Hello, dear readers!

In an age when well developed international relationships, people travel around different countries, you have to fill out quite a lot of documents. And here many questions immediately arise. The article “Transliteration into English” will help you resolve them.

Basic Rules

Transliteration is the transfer of the spelling of letters of one language with the letters of another. Since the Russian alphabet and phonetics are significantly different, it is sometimes quite difficult to convey our sounds with the letters of a foreign language. Remember the last one about coordinating tenses?

For example, the sounds [zh,] [yo], [th] have no correspondence. Because of this, many disputes and disagreements arise. Over time, the rules change, so I will show you the latest transliteration rules 2018. I will show you the translation in the table:

Russian letters	The corresponding Latin characters
A	A
B	B
IN	V
G	G
D	D
E	E
Yo	E
AND	Zh
Z	Z
AND	I
Y	I
TO	K
L	L
M	M
N	N
ABOUT	O
P	P
R	R
WITH	S
T	T
U	U
F	F
X	Kh
C	Ts
H	Ch
Sh	SH
SCH	SHCH
Kommersant	I.E.
Y	Y
b	—
E	E
YU	IU
I	I.A.

This year, foreign passports are already being issued according to a new model. What has changed is that Kommersant began to be designated in contrast to the previous rules. The letter T is now written as TS, not TC. Where Y was used, I is now placed. Do you know how to correctly transliterate into English?

Be careful when filling out documents. Correct transliteration from Russian into English is very important. If an error is found in your passport, this document is invalid and must be changed.

Subscribe to my blog. Find even more useful articles and rules, and you will also receive as a gift - a basic phrasebook in three languages, English, German and French. Its main advantage is that there is Russian transcription, so even without knowing the language, you can easily master colloquial phrases.

To help you avoid unpleasant situations, I will demonstrate examples of names, surnames and patronymics written in Latin letters: Valerii Anatolevich Sukhorukov, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Izmailova, Stanislav Petrovich Shukshin, Iana Fedorovna Shcherbak.
If you still have doubts, you can check the transliteration of the keyboard from Russian to English online on various sites. But be careful to make sure they comply with the new rules. By the way, often when purchasing air tickets there is an automatic translation into Latin. Remember about the participle phrase?

Table with examples of surnames

But everything is not limited to the first and last name. What if you are asked to provide an address, for example, when sending a parcel or filling out any other document. The street name follows the above rule, but the country and city must already be translated into English. Of course, if there is a translation. Did you remember about the possessive form in English?

For example, the city of Irkutsk will remain Irkutsk. You also need to remember the abbreviations of words such as house, street and others. I suggest you get acquainted with them in the table:

The writing order is different for all countries, so you should clarify this issue.

If you are filling out documents in the UK you need to follow this scheme:

House number, street name
City
Index
A country
For example, 41, Pushkinskaia street, Moscow, Russia, 450002

I hope that the information was useful to you. If you want to learn more about the languages, culture and way of life of European countries, subscribe to the Viva Europe blog.

I was with you, a philologist of the English language, Ekaterina Martynova.
Have a nice day, everyone!

Translation or interlingual transformations transformations are called, with the help of which one can make the transition from original units to communicatively equivalent, equivalent translation units. The translator has three main groups of techniques at his disposal: lexical, grammatical and stylistic. Lexical translation techniques applicable when the source text contains a non-standard language unit at the word level. For example, proper name, term, words denoting objects, phenomena and concepts characteristic of the source culture, but absent in the culture of the target language - the so-called realities. One of the most widely used lexical translation techniques is translation transcription. Transcription is defined as a formal phonemic reconstruction of a source lexical item using letters of the target language. In other words, it is a phonetic imitation of the original word. For example, George - George, William - William. In a translated text, the source word is most often presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language. In addition to proper names in the group of units translated through translation transcription, most specialists also include geographical names, names of peoples and tribes, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, national and cultural objects (realities). In relation to a number of objects, traditional forms of translation have been established, for example, Moscow - Moscow, St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg, England - England, the English Channel - English Channel. When transcribing geographical names, it often happens stress shift: Washington – Washington. If the name includes significant word, mixed translation is used, i.e. a combination of transcription and semantic translation. For example, Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel.Transliteration- this is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the original lexical unit using the alphabet of the target language, i.e. letter imitation of the form of the original word. For example, Illinois - Illinois(not Ilina), Michigan - Michigan(not Mishigan). The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration: 1. in the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels ( Dorset - Before R set, Campbell- Cam P b e ll); 2. when transmitting double consonants between vowels and at the end of words after vowels ( Bonners Ferry - Bo NN ers Fe pp and, boss - bo ss ). Tracing is defined as the reproduction of the combinatorial composition of a word or phrase, when the constituent parts of a word (morphemes) or phrases (lexemes) are translated by the corresponding elements of the target language. For example, Russian suffixes - spruce, -chik/-schik / - nick can be correlated with English suffixes –er/-or, -ist. For example, reads spruce–read er, builds spruce–build er, carried box– port er etc. A large number of phrases in the political, scientific and cultural fields are practically tracings. For example: head of the government - head of the government, Supreme Court - Supreme Court. When using tracing, the translator often has to make some additional transformations - changing the order and number of words in a phrase, case forms, morphological or syntactic status of words in a phrase. For example, first-strike weapon - weapon of the first strike, two-thirds majority - two-thirds majority (votes). Tracing usually involves 1.terms, 2.names of historical and cultural monuments, 3.names works of art, 4. names of political parties and movements, 5. historical events or expressions of general cultural content.

