away.
During holidays.
It’s good early in the summer….and…to the lake. It’s nice...in the sun,...in clear water,...mushrooms, berries in the forest,...birds singing. Interesting...the behavior of insects,...playing football with friends. Useful ... in the garden and vegetable garden, ... for senior housekeepers.
During holidays.
It’s good in the summer to get up early (what to do?) and (what to do?) go to the lake. It’s nice (what to do?) sunbathe in the sun, (what to do?) swim in clear water, (what to do?) pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, (what to do?) listen to birdsong. It’s interesting (what to do?) to observe the behavior of insects, (what to do?) to play football with friends. It is useful (what to do?) to work in the garden and vegetable garden, (what to do?) to help elders with housework.
How to cook pancakes.
You (take) half a liter of kefir, (add) a little salt, sugar and soda, (beat) one egg and (pour) into this mass, (add) flour and (mix) everything. We can (bake).
Let's put the verbs in the indefinite form.
let's take - what will we do?, what to do?, take
let's add - what will we do?, what will we do?, add
let's beat - what will we do?, what to do?, beat
pour out - what will we do?, what to do?, pour out
add - what do we do?, what do we do?, add
mix - what do we do?, what do we do?, mix
baking - what are we doing?, what to do?, baking
How to cook pancakes.
You need to take half a liter of kefir, add a little salt, sugar and soda, beat one egg and pour it into this mass, add flour and mix everything. You can bake.
(What to do?) Dress or put on? These two words are often confused.
The verbs dress and put on are similar, but they have different meanings.
You can dress someone, but you can only put something on yourself.
Therefore it is correct to say this:
put on (something)
form
coat
shoes
dress
costume
dress (someone)
child
doll
girl
sick
baby
In the lesson, you learned that verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.
The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти, sometimes in -ч. In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveichik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Cdo.omrc.ru ().
- Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
- Read the poem. What part of speech is “main” in it? Indicate in what form the words of this part of speech are used? Emphasize the sign of this form.
Don't stop me from dreaming!
I wish I could get a bag of sweets,
Unwrap, chew, suck,
Slurp, smack, gobble up,
For a long, long time not to swallow,
Enjoy, savor.
- Put questions to these verbs. Form an indefinite form from them and emphasize the sign of the initial form.
Carrying, running, whistling, carrying, cutting, looking for, drawing.
- Write out the verbs in the indefinite form from the poem in two columns.
What to do? What to do?
There is no need to pester your mother...
No need to beg your sister...
No need to call
No need to wait
The infinitive is the initial meaning of the verb. The peculiarity of the infinitive is that it denotes only a pure action, not tied to the person who performs it, does not indicate whether one or more persons perform the action, and also does not give the concept of the time the action was performed. That is, the infinitive does not have a definite past, present or future tense.
This part of speech is also called the “indefinite form of the verb” because it does not characterize any details of the action being performed, revealing only its original meaning. Latin word infintus, from which this term is derived, can be translated as "uncertain".
Indefinite verb form: rules and examples
The infinitive can only answer questions:
- "What to do?";
- "What to do?".
It is impossible, for example, to ask "Doing what?""What is he doing?",“What are we doing?”"What are they doing?""What you are doing?",“What did you do?”"What will you do?", since the infinitive is the infinitive form of the verb. The time and person remain unclear, and no reference is given to the details of what happened.
Infinitive suffixes
The infinitive ends with word-forming suffixes:
- -t - give birth, grow up, die;
- -whose, - to protect, burn, whip;
- -ti - carry, grow, row.
It can also be supplemented with a postfix -sya (-sya), by which we can judge which indefinite form of the verb is non-reflexive and which is reflexive:
-sya (-sya) - to toil, to pray, to beware.
Signs of the infinitive
The infinitive is a form of the verb that always remains the same. It cannot be conjugated or represented in another tense or person. Infinitives can only have constant verbal features that are present in any verbs, regardless of their form. Such characteristics include transitivity/intransitivity, recurrence/irrevocability, and perfection/imperfection.
Transitive and intransitive infinitives
The transitivity of a verb is determined in accordance with the presence of an additional word of an indefinite form of the verb, denoting an object or phenomenon to which the action is partially transferred. Intransitive verbs consist of one single word that directly denotes an action. The transitive infinitive may include:
- nouns or pronouns put in the accusative case without a preposition: give an injection, thread;
- nouns placed in the genitive case, without a preposition, which express a share of something, or participation: wait for trouble, pour water;
- nouns or pronouns placed in the genitive case, if the verb has a negative expression: not be able to, not notice them.
