Introduction

Chapter 1 Usage psychological test"Who am I" in sociology

Chapter 2

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work. Sociological research is the collection of new facts and their interpretation in terms of a theoretical model chosen or built in accordance with the task in hand, using methods that are adequate to the operational definitions of the properties of the constructs that underlie this model. Sociology cannot exist without extracting information of the most diverse nature - about the opinion of voters, the leisure of schoolchildren, the president's rating, the family budget, the number of unemployed, the birth rate.

The work of a sociologist begins with the formulation of the topic (problem), the goals and objectives of the study, the definition and clarification of the basic concepts - theoretical concepts, the establishment of links between them and the definition of the content of these links (logical, semantic, functional, etc.). This intellectual creative work requiring a fairly broad erudition, good knowledge theoretical foundations sociology. Sociological research begins with the study of the problem, the formulation of goals and hypotheses, the construction of a theoretical model, and the selection of research methods. The basis of all sociological research is various methods, without which research is not possible.

By studying different spheres of society or different qualities of a person, etc. sociologist uses different methods in his work. One of the methods in sociology that allows you to comprehensively explore the "I-concept" of a person is the test "Who am I?", The authors of which are well-known sociologists M. Kuhn and T. McPartland. This test allows you to comprehensively study the perception of the individual himself. Test M. Kuhn and T. McPartland "Who am I?" often used in sociology in studies of the personality of the subject and is a technique that gives reliable results.

The purpose of the work is to explore the use of the psychological test "Who am I" in sociology.

Work tasks:

) To study the features of using the test "Who am I?" in sociology.

) Experimentally explore the image of "I" using the test of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland "who am I?".

The object of the work is the technique of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland "who am I?".

The subject of the work is the peculiarities of using the psychological test "Who am I" in sociology.

Research methods: analysis of literary sources on the topic, synthesis, generalization, abstraction, statistical method data processing, observation, sociological research.

Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

CHAPTER 1. USING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST "WHO AM I" IN SOCIOLOGY

Sociological research is a systematic study of social processes and phenomena, characterized by: a comprehensive essential analysis of the subject of research; an empirical way of obtaining data on the studied phenomenon, process; statistical processing of data on individual manifestations of social reality. It is a system of theoretical empirical methods surveys of social reality using methods of statistical data processing. Sociological research plays a significant role in sociology for two reasons. First, sociological research provides an opportunity adequate self-esteem in its purpose and the limits of its impact on society and the individual. Secondly, theoretical concepts and special research methods help to draw public attention to significant changes, realistically assess and predict the development of social problems and conflicts that affect specific life situations clients, analyze infrastructure social sphere, to study the expectations and moods of various categories of the population, without which it is absolutely impossible to carry out the function social work- to promote positive changes both in society and in the position of the individual.

What categories of sociology are the basis of concepts, methods, research practices in sociology? These include: society, personality, social processes, social problems, social groups, social adaptation, gender, social fears, resourcefulness, social conflicts, social deviations, social subjectivity, social role, social mobility, anomie, social action, etc. As you can see, the list (it can be continued) is quite impressive. Social research in different societies can have a different orientation, which is reflected in models of social infrastructure, personnel training, state educational standards, legal and financial support, etc. The basis of all sociological research is various methods, without which research is not possible. By studying different spheres of society or different qualities of a person, etc. sociologist uses different methods in his work. One of the methods in sociology that allows you to comprehensively explore the "I-concept" of a person is the test "Who am I?", The authors of which are well-known sociologists M. Kuhn and T. McPartland.

The structure and specificity of the relationship of the individual to his own "I" have a regulatory influence on almost all aspects of human behavior. Self-relationship plays important role in establishing interpersonal relationships, in setting and achieving goals, in ways of forming behavioral strategies, resolving crisis situations, as well as in professional and personal development. The problem of self-attitude is one of the most acute today. A positive self-attitude provides a person with stable development. In order to develop a certain attitude towards yourself, you need to know your strengths and weaknesses. Self-respect, sympathy, self-acceptance, self-love, a sense of disposition, self-esteem, self-confidence, self-abasement, self-accusation - this is not a complete list of features used to denote a holistic self-relationship or its individual aspects. Such a wide variety of concepts was noted in the analysis of various views on the structure of self-relationship. Sometimes behind these terms there are differences in the theoretical orientations of researchers, sometimes - different ideas about the phenomenological content of self-relationship, but more often - just differences in word usage, which are based on poorly reflected preferences. This leads to the fact that some authors consider sympathy the basis of self-relationship, others insist that self-relationship is, first of all, experiences of one's own value, expressed in a sense of self-respect, others try to harmonize these ideas by highlighting one or another fixed set in self-relationship. aspects or structural elements, but these sets are also often different and difficult to compare. A number of studies have shown that the individual parameters of assessments and self-assessments for different people can be so different that the problem arises of substantiating universal fixed measurements obtained on heterogeneous samples of subjects, whether they are the result of averaging individual data. Moreover, each point of view has a well-founded argumentation. Ultimately, discussions about the essence of the relationship turn into disputes about words.

The concept of self-relationship in the context of the meaning of "I" allows, to a certain extent, to remove these problems, since the meaning of "I" implies a certain language of its expression, and this "language" may have some specificity both for different individuals and for different social groups or other social communities. Moreover, the alphabet of this language should be wide enough, because in connection with the inconsistency of being, the enumeration of activities and the “confrontation of motives”, the subject should experience a fairly wide range of feelings and experiences in his address. Of the domestic attempts to reconstruct the emotional system of self-attitude, the only study by V.V. Stolin, in which three dimensions of self-attitude are distinguished: sympathy, respect, closeness. Similar results were obtained by other researchers: L.Ya. Gozman, A.S. Kondratieva, A.G. Shmelev, but they are only indirectly related to self-attitude, as they were obtained in the study of emotional, interpersonal descriptive features. A number of irrelevant factors affect self-description or expression of attitude towards oneself, such as: social desirability, self-presentation tactics (self-presentation), self-disclosure area, etc. This gives some authors reason to believe that such forced self-descriptions of the self-concept are actually self-reports, it is not the same. The content of these terms is close, but not the same. In their opinion, the self-concept is everything that an individual considers himself or his own, everything that he thinks about himself, all the ways of self-perception and self-evaluation characteristic of him. On the other hand, a self-report is a self-description given to another. This is a statement about yourself. Of course, the self-concept influences these statements. However, there can be no complete identity between them. Self-report, in their opinion, is an example of introspection and, as such, cannot be considered an objective indicator, not only from the standpoint of modern phenomenological psychology, but even from the standpoint of earlier, traditional areas of psychological thought.

Other researchers believe that the situation of self-reporting initiates a special behavior of the subject - "evoked verbal self-presentation", which is not a direct equivalent of self-attitude, but is associated with it, and this connection must be conceptually and operationally framed. The formulated understanding of self-relationship as an expression of the meaning of "I" for the subject just allows us to conceptualize this connection and explore self-relationship by means of experimental psychosemantics, which has an effective and reasonable apparatus for reconstructing and analyzing group and individual subjective systems of meanings.

The specificity of the space of self-relationship, apparently, should also have one more feature, noted by V.F. Petrenko when working with such spaces: “A feature of the subject code for describing the personality of another or oneself is its holistic integrative character, where the units of its “alphabet” are not individual signs, but integral categorical schemes, standards, generalized images. The content of such a factor is a holistic construct, which can be understood only by presenting holistic images of people who contrast in these qualities.

The M. Kuhn and T. McPartland test is a technique based on the use of non-standardized self-description followed by content analysis. The test is used to study the content characteristics of a person's identity. The question "Who am I?" is directly related to the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, that is, with his image of "I" or I-concept. The subject is asked for 12 minutes to give 20 different answers to the question addressed to himself: "Who am I?". The subject is also instructed to give answers in the order in which they spontaneously arise, and does not care about sequence, grammar and logic. Within 12 minutes, the subject must give as many answers as possible to one question related to yourself: "Who am I?". Each new answer must start on a new line (leaving some space from the left edge of the sheet). The subject can answer as he wants, fix all the answers that come to his mind, since there are no right or wrong answers in this task.

It is also important for the subject to notice what emotional reactions he has during the execution. given task how difficult or easy it was for him to answer this question. When the subject finishes answering, he is asked to perform the first stage of processing the results - quantitative: The subject must number all the individual answers-characteristics he made. To the left of each answer, the subject must put its serial number. Evaluate each individual characteristic according to a four-digit system:

"+" - the plus sign is put if, in general, the subject personally likes this characteristic;

“-” - “minus” sign - if, in general, the subject personally does not like this characteristic;

“±” - plus or minus sign - if the subject both likes and dislikes this characteristic at the same time;

"?" - question mark - if the subject does not know this moment time, how exactly he relates to the characteristic, he does not yet have a definite assessment of the answer in question.

The sign of your assessment must be placed to the left of the characteristic number. The subject can have assessments of both all types of signs, and only one sign or two or three. After the test subjects have evaluated all the characteristics, the result is summed up:

how many answers were received;

how many answers of each character.

The modification of the test involves 10 different answers to the question addressed to oneself: "Who am I?". Registered indicators are the totality of the answers of the subject, their quantitative characteristic, as well as the number of all words in the answer. What is behind a person's application of the "±" rating regarding their characteristics? If the subject uses the “plus-minus” (“±”) sign, then this indicates the ability of the subject to consider a particular phenomenon from 2 opposite sides, characterizes the degree of balance of the subject, the “weightedness” of his positions in relation to an emotionally significant phenomenon . Conditionally allocate subjects belonging to the emotionally polar, balanced and doubting type. A person of emotionally polar typology includes those who evaluate the totality of all their own identification characteristics only as liking or not liking him, he does not use the plus or minus sign at all in the assessment. Such a person is characterized by the presence of maximalism in assessment, fluctuations in emotional states, in relation to such a person they say "from love to hate is one step." This is an emotionally expressive person, whose relationship with another person strongly depends on how much he likes or dislikes a person.

If the number of signs "±" reaches 10-20% (of the total number of signs), then such a person belongs to a balanced typology. For him, in comparison with a person of emotionally polar typology, he is characterized by the presence of great stress resistance, he quickly resolves conflict situation, knows how to maintain a constructive relationship with different people: both with those who like and with those who do not cause sympathy; more tolerant of the shortcomings of another person. If the number of signs "±" exceeds 30-40% (of the total number of signs), then such a person belongs to a doubting typology. Such a quantitative characteristic of the signs “±” occurs in people experiencing a situation of crisis in their own lives, and indicates that such a person has such a character trait as indecision (a person makes a difficult decision, doubts, considers different options).

What is behind a person's use of the evaluation "?" about their characteristics? The presence of the sign "?" when assessing identification characteristics, it speaks of a person’s ability to endure a situation of internal uncertainty, which means that it indirectly indicates a person’s ability to change, readiness for change.

This evaluation mark is used by people quite rarely: one or two signs "?" put only 20% of the surveyed. The presence of three or more characters "?" in self-assessment, it assumes that a person has crisis experiences. In general, the use by a person in self-assessment of the signs "±" and "?" is a favorable sign of the good dynamics of the consultative process. People using these signs, as a rule, quickly reach the level independent solution own problems.

As in the technique "Who am I?" Are there gender differences? Gender (or gender) identity is part of the individual self-concept, which comes from the individual's knowledge of his belonging to a social group of men or women, along with the assessment and emotional designation of this group membership. Features of gender identity are manifested:

firstly, in how a person designates his gender identity;

secondly, in what place in the list of identification characteristics is the mention of one's gender.

The designation of one's gender can be done:

directly;

indirectly;

be absent altogether.

Direct designation of gender - a person indicates his gender in specific words that have a certain emotional content. From this, four forms of direct gender designation can be distinguished:

neutral;

alienated;

emotionally positive;

emotionally negative.

The presence of a direct designation of gender suggests that the sphere of psychosexuality in general and comparison of oneself with representatives of one's own sex in particular are an important and internally accepted theme of self-awareness. Indirect gender designation - a person does not indicate his gender directly, but his gender is manifested through social roles (male or female), which he considers his own, or by the endings of words. Indirect ways of designating gender also have a certain emotional content.

The presence of indirect gender designation indicates knowledge of the specifics of a certain repertoire of gender-role behavior, which can be:

wide (if it includes several gender roles);

narrow (if it includes only one or two roles).

The presence of both direct and indirect variants of emotionally positive designation of one's gender indicates the formation of a positive gender identity, the possible variety of role behavior, the acceptance of one's attractiveness as a representative of the sex, and allows one to make a favorable forecast regarding the success of establishing and maintaining partnerships with other people. The absence of a gender designation in self-identifying characteristics is stated when the entire text is written through the phrase: "I am a person who ...". The reasons for this may be as follows:

Lack of a holistic view of gender-role behavior at a given point in time (lack of reflection, knowledge);

Avoidance of considering one's gender-role characteristics due to the traumatic nature of this topic (for example, the displacement of the negative result of comparing oneself with other members of the same sex);

Lack of formation of gender identity, the presence of an identity crisis in general.

When analyzing gender identity, it is also important to take into account where the text of the answers contains gender-related categories:

at the very beginning of the list;

in the middle;

This indicates the relevance and significance of gender categories in a person's self-consciousness (the closer to the beginning, the greater the significance and degree of awareness of identity categories). How does reflection manifest itself when performing the “Who Am I?” technique? A person with a more developed level of reflection gives on average more answers than a person with a less developed self-image (or more "closed"). Also, the level of reflection is indicated by the subjectively assessed by the person himself, the ease or difficulty in formulating answers to the key question of the test. As a rule, a person with a more developed level of reflection quickly and easily finds answers regarding his own individual features. A person who does not often think about himself and his life answers the test question with difficulty, writing down each answer after some thought. We can talk about a low level of reflection when a person can give only two or three answers in 12 minutes (it is important to clarify that the person really does not know how else to answer the task, and not just stopped writing down his answers due to his secrecy) . A fairly high level of reflection is evidenced by 15 or more different answers to the question "Who am I?".

How to analyze the temporal aspect of identity? The analysis of the temporal aspect of identity must be carried out on the basis that the success of a person's interaction with others implies the relative continuity of his past, present and future "I". Therefore, consideration of a person's answers to the question "Who am I?" should occur from the point of view of their belonging to the past, present or future tense (based on the analysis of verb forms). The presence of identification characteristics corresponding to different temporal regimes indicates the temporal integration of the personality. A special role should be given to the presence and expression in the process of self-description of indicators of a promising "I-concept", i.e., identification characteristics associated with the prospect, wish, intention, dream, which belong to different life areas.

If in the process of self-description the subject is dominated by verb forms in the future tense, then such a subject can be characterized as insecure in his own personality, striving to get away from the difficulties of life at this time due to the fact that the subject person is not sufficiently realized at the present time. The presence of predominance in the process of self-description of verb forms in the present tense indicates that the subject is characterized by activity, as well as consciousness of his own action. What does the analysis of the correlation of social roles and individual characteristics in identity give? The question "Who am I?" logically connected with the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, that is, with his image of "I" (or I-concept). Answering the question "Who am I?", a person indicates the social roles and characteristics-definitions with which he relates himself, identifies, that is, he describes social statuses that are significant for him and those features that, in his opinion, are associated with him. Thus, the ratio of social roles and individual characteristics indicates how much a person realizes and accepts his uniqueness, as well as how important it is for him to belong to a particular group of people. The absence in the self-description of individual characteristics (indicators of reflexive, communicative, physical, material, active identities) when indicating many social roles (“student”, “passerby”, “voter”, “family member”, “Russian”) may indicate a lack of confidence in itself, about the person's fears in connection with self-disclosure, a pronounced tendency to self-defense.

The absence of social roles in the presence of individual characteristics may indicate the presence of a pronounced individuality and difficulties in fulfilling the rules that come from certain social roles. Also, the absence of social roles in identification characteristics is possible during an identity crisis or infantilism of a person. Behind the correlation of social roles and individual characteristics is the question of the relationship between social and personal identities. Personal identity prevails in people with a high level of certainty of the "I - others" scheme and a low level of certainty of the "we - others" scheme. Successful establishment and maintenance of partnerships is possible by a person who has a clear understanding of his social roles and accepts his individual characteristics.

What does the analysis of the spheres of life represented in the identity give? Conventionally, there are six main areas of life that can be represented in identification characteristics:

Family (kinship, parent-child and marital relations, relevant roles);

Work (business relationships, professional roles);

Study (need and need to acquire new knowledge, ability to change);

Leisure (time structuring, resources, interests);

The sphere of intimate-personal relations (friendly and love relationships);

Rest (resources, health).

All identification characteristics can be divided into the proposed areas. After that, correlate the complaints made by the client, the wording of his request with the distribution of identity characteristics by areas: draw a conclusion as to how the area corresponding to the complaint in the self-description is represented, how these characteristics are evaluated. What does physical identity analysis provide? Physical identity includes a description of one's physical data, including a description of appearance, painful manifestations, eating habits, and bad habits. The designation of one's physical identity is directly related to the expansion of the boundaries of the conscious inner world by a person, since the boundaries between "I" and "not I" initially pass through the physical boundaries of their own body. It is the awareness of one's body that is the leading factor in the system of human self-awareness. What does the analysis of active identity give? An active identity also provides important information about a person and includes the designation of occupations, hobbies, as well as self-assessment of abilities for activity, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, achievements. Identification of one's "active self" is associated with the ability to focus on oneself, restraint, balanced actions, as well as diplomacy, the ability to work with one's own anxiety, tension, maintain emotional stability, that is, it is a reflection of the totality of emotional-volitional and communicative abilities, the features of existing interactions.