transliteration online, transliteration Bulgarian English
Transliteration- the exact transmission of characters of one writing system by signs of another writing system, in which each character (or sequence of characters) of one writing system is transmitted by the same character (or sequence of characters) of another writing system. For example, romanization is the transfer of non-Latin writing using the extended Latin alphabet using diacritics and letter combinations.

Four types of graphic transmission are possible:

1. one sign to one sign;
2. one character in a sequence of characters;
3. a sequence of several characters into one character;
4. a sequence of several characters into a sequence of several characters that does not correspond to the transmission of the characters separately.

The need for transliteration arose in late XIX V. during the creation of Prussian scientific libraries for inclusion in a single catalog of works written in languages ​​with Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, Indian and other writing systems. Transliteration instructions compiled for the needs of these libraries served well into the 20th century. the basis of a standard for translating non-Latin writing systems into Latin.

• 1 Difference from transcription
• 2 Classification
  • 2.1 By severity of presentation
• 3 Rules
  • 3.1 Requirements
• 4 Application
• 5 Examples of alphabet transliteration
• 6 See also
• 7 Notes
• 8 Links
  • 8.1 Standards
    • 8.1.1 International
    • 8.1.2 Anglo-American
  • 8.2 Services and utilities for transliteration

Difference from transcription

Main article: Phonetic transcription Main article: Phonemic transcription

The difference between transliteration and transcription is as follows:

In contrast to transcription, which is intended to convey the sounds of a language as accurately as possible, transliteration, as the term itself shows (Latin litera - letter), concerns the written form of a language: a text written in one alphabet or another is transmitted by the alphabet of another system. In this case, only the correspondence of the letters of two alphabets is usually taken into account, and the sounds hiding behind them are not taken into account. Transliteration is used primarily in relation to dead languages, such as Sanskrit, Old Persian, etc. In addition, texts of living languages ​​that use a little-known or difficult alphabet are often transliterated, such as Arabic, etc. When transliterating living languages, they usually follow the path of compromise, so how, to some extent, it is necessary to take into account the sound aspect, so as not to tear the word too much away from its living sounding form; in other words, it is not the alphabet that is transliterated, but the graphics system adopted in a given language. So, for example, the French surname Daudet is transliterated in Russian by Dode (or Dode), that is, it is taken into account that au in French means o, and the final t is not pronounced. pure transliteration would have to write this surname Daudet (or Daudet), which would hardly be rational, since it would be too far removed from the original in terms of sound.

M. I. Matusevich. Introduction to general phonetics. M., 1941. P. 106.

Transliteration should be distinguished from transcription, which consists of letter-by-letter transfer of writing from one alphabet to another, for example, from Russian to Latin, or vice versa. Transliteration is widely used in writing geographical names and other proper names. Despite the apparent simplicity of the task of replacing some letters with others, transliteration often presents great difficulties. These difficulties stem from the fact that the composition of the alphabet of one language often does not coincide with the composition of the alphabet of another language...

When transliteration in its pure form is impossible for the stated reason, or when it is desirable to convey not the spelling, but the sound of a word or its part, it is necessary to use partial or practical transcription. It goes without saying that the transcription is very conditional, since it does not convey the original pronunciation of the word, but only an approximate one, carried out by the sound means of the borrowing language. Sometimes such transcription can be very close to transcription in the proper sense of the word...

Transliteration in its pure form is often not used even when it is quite possible, but separates writing from pronunciation. The name of the French city Rouen could be written in Russian Rowan, but the spelling Rouen is preferred to it as it is closer to the French pronunciation.

Zinder. General phonetics. M., 1979. P. 297

Classification

According to the severity of presentation

Strict

Replacement of each character of the source text with only one character of another script (a→a, b→b, в→v, у→û…).

Weakened

Replacement of some characters of the source text with combinations of two or more characters of another script (zh→zh, ch→ch, yu→yu, ya→ya...).

Extended

Representation of certain combinations of source text characters in a special way (й→y).

Rules

Requirements

Unambiguity

Ensuring the stability of the representation of elements of the original written language (letters, words, expressions) by means of another (converting) written language.

Simplicity

Ensuring automatic execution of the procedure for transition from the original text to the converted one based on simple algorithms, mainly reduced to the use of tables for replacing characters of one writing system with characters of another writing system.

It is also desirable reversibility this transformation so that the original spelling can be restored; in practice this is not always observed.