Thus, these words are part of the verb, filling it with meaning, and without them the essence of the action is lost. Part of the action, in turn, transfers to an object or circumstance, giving it a specific meaning.
Reflexive and irreversible infinitives
The infinitive form of a verb can also be reflexive or non-reflexive. Irreflexive verbs express an action performed by someone or something in relation to someone or something. Reflexives express an action directed by someone or something towards itself, or mean another closed interaction or state of an object and have a postfix at the end -sya (sya). On -xia The reflexive indefinite form of the verb usually ends. The rule states that reflexive verbs cannot be transitive.
Examples of irreversible infinitives: put on, lower, peek. Examples of reflexive infinitives: to dress, to lower oneself, to sneak.
As we see from the above examples, some reflexive verbs can be obtained from non-reflexive ones by simply adding a postfix -xia(as in the case of a pair " lower-lower"). This only changes the direction of action, but the general meaning remains. In rare cases, according to the rules and norms for the use of verbs, it is impossible to use a verb in both of its word forms - perfect and imperfect, as, for example, the reflexive indefinite form of the verb is unacceptable for “put on” (example " put on - get dressed"). “Put on” denotes an action performed in relation to some object or person, while “dress” can be addressed exclusively to the object itself performing the action (it can be used in other word forms, but provided that this reflexive meaning is preserved) . Despite the fact that such a limited in use indefinite form of the verb is not often found, the rule remains the rule. Also, from some imperfect forms of verbs, we will not be able to create a perfect one, based on their key meaning, which we can see in the example of the verb “peep” - you cannot peek for yourself. By the same principle, in the Russian language there is no imperfect form of the verb “to sneak” - you cannot " sneak" anything.
Perfective and imperfective infinitives
Infinitives can also be perfective or imperfective. The indefinite form of the imperfective verb expresses actions that continue over time and do not have a specific connection - these are, as it were, eternal actions, and without additional instructions in the context it does not give us an idea of the completion or incompleteness of the action. A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:
Perfective infinitives indicate that the action has already been completed, or will certainly be committed, that the result has already happened, or will still happen (of course, in cases of negation or question, it can have a relatively vague connotation). A question would be appropriate here "What to do?". Examples:
- After reading the note, it was to be burned.
- Thank me that you didn't have to burn that note.
- Were you instructed to burn the note?
Only a small number of dual infinitives are found in the Russian language. The indefinite form of the verb, which refers to both the perfective and the imperfect, can be used either way, depending on the environment, without changing its word form. That is, she also answers the question "What to do?", and to the question "What to do?". Examples:
- An order was received to execute all traitors from now on. - "What to do?";
- An order was received to execute the traitor. - "What to do?";
- In the village they are used to getting girls married quickly. - "What to do?";
- By autumn, Marfa managed to marry all her girls. - "What to do?";
- It's hard to tell your heart. - "What to do?"
- How to tell your heart not to love? - "What to do?"
- Exploring caves is very interesting, but at the same time dangerous. - "What to do?"
- Tomorrow we will have to explore these caves. - "What to do?"
- You can attack them from any direction, while I will defeat them head-on. - "What to do?"
- You will have to attack them from the right, and I will come in from the flank. - "What to do?"
Conjugation of verbs
The conjugation of verbs reflects their change in accordance with person and number. Although infinitives themselves cannot have person, number or gender, and, therefore, cannot be conjugated, they nevertheless serve as a word-formation basis for other verbs, therefore they are classified into one of two verb groups according to the type of conjugation - either I , or to II. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the first group: -e, -yu(except exception verbs). The forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -eat and -eat, -et and -et, -eat and -eat, -eat and -ete. Indefinite verb endings belonging to the second group: -And and on -I(except exception verbs). When conjugated, the forms of these verbs have endings -u and -yu, -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at and -yat.
Function of the infinitive in a sentence
Verbs, as usual, perform the function of a predicate in a sentence. Together with subjects, they form the grammatical basis of sentences. However, the infinitive, due to its peculiarities of use, can perform completely different functions in a sentence. Therefore, the role of any of the members of the sentence in this case can be played by the indefinite form of the verb. An example of using infinitives as different parts of a sentence:
Morphological analysis of the infinitive in a sentence
To carry out morphological analysis of a verb in a sentence, you need to determine its part of speech, general grammatical meaning, ask him questions, determine the word form, indicate constant and inconstant morphological characteristics, as well as its function in a sentence. Since the indefinite form of the verb does not change, morphological analysis the infinitive is carried out without indicating non-constant verbal features.
The ability to form an indefinite form, recognize it in a text, and distinguish it from other forms of a verb is necessary not only when studying a verb, but also when forming its forms. Various tasks, exercises, and work with tables will help you develop this skill.