What does the analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity give?

Analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity includes determining which parts of speech and which content aspect of self-identification are dominant in a person's self-description.

Nouns

The predominance of nouns in self-descriptions speaks of a person's need for certainty, constancy;

The lack or absence of nouns is about the insufficient responsibility of a person.

Adjectives:

The predominance of adjectives in self-descriptions speaks of demonstrativeness, emotionality of a person;

The lack or absence of adjectives is about the weak differentiation of a person's identity.

The predominance of verbs in self-descriptions (especially when describing areas of activity, interests) speaks of the activity, independence of a person; lack or absence of verbs in self-description - about insufficient self-confidence, underestimation of one's effectiveness. Most often, nouns and adjectives are used in self-descriptions.

The harmonious type of linguistic self-description is characterized by the use of an approximately equal number of nouns, adjectives and verbs. The difference in the common sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of the identification characteristics determines different kinds identity valencies:

negative - in general, negative categories prevail when describing one's own identity, shortcomings, identification problems are described more (“ugly”, “irritable”, “I don’t know what to say about myself”);

neutral - there is either a balance between positive and negative self-identifications, or no emotional tone is clearly manifested in a person’s self-description (for example, there is a formal enumeration of roles: “son”, “student”, “athlete”, etc.);

positive - positive identification characteristics prevail over negative ones ("cheerful", "kind", "smart");

overestimated - manifests itself either in the practical absence of negative self-identifications, or in answers to the question "Who am I?" dominated by the characteristics presented in superlatives(“I am the best”, “I am super”, etc.).

The data of the psycholinguistic analysis carried out by the specialist are compared with the results of the subject's self-assessment. It is possible to conditionally find a correspondence between the sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and the type of self-assessment of identity, which indicates that the person performing the "Who am I?" a person uses criteria typical for other people for the emotional assessment of personal characteristics (for example, the quality “kind” is rated as “+”). This correspondence is a good predictive sign of a person's ability to adequately understand other people.

The presence of discrepancies between the sign of the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics and the type of self-assessment of identity (for example, the quality “kind” is assessed by a person as “-”) may indicate that the client has a special system of emotional assessment of personal characteristics that interferes with establishing contact and mutual understanding with others. people. As a quantitative assessment of the level of differentiation of identity, there is a number that reflects the total number of indicators of identity that a person used in self-identification. The number of indicators used varies for different people, most often in the range from 1 to 14. A high level of differentiation (9-14 indicators) is associated with such personality traits like sociability, self-confidence, orientation to one’s own inner world, a high level of social competence and self-control. A low level of differentiation (1-3 indicators) indicates an identity crisis, associated with such personal characteristics as isolation, anxiety, self-doubt, and difficulties in controlling oneself.

Identification characteristics analysis scale

includes 24 indicators, which, when combined, form seven generalized indicators-components of identity: . "Social Self" includes 7 indicators:

Direct designation of gender (boy, girl; woman);

Sexual role (lover, mistress; Don Juan, Amazon);

Educational and professional role position (student, studying at the institute, doctor, specialist);

family affiliation;

Ethnic-regional identity includes ethnic identity, citizenship and local, local identity;

Worldview identity: confessional, political affiliation (Christian, Muslim, believer);

Group membership: perception of oneself as a member of a group of people (collector, member of society). . "Communicative Self" includes 2 indicators:

Friendship or circle of friends, perception of being a member of a group of friends (friend, I have many friends);

Communication or the subject of communication, features and assessment of interaction with people (I go to visit, I like to communicate with people; I know how to listen to people); . "Material Self" implies various aspects:

description of your property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle);

assessment of one's security, attitude to material goods

(poor, rich, wealthy, love money);

attitude to external environment(I love the sea, I don't like bad weather). . "Physical Self" includes the following aspects:

subjective description of their physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive);

a factual description of their physical data, including a description of appearance, disease manifestations and location (blond, height, weight, age, live in a hostel);

eating habits, bad habits. . "Active Self" is assessed through 2 indicators:

Occupations, activities, interests, hobbies (I like to solve problems); experience (was in Bulgaria);

Self-assessment of the ability to work, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, competence, achievements, (I swim well, smart; hard-working, I know English). . "Prospective Self" includes 9 indicators:

Professional perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the educational and professional sphere (future driver, future a good teacher);

Family perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to marital status (I will have children, future mother, etc.);

Group perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to group affiliation (I plan to join a party, I want to become an athlete);

Communicative perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to friends, communication.

Material perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the material sphere (I will receive an inheritance, earn money for an apartment);

Physical perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to psychophysical data (I will take care of my health, I want to be pumped up);

Activity perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to interests, hobbies, specific activities (I will read more) and the achievement of certain results (I will learn the language perfectly);

Personal perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to personal characteristics: personal qualities, behavior, etc. (I want to be more cheerful, calm);

Evaluation of aspirations (I wish you a lot, an aspiring person).

VII. "Reflexive Self" includes 2 indicators:

Personal Identity: personal qualities, character traits, description of an individual style of behavior (kind, sincere, sociable, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, etc.), personal characteristics (nickname, horoscope, name, etc.); emotional attitude towards oneself (I'm super, "cool");

Global, existential "I": statements that are global and that do not sufficiently show the differences of one person from another (a reasonable person, my essence).

Two independent indicators:

Problematic identity (I am nothing, I don't know who I am, I can't answer this question);

Situational state: experienced state at the moment (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset).

Analysis of research data made it possible to identify a number of categories that are subsequently used in content analysis: social groups (gender, age, nationality, religion, profession); ideological beliefs (philosophical, religious, political and moral statements); Interests and hobbies; aspirations and goals; self-esteem.

Assessing non-standardized self-reports using content analysis in general, it should be noted that their main advantage in comparison with standardized self-reports is the potential richness of shades of self-description and the ability to analyze self-attitude expressed by the language of the subject himself, and not by the language of research imposed on him. This, however, is one of the disadvantages of this method - a subject with low linguistic and self-descriptive skills is in a worse position compared to a person with a rich vocabulary and self-descriptive skills to convey their experiences. These differences can obscure differences in self-relationship and self-concept in general.

On the other hand, any content analysis limits the ability to take into account the individual identity of the subject by imposing a ready-made system of categories, thereby bringing the results obtained by this method closer to those obtained using standardized self-reports. Non-standardized self-reports are also influenced by the self-presentation strategy, which must be taken into account when interpreting the results.

Possible directions of interpretation of this technique:

determination of the number of categories for each subject, as a criterion for the diversity of the subject's life activity;

analysis of problem areas; the average number of answers given by the subjects;

the number of all words in self-descriptions;

assessment of the general emotional background; the presence of past, present, future or definitions "out of time";

assessment of the complexity of self-description, as well as what parts of speech are used in self-descriptions (adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, etc.), cluster analysis of all self-descriptions as a criterion of wealth, breadth of the spectrum of ideas about oneself.

This technique is widely used in individual counseling. After filling in the methodology, a conversation is conducted with the subject, the number of answers, their content (formal - informal, the severity of one or more topics, the temporal belonging of the answers) is analyzed. Additional work may be done with the list of answers: selection of the most important features and their description, division into categories (depends on me, depends on others, does not depend on anything, on fate, on fate) - which answers are more?

Coon McPartland sociological test

CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE IMAGE OF "ME" USING THE TEST OF M. KUN AND T. MCPARTLAND "WHO AM I?"

The study was conducted on the basis of the Peoples' Friendship University of Moscow. The sample of the sociological and psychological study consisted of 40 students of the medical faculty, of which 25 were boys and 15 were girls; the average age at the time of the study was (20.13±1.3) years. The purpose of this study is to conduct a psychosemantic analysis of an important component of the image of the world - the "image of I" of students as representatives of modern youth according to the test "20 statements" by M. Kuhn and T. McPartland ("Who am I?").

Youth is a relative concept, this category includes high school students who are faced with the choice of their future professional activity, students who have made this choice, and working youth, mostly distance learning students. It is during these age periods of socialization that the steady formation of the individual as a bearer of certain norms and values of society takes place, the self-awareness of the individual develops, a conscious representation of one's place in life and in the world as a whole. A person independently begins to solve vital issues. In connection with the change in the values of young people, their way of life, unlike past generations, it can be assumed that today's youth looks at the world differently, at their place in it and their attitude to life is distinguished by its new, fresh look.

Directions in the study of the image of the world are determined by the study of its structural elements: cognitive (meaningful), emotional-affective and behavioral. Test "Who am I?" Kuhn and McPartland belongs to the group of psychodiagnostic methods for studying the cognitive component of the image of the world. The technique makes it possible to identify an ethnonym (self-name) as an indicator of ethnic identity in a number of other identities: gender, family, professional, personal, etc., and thereby reveal the degree of relevance of ethnic knowledge about oneself.

The study of the image of I was carried out according to the method "Who am I?". The students were given the following instructions. “Please give 20 different answers to the question “Who am I” to yourself. Write the first thing that comes to mind in response to a given question, without worrying about logic, grammar, or sequence of answers. Work fast enough, work time is limited. The working time is 12 minutes, but the students were not informed about it.

The study of the modalities of the self-concept was carried out according to the Butler-Haig test of differences between the ideal and real "I". The test includes 50 statements-characteristics of the image of I. In a certain sequence, students must evaluate the proposed characteristics in points from 1 to 5.

At the first stage, assessment takes place taking into account how students see themselves; on the second - how they would like to see themselves. At the third stage, students determine the degree of difference between their real and ideal selves.

When studying the features of the self-image, various aspects of self-representations were studied: the degree of reflexivity (a tendency to self-knowledge), categories, self-acceptance index (IS).

The degree of reflexivity is determined by the number of answers given to the question "Who am I?" in 12 minutes. The average indicator of reflexivity for boys is 19.46, and for girls - 19.76. Categorical analysis shows that the most general form The answers were "I am...". Often "I am..." was omitted and the answers were just one or more words ("girl", "student", "man", etc.).

The responses were processed by the content analysis method. All responses were categorized into one of two categories: objective or subjective mention.

These substantive categories distinguished, on the one hand, the assignment of oneself to a group or class, whose boundaries and conditions of membership are known to everyone, i.e. conventional, objective mention, and on the other hand, characteristics of oneself that are associated with groups, classes, traits, states or any other points that, in order to clarify them, either require the student himself to indicate, or for this it is necessary to correlate him with other people, i.e. e. subjective reference.

Examples of the first category are such characteristics of oneself as “student”, “girl”, “husband”, “daughter”, “warrior”, “athlete”, i.e. statements relating to objectively defined statuses and classes.

Examples of subjective categories are "happy", "very good student”, “responsible”, “good wife”, “interesting”, “insecure”, “affectionate”, etc.

The ratio of objective and subjective characteristics reflects the individual "locus score" - the number of objective characteristics indicated by this respondent when working with the "Who am I?" test. The locus score of boys and girls is (7.4 ± 5.0) and (7.2 ± 5.6), respectively.

The self-acceptance index (IS) is equal to the ratio of all positive evaluative (subjective) answers to all evaluative answers found in the subject's self-description. It is known that usually the index of self-acceptance obeys the rule of the "golden section": 66% - positive answers, 34% - negative. The preponderance of evaluative answers in one direction or another indicates a positive or negative self-acceptance.

SI in boys is (77.4 ± 19.5), in girls - (80.8 ± 22.1). The higher values of this indicator in girls are confirmed by the relative predominance of its positive level (p>0.05). Higher values of its negative level can also be attributed to the features of girls' self-acceptance.

When analyzing the discrepancies between the "I-real" and "I-ideal" we used the following aspects of differences: the overall indicator of the discrepancy (the average value in points and the absence of a difference in %) and the assessment of a separate statement (the maximum discrepancy and the "conflict" discrepancy - in%) .

The overall indicator of discrepancy (ORD) is equal to the total difference between the assessment of I-real and I-ideal for 50 statements. If there is no difference, the overall difference score is 0. The maximum difference for an individual statement is 4 points. "Conflict" discrepancy - the presence of the above-mentioned indicator in one student both in assessing the I-real and I-ideal, i.e. the structure of both modalities in this case consists of opposite qualities (constructs).

An analysis of the overall discrepancy indicator indicates, first of all, its low average values, given that the maximum discrepancy can reach 200 points for each student. At the same time, the range of differences in boys is from 0 to 88 points, in girls - from 0 to 77 points.

Gender analysis indicates a lower average ODA among boys (p>0.05). At the same time, they are more than three times less likely to have no difference (p<0,01).

An analysis of the assessments of individual statements shows that boys are 2.4 times more likely to determine the maximum discrepancy of 4 points (p<0,05) и чаще встречается «конфликтное» расхождение (р>0,05).

Data from the study of self-representations and the discrepancy between I-real and I-ideal are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1

Indicators Gender Degree of reflexivity Locus score Index of self-acceptance Levels of self-acceptance % (persons) 22.14.5 (6)9.8 (13)85.7 (114)

table 2

Aspects of discrepancy Gender General indicator of discrepancy Score of an individual statement Mean value (points) No difference % (persons) Maximum discrepancy (%) "Conflict" discrepancy (%) Boys 35.7 ± 24.17.3 (4) 1.353.6 Girls 36.7 ± 16 .62.4 (4)0.563.0

The analysis of various aspects of self-representations of medical students, first of all, indicates the high values of their reflexivity - self-cognitive activity. This confirms the ideas of E. Erickson about the identity crisis (feelings of stable possession of one's own Self) in adolescence.

The successful passage of this period is indicated by low locus scores (most of the students' answers are subjective - evaluative - in nature).

According to social science, people organize and direct their behavior in accordance with their subjectively determined personal qualities, and not the role characteristics of the objective social statuses they occupy. High values of the positive level of self-acceptance (p<0,05) в сочетании с преобладающим субъективным характером самопредставлений указывают на успешный характер психосоциальной адаптации студентов в период возрастного кризиса.

The results of the study will be presented in the form of diagrams.

Diagram 1

Aspects of Self-Representations of Medical Students

An analysis of gender differences in the self-image revealed a higher reflexivity in girls. This is confirmed not only by the indicator of the degree of reflexivity, but also by the level of self-acceptance. Hypothetically, this may indicate a less successful overcoming of the identity crisis by young men.

The results of the study of the self-image are consistent with the data we obtained earlier from studying the coping behavior of students. High self-cognitive activity of students and a positive level of self-acceptance can be considered as factors contributing to the choice of the most constructive basic coping strategies and individual coping styles.

Diagram 2

Differences between "I-real" and "I-ideal"

When analyzing the discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal, it is necessary to take into account modern scientific views on this problem.

In Western European literature, the problem of discrepancy (disparity) between the I-real and I-ideal is studied in line with psychoanalytic theory, cognitive and humanistic psychology. In each of them, the essence and significance of this discrepancy is understood differently.

Psychoanalytic theories talk about the development of the super-I - the highest authority in the structure of mental life, which plays the role of an internal censor. 3. Freud and A. Freud believed that the super-I and I-ideal are one and the same phenomenon. Its formation is a necessary stage in the development of personality. At the same time, an excessively strong discrepancy between the I and the super-I becomes the cause of personal conflicts.

The development of the I-real and I-ideal is also considered in modern psychoanalytic theory. According to this point of view, the development of the I-ideal is an internalization of external, primarily parental, ideals. Representatives of cognitive psychology express the opinion that the obligatory divergence of the I-real and I-ideal accompanies the normal development of a person. As a person grows older, more and more demands are made. In a highly developed personality, these requirements become internal, and this leads to the fact that she will see more differences between the I-ideal and I-real.

In addition, a highly developed personality also implies a high degree of cognitive differentiation, i.e. such a person tends to look for many subtle nuances in his self-concept. High differentiation leads to a significant discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal. The studies carried out by representatives of this direction show that people with higher indicators of social maturity also have more significant coefficients of discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal.

In contrast to the psychoanalytic and cognitive approaches, in which the discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal is considered as a normal phenomenon, representatives of humanistic psychology emphasized its negative character. According to K. Rogers, the congruence of these structures correlates with a positive self-concept, which enhances the possibility of a person's social adaptation, and vice versa.

Thus, there are different approaches to understanding the role of this aspect of the self-concept in the social adaptation of the individual.

V.V. Stolin argues that a person's attitude towards himself is heterogeneous. It highlights at least self-acceptance (autosympathy) and self-respect. The discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal, apparently, forms the basis for the development of self-esteem of a person, which is one of the elements of a person's attitude towards himself.

Self-respect or disrespect is, most likely, a later formation of an attitude towards oneself. Apparently, in the first years the child develops self-acceptance, which is an internalization of the parental relationship. This aspect of self-relationship is unconditional.

The discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal emphasizes how close or far a person has come to his ideal. Thus, the conditional nature of this aspect of the attitude towards oneself is revealed. It reflects the degree of critical attitude of a person to himself.

The discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal, as it were, sets the direction of human self-improvement. But this discrepancy should not be too great: ideals should be achievable, real, but a person should not underestimate his capabilities either.