Compliance with the rules

When applying conversion rules, the requirements for the sound correspondence of the signs of the converted writing systems, aesthetic considerations and traditional norms may not be observed everywhere, although in each individual case it is desirable to develop such rules so that the violation of traditional, phonetic and aesthetic norms is minimal. However, anyone who knows the source language and the rules of conversion has the ability to reconstruct the original text and read it according to the rules of the source language.

Application

In practice, until recently, transliteration was used to a limited extent, mostly in the field of formal data processing (for example, when compiling a library catalog of books in different languages ​​in a single written language). To reproduce foreign names and titles in Russian text, preference in most cases is given to the so-called practical transcription, which takes into account not only the written form of the original words, but also their pronunciation, as well as historical considerations. In its pure form, transliteration is used for a few languages: such, for example, are the systems for transmitting Chinese and Japanese words in Cyrillic (see the articles “Palladium System” and “Polivanov System”, respectively).

Currently, transliteration is often used when writing web addresses, for example, vesti.ru. The deployment of a multilingual domain name system began in June 2003 with domains from East Asian countries - China, Japan, Taiwan. The first addresses using national alphabets were inconvenient because the top-level domain (“.cn”, .com and others) had to be typed in Latin, switching the keyboard layout; That’s why on most sites both the domain and the rest of the address are still written in Latin. The national top-level domain with Cyrillic support - .рф - appeared in 2009. In test mode, domain names with Cyrillic characters first began to be registered in the “.net” and “.com” domains in 2001.

Transliteration was used in mobile phones, which did not support the Russian language. In addition, mobile operators for a long time preferred to send SMS messages to their subscribers using transliteration (“in transliteration”), since on the one hand this ensured the readability of the message on all phones, including outdated ones, on the other hand, SMS messages in Cyrillic take up twice as much space as on “translit” (when typing in Latin, one byte is allocated for each character, and two bytes are allocated for each character in Cyrillic). Since 2007, sending SMS in this form has been regarded as a violation. At the same time, operators were forced to enter Russian-language commands for SMS services.

Examples of alphabet transliteration

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Transliteration of text in Russian

Superanskaya A.V. Transliteration // Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary/ Editor-in-Chief V. N. Yartseva. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

1 2 Domains in national languages. Reference

I would help out the Russian...

Authorities prohibit transliteration cell phones

CNews: The law has evicted translit from Russian mobile phones

Proper names in English

Russian proper names in Chinese characters

Hong's Hangul Conversion Tools

1 2 3 4 Asian Script Converters

Links

Standards

International

• ISO 9:1995 / GOST 7.79-2000: Rules for transliteration of the Cyrillic script into the Latin alphabet.
• The Place Names Database (KNAB) - a place names database maintained by the Institute Estonian language. (English)
• Large collection of transliteration rules for various alphabets. (English)

Anglo-American

• BGN/PCGN romanization systems - a system of transliteration of geographical names used in the USA and Great Britain. (English)
• ALA-LC Romanization Tables - transliteration systems of the US Library of Congress. (English)
• Transliteration system from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet used by the US State Department.

Services and utilities for transliteration

• Translit.ru - transliterator from Cyrillic to Latin and back for different languages, analogues transl.it, Tigir.com, aylandirow.tmf.org.ru
• Translit - transliterator from Cyrillic to Latin for domain names and URLs
• translit.biz - transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin for bank cards, URLs and international documents
• porusski.net - virtual keyboard for typing in Cyrillic, similar to Translitor.net, Trsl.me

• Firefox extension
• translita.appspot.com - transliterator that works in any Windows application

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Concepts transcription And transliteration may pose some difficulties for many students in foreign language departments. Not only that transcription And transliteration are so similar in appearance that they put you in a trance, and also due to chronic lack of sleep and colossal academic workload, the brain stupidly refuses to work and is unable to identify the difference between the two concepts.

After reading the article, you will understand that there is nothing complicated about transcription and transliteration. As they say, I will chew everything for you, but I won’t put it in your mouth, because I avoid random connections.

Get ready to radically change your life and finally understand what transcription and transliteration are! If you came here for fresh and unique examples that you are unlikely to find in worn-out and scribbled textbooks, then you are also in the right place. Do you like knowledge mixed with humor? Welcome! There will be something for everyone to learn.

In this article, we will carefully consider what transcription and transliteration are, deeply understand the importance of choosing the optimal technique for conveying a proper name, analyze a bunch of examples of successful and unsuccessful translation solutions, and much, much more.

Transcription and transliteration. Definitions

First, let's define: what are transcription and transliteration? Bruce Willis will help us understand the difference.

I'll help you out dawg

Transcription(=transcription) – reproduction sound

Remember how in schools you were forced to write transcriptions in order to pronounce words correctly. They scared us that if we didn’t write down the transcription for the word sausage(/ˈsɒs.ɪdʒ/), then all our lives we will say SAUSAGE.

