From many other planets - the presence of intelligent beings on it - people. Where and when did the first man appear? People have been searching for an answer to this question for a very long time.
Human settlement of the Earth
There are two stages in the settlement of people around the planet. About 2 million years ago, ancient people began to penetrate from other areas and to other continents. This stage of exploration of the Earth ended approximately 500 thousand years ago. Subsequently, the ancient people became extinct.
Modern man (“Homo sapiens”) appeared only about 200 thousand years ago. It was from here that the second stage of human settlement began. They were forced to go to new unexplored lands primarily by concern for food. With the increase in the number of people, the territories where hunting was carried out expanded and edible plants were collected. The strong also contributed to the resettlement of people. The level 15-16 thousand years ago was 130 m lower than the modern level, so there were “land bridges” between individual continents and islands. The transition to a sedentary lifestyle occurred 11 thousand years ago. This contributed to the development of ancient civilizations. Many monuments of their culture have survived to this day.
Races
The long existence of people in different natural conditions led to the emergence of races - large groups of people who have common, inherited, external characteristics. According to external signs, all of humanity is divided into four large geographical races.
Negroid race formed in hot regions of the Earth. Dark, almost black, skin, hard curly or wavy black hair, characteristic of these people, protects against sunburn and overheating of the body. The eyes are brown. A wide, flat nose and thick lips help regulate body temperature.
Australoid race According to the external characteristics of its representatives, it is close to Negroid.
Mongoloid have adapted to life in and where summer temperatures are high, strong winds and dust storms are frequent. Yellow protects the skin from excessive exposure to sunlight. The narrow shape of the eyes protects them from wind and dust. Mongoloids have straight, coarse hair, a large flattened face, prominent cheekbones and a slightly protruding nose.
Caucasian is divided into northern and southern branches. Southern Caucasians have dark skin, brown eyes and dark hair. The northern ones have white skin, light and soft hair, blue or gray eyes.
Mixed races. Over time, the proportion of people on Earth whose appearance contains signs of different races is growing. They form mixed races, the emergence of which is associated with the migration of people. These include mestizos - descendants of Europeans and Indians; mulattoes - descendants of Europeans and peoples of the Negroid race; sambo - descendants of Indians and peoples of the Negroid race; Malgash are descendants of the Negroid peoples.
0 Man's place in wildlife. Signs and properties of Homo sapiens, allowing it to be classified into various systematic groups of the animal kingdom.
North Kazakhstan region, Akzhar district
Talshyk Secondary School
Biology teacher
Ashenova Aina Gumarovna
Biology lesson in 11th grade
The place of man in living nature. Signs and properties of Homo sapiens, allowing it to be classified among various systematic
groups of the animal kingdom.
Tasks:-Introduce students to the history of studying the problem of human origins, show the leading role of the teachings of Darwin and Engels in its solution
Continue developing the skills to compare, analyze, and draw conclusions
Cultivating a love for animals
Lesson type: a lesson in studying and initially consolidating new knowledge.
During the classes:
1. Introductory and motivational part. Psychological mood for the lesson.
Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart, arms hanging freely along your body. Close your eyes. Imagine that you are a tree: a strong, mighty oak or a slender, thin birch.
Your roots are strong and stable, they go firmly into the ground, and you feel confident and calm.
The barrel is smooth and flexible, it sways slightly, but does not break. The branches sway freely along the trunk. The leaves rustle easily, slightly touching each other.
Your crown is clean and fresh. You are a beautiful powerful tree, you are confident and calm. You are kind, calm and successful.
Now let’s all open our eyes, sit quietly and continue our work.
2. Biological dictation:
No. 1. Instead of dots, fill in the appropriate answers.