Apparently, there is a certain norm of discrepancies between the I-real and I-ideal, in other words, the norm in the degree of self-criticism:

) an unnecessarily small discrepancy between these structures indicates an unformed critical attitude towards oneself, which indicates the immaturity of the self-concept of a person;

) a very large discrepancy, apparently, indicates excessive self-criticism, which can lead to difficulties in the social adaptation of a person.

This analysis finds its confirmation in the results of our study of the self-image and self-esteem of students of Moscow State University. The dominance of a positive level of self-acceptance and a high level of self-esteem corresponds to low average ODA values. Perhaps this discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal is "optimal", in which ideals should be achievable, real, but a person should not underestimate his capabilities.

The absence of a difference means the almost complete identification of the I-real with the I-ideal. This congruence of these structures can be an expression of a positive self-concept, which enhances the possibility of a person's social adaptation, and vice versa. On the other hand, the absence of discrepancy may reflect a low degree of critical attitude of a person towards himself.

The presence of a maximum and “conflict” discrepancy among students can be an indicator of increased problem loading and a sign of insufficient psychosocial adaptation. Gender differences between boys and girls in terms of "no difference", maximum and "conflict" divergence are also consistent with the results of the study of self-image and self-esteem. The girls revealed: higher reflexivity (the desire for self-knowledge), the evaluative nature of self-description, a higher self-acceptance index and an average self-esteem score.

High values of the positive level of self-acceptance (p<0,05) в сочетании с преобладающим субъективным характером самопредставлений указывают на успешный характер психосоциальной адаптации студентов в период возрастного кризиса. Анализ гендерных различий Я-образа выявил более высокую рефлексивность у девушек, что подтверждается не только показателем степени рефлексивности, но и уровнем самоприятия. Это может свидетельствовать о менее успешном преодолении кризиса идентичности юношами.

The discrepancy revealed by us between the I-real and I-ideal students, perhaps, is "optimal", in which realistically achievable ideals are combined with an adequate assessment of their capabilities. This pattern is more typical for girls. Students with the maximum and "conflict" discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal need psychological counseling.

The results of the conducted sociological research can be used in the work of psychological and social services, in the development of a program for the prevention of various forms of socio-psychological maladjustment, as well as in the content of the psychological and pedagogical training of students of this University.

CONCLUSION

One of the methods used in sociological research that allows you to effectively explore the personal "I-concept" of a person is the test of M. Kuhn and T. The theoretical basis for creating this test is the understanding of personality developed by T. Kuhn, the operational essence of which can be determined through answers to the question " Who am I?" addressed to oneself (or another person's question "Who are you?" addressed to a person).

The most important stage in the formation of self-consciousness and one's own worldview, the stage of making responsible decisions, the stage of human closeness, when the values of friendship, love, intimacy can be paramount, is adolescence. The formation of self-consciousness in adolescence is carried out through the formation of a stable image of one's personality, one's "I". Self-consciousness as a system of holistic ideas about oneself, coupled with their assessment, forms the self-concept.

The self-concept is considered as a set of all knowledge and ideas about oneself (self-conceptions). Each of us has a wide range of self-images, that is, what we think of ourselves now, how we imagine ourselves in the future, and how we see ourselves in the past. This spectrum of self-concepts includes “good” selves, “bad” selves, hopes for gaining certain selves. This spectrum also includes selves that we fear and selves that we should be. Such ideas about oneself, attitudes of the personality towards oneself are constantly available for awareness. Important structural elements (modalities) of the I-concept are I-real and I-ideal. The real self includes attitudes related to how the individual perceives his actual abilities, roles, his current status, that is, with his ideas about what he really is. I-ideal - these are attitudes associated with the individual's ideas about what he would like to become. Differences (disparity) of these modalities among themselves can be an indicator of a person's self-development. In order to study the self-concept of students, we studied the features of the self-image, as well as the discrepancies between its two main modalities - the real self and the ideal self.

Diagnostic use of the "Who am I?" test is hampered by the lack of socio-cultural normative indicators, data on validity and reliability. Theoretical and methodological problems of coding answers have not been resolved either. Compared to a standardized self-report, the advantages and disadvantages of this methodology can be described. Advantages of the technique: less influenced by self-presentation strategies, does not limit the subject to the already set limits of the selected statements. Disadvantages: more time-consuming, more difficult to quantify, more susceptible to factors influenced by the linguistic abilities of the subjects.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE IMAGE OF "ME" USING THE TEST OF M. KUN AND T. MCPARTLAND "WHO AM I?"

Youth is a relative concept, this category includes high school students who are faced with the choice of their future professional activity, students who have made up their minds in this choice, and working youth, mainly students of distance learning. It is during these age periods of socialization that the steady formation of the individual as a bearer of certain norms and values of society takes place, the self-awareness of the individual develops, a conscious representation of one's place in life and in the world as a whole. A person independently begins to solve vital issues. In connection with the change in the values of young people, their way of life, unlike past generations, it can be assumed that today's youth looks at the world differently, at their place in it and their attitude to life is distinguished by its new, fresh look.

When studying the features of the self-image, various aspects of self-representations were studied: the degree of reflexivity (a tendency to self-knowledge), categories, self-acceptance index (IS).

The degree of reflexivity is determined by the number of answers given to the question "Who am I?" in 12 minutes. The average indicator of reflexivity for boys is 19.46, and for girls - 19.76. Categorical analysis shows that the most common form of answers was "I -...". Often "I am..." was omitted and the answers were just one or more words ("girl", "student", "man", etc.).

The responses were processed by the content analysis method. All responses were categorized into one of two categories: objective or subjective mention.

Examples of subjective categories are "happy", "very good student", "responsible", "good wife", "interesting", "insecure", "affectionate", etc.

Gender analysis indicates a lower average ODA among boys (p>0.05). At the same time, they are more than three times less likely to have no difference (p<0,01).

Data from the study of self-representations and the discrepancy between I-real and I-ideal are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1

table 2

The successful passage of this period is indicated by low locus scores (most of the students' answers are subjective - evaluative - in nature).

The results of the study will be presented in the form of diagrams.

Diagram 1

Aspects of Self-Representations of Medical Students

Diagram 2

Differences between "I-real" and "I-ideal"

When analyzing the discrepancy between the I-real and I-ideal, it is necessary to take into account modern scientific views on this problem.

Thus, there are different approaches to understanding the role of this aspect of the self-concept in the social adaptation of the individual.

Apparently, there is a certain norm of discrepancies between the I-real and I-ideal, in other words, the norm in the degree of self-criticism:

1) an unnecessarily small discrepancy between these structures indicates an unformed critical attitude towards oneself, which indicates the immaturity of the self-concept of a person;

2) a very large discrepancy, apparently, indicates excessive self-criticism, which can lead to difficulties in the social adaptation of a person.

1) Author, are you a fascist? What kind of stupid questions about eyes, nose, hair? What, can't a girl with brown or yellow eyes be beautiful? Can't an Asian or a Georgian or a Negro be beautiful? Can't a blue-eyed blonde have a repulsive appearance? The Romans had a big hooked nose, but could they be generally called ugly, with the exception of some? And where did you get the idea that a snub nose is ugly? What cute little girls with a snub nose are! How tired of these stupid questions in the tests! It remains only a question about the color of the skin, and finally, the nation to ask! I don’t know which author of the nation is, but he definitely lacks tact, and therefore intelligence. Such questions can be very offensive.
2) Lips. This is just part of the face. It’s not a fact that a full-lipped one will be a straight beauty, and thin lips will ruin everything. And you shouldn't live by standards at all. It's all bullshit. Everyone has an individual, unique beauty, and to drive yourself under the frame is at least stupid. Sometimes our beauty in general can be incomprehensible to others. You have to appreciate yourself for who you are. You never know what fool can walk past you in life, who didn’t like your hat and speak out about this, and now hang yourself? And the main beauty is inside, not outside.
I'm actually surprised that there is no question about the figure.
3) Hairstyle, hair length in general does not affect beauty. Just like the style of clothing, smeared, didn’t smear, what accessories you didn’t wear, it won’t change you as a whole, and you don’t have to deceive yourself. Clothes of any style can be beautiful, and in any clothes, with any trinkets, makeup, hair, a girl can look like a cow, if all this is chosen haphazardly or simply does not suit her.
4) How can a favorite color affect beauty in general? I mean innate beauty, and not all this fashion, today one is fashionable, tomorrow another. Well, how can a favorite color affect whether a girl dresses like a cow or not, in general, does she know how to dress? Whatever your favorite color is, there will always be people who do not have an artistic taste and no fashion will help them in this because they will not even be able to distinguish what suits them or does not suit them, and what is generally complete bad taste and the fruit of the imagination of the sick brain of a pseudo-designer, and there are those who in gloomy black can look stunning or even successfully combine the incongruous - peas and a cage, "poisonous" colors.
5) And finally, the result. How can all this affect the character of a person, will he betray you or not betray you? There are beautiful bitches, there are ugly bitches, there are very beautiful insecure notorious girls who cannot say two words in society, because they pay too much attention to such nonsense and in general she was unlucky in life, with her parents and she is an outcast. Well, if a company can appreciate you only for your appearance and fashionable clothes, is it worth hanging out with it at all? Why do you need friends who will throw you at a difficult moment, because they are more than capable of gossip and grimace? Are you sure they don't gossip about you behind your back?
In general, I do not put anything. I don't understand why people give good marks.

In self-determination counseling, various diagnostic techniques can be used, the choice of which depends on the specifics of the problem and the nature of the counselor's training. Let's consider some of them.

Method "Twenty statements", or "Who am I?" M. Kuhn and T. McPartland

Appointment. The M. Kuhn and T. McPartland test was created to study the individual's attitudes towards himself and is widely used to identify the content characteristics of identity: primarily cognitive, as well as value-motivational, affective, and behavioral.

General information. The methodology of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland in the literature has several different designations: "test of personality attitudes towards oneself" or "test of 20 statements", "test of twenty statements for self-attitude", test "20 answers", questionnaire "Who am I?" etc.

Represents free self-descriptions with subsequent content-analytical processing, i.e. refers to the methods of pestapdartic self-reports, which have their advantages (the ability to analyze self-description and self-relationship expressed in the language of the subject himself) and disadvantages (difficulty of self-description, ambiguity of interpretation).

Despite the shortcomings and apparent simplicity, the twenty-statement test is one of the most popular and sought-after methods for studying various aspects and types of identity. So, with the help of this technique, gender, gender, age, ethnic (national), family, professional, personal and other self-identities are studied. The availability of the test procedure makes it possible to use it not only for research purposes, but also for psychotherapeutic and correctional purposes. Various modifications of the methodology are used in the practice of counseling and the work of training, psychotherapeutic groups.

We present the classic version of the test, as well as its modifications developed by different authors for different purposes and tasks.

The classic version of the test

Theoretical basis. The test was developed as part of the "Iowa School" of symbolic interactionism.

Examination procedure. The test is a simple procedure for working with the subject, who is asked to answer the question "Who am I?" in writing 20 times. You will have 12 minutes to complete the test. Processing answers according to the "Who am I?" includes quantitative and qualitative analysis of the obtained data.

Equipment, stimulus material. A sheet of paper containing instructions.

Instructions: "Below on the page you see 20 numbered blank rulers. Please write on each of them the answer to the simple question "Who am I?" Simply write 20 different answers to this question Answer as if you were answering yourself and not someone else Arrange the answers in the order that they come to mind Don't worry about their logic or importance Write quickly because your time is limited."

Processing of results. Processing of responses is carried out by the method of content analysis. All test responses fall into one of two categories: objective or subjective mention. Objective mentions are those characteristics that are associated with referring oneself to conventional groups or classes, whose boundaries and everyone knows the conditions of membership. Self-characteristics associated with groups, classes, traits, states, or any other points that require the respondent to specify in order to clarify them, or for this it is necessary to correlate him with other people, refer to subjective references. Examples of the first category are such self-characteristics as "student", "girl", "husband", "Christian", "town-born", "daughter", "oldest child", "learning advertising", i.e. statements relating to objectively defined statuses and classes. Examples of subjective categories are "happy", "tired", "very good student", "too fat", "good wife", "interesting".

In the analysis, all objective statements belong to one group, while all "non-answers" (that is, the remaining blank lines of the list) and subjective statements fall into another group.

An individual "locus score" is the number of objective characteristics indicated by a given respondent when working with the "twenty statements" test.

Initial positions of interpretation. The creation of the test is based on the assumption that human behavior is organized and directed by the individual's attitudes towards himself.

The authors of the test proceed from the fact that the question "Who am I?" is a question that is logically related to what the individual identifies with, i.e. with social status and those features that, in his opinion, are associated with this. “The request to report such characteristics in such a way “as if he answers only to himself” is aimed at revealing his general attitudes towards himself, and not individual specific attitudes that can be artificially associated with the test situation or arise under the influence of the experimenter. twenty statements related to the idea of one's own identity comes from the recognition by researchers of the complex and multifaceted nature of individual statuses, as well as from their interest in the question of whether the order of answers is related to the status of an individual in society, and in the problem of studying the range of attitudes of an individual towards himself ".

The researchers believe that the given formulations operationally define the "personal I" of the tested as a kind of internalization of an individual position in the social system, and the order of answers is a reflection of the "I-concept" model. Such a theoretical approach suggests that differences in the identification of the "personal self" are equivalent to differences in how individuals in society associate their fate with a number of possible reference groups.

According to the authors, the data obtained using the "20 statements" test fully confirm that people organize and direct their behavior in accordance with their subjectively determined identifications, therefore, in order to predict the behavior of an individual, it is necessary to know his subjective definition of his identity.

Modifications of the interpretation scale

In addition to the above classical division of the answers of the "20 statements" test into two categories "objective - subjective", there are many different private classifiers directly created by researchers in accordance with the subject of their work.

Interpretation scale L. Zuchera. The most famous is the interpretation scale developed by L. Zucher. Developing the ideas of M. Kuhn, Zucher analyzed the subjects' answers to the question "Who am I?" and proposed to sort them into the following four categories: "physical self" (as an object in time and space), "social self" (place in a group, social role), "reflexive self" (individual style of behavior, character traits), "oceanic I" (abstract reflection regardless of the specific social situation). Zucher showed that self-identity models are not rigidly fixed, they are connected with the context of life, but many people still describe themselves in these four categories.

In other works, the number of categories for analysis was increased. For example, let's imagine the classifiers of domestic researchers.

Interpretation scale of I. A. Koneva. In the study by I. A. Koneva, devoted to identifying the features of the image of the "I" of younger adolescents with mental retardation, the author's modification of the methodology of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland, including an interpretive scale of six categories, was used.

Let's imagine the procedure for conducting and the features of processing the results in this modification of the test "Who am I?".

Everyone is given blank sheets of paper, the purpose of the work is briefly reported (“to find out what guys your age think about themselves”).

It is proposed to write your name and only the first letter of the last name in the upper right corner of the sheet (to preserve the anonymity of the subjects). Then it is proposed to number the page but vertically from 1 to 20 (possible display on the board).

Instructions are given. Make sure everything is clear. When asked by students about the content of self-characteristics, a monotonous answer is given: "Write everything that you think about yourself."

After 15 minutes, regardless of how many judgments the subjects were able to write, they are asked to complete the work and evaluate the significance of each judgment on a scale from 1 to 3 points:

3 - the answer is of great importance to me;
2 - the answer has an average value for me;
1 - the answer is of little value to me.

Criteria values are written on the board.

Instruction." "Write, please, 20 different answers to one question "Who am I?" (written on the board), put the answers in the order they come to mind. Answer as if you are answering yourself and not someone else. I promise that all your notes will remain with me: neither parents nor teachers will know about them. Try to write quickly, you only have 15 minutes."

Processing of results. The answers are processed by the method of content analysis and counting the number of self-characteristics. According to I. A. Koneva, the latter reflects the general level of self-presentation.

As in the classic version of the "Who am I?" methodology, content analysis is used to highlight two aspects of the image of "I" in the subjects:

a) an objective aspect, including social and behavioral self-characteristics: a teenager describes himself mainly in terms of his social roles, statuses and actions;
b) the subjective aspect, including motivational self-characteristics: a teenager describes himself in terms of emotions, attitudes and desires.

The ratio of these aspects is interpreted as a characteristic of the adolescent's subjective activity in terms of self-knowledge and indicates a certain level of development of reflexivity. Thus, objective self-characteristics state the obvious, "external" features of the "I" image, while subjective ones show hidden tendencies, the "internal picture" of the "I" image, which implies one's own internal activity in the process of introspection.

In addition, a content analysis of the modalities of the "I-image" is carried out. The analysis is based on the classification of the modalities of the "I" image, developed by I. S. Kohn in relation to the image of the "I" of an adult and includes the following characteristics:

1) physical self-characteristics;
2) social identities;
3) personal dispositions.

Based on the data of her own research, according to which the emerging image of the "I" of a younger teenager is very dynamic and represents a developing system, I. A. Koneva modified the classification of the modalities of the image of "I" of I. S. Kon in relation to adolescents. The classification includes the following parameters:

1) physical self-characteristics.
2) social identities:
- a) characteristics of their actions and deeds;
- b) characteristics of their social statuses and roles;
3) personal dispositions:
- a) self-characteristics through the characteristics of others;
- b) characteristics of their preferences and desires;
- c) characteristics of one's own personal qualities.

Thus, the presented modification of the test "Who am I?" focuses on identifying cognitive, value-motivational and behavioral aspects of adolescent identity.