Let's look at transcription in relation to translation. Let's take a popular actor as an example. BruceWillis. Pronounce his name the same way a native English speaker would pronounce it. Happened? Now say the same thing, but with a strong Russian accent. Write down what happened. If you did everything correctly, then BruceWillis turned into Bruce Willis. Congratulations! You have just transferred the actor's first and last name using transcription*.

* By the way, the last name can be written as Wilis: The second L does not affect the sound in any way.

Transcription (transcription) in translation – maximum approximate reproduction of the sound of a word. In the case of translation from English into Russian, the transmission is as close as the phonetics of the Russian language allows. One hundred percent preservation of the original sound cannot be achieved due to the lack of certain sounds in the Russian language, for example, such as /r/ and /uː/ in the word Bruce, as well as /ɪ/ in Willis.

By the way, many Russian speakers have no difficulty in reproducing the sound /w/, despite its absence in the Russian language.

The transcription is great because even after pronouncing BruceWillis(or any other proper name) in the Russian manner, native English speakers can easily understand you.

OOOO BRUCE WILLIS IS COOL!

Transliteration– playback letter composition foreign word in the target language.

If you constantly confuse terms transcription And transliteration, then here's a life hack for you: in trans litera tion you can see the presence of the Latin word littera, which means letter in English and... letter in Russian.

There was a time when people wrote in translit, i.e. wrote Russian words in Latin letters. Each Russian letter had its own correspondence and, as a rule, more than one. For example, the letter “Zh” could be written as ZH or as J.

Thanks to transliteration, SMS messages were shorter and, accordingly, cheaper. On the forums, translit was associated with living abroad or playing online games on European and American servers.

Transliteration example: “the file is in the zoo” – > faillezhitvzoopark. Only Russian speakers will be able to correctly pronounce the resulting product. If you gave this to a native English speaker to read, it would look something like fail lezhit in zupark.

As can be seen from the example above, the use of transliteration distorts the sound of the original beyond recognition.

Let's give an example of using transliteration to convey a proper name from English to Russian. Bruce, wait, we're going to need you again now.

Imagine that you are a person who does not know English, but knows how to read Latin letters thanks to algebra, geometry and physics lessons at school. Read BruceWillis. The surname will work out Willis, and the name will become something like Brousse, Brooke or Bruce.

Regardless of which version of the name you choose, it is obvious that transliteration mercilessly destroys the original phonetic structure of the word.

Transliteration is the usual conversion of letters from English to Russian. All you need to do is find a transliteration table on the Internet, where for each letter of one language there is an equivalent from another language, and convert letter by letter.

Let's summarize the difference between transcription and transliteration before moving on to the main part of this article. Let's take out our sausages:

SAUSAGE – > SOSIJ (transcription/transcription);

SAUSAGE – > SAUSAGE (transliteration).

Transcription and transliteration using the example of transferring celebrity names

In order to better understand what transcription and transliteration are, I will give you a bunch of examples of transferring celebrity names from English to Russian.

I would like to note right away: I am for maximum preservation of the original sound when transferring proper names. I am for transcription!

Sounds like a political slogan.

In general, in my opinion, transliteration should be used only in cases where the original sound, when transmitted into the target language, either takes on a politically incorrect/obscene coloring, or is transformed into something unpronounceable.

You can’t just go ahead and pronounce the “unpronounceable.”

We will mainly focus on cases where, during transmission into Russian, the sound of the original was distorted either without any need, or... with secret intent. We will see both minor deviations and serious discrepancies with the original. Let's go through everyone: singers, actors, politicians, heroes of films and books, as well as some brands. Among other things, I will talk about possible reasons why these names or surnames were translated into Russian incorrectly.

You, dear readers, are given the opportunity to be judges and make your own verdict: in which cases it will be more harmonious and appropriate to use the original sound, and in which cases it is better to leave the Russian-language analogue.

So let's get started.

1. Walt Disney

I'm not Walt Disney ©

Disney– > Disney. What translation technique is used here: transcription (the sound of the original is preserved) or transliteration (to hell with the original sound, we just change the letters)?

I might surprise you, but actually Disney in English it sounds something like "dizney". Accordingly, when transmitting this proper name, transliteration was used.

The reason you mispronounced this word is that previously, when transmitting foreign proper names, they predominantly used transliteration. For example, the surname Watson used to be rendered as Watson, but now it sounds much closer to the original - Watson (transcription). Now, thanks to the Internet, you can listen to how native speakers actually pronounce this or that word, but before there was no such privilege.

DISNEY – > DISNEY (transliteration)

DISNEY – > DISNEY (transcription)

2. Hachiko

In a name that has become synonymous with unprecedented fidelity, instead of the letter T in the original * Ch.

HACHIKO – > HACHIKO (???)

Guys, the third method of conveying proper names is politically correct adaptation. Imagine how much trouble translators would have had if they had used transcription in the example above!

* As user RTM noted in the comments, Hachiko is not the original at all, but just a transfer Japanese pronunciations in Latin.