In school practice, to identify an indefinite form, the teacher most often uses only questions (what to do?) (what to do?), paying little attention to a detailed acquaintance with this form. For example, mistakes are very common when defining verbs like carry, take care. However, these errors can be prevented if students are offered such a table when familiarizing themselves with the indefinite form.
This table will help you recognize the indefinite form by its external formal features (finite -t, -ch or -ti). The number of verbs in the indefinite form in -ti and –ch is small. Students should be introduced to the most common of them:
Verbs in -ti:
go, go, wander, carry, lead, row, sweep, carry, find, graze, weave, crawl, grow, scrape, shake, bloom.
These verbs can be included in the exercises.
1. From various forms verbs in -ti form an indefinite form: sweep - revenge, carry - carry, etc.
2. Put these verbs in the 1st person singular form: row - row, find - find, etc.
3. From these verbs, using various prefixes, form new ones: weave - braid, intertwine, weave, etc.
4. Using the verbs to carry, rake, revenge, go, come, carry, compose a coherent text on the topic “On the subbotnik.”
Similar work is carried out with verbs ending in -ch.
Verbs starting with -ch:
protect, achieve, burn, lie down, clothe, doom, renounce, oven, help, neglect, cut, guard, flog, flow, pound, captivate, harness
Very often, children form non-literary forms from verbs ending in -ch: “burns,” “flows,” etc. To avoid this, you need to bring them to the conclusion that only in the 1st person singular and in the 3rd person plural the numbers of these verbs retain the sounds g and k (zhgu - burn, bake - bake), and in other forms there is an alternation of g - z and k - h (zhgu - burn, burn, burn, burn; flow - flow, flow, flow , flowing).
Accordingly, students are also hampered by the reverse operation, i.e., the formation of an indefinite form from personal forms of verbs, for example: shore, reach, lie down, flow, get carried away, cut, renounce, guard.
Students also experience difficulties in forming an indefinite form from impersonal verbs(by the way, the comparison of the 3rd person and the indefinite form is especially important from the point of view of spelling), so it is useful to practice tasks such as finding the indefinite form from impersonal verbs: it gets dark early (it gets dark).
I want to sleep, it becomes cool, I feel the approach of spring, I feel completely grown up.
How well students have learned to find the indefinite form from which the verb is derived will be shown by the results of completing such a task.
Write down verbs from each sentence and choose an indefinite form for them.
1) The boy walked barefoot and carried his shoes in a bag.
2) I cleaned the kettle, filled it with water and went to the fire.
3) The old man smiles, winks, and squats down.
4) The short summer night was leaving, the dawn was already red in the east, the stars were slowly extinguishing.
5) It’s getting dark outside, but we don’t want to go back.
6) Styopka has his arms outstretched and is lying on his back, his hat is lying on the sand.
7) Evening shadows fall on the ground, merge, filling the streets with darkness.
Work on spelling when studying an indefinite form can be accompanied by work on speech development,
1. Find synonyms for these verbs (also verbs in the indefinite form).
Shy (fear), argue (prove), submit (obey), motivate (justify), send (send), restore (restore), export (export), import (import), debate (argue), stimulate (encourage), blame (reproach, reproach), hope (hope), study (study), groom (undead, cherish), zeal (try), oppose (object)
2. Find antonyms for these verbs (also verbs in the indefinite form).
Punish (forgive), hurry (slow down), chat (be silent), praise (scold), extinguish (ignite), chill (warm up), cry (laugh), start (finish), agree (object), appear (disappear), spoil (fix), love (hate), climb (descend), thaw (freeze), rest (work), dawn (dark), cool (heat), despair (hope), build (destroy), work (idle).
3. Replace these phrases with verbs that are similar in meaning.
To languish from idleness (to be bored), to fish (to fish), to win (to win), to experience fear (to be afraid), to send a telegram (to telegraph), to go back (to return), to improve in something (to qualify), to be examined (to be examined) ), to understand something (to get oriented), to come to consciousness (to wake up), to move to another country (to emigrate), to admit mistakes (to repent), to be released from accusations (to rehabilitate).
4. Explain the meaning of phraseological units using synonymous verbs. Make sentences using phraseological units.
To beat one's forehead (to ask), to beat one's head (to sit back), to bring oneself into the open (to expose), to hack one's nose (to remember), to lift one's nose (to be proud), to nod one's nose (to doze), to pout one's lips (to be offended), to hang one's head (to be depressed) , come to your senses (come to your senses).