1.Theory about the origin of man -…. (anthropogenesis)
2.Homo sapiens is one of the representatives of the class of mammals, belonging to the order... (primates)
3.Apes include... (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon)
4. All people inhabiting the Earth at present belong to the species... (Homo sapiens)
5. A single appearance in a person of signs of ancestors - ... (atavism)
6. Speech, thinking, work are factors... (social)
7. Hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection relate to ... factors (biological)
8. The human race originated from ... (dryopithecus)
9. Historically established groups of people, characterized by common hereditary physical characteristics, -... (race)
10. Early representatives of the species Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens) -... (Neanderthals)
11. The science of races, their origin and development - ... (racial studies)
12. The presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans indicates the origin of man from ... (animals)
13. The first evidence of the origin of man from animals was presented by... (J.B. Lamarck)
14. The work “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transformation of Ape into Man” was written by... (F. Engels)
15.The organ and product of labor is... (hand)
16. The first tools were able to make... (Australopithecus)
17. The time of appearance of modern man is ... (35 thousand years ago)
18.The first hearths and dwellings were built... (paleoanthropes)
19. The chin protrusion is developed in ... (neoanthropes)
20. Humanity forms three large races: ... (Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid)
3. Learning new material:
“There is no limit to human intelligence, and the world may witness new remarkable discoveries in the coming years or decades,” the natural question would be: how did a species with such intelligence arise?
We will try to answer this question over the course of several lessons.
We will argue, assume, refute, make assumptions, etc.
Please think about what the objectives of today's lesson are? Students making guesses about what they are studying this topic, come to conclusions.
Conclusion: That man is the crown of nature's creation. What position does it occupy among its enormous diversity?
The place of man in the system of the organic world:
|
Cellular |
|
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Overkingdom |
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Sub-kingdom |
Animals |
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Multicellular |
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Chordata |
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Vertebrates |
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Mammals |
|
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Suborder |
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Family |
Narrow-nosed monkeys |
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Humans (Hominids) |
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Homo sapiens |
Why does a person relate to animals, what served as the basis for this hypothesis?
What features make us similar to animals?
- Disputes about human origins have continued for centuries. This is one of the most intriguing chapters in the evolution of life on Earth.
Man is a representative of the class of mammals; he is a vertebrate and is therefore related to fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds.
Table “Main features of the human body inherited from animals”
|
Main features |
From whom are they inherited? |
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Genetic code of the nucleus |
The first single-celled eukaryotes |
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Genetic code of mitochondria |
The first prokaryotes |
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Bilateral body symmetry |
Predecessors of early chordates |
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Bony skeleton |
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Five-fingered limbs |
Fish, amphibians |
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Pulmonary respiration |
Amphibians and reptiles |
|
Amniotic egg |
Reptiles |
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Elongated limbs, differentiation of teeth, mammary glands, warm-bloodedness |
Primitive mammals |
|
Placenta, live birth |
Early placental mammals |
Today, several hypotheses or theories of human origin are being discussed.
- Which of them can you name yourself?
What is the evidence of origin between humans and animals.
Physiological – the fundamental similarity of processes occurring in human and animal organisms;
Embryological – similar stages of embryonic development in both humans and animals;
Paleontological – finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures;
Biochemical – similarity chemical composition intracellular environment in humans and animals;
Comparatively anatomical – a single plan for the structure of human and animal bodies, the presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans;
Genetic – cxOdifference in the number of chromosomes in humans and apes.
Conducting physical exercises
4. Doing independent work:
1.What are the similar characteristics of humans and animals?
2.What signs distinguish humans from apes?
3. Describe the position of man in the animal world.
5. Dividing children into 2 groups. Work on posters.
Working with cards:
A) name the main results of human evolution that led to the emergence of significant differences from modern apes; why cannot modern apes be considered the ancestors of humans?
B) characterize the diversity of great apes.
(All three general biology textbooks are used.)
6.Summarizing the lesson:
“What was the main idea of the lesson?”
Find evidence that the origin of man was connected with the evolution of ancient apes;
How are their family ties manifested?
7.Reflection: - How do you feel at the end of the lesson?
Did you learn something new and interesting?