In the Japanese word hachi, the combination CH resembles something between T and C. Thus, there can be no talk of any politically correct adaptation into Russian. They simply took the Japanese original and translated it into Russian in accordance with the rules.

However, this does not change the fact that English speakers pronounce H in Hachiko.

3. Mark Zuckerberg

The founder of the original contact is known in Russia as Mark Zuckerberg. Place your bets: transcription (in the USA they call him Zuckerberg too?) or transliteration?

Mark... with a "K"

In this case, the last name Zuckerberg transmitted using transliteration from German to Russian. Despite the fact that the surname of the king of Facebook German origin, in the English-speaking world it is pronounced according to English rules.

ZUCKERBERG – > ZUCKERBERG (transliteration)

ZUCKERBERG – > ZAKERBERG / ZAKERBERG (transcription)

4. Hermione Granger and two ways to convey the letter “H”

I won't surprise anyone by saying that Harry Potter's name actually sounds like Harry. The letter “eych” at the beginning of proper names is conveyed through the letter X or through the letter G. In general, through the best letters of the Russian alphabet.

G (traditional method)

Hannibal – > Hannibal

Hector – > Hector

Henry – > Henry

Homer – > Homer

X (modern way)

Hank – > Hank

Harrison – > Harrison

Holden – > Holden

Hugh – > Hugh

Now consider the transformation from Hermione V Hermione. What was used: transcription or transliteration?

Wingardium Leviosa

In the original the name sounds like “hermáini”. If they wanted to preserve the original sound and used transcription to convey this name, then the stress would fall not on E, but on the second syllable. But this shouldn’t happen in Russian!

If E was replaced by E, then Russian-speaking readers would not be able to take Hermione seriously.

Something between transcription and transliteration would be Germaini, but you can easily make a mistake by saying not the name of the young sorceress, but the name of the country.

In general, the transformation from “hermáini” to Hermione is absolutely justified, in my opinion. Moreover the name Hermione appeared in ancient Greek myths and in Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, from where J. K. Rowling, by the way, borrowed this name. So this is not a crazy invention of post-Soviet translators, but a historically established version of the transmission.

HERMIONE – > HERMIONE (transliteration)

5. Jude Law and Jennifer Lawrence

Jude Law and Jennifer Lawrence. What technique was used to convey their surnames? Transcription? Transliteration? Transdolboyation?

In short, the original sound of these surnames was subjected to a completely senseless distortion. The translators who initiated this error, which has become so ingrained that no one cares, stupidly did not know how to pronounce the combination of letters AW in English. There is no U there at the end. This is not LOW, but LAW!

LO and LAWRENCE - that's right. Can't we say it in Russian? What was the point of making a clumsy symbiosis of transcription and transliteration? If there had been 100% transliteration, it would have worked Love or Lau... in short, everything is very bad.

The case with Lo And Lowe I care most. The fact is that the unsuccessful transfer of these surnames into Russian has a negative impact on the pronunciation of those who learn English. This mistake becomes fixed in people’s minds and I, as a teacher, then have to eradicate it long and hard, because I cannot listen calmly when instead law They say low, instead of saw – sew, instead of drawn – drone etc.

From the example above it is clear: the letter U can either be shoved into surnames without any need, or taken away illegally. Take a look at Edgar Allan Poe's last name. In the original there is a U at the end ( Poe, i.e. Pou), but when transferring the surname into Russian, she drowned)))

POE – > POE (transliteration)

POE – > POE (transcription)

POE – > software (this is how it happened historically)

6. Xena - Warrior Princess

In the 90s they showed the TV series “Xena: Warrior Princess”. In English, this lady's name is pronounced Zina, which, you see, would sound ridiculous in Russian.

Zina is a warrior princess.

XENA – > XENA (transliteration)

XENA – > ZINA (transcription)

XENA – > XENA (transliteration + transcription)

7. Michael Douglas

Michael Douglas is another example of a completely meaningless transformation. In the original the surname reads Douglas. Let's attribute the incorrect transmission to the fact that the translators of the 90s did not have access to YouTube to find the original pronunciation of the surname in a matter of seconds.

DOUGLAS – > DOUGLAS (transliteration)

DOUGLAS – > DOUGLAS (transcription)

8. Jen Psaki

The once famous Jen Psaki's last name is actually pronounced without the letter P.

PSAKI – > PSAKI (transliteration)

PSAKI – > SAKI (transcription)

9. Abraham Lincoln and historical equivalents

16th US President Abraham Lincoln. In the original name - Abraham. Why do we speak Russian? Abraham, and not, say, Abraham? There is Abraham Maslow and his pyramid of needs, so why is the same name translated differently?

Modern translators, when it is necessary to convey an English proper name into Russian, mainly use transcription, although transliteration was previously more popular.

However, there are also historical equivalents that must be adhered to. Unfortunately, due to the large number of exceptions, there are no clear rules, but a general trend can be identified: if we're talking about about an outstanding figure of past centuries, especially a monarch, then the transfer will be done in the traditional way.