Exercises on various substitutions should be carried out throughout the study of the verb (2-3 minutes at the end of the lesson). Some attention should be paid to paronyms, i.e. words that are different in meaning, but similar in pronunciation, such as: gape - shine, import - export, put on - put on, reject - refute, present - provide, etc. These words you can pronounce them in class, write them down in a student’s dictionary, include them in dictations, and come up with sentences with them; It is useful to look up their meanings in an explanatory dictionary.
When reviewing morphology in high school, students should remember that verbs in the indefinite form can be various members of a sentence: subject (Learning is always useful), predicate (Our task is to study), definition (I got the opportunity to study), object (We agreed to study only good and excellent), circumstance (The guys came to the city to study).
The following suggestions will help consolidate this information.
1) I went out into the air to freshen up (L.).
2) Riding this horse was a pleasure for Rostov (L. T.).
3) I lay down on the camp bed to rest a little (T.).
4) I saw the need to change the conversation (P.).
5) I have an innate passion to contradict (L.).
6) The sun was just beginning to rise (L. T.).
Lesson topic: “Indefinite form of verbs.”
It is called indefinite because it cannot be used to determine either time, number, person, or gender of the verb.
Listen to the poem, find the verbs.
It’s so good, friends, to walk
Along the trail with a backpack.
It’s wonderful to jump across the field
On horseback.
It's also nice to take the express -
Will flash in the window there is a meadow and a forest.
Slide not bad on the waves
On a sea ship.
But it's better to rush in the skies
On a steel liner. (I. Kholin)
Walk, jump (what to do?),
sit down (what to do?),
slide (what to do), rush (what to do?).
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.
Verb will flash(what will he do?) is used in the form of the future tense, singular, 3rd person. You will learn to determine the faces of verbs in 4th grade.
Find out Pushkin's fairy tales, from which excerpts were taken, and find verbs in them that are in the indefinite form. How can you tell them apart?
Verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do?
The mirror had the following properties:
It can speak well...
“You, queen, are the sweetest of all,
All blush and whiter."
And the queen laughs
And shrug your shoulders
And wink your eyes,
And click your fingers...
"The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights."
Verbs in the indefinite form:
what to do?
speak
laugh
shake
wink
snap
Tsar Dadon wanted in his old age
Take a break from military affairs
And give yourself some peace.
The neighbors are disturbing here
Steel the old king,
Doing terrible harm to him.
So that the ends of your possessions
Protect from attacks
He should have contained
Numerous army.
"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel."
what to do?
bother
guard
what to do?
relax
arrange
If you want, remember.
Verbs that answer the question what to do? are imperfective verbs. Verbs that answer the question what to do? are perfective verbs.
Verbs that answer the questions what to do? and what to do?, are considered in different words, even if they are the same root. They differ from each other in some parts of the base and therefore differ in meaning.
What to do?
laugh
shake
speak
What to do?
for laughing
shake
before talking
laugh - laugh out loud
The words are distinguished by the prefix za- (the prefix za- means “to begin an action”).
shake(root press -) - shake(root zha-)
The verb to shake names an action that is performed often (repeatedly), the verb to shake names an action that is performed once (one time).
talk - finish
The words are distinguished by the prefix do - (the prefix do- has the meaning “to complete the action”).
In order not to switch from one verb to another, you need to follow the prefix in the question.
1. Put a question to the form of the verb and find out whether the question contains the prefix C - or not.
2. Ask an indefinite question with or without the prefix C-.
3. Name the indefinite form of the desired verb.
The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти(go, go out, find, carry, crawl). Scientists have not yet agreed on what to call this part of the word. Some consider it an ending, while others consider it a suffix.
Sometimes the indefinite form of the verb ends in -ch, but these letters are part of the root:
guard - guard(root guard-, guard-), I'll lie down - lie down(root lie-, lie-).
In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь. It is also written after the letter h (-ch) - this is a spelling for the rule: ь in the indefinite form of the verb.
Let's determine the tense of verbs and find the indefinite form.
leaked- what did you do?, last century, what to do?, leak(root flow-flow)
I cut my hair- what am I doing?, now, what to do?, cut(root shear-cut)
I'll save save(root shore - take care)
I'll carry you away- what will I do?, bud.v., what to do?, captivate(root attract-attract)
The vowel letters in the indefinite form of verbs before -т are most often suffixes. They can be different: -a, -e, -i, -i, -o.
If they are unstressed, then there is always an orthogram in their place. These suffix letters cannot be determined by rule, they can only be learned from the dictionary and remembered.
Suffix -a: hear, swim, jump, listen
Suffix -e: see, offend, depend
Suffix -i: build, iron, cook, glue, put, construct
Suffix -ya: bark, melt, winnow, sow
Let's find the verb in the indefinite form.