Interpretation scale of N. L. Ivanova. In the study by N. L. Ivanova, devoted to social identity and general patterns of transformation of identification structures, a scale for analyzing identification characteristics was used with the following 20 indicators:

personal qualities (kind, sincere, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, nickname);
educational and professional role position (student, university student, teacher, player, poet);
family affiliation (daughter, son, brother, name, etc.);
ethnic identity (Russian, Tatar, etc.);
gender-role identity (boy, girl);
local, local identity (from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, etc.);
religious identity (Christian, Muslim, believer);
citizenship (citizen of the country, Russian);
friendship (friend, self-perception as a member of a group of friends);
activities (wants to play football, likes to solve problems);
communication (wants to go to visit, likes to communicate with people);
perspective of activity, wishes, dreams related to activity (I will be a good teacher);
the prospect of communication, wishes, dreams related to people (I will have good friends);
self-assessment of the ability to work (I swim well);
self-assessment of social skills (I know how to communicate with different people);
subjective description of their physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive);
a factual description of their physical details, including a description of appearance and location (blond, height, weight, age, living in a hostel);
experienced state at the moment (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset);
description of your property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle);
global, existential "I" (reasonable person, my essence).

In addition, identity analysis was carried out in accordance with six generalized indicators.

1. "Reflexive Self" characteristics associated with personality traits, positive or negative self-assessments, such as kind, good, smart.
2. "Social Self" characteristics associated with social status, group affiliation, for example, student, family member.
3. "Physical I" characteristics associated with the idea of their psychophysical data, for example, tall, handsome.
4."Material I" - characteristics associated with awareness of one's material capabilities, perception of oneself as the owner of certain things, for example: I have a house.
5."Activity I" - characteristics associated with the idea of their specific occupations, for example: I like to grow flowers.
6."Communicative I" - characteristics associated with the focus on communication and interaction, for example: I have many friends.

Interpretation scale by I. S. Kletsina. The scale developed by I. S. Kletsina is aimed at identifying the role of gender characteristics in the structure of the "I-concept" of a person, as well as at studying the content characteristics of a person's identity.

The following six categories are proposed.

1. Family and interpersonal roles (this category includes answers like: I am a mother, wife, son, husband, girlfriend, etc.).
2. Professional roles (I am a future psychologist, student, entrepreneur, researcher).
3. Other social roles, mainly these roles relate to the sphere of leisure (I am a collector, an amateur fisherman, an athlete, a reader, a spectator).
4. Feminine characteristics - personality traits traditionally attributed to the image of a woman (I am caring, sensitive, dependent, gentle, dreamy).
5. Masculine characteristics - personality traits stereotypically associated with the image of a man (I am strong, courageous, purposeful, independent, independent, aggressive).
6. Neutral characteristics, personality traits that are not included in the stereotypical characteristics of masculinity-femininity (I am cheerful, handsome, kind, faithful, accurate, hardworking, lazy).

Interpretation of results. The first three categories constitute the content of the social identity of the subjects. The following three categories are considered by the author of the scale as components of personal identity.

Separately, it turns out whether there is a characteristic denoting gender in self-descriptions (I am a man (woman), a young man (girl)), and the order in which it is mentioned is determined. The first three places, according to I. S. Kletsina, testify to the importance of this characteristic in the structure of the "I-concept" of the individual.

After processing the results, the number of characteristics in each of the selected categories is calculated, the results are entered in the table (Table 3.6).

Table 3.6

The results of processing the test "Who am I?"

The interpretation of the results is based on the theory of the gender schema of S. Bam and information on gender stereotypes, which is based on the following reasoning: "To be a man or a woman means to constantly be in a gender assessment. We evaluate ourselves and others based on ideas about how we should be men and women.The correlation of one's own ideas with generally accepted ones plays an important role in the psychological well-being of the individual.In accordance with the gender stereotypes of masculinity-femininity, men must be competent, dominant, independent, aggressive, self-confident, inclined to reason logically, able to control their feelings, and women - more passive, dependent, emotional, caring and gentle.Conformity to stereotypes about the roles of men and women suggests that for women the main social roles are family roles, for men - professional roles.Men are usually evaluated by professional success, and women - by cash whose families and children."

According to I. S. Kletsina, a large number of gender-marked self-determinations indicate that gender identity occupies a leading position in the structure of the "I-concept" of the individual. If among the first sin of answers there is a self-description indicating gender, and family roles and feminine characteristics in women dominate over professional and masculine ones (in men, vice versa), then we can conclude that this test subject has a hypothesized "I-concept".

I. S. Kletsina notes that if gender is not mentioned at all or is mentioned at the end of the list, while such categories as "other social roles" and "neutral characteristics" have more mentions than other categories, then we can conclude that "I'm the end of the line."

The processing of responses implies the determination of the emotional-evaluative component of the "I-concept" by the ratio of positive and negative statements about oneself.

Thus, the stage of processing the protocols of the methodology "Who am I?" with individual self-descriptions includes assigning each answer to a separate indicator in accordance with the scale for analyzing identification characteristics using content analysis (a method for identifying and evaluating the characteristics of information contained in texts and speech messages). The data obtained for each client is entered into a common table of primary values, on the basis of which further statistical analysis can be carried out.

Modification of the technique "Who am I?" T. V. Rumyantseva.

Appointment. This modification of the execution and processing of the test was developed by the author for the work of a counseling psychologist with a client in the process of counseling and involves his active participation .

Instruction: “Within 12 minutes, you need to give as many answers as possible to one question related to yourself: “Who am I?”. You can answer as you like, fix all the answers that come to your mind, because there are no right or wrong answers in this task.It is also important to notice what emotional reactions you have during the performance of this task, how difficult or easy it was for you to answer this question.

“+” - the “plus” sign is put when, in general, you personally like this characteristic;
- the “minus” sign is put when, in general, you personally do not like this characteristic;
“±” - the sign “plus minus at the same time” is put when you both like this characteristic and do not like it at the same time;
“?” - the “question” sign is put when you do not know at the moment how exactly you feel about it, you do not yet have a definite assessment of the answer in question.

The sign of your assessment must be placed directly above the characteristic itself. You can have estimates for all types of signs, or only one sign, or two or three. After you have evaluated all the characteristics, sum up: how many answers you got in total, as well as how many answers for each sign.

Initial positions and interpretations.

1. The concept of identity refers to the area of self-consciousness of the individual and consists of a generalization of the reactions of the person himself to the opinion of the surrounding people about him. A special role is played by primary groups (family, friends, neighbors, etc.), which directly influence the formation of ideas about oneself and one's place among other people.
2. Identity appears as a result of interaction with other people, the assimilation of social norms, values, ways of activity, i.e. is a kind of reflection of generalized interactions (interactions) that take place in the course of personal, informal, direct communication.
3. According to J. Mead, there are two main logically related types (levels) of identity - unconscious and conscious, which demonstrate the transition from the norms, roles and habits of another unconsciously accepted by a person to a meaningful attitude towards oneself and one's behavior. Thus, the presence of a perceived identity in a person speaks of his personal freedom (relative), the ability to think about the goal and tactics of his behavior.
4. The transition from unconscious to conscious identity is possible only if there is reflection. A person becomes aware of his identity by thinking about himself with the help of the language acquired in social interaction (with the help of categories developed in the language).
5. Identity performs a number of functions - orientational, structural, target, existential. It functionally gives integrity, continuity and certainty to the personality, provides similarities with some people and categories and differences from others, underlies the regulation of behavior in appropriate conditions.
6. Identity provides at the same time the processes of differentiation and integration of the "I". Differentiation is manifested in the certainty of the boundaries, integrity and independence of the "I". The integration of "I" is manifested in the subjective unification of oneself with other people, which is carried out on the basis of comparison and evaluation of others.
7. Identity is a complex personal formation that has a multi-level structure, includes various types, components and indicators of identity. The scale of analysis of identification characteristics can be represented as seven generalized components of identity: "social self", "communicative self", "physical self", "material self", "active self", "reflexive self", "perspective self". Problematic and situational identities act as independent components.
8. The structure of identity is internally contradictory, it reflects, on the one hand, a person's desire for uniqueness, on the other hand, the desire to be understood and accepted by a significant social environment.
9. The researcher (consultant) does not deal with the identity experienced by the individual, but with the presentation or presentation of an identity that depends on the social context of self-identification.
10. People organize and direct their behavior in accordance with their subjective ideas about themselves, expressed in identity. Therefore, knowledge of a person's identity makes it possible to predict a person's behavior, which is built on the basis of internalization (taking in) the objective social statuses he occupies.

The method of presenting identification characteristics may be different due to the given instruction, which allows options in the manner and methods of answers. Therefore, responses can be verbal (using words), graphic (using pictures) or mixed.

The experience of applying and analyzing the data of this technique shows that the graphical method of execution is characteristic of approximately 5-7% of people performing the test.

As a rule, these are people with a well-developed figurative sphere. The preference for the graphic method occurs in people with pronounced psychosomatic reactions (when a person reacts to a stressful problem situation with bodily symptoms, such as headache, fever, etc.), difficulties in verbal designation of their experiences and life experience, which is usually associated with a lack of open discussion of various emotional situations in the parental family.

With verbal presentation, identification characteristics are given by a person either in the form of a list of answers (often already numbered), or as a text of an essay consisting of separate sentences.

First of all, in the course of a meaningful analysis of the implementation of the methodology "Who am I?" the following personal manifestations of the subjects are studied:

features of gender identity (relationship to it);
features of self-assessment of identity;
level of reflection;
features of temporal identity.

Processing the methodology "Who am I?" includes consideration of such points as:

determination of the level of identity differentiation;
the use by the subject in the process of evaluating the identification characteristics of such signs as "plus minus simultaneously" ("±") and the question mark ("?");
the ratio in the answers of the designation of social roles and individual characteristics;
psycholinguistic aspect of answers;
reflection in the identification characteristics of the main spheres of life;
representation in the responses of various components of identity.

First, let's take a closer look at the detection using

methods "Who am I?" those personal characteristics of the client, information about which is very important for family, matrimonial counseling.

First of all, we note how in the "Who am I?" gender identity emerges.

We will proceed from the fact that sexual (or gender) identity is a part of the individual "I-concept", which comes from the individual's knowledge of his belonging to a social group of men or women, along with the assessment and emotional designation of this group membership.

Gender identity acts as a central meaning-forming element of the personality, since it influences the value-semantic sphere, thinking and behavior of a person.

Thus, gender identity has a cognitive-affective nature, according to which it should include cognitive (knowledge of belonging to communities of men or women), as well as motivational-value components of identity.

Features of gender identity are manifested, firstly, in how a person designates his gender identity; secondly, in what place in the list of identification characteristics is the mention of gender. The designation of one's gender can be done directly, indirectly, or not at all.

Direct designation of gender - a person indicates his gender in specific words that have a certain emotional content. Hence, four forms of direct gender designation can be distinguished: neutral, alienated, emotionally positive and emotionally negative (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7

Direct gender forms

The presence of a direct designation of gender suggests that the sphere of psychosexuality in general and comparison of oneself with representatives of the same sex in particular is an important and internally accepted topic of self-awareness.

Indirect gender designation - a person does not indicate his gender directly, but his gender is manifested through social roles (male or female), which he considers his own, or by the endings of words (Table 3.8). Indirect ways of designating gender also have a certain emotional content.

The presence of indirect gender designation indicates knowledge of the specifics of a certain repertoire of gender-role behavior, which can be wide (if it includes several gender roles) or narrow (if it includes only one or two roles).

Table 3.8

Indirect ways to designate gender

The absence of a gender designation in self-identifying characteristics is stated when the entire text is written through the phrase: "I am a person who ..." This can be caused by various reasons:

1) the lack of a holistic view of gender-role behavior at a given point in time (lack of reflection, knowledge);
2) avoidance of considering one's gender-role characteristics due to the traumatic nature of the given topic (for example, the displacement of the negative result of comparing oneself with other representatives of one's iol);
3) unformed gender identity, the presence of an identity crisis in general.

When analyzing gender identity, it is also important to take into account where in the text of the answers gender-related categories are contained: at the very beginning of the list, in the middle, at the end. This indicates the relevance and significance of gender categories in a person's self-consciousness (the closer to the beginning, the greater the significance and degree of awareness of identity categories).

All these hypotheses should be confirmed in other methods. So, it is important to compare the manifestations of gender identity in the "Who am I?" and drawing of a person.

Now consider how you can analyze the self-assessment of identity.

Self-esteem is an emotional-evaluative component of the "I-concept". Self-esteem reflects the attitude towards oneself as a whole or towards certain aspects of one's personality and activities.

Self-esteem reflects the degree to which a person develops a sense of self-esteem, a sense of his own value and a positive attitude towards everything that is within the scope of his "I". The interpretation of the acquired experience and the expectations of a person regarding himself and other people depend on self-esteem.

The main conditions for the development of self-esteem are communication with others and a person's own activity. In communication, a person learns evaluation criteria, their types, forms, methods of social comparison and evaluation; in individual experience, they are tested, tested in practice.

The self-assessment process can take place in two ways:

1) comparing the level of their claims with the objective results of their activities (constructive method);
2) comparing yourself with other people (can be constructive in a situation where the experience of other people is taken into account to expand options for solving problems).

However, regardless of whether self-esteem is based on a person's own judgments about himself or interpretations of other people's judgments, individual ideals or culturally set standards, self-esteem is always subjective; while its indicators can be adequacy and level.

Self-esteem can be adequate and inadequate.

The adequacy of self-assessment expresses the degree of conformity of a person's ideas about himself to the objective foundations of these ideas. The level of self-esteem expresses the degree of real, ideal or desired ideas about oneself.

Adequate self-esteem consists in the ability to realistically realize and evaluate both one's strengths and weaknesses, behind it is a positive attitude towards oneself, self-esteem, self-acceptance, a sense of one's own worth. Adequate self-esteem is also expressed in the fact that a person sets goals and objectives that are realistically achievable and corresponding to his own capabilities, is able to take responsibility for his failures and successes, is self-confident, and is capable of self-realization in life. Self-confidence allows a person to regulate the level of claims and correctly assess their own capabilities in relation to various life situations.

It should be noted that a person with adequate self-esteem freely and naturally behaves among people, knows how to build relationships with others, is satisfied with himself and those around him. Therefore, adequate self-esteem is a necessary condition for the formation of confident gender-role behavior.

Inadequate self-esteem indicates an unrealistic assessment by a person of himself, a decrease in criticality in relation to his actions, words, while often a person’s opinion of himself diverges from the opinion of others about him.

Distinguish between inadequate high self-esteem - overestimation of oneself by the subject and inadequate low self-esteem - underestimation of oneself by the subject.

People with high self-esteem, on the one hand, overestimate their own merits: they overestimate and attribute them, on the other hand, they underestimate and exclude their shortcomings. They set themselves higher goals than they can realistically achieve, they have a high level of claims that do not correspond to their real capabilities. A person with high self-esteem is also characterized by an inability to take responsibility for his failures, is distinguished by an arrogant attitude towards people, conflict, constant dissatisfaction with his achievements, egocentrism. Inadequate self-assessment of one's capabilities and an overestimated level of claims lead to excessive self-confidence.

People with low self-esteem usually set themselves lower goals than they can achieve, exaggerating the meaning of failure. After all, low self-esteem involves self-rejection, self-denial, a negative attitude towards one's personality, which are due to the underestimation of one's successes and merits.

With low self-esteem, a person is characterized by another extreme, the opposite of self-confidence - excessive self-doubt. Uncertainty, often not objectively justified, is a stable personality trait and leads to the formation of such traits in a person as humility, passivity, and an "inferiority complex".

In the "Who am I?" self-assessment of identity is determined as a result of the ratio of the number of "+" and "-" ratings, which were obtained when each response was evaluated by the subject (client) at the stage of quantitative processing.

The types of self-assessment obtained as a result of the analysis are shown in fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1. Types of self-esteem of the individual

Self-esteem is considered adequate, if the ratio of positively evaluated qualities to negatively evaluated ones ("+" to "-") is 65-80% by 35-20%.

Self-esteem is considered inadequately overestimated, if the number of positively evaluated qualities in relation to negatively evaluated ones ("+" to "-") is 85-100%, i.e. a person notes that he either has no shortcomings, or their number reaches 15% (of the total number of "+" and "-").

Self-esteem is considered inadequately low, if the number of negatively evaluated qualities in relation to positively evaluated ones ("-" to "+") is 50-100%, i.e. a person notes that he either has no merits, or their number reaches 50% (of the total number of "+" and "-").

Self esteem is unstable if the number of positively evaluated qualities but the ratio of negatively evaluated ones ("+" to "-") is 50-55%. Such a ratio, as a rule, cannot last long, is unstable, uncomfortable.

Counseling experience shows that seeking psychological help comes most often from people with inadequate and unstable self-esteem, and the effectiveness of achieving the goal of counseling is largely determined by the productivity of work on the formation of adequate self-esteem in the client.

Now let's dwell on the manifestation of reflection in the implementation of the technique "Who am I?".

Test requirement "Who am I?" to give statements related to the idea of one's own identity, proceeds from the recognition by researchers of the complex and multifaceted nature of the "I-concept". It is assumed that a person with a more developed level of reflection gives on average more answers than a person with a less developed self-image (or more "closed").

Also, the level of reflection is indicated by the subjectively assessed by the person himself, the ease or difficulty in formulating answers to the key question of the test.