However, if we are talking about people born in the 20th century and later, then these same names will be transmitted using transcription:

Lincoln's name is rendered as Abraham, most likely due to the fact that he was born and died in the 19th century, which cannot be said about the more modern Abraham Maslow, who developed the well-known pyramid in the mid-20th century.

The last thing I want to focus on is the last name Lincoln. How does it sound in English? I'll give you a little hint: Lincoln Park is located in the USA. Doesn't this remind you of the name of a certain group? Well, of course, we're talking about LinkinPark.

So, last name Lincoln in English it is pronounced the same way as the word is written Linkin, i.e. Linkin. Initially LinkinPark wanted to use the president's surname in their name ( LincolnPark), but due to the impossibility of registering such a domain, several letters were replaced, while maintaining the original sound.

If you use transcription to convey the first and last names of the 16th President of the United States, you will get Abraham Linkin. But, of course, we will not do this.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN – > ABRAHAM LINCOLN (historical rendering + transliteration)

ABRAHAM LINCOLN – > ABRAHAM LINCIN (transcription)

10. David Duchovny

Transformation from DavidDuchovny in David Duchovny - quite strange.

David Dukhovny

Let's start with the fact that this is not a transcription ( Dukovni) and not even transliteration ( Duchovny).

I assume that when transferring the surname, the translators drew attention to the incredible similarity of David’s surname with a Jewish surname Spiritual. Moreover, David's father was Jewish.

All this, of course, is good, but the only thing I don’t understand is why David didn’t Spiritual, but just Duchovny? Is it because Americans, by definition, cannot be spiritual?

DAVID DUCHOVNY – > DAVID DUCHOVNY (Hebrew equivalent without the Y)

DAVID DUCHOVNY – > DAVID DUCHOVNY (transcription*)

* The name David in English is pronounced day-vid, i.e. David. Well, since it happened historically David, then that’s how it should be. Transcription ≠ 100% reproduction of the original sound.

Now let's quickly go through the rest. I will show you a common version of the transmission and how it would approximately look in Russian using transcription.

Original	Common transfer option	Transcription
Scarlett Johansson	Scarlett Johansson	Scarlett Johansen/Johansen
Sylvester Stallone	Sylvester Stallone	Sylvester Stallone
Christian Bale	Christian Bale	Christian Bale
Selena Gomez	Selena Gomez	Selina Gomez
Barbra Streisand	Barbra Streisand	Barbra Strysand
Sherlock Holmes	Sherlock Holmes	Sherlock/Sherlock Homes
Winnie-the-Pooh	Winnie the Pooh	Winnie-de-Pou
Katy Perry	Katy Perry	Katy Perry
Ashton Kutcher	Ashton Kutcher/Catcher	Ashton Kutcher
Lorde	Lorde	Lord
Fergie	Fergie/Fergie	Fergie
Adobe	Adobe/Adobe	Edoubi/Edobi
Nike	Nike	Nike

Now you have learned to distinguish between concepts transcription And transliteration. Congratulations!

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A.S. Zhuravleva

National Research Irkutsk State Technical University

“In order to correctly write foreign names in Russian, it is necessary to know the relevant rules and principles,” it is difficult not to agree with this statement given in the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin “Foreign names and titles in Russian text " Ignorance of these rules leads to severe distortion of names, especially Japanese and Chinese. But not only. Let's imagine that a certain journalist wrote that he interviewed the Dane Schaap, the Spaniard Juan, the Scotsman Sean, the American Stephen, the Chinese Xiong... And if these people became famous for something, then all these Seans and Xiongi. Laureate Nobel Prize We call Yan Renning only Yang, the French physicist Paul Villard, who discovered gamma rays in 1900, is often called Villard (fortunately, no one calls the chemist Victor Grignard Grignard). The examples can be continued.

The peculiarity of names and titles, unlike many borrowed ones foreign words, is that when they are transmitted in another language, they basically retain their original sound appearance. To convey proper names, the sound shell becomes of paramount importance. In fact, the Danish name Schaap should sound like Skop, the Spanish Juan - like Juan, the Scottish Sean - like Sean, the English Stephen - like Stephen, the Chinese Xiong - like Xiong. How to achieve correct spelling?

In order to ensure the preservation of the original soundographic shell of the borrowed proper name in written language Three methods are possible: transcription, transliteration and direct inclusion of a foreign name in the text while preserving its graphics.

There are many ways to translate a lexical unit of the original text, especially if this unit does not have equivalents in the target language. The most interesting methods used by the translator in this case are transcription and transliteration.

So what are transcription and transliteration?

Transcription is the reproduction of the sound of a foreign word, and transliteration is the reproduction of the letter composition of a foreign word in the target language. In translation, a certain symbiosis of transcription and transliteration is most common.

Due to the fact that the phonetic and graphic structures of different languages ​​are very different from each other, the process of transliteration and transcription of a language unit is very conditional.