The wind sings barely audibly,
Linden sighs by the garden...
Sensitive music lives everywhere -
In the rustle of grass,
In the noise of the oak forests,
You just need to listen.(V. Semernin)
What is he doing?, sings, sighs, lives- verbs in the present tense.
What to do?, listen - verb in an infinitive form.
Verbs often contain a special suffix -sya or -sya. It is special because it is located after -ТН. To distinguish it from other suffixes, scientists gave it their own name - postfix (“attached after”).
Form infinitive verbs using these suffixes and prefixes.
Prefixes VZ-, PO-, PRI-, OT-.
Roots -DREAM-, -COUGH-, -DANCE-.
Suffixes -IVA-, -NU-, -YVA-, -A-, -I-, -SYA.
Vz doze - prefix vz-, suffix -nu-,
doze - prefix po-, suffix -a,
po cough - prefix po-, suffix -ya-,
for cough - prefix from-, suffix -я-,
to dance - prefix po-, suffix -a-,
when dancing - prefix pri-, suffix -yva-,
from dancing - prefix from-, suffix -yva-.
Who eats what?
A fly can only suck up liquid food with its proboscis. Some butterflies have incisor-like teeth at the end of their proboscis, which they can use to chew through the skins of fruits and drink their juice! Eight flexible tentacles with suction cups help the octopus to grab and hold any prey very tightly. With its long neck, the giraffe is able to reach tree shoots. A snail living in a shell is capable of cutting and grinding food with its tongue. The spider can produce sticky silk for its web to catch insects. There are webs with lids, then the prey cannot escape from it.
Can (what to do?) suck in,
can (what to do?) chew and drink,
help (what to do?) to grab and hold,
able (what to do?) to get,
capable of (what to do?) cut and grind,
can (what to do?) produce,
should (what to do?) get caught,
what to do? don't slip away.
During holidays.
It’s good early in the summer….and…to the lake. It’s nice...in the sun,...in clear water,...mushrooms, berries in the forest,...birds singing. Interesting...the behavior of insects,...playing football with friends. Useful ... in the garden and vegetable garden, ... for senior housekeepers.
During holidays.
It’s good in the summer to get up early (what to do?) and (what to do?) go to the lake. It’s nice (what to do?) sunbathe in the sun, (what to do?) swim in clear water, (what to do?) pick mushrooms and berries in the forest, (what to do?) listen to birdsong. It’s interesting (what to do?) to observe the behavior of insects, (what to do?) to play football with friends. It is useful (what to do?) to work in the garden and vegetable garden, (what to do?) to help elders with housework.
How to cook pancakes.
You (take) half a liter of kefir, (add) a little salt, sugar and soda, (beat) one egg and (pour) into this mass, (add) flour and (mix) everything. We can (bake).
Let's put the verbs in the indefinite form.
let's take - what will we do?, what to do?, take
let's add - what will we do?, what will we do?, add
let's beat - what will we do?, what to do?, beat
pour out - what will we do?, what to do?, pour out
add - what do we do?, what do we do?, add
mix - what do we do?, what do we do?, mix
baking - what are we doing?, what to do?, baking
How to cook pancakes.
You need to take half a liter of kefir, add a little salt, sugar and soda, beat one egg and pour it into this mass, add flour and mix everything. You can bake.
(What to do?) Dress or put on? These two words are often confused.
The verbs dress and put on are similar, but they have different meanings.
You can dress someone, but you can only put something on yourself.
Therefore it is correct to say this:
put on (something)
form
coat
shoes
dress
costume
dress (someone)
child
doll
girl
sick
baby
In the lesson, you learned that verbs in the indefinite form answer the question what to do? or what to do? This is the initial form of the verb. Its peculiarity is that neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender are determined for it.
The indefinite form of the verb most often ends in -т or -ти, sometimes in -ч. In the infinitive form of verbs, if it does not end in -ti, it is always written ь.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. 3rd grade: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in the Russian language for 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Cdo.omrc.ru ().
- Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
- Read the poem. What part of speech is “main” in it? Indicate in what form the words of this part of speech are used? Emphasize the sign of this form.
Don't stop me from dreaming!
I wish I could get a bag of sweets,
Unwrap, chew, suck,
Slurp, smack, gobble up,
For a long, long time not to swallow,
Enjoy, savor.
- Put questions to these verbs. Form an indefinite form from them and emphasize the sign of the initial form.
Carrying, running, whistling, carrying, cutting, looking for, drawing.
- Write out the verbs in the indefinite form from the poem in two columns.
What to do? What to do?
There is no need to pester your mother...
No need to beg your sister...
No need to call
No need to wait