As a rule, a person with a more developed level of reflection quickly and easily finds answers regarding his own individual characteristics. A person who does not often think about himself and his life answers the test task with difficulty, writing down each of his answers after some thought.

Experience with this technique shows that one can speak of a low level of reflection when a person can give only two or three answers in 12 minutes (it is important to clarify that the person really does not know how else to answer the task, and not just stopped write down your answers because of your secrecy). A fairly high level of reflection is evidenced by 15 or more different answers to the question "Who am I?".

Analysis of the temporal aspect of identity. The very concept of identity contains a time component, since it links together a person's ideas about himself, which appeared at various stages of his life history. According to many researchers (K. L. Abulkhanova, G. M. Andreeva, A. Kronik, A. Maslow, J. Nutten, E. Erickson), awareness of time performs an important function - it is the basis for determining the meaning of life and contributes to adequate behavior person with other people.

The analysis of the temporal aspect of identity must be carried out on the basis that the success of a person's interaction with others implies the relative continuity of his past, present and future "I". Therefore, consideration of the person's answers to the question "Who am I?" should occur from the point of view of their belonging to the past, present or future tense (based on the analysis of verb forms).

The presence of identification characteristics corresponding to different temporal regimes indicates the temporal integration of the personality.

Particular attention should be paid to the presence and severity in the self-description of indicators of perspective identity (or "perspective self"), i.e. identification characteristics that are associated with prospects, wishes, intentions, dreams and relate to various areas of life. The presence of goals, plans for the future is of great importance for characterizing the inner world of a person as a whole, reflects the temporal aspect of identity, aimed at a future life perspective, performs existential and target functions.

At the same time, it is important to take into account that a sign of psychological maturity is not just the presence of aspiration to the future, but some optimal ratio between orientation to the future and acceptance, satisfaction with the present.

Note that the predominance in self-description of verb forms describing actions or experiences in the past tense indicates the presence of dissatisfaction in the present, the desire to return to the past due to its greater attractiveness or trauma (when the psychological trauma is not processed).

Dominance in self-description of verb forms of the future tense speaks of a person's desire to get away from the difficulties of the present moment due to insufficient realization in the present, self-doubt.

The predominance of present tense verbs in self-description speaks of the activity and consciousness of human actions.

For counseling on marriage and family issues, the most important thing is how the theme of family and marital relations is reflected in the identification characteristics, what representation the present and future family roles have, how they are assessed by the person himself.

So, one of the main signs of psychological readiness for marriage is the reflection in the self-description of future family roles and functions: “I am a future mother”, “I will be a good father”, “I dream of my family”, “I will do everything for my family”, etc. d. A sign of family and marital trouble is the situation when a married man or a married woman in self-descriptions in no way indicate their real family, marital roles and functions.

Now consider the level of differentiation of identity, which is associated with the level of human reflection.

The role of identity differentiation is mentioned starting with E. Erickson. The low differentiability of identity is regarded as an identity crisis.

As a quantitative assessment of the level of differentiation of identity, a number can be used that reflects the total number of identity indicators that a person used during self-identification.

Experience in the application of the "Who am I?" shows that the number of indicators used varies in different people, most often in the range from 1 to 14.

According to the study by T. V. Rumyantseva, a high level of differentiation (9-14 indicators) is associated with such personal characteristics as sociability, self-confidence, orientation towards one's inner world, a high level of social competence and self-control.

A low level of differentiation (1-3 indicators) indicates an identity crisis, associated with such personal characteristics as isolation, anxiety, self-doubt, and difficulties in controlling oneself.

Also, important information about the client, his personal characteristics is provided by the analysis of the material related to the use by the client in assessing the identification characteristics of such evaluation signs as "plus minus at the same time" ("±") and the question mark ("?").

Recall that the sign "plus minus at the same time" ("±") was put by a person when he liked and disliked some characteristic at the same time. Thus, the use of this sign of evaluation indicates the ability of a person to consider a particular phenomenon from two opposite sides, the degree of his balance, the balance of his position regarding emotionally significant phenomena.

From this point of view, it is possible to conditionally distinguish emotionally polar, balanced, doubting people.

Emotionally polar people include those people who evaluate all their identification characteristics only as liking or disliking them, they do not use the "plus minus sign at the same time" when evaluating. Such people are characterized by maximalism in assessments, fluctuations in their emotional state, one can say about them "one step from love to hate." These are, as a rule, emotionally expressive people whose relationships with other people are highly dependent on how much they like or dislike a person.

If the number of signs "±" reaches 10-20% (of the total number of signs), then such a person can be attributed to a balanced type. For such people, in comparison with the polar type, they are characterized by greater resistance to stress, they resolve conflict situations faster, are able to maintain constructive relationships with different people: both those that they generally like and those that they do not cause deep sympathy; more tolerant of the shortcomings of others.

If the number of signs "±" exceeds 30-40% (of the total number of signs), then such a person can be classified as a doubting type.

Such a number of "±" signs can be in a person experiencing a crisis in his life, and also indicate the manifestation of indecision as a character trait (when it is difficult for a person to make decisions, he doubts for a long time, considering various options).

Using the "?" when assessing identification characteristics, it speaks of a person’s ability to endure a situation of internal uncertainty, which means that it indirectly speaks of a person’s ability to change, readiness for change.

After all, the presence of any question in relation to oneself implies a situation of uncertainty in the process of finding an answer (there is no answer at the moment - there is some kind of uncertainty). The very posing of the question indicates that a person has a research position regarding himself, which is a necessary element for him to make changes in his life in the desired direction.

This evaluation mark is used by people quite rarely: one or two "?" put only 20% of the surveyed.

The presence of three or more characters "?" in self-assessment, it assumes that a person has crisis experiences.

In general, the use by a person in self-assessment of the signs "±" and "?" is a favorable sign of the good dynamics of the consultative process. People who use these signs, as a rule, quickly reach the level of independent solution of their own problems.

It is important to correlate all self-assessment data with the results of the psycholinguistic analysis, which will be presented later. So, it is necessary to look at how much the self-assessment of identity coincides or differs from the emotional-evaluative tone of identification characteristics revealed in the course of psycholinguistic analysis.

Analysis of the correlation of social roles and individual characteristics in identity. The question "Who am I?" logically connected with the characteristics of a person's own perception of himself, i.e. with his image "I" (or "I-conception"). Answering the question "Who am I?", a person indicates the social roles and characteristics-definitions with which he relates himself, identifies, i.e. he describes the social statuses that are significant to him and those features that, in his opinion, are associated with him.

Thus, the ratio of social roles and individual characteristics indicates how much a person realizes and accepts his uniqueness, as well as how important it is for him to belong to a particular group of people.

Therefore, the absence in the self-description of individual characteristics (indicators of reflexive, communicative, physical, material, active identities) when indicating many social roles ("student", "passerby", "voter", "family member", "Russian") may indicate insufficient self-confidence, about a person's fears in connection with self-disclosure, a pronounced tendency to self-defense.

In other words, behind the relationship between social roles and individual characteristics is the question of the relationship between social and personal identities. At the same time, personal identity is understood as a set of characteristics that makes a person similar to himself and different from others, while social identity is interpreted in terms of group membership, belonging to a larger or smaller group of people.

Social identity prevails in the case when a person has a high level of certainty of the scheme "we - others" and a low level of certainty of the scheme "I - we"; personal identity prevails in people with a high level of certainty of the scheme "I - others" and a low level of certainty of the scheme "we - others".

Successful establishment and maintenance of partnerships is possible for a person who has both a clear idea of his social roles and accepts his individual characteristics. Therefore, one of the tasks of counseling is to help the client in understanding and accepting the features of their social and personal identities.

Analysis of the psycholinguistic aspect of identity includes determining which parts of speech and which content aspect of self-identification are dominant in a person's self-description.

The predominance of nouns in self-descriptions speaks of a person's need for certainty, constancy; the lack or absence of nouns speaks of a person's insufficient responsibility.

The predominance of adjectives in self-descriptions speaks of demonstrativeness, emotionality of a person; the lack or absence of adjectives indicates a weak differentiation of a person's identity.

The predominance of verbs (especially when describing areas of activity, interests) speaks of the activity, independence of a person; the lack or absence of verbs in self-description is associated with insufficient self-confidence, underestimation of one's effectiveness.

Note that most often in self-descriptions the use of nouns and adjectives prevails.

The harmonious type of linguistic self-description is characterized by the fact that a person uses an approximately equal number of nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Now let's consider such a psycholinguistic aspect of identity as identity valence, which is understood as the predominant emotional and evaluative tone of identification characteristics in a person's self-description (this assessment is carried out by the specialist himself).

The difference in the common sign of the emotional-evaluative rut of identification characteristics determines different types of identity valency:

negative - in general, negative categories prevail when describing one's own identity, shortcomings, identification problems are described more ("ugly", "irritable", "I don't know what to say about myself");
neutral - there is either a balance between positive and negative self-identifications, or no emotional tone is clearly manifested in a person's self-description (for example, there is a formal enumeration of roles: "son", "student", "athlete", etc.);
positive - positive identification characteristics prevail over negative ones ("cheerful", "kind", "smart");
overestimated - manifests itself either in the practical absence of negative self-identifications, or in answers to the question "Who am I?" superlative characteristics prevail ("I'm the best", "I'm super", etc.).

The presence of positive valence can be a sign of an adaptive state of identity, as it is associated with perseverance in achieving goals, accuracy, responsibility, business orientation, social courage, activity, self-confidence.

The remaining three types of valency characterize the non-adaptive state of identity. They are associated with impulsivity, inconstancy, anxiety, depression, vulnerability, self-doubt, restraint, timidity.

The data of the psycholinguistic analysis carried out by the specialist are compared with the results of the client's self-assessment.

You can conditionally find a correspondence between the sign of the emotional-evaluative rut of identification characteristics and the type of self-assessment of identity (Table 3.9), which indicates that the person who performs the "Who am I?" a person uses criteria for emotional evaluation of personal characteristics typical of other people (for example, the quality "kind" is rated as "+"). This correspondence is a good predictive sign of a person's ability to adequately understand other people.

Table 3.9

Correspondence of types of valency and self-esteem

Analysis of spheres of life represented in identity. Conventionally, there are six main areas of life that can be represented in identification characteristics:

family (kinship, child-parent and marital relations, corresponding roles);
work (business relationships, professional roles);
study (the need and need for obtaining new knowledge, the ability to change);
leisure (time structuring, resources, interests);
the sphere of intimate-personal relations (friendly and love relationships);
recreation (resources, health).

It is possible to distribute all identification characteristics but to the proposed areas. After that, correlate the complaints made by the client, the wording of his request with the distribution of identity characteristics by areas: draw a conclusion as to how the area corresponding to the complaint in the self-description is represented, how these characteristics are evaluated.

It is generally accepted that those characteristics of oneself that a person writes down at the beginning of his list are most actualized in his mind, are more conscious and significant for the subject.

The discrepancy between the topic of the complaint and the request to the area that is presented more prominently and problematic in self-description indicates either a lack of deep self-understanding in the client, or that the client did not immediately decide to talk about what really worries him.

Analysis of identity components. Consideration of the components of identity can be based on the indicators of the scale of identification characteristics of T. V. Rumyantseva.

Previously, we were to some extent presented such components of identity as "social self", "perspective self", "reflexive self". Let us now consider some of the manifestations of the "physical I" and the "active I".

Physical identity includes a description of one's physical data (appearance, morbid manifestations, eating habits, bad habits, etc.).

The significance of considering this component of identity is determined by the role of physical data in the subjective world of young people, for whom appearance is one of the main objects of care and attention. It is appearance that is the first "filter" when choosing a partner.

The designation of one's physical identity is directly related to the expansion of the boundaries of the conscious inner world by a person, since the boundaries between "I" and "not-I" initially pass through the physical boundaries of their own body. It is the awareness of one's body that is the leading factor in the system of human self-awareness. The expansion and enrichment of the "I image" in the process of personal development is closely connected with the reflection of one's own emotional experiences and bodily sensations.

Important information about a person is also provided by such a component of identity as the "active self", which includes the designation of occupations, hobbies, as well as self-assessment of abilities for activity, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, achievements. Identification of one's "active self" is associated with the ability to focus on oneself, restraint, balanced actions, as well as diplomacy, the ability to work with one's own anxiety, tension, maintain emotional stability, i.e. is a reflection of the totality of emotional-volitional and communicative abilities, the features of existing interactions.

The described version of the technique "Who am I?" can be used as part of individual and family counseling in combination with such techniques as "Projective drawing of a person" and "Sex-role portraits".

Scope of application. In addition to being widely used for research purposes, the "Who am I?" finds its application in the framework of psychological counseling (individual, family, organizational).

In the study of the transformation of the identity of university students in changing social conditions, T.V. Rumyantseva used 26 indicators of the analysis of identification characteristics, which, when combined, formed seven generalized indicators-identity components. This scale of classification of responses is based on the methodology "Who am I?" classification indicators are

N. L. Ivanova, which were supplemented and modified in accordance with the objectives of the study. So, taking into account the information available in the literature about the importance and role of the temporary, goal-forming, future-oriented aspect of identity that performs existential and goal functions, several indicators were introduced into the general classifier, which are a separate component of identity called "perspective I". In terms of content, the indicators of the perspective component of identity reflect the future-oriented perspective aspect of other main components of identity that are part of its general structure. Another indicator introduced into the general classifier of answers is the indicator called "problem I" (more on the content of these indicators will be written later).

Let us characterize the indicators-components of the identity of this scale.

1. "Social Self" includes seven indicators:
- direct designation of gender (boy, girl, woman);
- sexual role (lover, mistress; Don Juan, Amazon). These two indicators make up gender identity;
- educational and professional role position (student, studying at the institute, doctor, specialist);
- family affiliation, manifested through the designation of a family role (daughter, son, brother, wife, etc.) or through an indication of family relationships (I love my relatives, I have many relatives);
- ethnic-regional identity includes ethnic identity, citizenship (Russian, Tatar, citizen, Russian, etc.) and local, local identity (from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Siberian, etc.);
- worldview identity: confessional, political affiliation (Christian, Muslim, believer);
- group affiliation: perception of oneself as a member of a group of people (collector, member of society).
2. "Communicative I" includes two indicators:
- friendship or circle of friends, self-perception as a member of a group of friends (friend, I have many friends);
- communication or the subject of communication, features and evaluation of interaction with people (I go to visit, I like to communicate with people; I know how to listen to people).
3. "Material I" implies various aspects: a description of my property (I have an apartment, clothes, a bicycle); assessment of one's security, attitude to material goods (poor, rich, wealthy, I love money); attitude to the external environment (I love the sea, I do not like bad weather).
4. "Physical Self" includes the following aspects: a subjective description of one's physical data, appearance (strong, pleasant, attractive); a factual description of their physical data, including a description of appearance, disease manifestations and location (blond, height, weight, age, live in a hostel); eating habits, bad habits.
5. "Active I" is evaluated through two indicators.
occupations, activities, interests, hobbies (I like to solve problems); experience (was in Bulgaria);
self-assessment of the ability to work, self-assessment of skills, abilities, knowledge, competence, achievements (I swim well, smart; hard-working, I know English).
6. "Prospective Self" includes nine indicators:
- professional perspective: wishes, intentions, dreams related to the educational and professional sphere (future driver, I will be a good teacher);
- family perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to marital status (I will have children, future mother, etc.);
- group perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to group affiliation (I plan to join a party, I want to become an athlete);
- communicative perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to friends, communication;
- material perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to the material sphere (I will receive an inheritance, earn money for an apartment);
- physical perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to psychophysical data (I will take care of my health, I want to be inflated);
- activity perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams related to interests, hobbies, specific activities (I will read more) and the achievement of certain results (I will perfectly learn the language);
- personal perspective - wishes, intentions, dreams associated with personal characteristics: personal qualities, behavior, etc., for example, I want to be more cheerful, calm;
- assessment of aspirations (I wish you a lot, an aspiring person).
7. "Reflexive Self" includes two indicators:
- personal identity, namely personal qualities, character traits, description of an individual style of behavior (kind, sincere, sociable, persistent, sometimes harmful, sometimes impatient, etc.), personal characteristics (nickname, horoscope, name, etc.) ; emotional attitude towards yourself (I'm super, cool);
- global, "existential I" - statements that are global and which do not sufficiently show the differences of one person from another (a reasonable person, my essence).

Two independent indicators were also singled out: "problematic self", or problematic identity (I am nothing; I don't know who I am; I can't answer this question); "situational I", or situational state - an experienced state at the moment (hungry, nervous, tired, in love, upset).

Thus, the analysis of identity was carried out in accordance with seven generalized indicators.

1. "Social I" - characteristics associated with social status, group membership, for example, student, family member, Russian.
2. "Communicative I" - characteristics related to the focus on communication and interaction, the circle of friends, for example: I have many friends.
3. "Physical Self" - a description of oneself as an object in time and space; characteristics associated with the idea of their psychophysical data, for example, tall, handsome.
4. "Material Self" - characteristics associated with awareness of one's material capabilities, perception of oneself as the owner of certain things, attitude to material objects, the external environment, for example: I have a house.
5. "Active I" - characteristics associated with the presentation

about their specific occupations, interests, assessment of competencies, for example, quick-witted, I like to grow flowers.