During transliteration, the graphic form (letter composition) of a foreign language word is transmitted by means of the TL, and during transcription, its sound form is transmitted. These methods are used when transmitting foreign-language proper names, geographical names and names of various kinds of companies, firms, ships, newspapers, magazines, etc. They are widely used when transmitting realities; it is especially common in socio-political literature and journalism, both translated and original, but describing life and events abroad (for example, in newspaper correspondence). So, on the pages of our press in Lately the following transcriptions began to appear English words and phrases that have no equivalents in the Russian vocabulary: tribalism - tribalism, brain drain - brain drain, public school - public school, drive-in - drive-in, teach-in - tie-in, drugstore - dragstore, know-how - know-how, impeachment - impeachment, etc. In English socio-political literature one can find such transliterations of Russian realities as agitprop, sovkhoz, technicum, etc.

The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration. For each pair of languages, rules for transmitting the sound composition of a foreign language word are developed, cases of preservation of transliteration elements and traditional exceptions to the currently accepted rules are indicated. IN English-Russian translations The most frequently encountered transliteration elements during transcription are mainly the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels (Dorset ["dasit] - Dorset, Campbell ["kaerabalj - Campbell), the transfer of double consonants between vowels and at the end of words after vowels (Bonners Ferry - Bonners Ferry, boss - boss) and preserving some features of the spelling of the word, allowing the sound of the word in translation to be brought closer to already known examples (Hercules missile, deescalation - de-escalation, Columbia - Columbia). Traditional exceptions concern mainly customary translations of names historical figures and some place names (Charles I - Charles I, William III - William III, Edinborough - Edinburgh).

The application of transcription to the translation of names found in the text requires a preliminary cultural analysis of possible traditional forms of a given name that have already been established in the world or translating culture and require reproduction exactly in the form in which they exist. For example, the English king James I Stewart was traditionally called Jacob 1 Stewart in Russian texts; recently, the form Jacob 1 has been found in a number of publications. When translating Russian royal and princely names, there are also discrepancies: for example, Ivan the Terrible is found in two forms: Ivan the Terrible and John the Terrible.

The rule of applying translation transcription or transliteration to names that exists in translation practice often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used not as a name, but as, for example, a nickname, that is, it is a kind of name a common noun, as it reflects the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription, or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation and tracing is used. If we meet in English text the name Chief White Halfoat, then it can be rendered in various ways: Chief White Halfoat (transcription), Chief White Halfoat (semantic translation), Chief White Halfoat (mixed translation: a combination of semantic translation and transcription).

In addition to proper names, the group of units translated through translation transcription also includes the names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of hockey and other sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to translate or, less commonly, transliterate:

Bank of London - BankofLondon, Wall Street Journal - Wall Street Journal, the Capitol - Capitol.

When transcribing geographical names, a stress shift often occurs due to the phonetic preferences of the translating language: Florida (stress on the first syllable), Florida (stress on the second syllable), Washington (stress on the first syllable), Washington (stress on the last syllable).

There is a rule according to which, if the name includes a significant word, a mixed translation is often used, that is, a combination of transcription and semantic translation:

Gulf of Mexico - Gulf of Mexico;

River Thames - River Thames;

the Pacific Ocean - Pacific Ocean;

Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel;

Mayflower Restaurant - Mayflower restaurant.

Transcription is used when translating the names of firms, companies, publishing houses, car brands, periodicals, for example:

Subaru - Subaru;

Ford Mustang - FordMustang;

Facts On File - FactsOnFile;

New Press Quarterly - NewPressQuarterly.

However, the names educational institutions, as a rule, are subject to partial or complete semantic translation:

Western Michigan University - Western Michigan University;

Cherry Hill High School - Cherry Hill's highest school;

St.Petersburg State University - St. Petersburg State University.

1. Adhere to some system of international transcription or inter-alphabetic correspondence.

2. Almost all proper names are subject to transcription/transliteration, including names of people, geographical names, names of companies (when they are in the nature of a personal name), periodicals, folklore characters, names of countries and peoples, names of national and cultural realities, etc.

3. The application of transcription to the translation of names found in the text requires a preliminary cultural analysis of possible traditional forms of a given name that have already been established in the world or translating culture and require reproduction exactly in the form in which they exist.

4. Most newly introduced terms in special fields are subject to transcription/transliteration. Here, however, it should be remembered that in many cases there is no need to transliterate a foreign word if this word in the target language has a one-to-one correspondence, which was either used previously in a similar meaning or is applicable as a newly introduced term. The introduction into use of parallel transliteration terms along with already existing terms from among the units of the target language is essentially equivalent to the creation of professional jargon, that is, it goes beyond the literary norm and introduces unnecessary “information noise” into the process of intercultural communication.

5. Transcription/transliteration can be used as a component of mixed translation, in parallel with tracing, semantic translation or commentary.