In what form would you teach this lesson?
What did you like about the lesson and what did you not?
8.Homework:§30, prepare a crossword puzzle on the topic.
Anthropogenesis - the process of separating humans from the animal world - has, according to most researchers, gone through three main stages:
1. the time of successive existence of anthropoid human ancestors,
2. ancient people (archanthropes)
3. modern people (neoanthropes).
All people inhabiting the Earth at present belong to the species Homo sapiens (homo-man, sapiens-reasonable). The most important signs of Homo sapiens are an upright body position and walking on two legs, a very well-developed brain and flexible hands. The combination of these characteristics gives man the opportunity to use the environment to feed and clothe his entire large population and create amazing civilizations. However, the unceremonious and often hostile treatment of all types of living beings (including humans) began to turn against us. We are belatedly realizing that our planet is a closed ecosystem with limited space and limited energy supplies, and that we are consuming and destroying its resources faster than nature can restore them. According to some scientists, we simply play the role in nature that is destined for us and which we cannot avoid: we change the environment to such an extent that it is no longer able to support our existence, and pave the way for other species (perhaps some insects) who will one day take over the Earth. Others believe that we will be able to solve our environmental problems, just as we have solved so many other problems.
Human population growth ultimately lies at the root of most of our other environmental problems. The population explosion began when primitive tribes began to obtain food not by hunting and gathering, but by cultivating the land - a change that had a profound impact on the history of mankind.
Human evolution
Homo sapiens is one of the representatives of mammals belonging to the order of primates, which also includes tupai, tarsiers, lemurs, lorises and monkeys, including great apes.
Order of primates
Lower primates or prosimians (Prosirnii): Tupaii, lemurs, lorises, galagos, tarsiers.
Higher primates, or monkeys (Anthropoidea).
New World monkeys, including capuchins, marmosets.
Old World monkeys, including macaques and baboons.
Great apes (Hominoidea)
Apes: gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee Humans (Hominidae): Australopithecus (extinct prehuman), Homo erectus, N. neanderthalensis, N. sapiens
Among living primates, various stages of evolution of this group are represented - from animals similar to primitive mammals of the Cretaceous period, to large apes and humans.
The most characteristic adaptive traits of primates are associated with the extremely high development of certain departments nervous system, especially those parts of the brain on which rational behavior and the ability of muscles to perform dexterous and subtle actions depend. This development of the nervous system is closely related to the arboreal lifestyle of ancestral primates and many modern forms. The arboreal lifestyle requires dexterity and well-developed senses. An animal that has to jump from branch to branch especially needs good eyesight. In most primates, both eyes look forward and therefore see the same thing; two identical images superimposed on one another create stereoscopic (3D) vision.
During the evolution of primates, the facial part of the skull gradually became shorter. This change is probably adaptive in nature, since nothing prevents forward-facing eyes from looking at the world around them. The shortening of the muzzle was accompanied by shortening of the jaws and loss of some teeth.
On the one hand, during anthropogenesis the brain skull increases, reflecting the adaptive growth of the mass and volume of the brain, on the other hand, the configuration and structure of the bones of the brain skull change in the direction of autonomy relative to eliminating factors external environment- mainly mechanical influences. This is reflected in the transformations of the brain skull that occur after the cessation of selection for brain volume, and is completely within the framework of the theory of rotational shells. In particular, the supraorbital and occipital ridges in the skulls of archanthropes and paleoanthropes can be considered as a special structure (“support ring”) that works in tension (“perception of thrust”). Occurring in anthropogenesis, the predominant increase in the height of the brain skull and the change in its configuration from the shape of a flat spherical dome to the shape of a dome outlined along half of the ellipsoidal surface leads to a decrease in the spacer and the disappearance of the spacer ring, that is, the supraorbital and occipital ridges.