6. "Reflexive Self" - characteristics associated with personal qualities, positive or negative self-assessments, for example, kind, good, as well as statements that are global and do not sufficiently show the differences of one person from another.
7. "Perspective Self" - characteristics associated with prospects, wishes, intentions, dreams regarding various areas (personal-individual, physical, activity, material, social, communicative).
See: Rumyantseva T. V. Transformation of the identity of students of a medical university in changing social conditions: author. dis. ... cand. psychol. Sciences. Yaroslavl, 2005
See: Ivanova N. L., Rumyantseva T. V. Social identity: theory and practice

We offer very interesting psychological tests that will help you better understand yourself and other people. You can test your soul mate or parents, as well as learn a lot about your friends and colleagues! Despite the game form, these are quite serious tests that are often used by psychologists. Those who like to "adjust" their answers in tests to the "correct ones" do not cheat here, since these tests are associative, designed exclusively for the subconscious, and, as you know, it does not know how to dissemble. Even if some conclusions seemed unreasonable to you, try not to deny everything at once, but listen to the voice of the subconscious, it contains a huge amount of information that is useful to us.

Tests are best done in a calm environment and in a relaxed state.
Do not read the key to the test until you pass it to the end, otherwise nothing will work - your subconscious must work independently of your consciousness!
For the test to give reliable results, forget about reality - let your imagination draw any pictures for you (imagine that you are in a fairy tale where anything can happen!), and answer the first thing that comes to your mind; don't try to predict the "correct" answers.
If you will be testing others, you need to carefully study the keys to the tests and remember the main points so that your interpretation is interesting. And, of course, try to be correct!

I myself have conducted such tests many times (I am a psychologist by training), and they always went with a bang: everyone participates with pleasure, then they listen with interest and discuss the interpretation, plus they want to continue everything. I hope you will be satisfied too.

Association tests

Imagine yourself in the situations that will be offered to you, and then describe "what you saw" while answering the test questions. To make it easier to decipher the results, write down your answers on a piece of paper.

Walk in the woods

Imagine that you are walking through a forest. Describe what kind of forest it is. Is it sunny or cloudy there, what kind of trees grow there, are there many of them, how far apart do they grow? Do you feel good in this forest? What time of year and what time of day? Are you alone? What are you doing in the forest. For what purpose did you come here?

Suddenly you see that something glitters in the grass. Lean down and see the key. What is he? What will you do with it - pick it up or go by? Did the find make you happy?

Suddenly you notice a bear. What bear, what is he doing? How did he treat you? How do you react to it?

Spring ahead. Will you drink from it, wash your face?

Suddenly, a dwarf approaches you. He tries to draw your attention to himself, spinning under your feet. What is your reaction? You are angry? Do you pity him? He keeps pestering you - what are you doing?

You come to the river bank. Imagine the river very clearly: what kind of water is there, what is the speed of the current, what is the bottom, are there any stones at the bottom. Do you like the coast?

I want to please you: this is your house, on the door there is a sign that informs about this. What does the sign look like and what exactly is written on it?

You opened the door and entered the house. Look around. Are you comfortable here? Is the environment clean or messy? How many rooms are in this house? Which? Name and describe them.

Look into the basement. What do you see? Will you enter there? If yes, how do you feel there? Do you want to stay or leave quickly?

You go up to the attic. What does he look like? What is stored there? Is the attic in order or is it trash everywhere? How long will you spend there?

You are leaving the house. With regret or with joy? Do you want to get back there as soon as possible?

Seagulls fly over the sea. High, low, near you or far away? Do you hear them? What feelings do they evoke?

You see a ship. What ship, how far from the coast is it? Can you get to it? Will you do it?

Key to the test

The forest symbolically reflects the society that surrounds you and your attitude towards people. The happier you are in the forest, the more positive your attitude towards people; the more frightening the picture your imagination painted (gloomy trees, impenetrable thicket), the more difficult it is for you to prove yourself; you are not very pleased with others and think that they do not understand or underestimate you. If it seems to you that the forest is too crowded, then most likely you are tired of your inner circle, crowds of people in the subway, office or apartment.

The key is your attitude towards everything new that life brings. Your willingness to accept change is shown by whether you picked up the key or threw it away, whether you were happy with it or not.

The bear symbolizes your reaction to potential danger. If you hide or freeze with fear - most likely you and your lives are too passive, if you throw yourself at a bear - you are too active.

Your willingness to drink from the spring shows your willingness to go towards love. Are you ready to have genuine, true and pure love in your life? Or did you end up in a littered sewer manhole?

The sea represents the sensual, emotional side of love. By how stormy it seems to you, it is fashionable to judge what kind of relationship you are attracted to.

The fence is a symbol of obstacles that are on any life path. Pay attention to what kind of fence you have - a symbolic fence or the Great Wall of China. The way you climbed over the fence shows how easily you overcome obstacles. If something or someone suddenly appeared in your imagination who helped you overcome it, it means that you don’t rely on yourself much, and you are used to help and support as something taken for granted. By the way, in vain, your relatives and friends will not always stand in a deserted forest, waiting for you to need their help.

In case you could not get over, then perhaps now you are facing some kind of problem that seems unsolvable to you.

Burrow - your perception of hidden danger. If you boldly climbed into a hole - you are a brave, reckless or too inquisitive person.

Your attitude towards the dwarf will show how merciful you are. There are people who kick him, and there are those who carry him on their shoulders.

The river is a symbol of the flow of your life. Remember how swift the stream seemed to you, how clear the water was. The bottom and the stones on it also show life's difficulties.

Home is you. As much as you like it there, you are just as good with yourself.

The sign on the door says who you consider yourself to be (some have a last name, first name, patronymic, some have all the regalia and merits, and some have a last name scratched on the side with chalk)

Those rooms that you saw during the test are those aspects of your life that are most important to you. Where you like everything - everything is fine, if there is disorder in some of the rooms, there may be problems in this area of \u200b\u200blife.

The basement is your perception of your own unconscious. If you feel bad in the basement, then you may not be on good terms with it. You are afraid of your dreams, you do not want to remember many moments of the past, you are afraid to look into the future. And this is not very good, because unconscious fears create anxiety and overexertion.

The attic is a metaphor for all education, culture, intellect, all social skills instilled in you. If there is a mess, then perhaps you don’t know why you once put so much effort into obtaining a diploma.

Seagulls are your relatives. Substitute comments on loudness, obsession and proximity yourself.

The ship is your dream. How beautiful it is and how achievable it is easy to judge by what kind of ship and at what distance from the coast you see it. Is it possible to get to it at all?

Under blue skies

Imagine a clear blue sky without a single cloud. Just thinking about it should improve your mood a little. Now take a look around the surrounding landscape with the eyes of your consciousness. Which of the following pictures looks the most soothing and relaxing to you?

1. White snowy plain.

2. Blue sea expanse.

3. Mountains covered with greenery.

4. A field overgrown with yellow flowers.

Key to the test

Blue has the ability to soothe the soul. Even if you just imagine a certain picture in blue tones, you will feel how your pulse slows down, your breathing becomes deeper. Other colors also have a certain meaning. The picture that you have painted in your mind reveals your hidden talent, which is found in the depths of your calm consciousness.

1.White snowy plain

You are endowed with a special receptivity that allows you to understand situations at a glance and unravel complex problems without any evidence or explanation. You have everything you need to be a shrewd and determined person, and even a little visionary. Trust your intuition; it will always guide you to the right decisions.

Commentary: contemplative man

2. Blue sea expanse

You have a natural talent for interpersonal relationships. People respect your ability to connect with others and how you help people of different groups come together. By your very presence, you help others to work more calmly and efficiently, which makes you an invaluable member of any project or any team. When you say, "Good job. Keep up the good work" - people know that you really think so. And for them it becomes even more important.

Commentary: human organizer

3. Green mountains

You have a gift for expressive communication. It seems that you can always find the right words to express what you feel, and people very soon begin to realize that they felt exactly the same. They say shared joy multiplies, shared sadness diminishes. It seems that you are always able to help others find the right side of this equation.

Commentary: psychotherapist

4. A field overgrown with yellow flowers

You are a treasure trove of knowledge and creativity, overflowing with ideas and with almost endless potential. Stay in harmony with other people and never stop working towards the realization of your dreams, and then nothing will be impossible that you could not achieve.

Commentary: a person is a generator of ideas, who sometimes tries to embrace the immensity.

Blue bird

One day, a blue bird suddenly flies through the window of your room and falls into a trap. Something about this lost bird attracts you, and you decide to keep it. But, to your surprise, the next day the bird changes color from blue to yellow! This very unusual bird changes color every night - on the morning of the third day it is bright red, on the fourth day it becomes completely black.

What color is the bird when you wake up on the fifth day?

1. The bird does not change color, it remains black.

2. The bird returns to its original blue color.

3. The bird turns white.

4. The bird turns golden.

Key to the test

A bird that has flown into your room seems to be a symbol of good luck, but suddenly it changes color, making you worry that happiness will not last. Your reaction to this situation demonstrates how you react to difficulties and uncertainty in real life.

1. Those who said that the bird remained black look at life pessimistically.

Do you tend to believe that if the situation gets worse once, it will never get back to normal again? Maybe you need to try thinking like this: if it's this bad, it can't get any worse. Remember, there is no rain that will not end, and there is no night that will not be followed by dawn.

2. Those who answered that the bird turned blue again are practical optimists.

You believe that life is a mixture of good and bad; and that it is not worth fighting this reality. You take adversity in stride and let things take their course without undue worry or stress. This gaze allows you to safely ride the waves of disaster and prevent them from sweeping you away.

3. Those who believe that the bird has become white behave calmly and decisively under pressure.

You do not waste time worrying and indecision, even when a crisis develops. If the situation gets too bad, you feel that it is better to stop this unprofitable business in time and look for another way to your goal than to get bogged down in unnecessary grief. This approach means that everything seems to happen naturally and in your own way.

4. Those who said that the bird became golden can be described with the word "fearless".

You don't know what pressure is. Every crisis is an opportunity for you. You can be compared to Napoleon, who said: "...Impossible is not a French word." But be careful not to let your boundless confidence get the better of you. The line between fearlessness and recklessness is very thin.

Walk

Use your imagination and answer the FIRST thing that comes to mind.

1. You are not alone (alone). You are walking in the forest. Who are you walking with?

2. You go deeper into the forest. Do you see the beast? What is this animal?

3. What will happen between you and the beast?

5. Is your dream home fenced in?

6. You enter the house and go to the dining room where you see the dining table. Describe what you see on and around the table.

7. You leave the house through the back door, there is a cup in the grass. What is it made of?

8. What will you do with the cup?

9. You are approaching the border of possessions, and suddenly you see that you are standing at the edge of a reservoir? What is this reservoir?

10. How will you get across the body of water?

Key to the test

1. The person you go with is the most important person in your life. You are alone - you are most interested in your own person, or you do not feel the support of others enough to appreciate it properly and pay attention.

2. The size of the beast represents your perception of the extent of your problems. A mythical creature is your desires and fantasies, if it scares you, then these are ordinary fears that you need to get rid of.

3. The way you act when you encounter an animal represents how you deal with your problems (passive/aggressive/avoiding/ignoring)

4. The size of the house indicates the degree of your desire to solve your problems. Windows and doors testify to the search for a solution.

5. The absence of a fence indicates your openness. You are always happy with people. If there is a fence, this indicates a closed character. You prefer that people do not come to you without warning you about it.

6. If your answer doesn't mention food, people, or flowers, then you're usually not that happy.

7. The strength of the material from which the cup is made reflects how you perceive your relationship with the person you indicated in answer #1. For example, foam, plastic, paper are disposable materials. Metal and plastic are more durable materials. A rusty surface from old age indicates stability and habit, affection. A broken or scratched surface indicates a relationship in which there are grievances or omissions.

8. What you do with the cup indicates how you do with the person mentioned in the first answer. Look for the keyword in the description.

9. The size of the pond represents the degree of your sexual desire.

10. How wet you get indicates the relative importance of your sex life to you.

Big walk

1. Imagine that you are walking in a desert area. Go long. And suddenly you see water. What is it (stream, well, pond, sea)? Describe what you see. Your actions?

3. Along the way you meet a palace. Meals on the table, treasures in chests, and not a single living soul. Your actions?

4. You still continued on your way. Forest ahead. Describe it: what kind of trees are there, light or dark, are there mushrooms and berries?

5. What animals live in this forest?

6. You were walking through the forest, pretty tired and suddenly you see that someone forgot food on a stump. Describe what it is and what it looks like.

7. Suddenly a bear comes out towards you. What is it, describe. What is going on between you?

8. So, you escaped the danger and continued on your way. You go out to the edge and see a house. Describe it in detail.

9. A horse is tied next to the house. What is she? What will you do?

11. You went to the sea and see a seagull. Describe her.

Key to the test

1. Water is love in your understanding. For someone it is boundless, like the sea, clean and bright, for someone it is a dirty small puddle (I think there are no comments here). Touch the water with your hand and that's it? So, you think that you need to know the measure in everything. Are you throwing yourself into the water entirely? So, you plunge headlong into love. There is also a sea of beer with bathing naked girls (what kind of love can we talk about here?), And a mirage (how sad when people do not believe in love).

2. The key is your chance. Take it - it means you are ready to use any opportunity to change your life for the better, leave it - it means you prefer to go with the flow. Turn it in your hands and recognize it as unsuitable - you can miss your chance in life, just not noticing it.

3. The palace is your attitude towards wealth. Will you go out there to the fullest? You are not very alien to the charms of life. Do you even want to stay? So, material well-being is the main thing for you in this life. Try to carry as many jewels as possible with you? So, you can step on the throat of another to achieve your goal. If you don’t even want to go there and even sleep better on the street, then most likely you are afraid to be happy and calm, afraid of envy and not sure about tomorrow.

4. The forest is the thoughts in your head. Birch Grove - you are a pure and bright person who loves peace and sunlight. A dense impenetrable thicket? You have a lot of complexes and fears. A lot of mushrooms and berries means that you are trying to see the good in everything.

5. The animals that you will settle in this forest are your friends, the people around you. Bunnies-squirrels-hedgehogs? You love people and are not afraid of communication. Is the forest full of scary eyes and sounds? Are there many predators? You do not trust people and are afraid of them.

6. Food on a stump - these are your addictions in food and in its design. A person who imagines a jar of milk with a piece of fresh bread or a pie on a clean napkin is unpretentious in food, but neat. If a biscuit is lying right on a stump or a mushroom is growing, it obviously doesn’t matter to a person what to eat. If cold cuts, caviar and vodka - well, what can I say. One generally presented a self-assembly tablecloth. And if a person does not want to eat suspicious food, most likely, he is simply squeamish.

7. Bear is how you perceive danger. Whoever wants to fight the beast is a desperate brave man who does not retreat in the face of danger. Whoever seeks salvation on a tree or pretends to be dead - he tries to leave, wait out the danger, maybe she will bypass him? Is your bear huge, scary and hungry? So you tend to exaggerate. Did you see a cute little bear cub? You clearly underestimate the dangers, because cubs never go without a mother bear!

8. The house is your home. High light carved tower? Well, you are an esthete and a neat man. An old rickety hut overgrown with cobwebs? Probably, in your real house “the devil will break his leg”, but in the soul there is confusion. Smoke comes out of the chimney, someone heats the stove and bakes pies? You feel that the family loves you (or strongly dream about it). Lots of windows and doors? Your home and your heart are open to friends. Is everything boarded up? You do not like to bare your soul. Is there someone unfriendly in this house? Probably, you are not understood in the family.

9. The horse is your life partner. Calm, affectionate horse? This is a loyal and reliable friend. Horse-fire, which all the time rears up and strives to reset? I'm afraid you choose the wrong men with whom you can connect your life. Did your horse rage, but under your gentle palm he humbled himself and allowed himself to be saddled? You are a dreamer and do not believe that a man cannot be changed radically. You will not sit on a horse, but will you lead it in the reins? Perhaps you are too democratic and are afraid to assert your rights. And don't say you don't know how to ride a horse, it's a fairy tale! You just don't believe in yourself. How did you ever let her go? So, you are afraid of a serious relationship.

10. A wall is an obstacle that seems insurmountable. Have you decided to turn back or go around the wall in the hope that sooner or later it will end? You do not fight for your happiness and retreat before difficulties. Did you dig or find a weak spot in the wall? So, you can achieve your goal not by washing, but by skating. Did you jump over the wall on a horse? Your spouse will solve all your problems for you. Did you happen to have a magic wand or something like that? It means that you believe in a happy accident and hope that everything can be solved by itself, in a miraculous way, without your participation.

11. A seagull is you, as you see yourself. Lonely and sobbing, or in search of food for chicks, or a brave huntress, or a beautiful white bird. One girl said: “It flies in the sky stupidly and aimlessly” - comments are superfluous here.

Simple moves

Psychologists have long understood that you can determine the character of a person by asking him to make just a few simple movements. If you want to check, use this test.

1. Interlace your fingers. Was the thumb of the left hand (L) or right (R) on top? Record the result.

2. Stand in the “Napoleon pose” with your arms crossed over your chest. Which hand is on top?

3. Try to simulate a thunderous applause by clapping your hands from top to bottom. Which hand is on top?

Key to the test

PPP - You have not believed in fairy tales since childhood. Growing up, you were always full of common sense: no promises of the founders of MMM or salesmen trying to hand you a set of self-sharpening knives could confuse you. You are used to following the rules of the road and following the instructions for operating a microwave oven, which is probably why you are rarely doused with mud by a passing car. In addition, the appliances in your home work flawlessly. You got a truly iron logic, so if you already decided to justify your own opinion, no one will dare to object to you. One thing is bad - you are completely incapable of looking at things from an unexpected angle, and therefore some of your friends and colleagues sincerely consider you a pedantic bore and reproach you for a complete lack of imagination. However, you do not care about these slightly deranged dreamers.