To analyze the methods of translating lexical units, we selected several chapters of the famous book by K. Eric Drexler “Machines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”, and attempted to assess the role of transcription and transliteration in them.

Below is a small list of foreign words and phrases from these chapters, for which, in turn, transcription or transliteration was used when translating into Russian. Note that such a technique as transcription already takes place when translating the author of a work.

K. Eric Drexler - K. Eric Drexler (transcription);

Genex Corporation - Genex Corporation (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

KEVIN ULMER - KEVIN ULMER (transliteration);

Carl Pabo - Carl Pabo (transliteration);

journal Nature - Nature journal (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Garrett Hardin - Garrett Hardin (transliteration);

Frederick Blattner - Frederick Blattner (transcription);

journal Science - Science journal (combination of transcription and semantic translation);

William Rastetter - William Rastetter (transcription);

Genentech - Dzhenentek (transcription);

bulk technology - bulk technology (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Forrest Carter - Forrest Carter (transliteration);

Ari Aviram - Ari Aviram (transliteration);

Philip Seiden - Philip Seiden (transcription);

VLSI Research Inc. - VLS-I Research Inc. (transcription);

San Jose - San Jose (transcription);

NEC - N-I-Si (transcription);

Hitachi - Hitachi (transcription);

Toshiba - Toshiba (transcription)

Matsushita - Matsushita (transcription);

Fujitsu- Fugetsu (transcription);

Sanyo-Denki - Sanyo-Denki (transcription);

Sharp - Sharp (transcription);

R.B. Merrifield - R.B. Merrifield (transliteration);

Charles Babbage - Charles Babbage (transcription);

Augusta Ada - Augusta Ada (transliteration);

Countess of Lovelace - Countess Lovelace (combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Danny Hillis - Danny Hillis (transliteration);

Brian Silverman - Brian Silverman (transliteration);

Tinkertoy - Tinkertoy (transliteration);

Eli Lilly - Eli Lilly (transcription);

Indianapolis - Indianapolis (transliteration);

Humulin - Humulin (transcription);

Richard Feynman - Richard Feynman (transliteration);

KARL K. DARROW - KARL K. DARROW (transliteration);

Penicillin - Penicillin (transliteration);

Dr. Seymour Cohen - Dr. Seymour Cohen (transcription);

Stony Brook - Stony Brook (transcription);

New York - New York (transcription);

SUNY-SUNY (transcription);

Upjohn Company - Upjohn Company (transcription);

Vasopressin - Vasopressin (transliteration);

Mona Lisa - Mona Lisa (transliteration);

ribosome - ribosome (transliteration);

lipofuscin - lipofucin (transliteration);

nucleotide - nucleotide (transliteration);

biostasis - biostasis (transliteration);

metabolism - metabolism (transliteration);

Senetek - Sinetek (transcription);

Eastman Kodak - Eastman Kodak (transcription);

ICNPharmaceuticals - ICN Pharmaceuticals (transcription);

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES- JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES (transcription).

As we see, when translating such words or phrases one can assume a large number of errors and inaccuracies. Therefore, it is necessary to know the rules of translation and have a cultural reserve in order to translate them in the form in which they exist. But still, it should be remembered that the process of transliteration and transcription of a language unit is very conditional.

Currently, the technique of transliteration and transcription when translating text is used much less frequently than before. This is quite justified - the transfer of the sound or letter form of a foreign language lexical unit does not reveal its meaning, and such words remain incomprehensible to a reader who does not know the foreign language without appropriate explanations. Therefore, this technique when transmitting foreign language realities should be used very sparingly.

Bibliography

Gilyarevsky R.S., Starostin B.A. Foreign names and titles in Russian text. 3rd ed., rev. and additional M.: Higher. school, 1985.

2. Leenson I.A. Who are Sean and Xiong, or How does transcription differ from transliteration? // Chemistry and life. No. 10. 2008. Internet source www.elementy.ru. Access mode: http://elementy.ru/lib/430680 on 10.20.10.

3. Korzhova S.B. Translation theory: textbook. a manual for students with additional qualifications “Translator in the field of professional communication” of full-time study. Tyumen, 2007.

4. Translation agency. Internet source www.lingvo-plus.ru. Access mode: http://www.lingvo-plus.ru/transkripc on 10.20.10.

5. Kommisarov V.N. Translation theory (linguistic aspects). Internet source www.classes.ru. Access mode: http://www.classes.ru/grammar/43.Teoriya_perevoda Lingvicticheskiye_aspekty.html on 10.20.10.

6. Nosenko I.A. A manual for scientific translation technical literature from English into Russian. M.: Higher. school, 1974.

7. Golikova Zh.A. Translation from English to Russian. M.: New Knowledge LLC, 2004.

8. Rubtsova M.G. Learning to read English scientific and technical literature. Lexico-grammatical reference book. M.: Nauka, 1989.

9. Dmitrieva L.F. English language. Translation course. M.-Rostov-on-Don: MarT, 2005.

To prepare this work, materials from the site were used