PPL - You can stand at the supermarket counter for an hour and still not choose between parsley and celery. Each decision is given to you with great difficulty, and therefore you try to shift the agony of choice to someone more courageous. And in vain. After all, no one but you can so wonderfully foresee the positive and negative consequences of this or that act. Therefore, you should trust your own opinion a little more, and not listen to the advice of friends, colleagues, parents and supermarket sellers. After all, the time you would normally spend thinking is more than enough time to think about correcting any mistake.

PLP - You still do not manage a large concern and have not acquired a personal driver and a couple of hundred subordinates? Then you still have everything ahead, because you are a born leader. You have always managed to brilliantly organize any business, whether it was rearranging furniture in an apartment or a camping trip around the house with an overnight stay. At first, you are considered a stubborn upstart and a smartass, but then those around you recognize your organizational gift and headlong rush to carry out your orders. And for recognition to come as quickly as possible, try to give commands a little softer and do not forget about words such as “please” and “thank you”.

PLL - If you have not been invited to play amateur performances yet, the cultural sector of your microdistrict has suffered a heavy loss. You really have a natural talent for all kinds of reincarnations, which you, by the way, skillfully use, if only to beg for a day off from work, saying you are sick. Men / women go crazy for you, because you are never bored with you, but you rarely remain faithful to them for more than two months. In addition, you are distinguished by an extraordinary sense of humor and a supply of all kinds of practical jokes. Girlfriends / friends consider you a slightly fickle and frivolous person and from time to time try to call you to prudence. Don't listen, they're jealous!

BOB - People around you sincerely consider you the kindest and most reliable creature, and therefore, without a twinge of conscience, they sit on your neck. You devote all your free time to solving other people's problems, and then you are surprised to find that there is sorely not enough time for your own affairs and worries. Bosses regularly provide you with urgent and unpaid work, and friends periodically ask for help with repairs, walking the dog, or babysitting. In general, kindness is a commendable quality, but try to show reasonable selfishness at least occasionally. You will see, life will seem much more pleasant to you.

LLP - Even a brick falling on your head cannot cool your optimism. You are constantly in an excellent mood, which irritates your more gloomy friends a lot. You are very fond of fun gatherings and cultural events and try hard to attract all your acquaintances to your entertainment, not caring too much that they want to spend a quiet evening in front of the TV in an embrace with a box of chocolates. So dropping in on someone in the middle of the night and entertaining the host with your chatter until the morning is quite in your style. If you were a little less persistent and a little more tactful in your desire to stir up those around you, their attitude towards you would not suffer in the least. In general, your energy would be for peaceful purposes.

LLL - When you need to find a non-standard solution to a problem, for example, squeezing a huge sofa into a narrow doorway or preparing a festive dish, having a pack of spaghetti and some pepper from the products, you have no equal. But boring everyday affairs and routine work make you really sad. This is probably why the authorities consider you a talented lazy person, and girlfriends / friends are sure that with your abilities you could achieve more. Well, we must admit that their opinion is not far from the truth. And therefore, if you want to receive worldwide recognition, the Nobel Prize, or at least a salary increase, you will have to show a little perseverance and hard work.

Cube, ladder and flower

Imagine this simple picture: sky, horizon, and desert. Now try to place some objects in this landscape. The more detailed and colorful the better. If it makes it easier, you can take a pencil and paper.

So, imagine a cube in this desert. What does he look like? What is it made of? Where it is located? What state is he in? Now imagine a ladder. What is she from? What size? How many crossbars? How is it located relative to the cube? Imagine a flower(s). How many? What are these flowers? How are they positioned relative to the cube and stairs? Imagine a horse (horse). Colour? The size? What she does? Where is it in the picture? Finally, imagine a storm in this landscape. Where does it occur in relation to the rest of the subject. How does it happen? What is this storm?

Key to the test

Cube symbolizes the idea of a person about himself. A large half-sheet cube - exaggerated attention to one's person, an inflated ego, inflated self-esteem. A small cube is shyness, a person considers himself insignificant, they do not understand him. The cube lying on the ground feels reality well, stands firmly on its feet. Cube in the distance - feels forgotten, on the sidelines of life. A cube buried in the sand - a person feels depressed, under the weight of external circumstances. A cube in the air is a dreamer, a rich imagination, but detached from reality. The cube protrudes beyond the horizon - great ambitions (and vice versa). The cube stands on the edge - unstable life. A cube made of durable material - self-confidence, solidity. Cube of gold - considers himself priceless. Glass cube - purity and innocence. A cube filled with something cloudy - hates itself. Empty inside - feels empty, unsatisfied.

Stairs symbolizes the closest social structure of a person (friends, relatives). Long, with many crossbars - sociability, a large circle of friends. Staircase made of unusual material - feels that his friends are strange, not like everyone else. The staircase is in poor condition - he believes that there are spoiled people around him. The staircase is far from the cube - does not let others into their personal lives, is surrounded by a shell. The ladder is leaning against the cube - he believes that he does a lot for friends, gives them more than they, he is surrounded by weak people. Ladder on the cube - friends / family suppress, interfere too much in personal life. Staircase under the cube - feels supported. A solid ladder - surrounded by reliable people, or striving for this.

Flowers the role of children in human life. Number - how many children I would like to have: if there are many, most likely the person works with them (for example, a teacher) or wants to be surrounded by them, work with them. Flowers close to the cube - really needs children. Brightly blooming flowers - dreams of a bright fate for children. Crumpled Flowers - Surrounded by spoiled children. Flowers bend in the wind - afraid of difficulties in their children. Everywhere and cover the cube - the children tire him. Beautiful flowers (roses, poppies) - loves children very much.

Horse or horse symbolizes a person's idea of \u200b\u200bthe current sexual partner, if about the future, then what he wants. Strong, big - you need a reliable partner. Color indicates character, temperament, brightness, coldness, etc. Close to the cube - needs emotional and physical closeness with a partner. Far away - in no hurry to fully open up to a partner. The horse (horse) bites, sniffs, licks the cube - his idea of \u200b\u200bcaresses. A small, obedient horse (horse) - wants to dominate relationships. Unbridled horse (horse) - you need a wayward partner. Attached - wants to always keep a partner under control. The horse (horse) is doing something with the stairs - the partner's relationship with his loved ones. Horse (horse) in the distance - feels abandoned.

The storm symbolizes a person's attitude to life's problems. A storm in the distance - there are practically no troubles now. Approaching - afraid of a crisis in life. Leaves - troubles recede. Big storm - feels like in a huge pit of failures. The storm passes by - problems affect him little. A small thunderstorm is not particularly afraid of upcoming problems.

Travel

1. Imagine that you are in the desert. Describe your appearance: what do you look like, your clothes, what do you have in your hands? Don't forget about the desert: how do you feel in it, what does it look like?

2. You wander for a long time and suddenly - an oasis! - a wonderful little lake with crystal clear water and a small spreading palm tree. Your actions?

3. We continue the journey. On the way you come across a huge herd of horses. There are any horses that only exist in the world. Which one will you choose for yourself? And by the way, a stallion or a mare?

4. Now you are riding through the desert on a horse. You have already traveled several hundred kilometers, and the horse's strength is running out. But here's luck - along the way you come across another oasis. Lake, palm tree - everything is as it should be. True, someone hung a sign on a palm tree: "The water is poisoned." And I want to drink so much! Your actions?

5. The sign lied, and you are back on the road. On the way you come across a new herd of horses. The old horse is completely exhausted and needs to be replaced. Who will you choose this time? What will you do with your old horse?

6. Finally you are in the city. A dwarf comes out of the open gate towards him. What will you do?

7. They said goodbye to the dwarf and the horse. In the hands of you accidentally turned out to be the keys to your alleged apartment in this city. You climb the stairs, open the door and… Describe how your apartment should ideally look like. Is it dark or is it light? Are there any people or pets? Fantasize!

8. Having rested at home, you leave the entrance. On the way you come across an animal. What is this animal? (You can name any animal - from a dog to a polar bear) And how does he behave towards you?

9. You find yourself in front of a very (very!) high wall. You need to get over it, but there is no end in sight. How will you get out of the situation?

10. On the other side of the wall you find yourself in a luxurious apple orchard. It has any variety of apples - green, red, yellow, unripe, overripe, carrion. The garden is just huge, but you have to choose the best fruit for yourself. How long will you look for it? Describe it externally. Will you eat it now or keep it in reserve?

11. From the garden you find yourself on the edge of the abyss. You need to get over it on a narrow bridge, which can only fit one person. You have already gone halfway, as towards you, out of nowhere, a nasty little dwarf appears. This midget categorically refuses to give way. How to solve the problem?

Key to the test

1. The desert is your life and your attitude towards it. If your desert is a calm, hot area, framed by dunes and rare thorns, then life turns out to be the same: even and peaceful, with a certain number of everyday problems. But if you are wearing a bulletproof vest and you have a Kalashnikov assault rifle in your hands, there is reason to think about who you are so aggressive and distrustful of. By the way, if you took only a player with you to the desert and forgot to put on a panama hat, then you are not a very practical person. And in general, in essence, still a child.

2. Oasis and palm tree - this is your attitude to passions. If you, without hesitation, rush to swim, then in life you often take risks and are not averse to trying forbidden pleasures. And if you gently wet your feet and move on, it is difficult to seduce you.

3. Horses are sexual partners. If you have chosen a horse of the opposite sex (a stallion or a mare), then everything is in order with the orientation and bisexuality does not threaten you. But if it's the other way around...

The way you choose a horse for yourself indicates which qualities in a partner play the main role for you. Beauty, for example, or personal characteristics.

4. Poisoned water is a conflict situation between you and your partner. Your actions with the horse indicate how you behave with your soul mate - trying to blame it (tasting the water on a horse) or deciding to "take the hit" (drinking yourself).

5. A new herd is a separation from the previous one and a search for a new one. Your actions in relation to the first horse show exactly how you part with people: ruthlessly abandon, immediately rushing to look for a replacement, or vice versa - trying to maintain friendly relations. If the second time you choose a horse of the same sex as yours, this is already serious. If the first and second horses are similar, then you are looking for a specific person.

6. Dwarf - your health. How attentively and affably you treated the dwarf, just as much you care about your own body.

7. The apartment is your inner world. If the room is large, with open windows and there is a lot of light in it, then you are an open, friendly person, "the soul is wide open." If the windows are closed, you like to get hung up on your problems, and if it’s dark in it, then, apparently, you often get depressed. The presence of animals means hidden guilt for some misconduct, and those people who live in your apartment are the closest.

8. The animal at the entrance is how others see you. Who are you for them - an affectionate kitten or a tattered mongrel?

9. The wall means your ability to cope with depression and a gloomy state of mind. If the wall seems insurmountable to you, then, accordingly, it is simply dangerous to leave you alone in difficult moments. But if you bravely put your foot on a protruding brick, it remains only to envy your self-control.

10. Orchard - your sexual desires, temperament and fantasies. Inveterate womanizers will immediately cling to the juiciest fruit, picky bores with a complex character will take a long time to choose, insecure young ladies will first take Antonovka, but then they will think about it and change it to another variety. But if you choose a carrion, then sex is not at all the main thing and not even a secondary one in your life. He doesn't seem to mean anything to you at all.

11. The conflict with the dwarf is your relationship with other people. If you do not waste time talking, but simply push the enemy off the bridge, then in reality you are capable of anything and often behave like a notorious villain. Attempts to resolve the conflict peacefully indicate a penchant for diplomacy. In general, the more original the solution to the problem, the more flexible and inventive you are in life (with which we congratulate you!).

Simultaneously

Imagine the situation: you are at home alone, and here simultaneously:

The phone rang!
The child cried!
The faucet broke and the water is about to flow to the floor!
It's raining and your laundry is drying on the balcony!
Doorbell!

Describe your actions sequentially: what will you do first, what will you do second, and so on.

Key to the test

This test is about priorities. The first on the list is your main area of life (at least for now).

A child is a family

Water is money

Phone - work

Door - friends, acquaintances

Lingerie is sex

Favorite animal

1. Name your favorite animal. What is it? What qualities does he have that you like and dislike about him? It is better to describe qualities internal (independence, playfulness) than external (long hair, beautiful eyes).

2. Now think of an animal that you also really like, but still a little less than the animal from question 1. What are its qualities?

3. Finally, think about the animal that comes in third place. It is also very good, but you like the first two more. What are his inner qualities?

Key to the test

1. The first animal, its qualities - how you think about how other people represent you, how they see you.

2. The second animal is how other people see, evaluate you in reality.

3. Finally, the third animal is what you really are. Whether you like it or not...

UFO

You are walking down the street, and suddenly a flying object descends directly from the sky onto the roadway. Answer the following questions:

1. What is it - an airplane, a helicopter, an alien saucer, a balloon or something else?

2. Is the landing of this object accompanied by casualties and destruction?

3. Why do you think IT landed here?

4. Will you go your own way, stop for a few minutes or get stuck here for a long time - to find out the causes and details of the incident?

Key to the test

1. A flying object symbolizes the lie that you are ready for. The more it is, the more lies in your life. Well, if this is an unidentified flying object, then, by lying, you often break away from reality.

2. The presence of casualties and destruction means that you are not too afraid of the consequences of your lies. The more destruction, the more indifferent you are to the consequences and even exposure.

3. Your version of this event - these are the reasons that usually make you cheat. An emergency on board means you only lie when absolutely necessary.

4. The time you spend at the scene symbolizes the remorse that torments you about your deceit.

Painting

You are standing in front of a painting in a museum, with your hands behind your back and trying your best to penetrate the artist's intent, when suddenly a complete stranger comes up to you and says something to you. Which of the following is a stranger saying to you?

1. "Isn't this picture beautiful?"

2. "What do you think of this picture?"

3. "Excuse me, do you have time?"

4. "You know, I'm an artist myself"

Key to the test

When a stranger suddenly speaks to you, there is always a mixed feeling of apprehension and anticipation. In this fictional scenario, the words the stranger says actually reflect how you react to random and non-random encounters with other people. Your answers reveal what impression you make when you first meet a person.

1. "Isn't this picture beautiful?"

Your friendly and positive nature makes a great impression on almost everyone you meet. Your only concern should be that people may not take you seriously at first.

2. "What do you think of this picture?"

You are the type of person who likes to find out the temperament of another person before starting to communicate. People can sense your hesitation and this can affect their reaction. With your prudent approach, you will never step on anyone's toes, but you may end up living on someone else's terms.

3. "Excuse me, do you have time?"

Half of the people perceive you as a completely normal person, but for the other half you look a little strange. At the first meeting, it seems that you live at your own pace and are a person that some might call eccentric. You do not attach much importance to what others may think or feel. For better or worse, this is your secret.

4. "You know, I'm an artist myself."

When you meet someone for the first time, you give the impression of a person who is somewhat nervous and overly active. Maybe you try too hard to please, but the harder you try, the worse impression you make. Don't worry so much about people thinking well of you - they'll like you more if you just relax.

Stage

You are a singer (singer), and a real star. And today you have a performance in a huge hall - you will have to sing "live". You go on stage and realize that you can’t perform (for example, your voice has disappeared). The music is playing, and you are silent, in the hall they begin to understand that something is wrong, they are indignant, someone is trying to break into the stage.

1. Do you hear an indistinct rumble from the auditorium or can you distinguish individual screams?

2. Who is trying to break into the stage: a man, a woman, or several people at once?

3. Does anyone manage to get on stage? If so, is this person trying to hit you? Is he screaming or silently looking into your eyes?

4. Will you try to calm the audience and explain what's going on, or will you quickly leave the stage without explanation?

Key to the test

This test helps answer the question "What are you afraid of in this life?"

1. An obscure rumble from the audience indicates that your fears are usually not very specific. They may even be mystical. And vice versa, the more distinct the cries, the more definite the fears. If you imagined this situation well, then perhaps shouting will help you figure out what you are specifically afraid of.

2. If a man breaks into the stage, it means that men usually cause fear in you, if a woman breaks into the stage, the threat comes from women, several people break through - the crowd causes fear.

3. Have you been hit or are they trying to hit you? It means that you are very afraid of physical pain or injury.

4. If you run away from the stage, then, alas, you do not know how to overcome your fears. The longer you explain to the audience, the more successfully you fight your fears.

Trash can

You are walking down the street, thinking about something else, and suddenly you stumble upon a garbage can and overturn it. What falls out from under the lid of this garbage can?

Key to the test

Your idea of the contents of the trash can reveals those things inside you that you are trying to hide from prying eyes.

1. Nothing falls out - the tank is empty.

People who gave this answer try to live without showing off, without being flaunted. What you see is what you have. It is this simplicity that gives them their charm.

2. A pile of assorted unpacked garbage falls out onto the street.

Those of you who said that the bin was full of all sorts of unpackaged garbage may seem direct and frank people from the outside, but in fact they have a whole bunch of unexpressed feelings accumulated inside. Outwardly, these feelings appear only as general dissatisfaction, but if you think about it carefully, were there moments when you held yourself back from saying what you really felt.

3. Apple cores, gnawed chicken bones and other leftovers.

People who imagine a pile of kitchen waste suppress their appetites and natural desire to eat. Perhaps you are on a diet. Or trying to save money by cutting back on your food expenses. Whatever the reason, it costs you dearly. There is no need to go to extremes, but it is likely that an evening spent with friends in a restaurant will do you good.

4. Well-tied black plastic trash bag.

People who see a well-tied garbage bag have strong self-control. Perhaps too strong. You hate showing your weakness or complaining - your pride won't let you. But letting others know how you really feel is not a sign of weakness. Loosen the ropes that hold the bag tight and let some air in before the trash rots and starts to stink.

Who am I?

1. Name your favorite color and give it 3 definitions (adjectives) - what it is, why you like it.

2. Name your favorite animal and also give it 3 definitions, denoting what you like about this animal.

3. Name your favorite state of water (reservoir: sea, lake, puddle, stream, etc.), give it 3 definitions (why exactly do you like it).

4. Imagine that you woke up in a white room with no windows or doors. Write down 3 thoughts that come to your mind as you do this.

Key to the test

1. With these three adjectives, you described your ideal "I": how you want to appear in the eyes of others.

2. These three adjectives can describe your social self. This is how you look in the eyes of others.

3. That's how you are in sex.

4. This is how you think about death.

our life

This test has three stages.

1) pig, tiger, sheep, horse, cow

Rank these animals in order from #1 (the most pleasant) to #5 (the most unpleasant for you).

2) dog, cat, rat, coffee, sea

Write for each of these words one adjective, which, in your opinion, is most similar to it.

3) yellow, orange, red, white, green.

For each of these colors, pick one person whom you know, and who, in your opinion, is most associated with this particular color for you. It is better if you are intimately familiar with these people.

Key to the test

1) these are your life priorities, you have put them in their places.

pig is a career
tiger - pride / dignity
sheep - family
horse - money
cow - love

2) key to stage 2:

the dog is you
the cat is your partner
rats are your friends
coffee - you are in sex
the sea is your life

exactly as you wrote, you consider yourself, your partner, etc. in the depths of your soul.

3) key to stage 3:

yellow - you will never forget this person
orange is your true friend
red - you really love this person
white is your soul mate
green - the person you will remember all your life, your spiritual teacher

Lbat in a cave

Imagine: you are lost in a deep cave, wandering through a huge network of winding passages and trying to find a way out. And then suddenly one bat flies up and whispers something in your ear ... Which of the following phrases does she say?

1. "I know where the exit is."

2. "Let me help you and show you the way out of here."

3. "Keep looking!"

4. "You will never get out of here."

Key to the test

In this scenario, the magical bat serves as a symbol of guidance and help for those who are lost and are struggling to find their way back. By imagining what the bat might have said to you, you watch how you yourself react to those who need your help.

1. "I know where the exit is." You are acting like a know-it-all. There is no doubt that you always want to lend a helping hand or give advice, but sometimes you try to help in a situation where your help is not needed, and therefore, as a result, you look like an annoying, meddling person.

2. "Let me show you the way out of here." Your big heart and dedication serve as a shining example for others. People feel your strength and care, and when a problem arises, your presence alone calms them.

3. "Keep looking." You keep your distance by respecting the other person's space. This doesn't mean you don't want to help, it's just that when you're asked for advice, you limit yourself to the bare minimum, inspiring people to solve their problems on their own. And this hands-off principle is perhaps the best approach you can take when helping others find their way to maturity and independence.

4. "You will never get out of here." When you see someone on the ground, your first impulse is to kick him. It may be natural to feel pleasure in other people's failures, but there is nothing good in this. Your attitude will not win you many friends or help you keep the ones you have. Be careful.

Egg

Invite guests to imagine that there is an egg in front of them. What color and size it is does not matter, the main thing is to determine to whom it belongs: turtle, snake, dinosaur or chicken.

Key to the test

Since the egg is a symbol of the future generation, the choice of egg shows what people expect from children in the future.

Snake symbolizes wisdom, education and wealth. Therefore, dreams of such a future often do not come true.

Turtle- a symbol of health and longevity. The turtles that have chosen the egg are especially concerned about the children.

Egg selection dinosaur testifies to the dream of seeing children as unique personalities. Of course, they will have their own mistakes, but parents hope that these mistakes will be at least original.

Choice chicken eggs indicate that a person does not have crazy plans related to children. It is enough that they are.

However, do not forget: no matter what we wish for our children, no matter what pictures we draw in our imagination, children themselves will choose their own path in life.

Butterfly and robot

To bring out unconscious feelings and personality traits, invite guests to take a piece of paper each and draw a butterfly and a robot.

Key to the test

Butterfly It is a symbolic expression of spiritual qualities. If the wings are rounded, you are open and trust people; if the wings have sharp ends, you are cautious and distrustful. If there are circles and ovals on the wings, you know about your problems, but you are used to solving them on your own, if there are squares or a grid, it’s hard for you to cope with difficulties alone. If the mustache and eyes are well drawn, you are a sensitive person. If there are no antennae and eyes, you are prone to introspection. If the body of a butterfly is graceful - you have excellent intuition, if it is thick - bodily pleasures are not alien to you, if it is absent - you live only a spiritual life to the detriment of the material.

Robot symbolizes the way you think. If it is humanoid - you have a humanitarian character, if it looks like a car - technical. The more dynamic the pose of the robot, the more creative ideas you have. Armored, with many details, the robot shows your ability to stand up for your ideas. The presence of locators, antennas means openness, interest in everything new.

With trial

If you were an actor and received an offer to play one of the persons acting in the courtroom, what role would you choose: lawyer, prosecutor, accused, witness?

Key to the test

The role you have chosen shows how you act in a crisis situation.

Advocate. You manage to maintain equanimity and composure. But sometimes, as a passionate fighter for justice, you can explode if the situation requires it. The combination of equanimity and passion helps in solving any problem that has arisen in front of you.

Prosecutor. You are always calm, even if everyone around you is panicking. People around you are aware of this and treat you with respect, asking for help in difficult cases. It seems that wherever you are, there are problems. But all these situations are not stressful for you, because. inside you are absolutely indifferent to everything that happens.

Accused. Faced with difficulties, you begin to reflect on what was done wrong, looking for the reasons for what is happening, and not solving the problem. To feel more confident, you try to maintain relationships with those who are successful in this life and, in your opinion, have no problems.

Witness. You like to help others, but this participation leads to the conclusion that in any situation you have to rely only on yourself. This is how you act in a difficult case: you yourself try to find the right way out and deal with a limited number of people.

New home

Imagine that you have looked after yourself a suitable home and are ready to buy it. During the inspection, no one pushed you, and you asked all the questions you were interested in. However, before making a final decision, you would like to take another look at one of the rooms of your future home. What part of the house requires additional inspection?

Bathroom.
Bedroom.
Dining room/kitchen.
Veranda/garden.

Key to the test

And now the test results. Looking for a new home equals striving to improve your physique and appearance. Accordingly, the part of the house to which increased interest is shown is the actions that a person can take for his physical self-improvement.

The bathroom symbolizes the desire for internal purification. Those who are dissatisfied with the bathroom feel that they are not putting enough effort into their development.

Those who wish to re-examine their future bedroom are not so much concerned with diet or physical activity as with the efforts that will have to be made to achieve the desired results.

The kitchen will be chosen by those who are not ready to build their body, limiting themselves in food.

If there is a desire to once again examine the garden, then, most likely, tension and constant stress interfere with visiting the pool or gym.

Let this test be the first step towards a healthy lifestyle!

cats

You can love or hate cats, but these animals have been living next to humans for so long! Unlike dogs, they do not carry newspapers to the owner, do not give a paw, but, despite all these "sins", their arrogant indifference and complete impenetrability guarantee them a safe place in the world of people. Each person perceives cats differently. Which of the following phrases best matches your idea of these animals?

They love to bask in the sun.
These are mysterious and mysterious animals.
They are so nice to pet.
These are non-companion beings.

Key to the test

In psychology, the cat is the embodiment of the soul, or your true self. The answer you have chosen reflects the positive and negative aspects of your true self.

1. They love to bask in the sun.

Describing a cat's favorite pastime, you understand that all creatures have the right to behave as they please. This suggests that you easily get along with people and quickly find a common language with any person. People almost always feel comfortable around you. However, due to this ease of communication, you can sometimes give the impression of a person who is superficial and indifferent to others.

2. These are mysterious and mysterious animals.

The features of the cat character that attracted your attention are those qualities that are in yourself. Your true self is a kaleidoscope of ever-changing pictures. To those who love you, you seem like an eternal and endless mystery, which they every time gladly solve anew. On the other hand, those who do not have time to solve riddles may prefer not to mess with a person who is more trouble than good.

3. They are so nice to stroke.

It seems to you that the world was created so that you can use and enjoy it to your heart's content. Such a view can manifest itself in the form of calm self-confidence or simply excessive egocentrism.

4. They are non-sociable creatures.

There is a feeling of loneliness in your answer. You prefer to express yourself in the emotional and social spheres of life, as a result of which you give the impression of a sympathetic and sincere person who shows sincere concern for people. However, this same quality makes you overly sensitive.

Reading a magazine

Imagine that you have picked up a new magazine and you have the opportunity to read it. How do you usually do it?

Read in order from the first to the last page.
Choose articles that may be of interest, and leave the rest unattended.
Scroll at random and read what is worthy of attention.
Since the order of the headings is unchanged, you read the articles in the order you are used to.

Key to the test

The manner of planning time when reading a magazine shows how people manage their resources, primarily financial ones.

Those who read the magazine in order rationally spend every penny. They do not like to be constrained in funds, they keep records of finances and therefore feel comfortable.

Those who choose only articles of interest are spenders. They buy what they don't always need and promise themselves to start saving next time.

People who read a magazine at random consider themselves economical, and those around them - greedy. Purchases are not made impulsively, and it is forgotten that we do not serve money, but they serve us.

Reading a magazine in the same way indicates a habit of always spending money in the same way, regardless of changes in life. Even if they win the lottery, such people will make purchases at sales, and if they have debts, they will not deny themselves anything.

Tasty

Imagine that you are lost in a dark forest and are already beginning to experience the first pangs of hunger when you suddenly stumble upon a house consisting of sweets. How do you deal with this delicacy?

I will eat everything.
I will try to taste as many different varieties of sweets as possible.
I will find the most delicious detail and I will eat only it.
Actually, I don't really like sweet things.

Key to the test

Sweets and everything you can eat on the go are foods that are consumed at any time of the day or night. In the same way, we make new acquaintances - without any intention or intention. That is, your tactics of eating a sweet house coincides with your approach to choosing friends and friendship issues.

1. I will eat everything.

In dealing with people, you show honesty and openness. Your sincerity is like the innocent enthusiasm of a child. However, you should remember that not everyone is ready to answer you with the same sincerity and frankness.

2. I will try to taste as many different kinds of sweets as possible.

The world is full of people, and you would not mind getting to know each of them. You have the gift of seeing the best in people. However, your desire to taste a little of everything can be interpreted as an unwillingness to develop a relationship with any one person.

3. I will find the most delicious part and eat only it.

If you are lucky enough to meet a person with similar interests, tastes and aspirations, you will be quite satisfied with this communication. However, it may very well be that by limiting your communication to one type of relationship, you fence yourself off from a whole treasure trove of equally wonderful experiences.

4. Actually, I don't really like sweet things.

There are charms in the life of a person who does not fit into the generally accepted framework, and you like to look at the world not from the thick of the crowd, but a little from the side. However, your attempts to isolate yourself from what is happening around you give others a reason to perceive you as a person who is trying too hard to be different. Don't be afraid to appear ordinary.

strawberries

Tell the guests a story and write down their answers to their questions, and after the story, transcribe this test.

Imagine that you are walking through the forest and suddenly stumble upon a clearing where ripe strawberries grow. There is no one around, and only a fence separates from the free treat. How high is this fence? But here you somehow make your way to the clearing and begin to feast on large berries. How many berries will you eat?

Suddenly, the owner of the clearing appears and begins to swear. What will you say to him in response? Right after all was said and done, what did these berries taste like to you? How do you feel after this little adventure is over?

Key to the test

Strawberries are a well-known symbol of sexual attraction and desire. The way you imagined the script will help you understand your attitude towards sex, love affairs and forbidden romances.

The height of the fence determines your own level of self-control and resistance to sexual temptation. The higher the fence seemed, the stronger the internal prohibitions. People who have imagined a completely fenced-off place show amazing resilience. The one who said that there is only wire at the level of the knees is ready to easily succumb to temptation.

The number of berries eaten is the number of people you can be attracted to at the same time. If you said that you stopped after eating just one berry, then most likely you are monogamous or, despite the temptation, remain faithful to your other half. For those of you in the double digits, you may need to seriously think about slowing down your libido.

Excuses to the owner - an explanation to others and to oneself about one's insatiability. They reflect how you would defend yourself if you were caught cheating. Possible options: “Sorry, I won’t do it again”, “The strawberries were very tasty!”, “I wanted and ate, that’s my business!”

The description of the sensations and taste of the berries indicates feelings and memories after a love affair. Possible options: “They weren’t really as tasty as they first seemed”, “I didn’t experience anything special, but at least some entertainment”, “The berries were so sweet, juicy and especially delicious for their taboo”.

The tale of Cinderella

Among the many fairy tales, the story of Cinderella is the most popular. Which of the scenes from this old fairy tale appeals to you the most?

Bullying stepmother and sisters over Cinderella.
Cinderella turns into a princess.
Cinderella loses her shoe while running away from the palace.
The prince puts a shoe on Cinderella.

Key to the test

Why do you like the chosen scene? Psychologists say that it correlates with the weaknesses of the person who chose it.

1. Bullying stepmother and sisters over Cinderella.

Cinderella is pushed around, scolded, and, of course, it is a pity. But the other side of this scene is a sense of superiority and arrogance. The one who chose this scene has a very good opinion of himself and sometimes looks down on others. You need to learn to treat others with more warmth.

2. Cinderella turns into a princess.

In real life, little happens with the wave of a magic wand, and becoming a princess is a fairy tale. The person who chose this scene is not a practical and responsible person, who deep down hopes that his problems can be solved in the same incredible way.

3. Cinderella loses her slipper while running away from the palace.

The choice of the scene with the loss of the shoe indicates the degree of dependence on others. You should not rely on others, you must learn to make responsible decisions yourself.

4. The Prince puts a shoe on Cinderella.

A happy ending is always great, but ... after the holiday, ordinary everyday life always comes. All desires and dreams are predictable: a good salary, a brilliant career, a family with children. But there are qualities that distinguish people from the crowd and can make a one-of-a-kind person out of a simple layman? ..

Comic games

Target

Guests are given blank sheets of paper and pencils. The host invites them to draw a large circle on the sheet, inside of which there are 4 more circles (the picture is obtained in the form of a target of 5 circles). In the middle you need to put a dot and draw 2 perpendicular lines through it. The result is 4 sectors.

In each of the four sectors you need to write:

in the first, smallest circle - the letters R, P, C, L in any order.
in the second circle from the center - numbers from one to four in each sector, also in any order
in the third - one for each sector of the name of a bird, fish, beast, insect
in the fourth - 4 adjectives that characterize the character traits of a person, can be cool (for example: sexy, vicious, sparkling, caring, romantic, greedy, charming, preoccupied, eloquent, etc.)
in the last circle - 4 any proverbs or sayings (it can also be catchphrases, funny statuses or jokes of Russian Radio)

Signed (so as not to get confused) “targets” are handed over to the presenter, who puts them on public display or demonstrates them in turn. Next comes the decryption.

It turns out that the letters in the center of the circle mean P - work, P - bed, C - family, L - love; numbers - in what place each of the guests has work, family, bed and love, animal + adjective - who he is in work, bed, family and love; a proverb is the motto of a given person in work, family, bed, love.

For example, it can turn out: a cute puppy in bed, a greedy jackal in love, a fair horse in the family and a mischievous hedgehog at work. I will not give examples of mottos, try it yourself - it turns out a lot of fun!

my other half

This comic test is designed for couples. Men and women, without peeping at each other, write on a piece of paper in a column, under numbers, ten names of animals (insects, birds, reptiles).

Then the presenter reads out the representatives of the fauna, recorded by women, with the words Your husband:

Sweet as...
Strong like...
Protective as...
Authoritative as...,
independent as...
Smiling like...
Neat as...
Loving like...
Bold as...
Handsome as...
Then the representatives of the fauna, chosen by the husband, are called, with the words Your Wife:
In transport, like...
With relatives like...
With co-workers like...,
In a store like...
At home like...
In a cafe or restaurant like…,
With the boss like...,
In a friendly company like ...,
In bed like...
In the doctor's office...

Who you are?

Prepare a sheet of paper and pencils or pens for guests in advance. Before the guests leave the table, offer them this fun game. Each of the guests on his sheet writes under serial numbers in one column interspersed 10 names of pets, animals, birds or insects. Then the hostess (or presenter) asks questions in order, and everyone in turn reads what is written on the sheet at number 1 on the first question, then on the second - what is written at number 2, etc.

Questions:

Who are you at home?
Who are you alone?
Who are you in a public place?
Who are you without clothes?
Who are you after dinner?
Who do others associate you with?
Who do you associate yourself with?
Who are you at night?
Who are you and your friends?
Who are you really?