If evolutionary transformations leading to racial and population variability of the human brain skull are associated with adaptation to gradually and constantly acting weak influences, depending on the geographical conditions of the area (insolation intensity, air temperature and humidity, the content of chemicals in the soil, geomagnetic field strength), then the evolutionary transformations of the brain skull as a structure that protects the brain from external mechanical influences arise as a result of adaptation to extreme eliminating factors acting panocumenically (trauma). This is reflected in the transformations of the skull that occur after the cessation of selection for brain volume under conditions of constant climatic and geographical factors, and indicates the relative independence of the formation of racial (population) and structural features of the brain skull.
Primates have five digits on all limbs, with one digit usually at least somewhat opposed to the other four; Thanks to this, the animal can grasp and hold a tree branch or food. The fingers end in sensitive pads and are often equipped with flattened nails rather than curved claws like the fingers of other mammals.
In the early stages of primate evolution, some kind of prosimian, resembling a mouse in appearance, switched to life in the trees. The living relatives of this prosimian - tupai - are also very similar to rats or mice. The most evolutionarily advanced representative of prosimians is the Indonesian tarsier, which lives in trees and is nocturnal; The tarsier has huge eyes, completely stereoscopic vision, and its fingers are equipped with nails rather than claws. In addition, his upper lip is covered with hair, like that of higher primates, and his face is mobile and expressive. In higher primates, facial expressions serve as a means of communication; this reflects the transition to vision as the dominant sense; In most other mammals, the sense of smell is used to exchange information.
Greater primates (apes, including apes, and humans) have stereoscopic color vision, a rounded skull and a relatively large, well-developed brain, thanks to which they are able to learn complex forms of behavior. Although most monkeys use all four limbs to move, they can sit upright for long periods of time; In addition, some tree monkeys spend a lot of time in an upright position, when they throw their bodies from branch to branch, clinging to them with their forelimbs - a method of movement called brachiation. Upright walking played a huge role in the evolution of anthropoids, as it freed up the forelimbs, allowing them to be used for manipulating food, caring for young, and performing various other functions.
Currently, there are only four genera of great apes: gibbon, orangutan, gorilla and chimpanzee. They all live in the Old World and, in their structure and behavior, occupy an intermediate position between other monkeys and hominids (representatives of the human family). The brain of apes is relatively larger than that of other apes; in addition, they do not have a tail, so it is more convenient for them to sit with their back straight. Apes, like hominids, have a broad chest, but the two groups differ in that apes have forelimbs and spines that are more capable of brachiation, lower limbs that are specialized, and canines and incisors that are larger and more powerful than those of hominids. Gorillas and chimpanzees spend a lot of time on the ground; When moving, they rely on the hind limbs and on the knuckles of the forelimbs, which gives them the ability to use the fingers themselves to carry objects such as food or stones.
Over the past few decades, biochemists have developed methods for determining the evolutionary relatedness of organisms by comparing the structure of their chromosomes and proteins. Proteins are synthesized according to “instructions” contained in genes; The more similarities between proteins between representatives of two given species, the more similar their genetic maps are and the closer the relationship between the species. Human proteins and chimpanzee proteins are 99% similar. These data, as well as similarities in body structure and behavior, allow us to consider chimpanzees to be our closest relatives of all living organisms. Biologists do not believe that humans descended directly from chimpanzees; in their opinion, both species descended from some common ape-like ancestor that lived several million years ago, and they are probably separated from each other by several extinct species. The ancestral line leading to gorillas separated from the hominid-chimpanzee line somewhat earlier; Even earlier, a branch arose that led to orangutans.
Few areas of research, and among them the search for the fossil remains of our ancestors, have caused so much controversy and created such confusion. Many finds consist of only a few teeth (they are better preserved due to their hardness) and a fragment of a jaw or one of the leg bones and several fragments of a skull. From such remains, scientists can draw conclusions about the nature of nutrition, brain size and body position. It is easy to imagine how difficult this is; indeed, scientists often disagree about how to interpret a particular trait. Recently, anthropologists have found a number of very important fossil remains and have re-analyzed all the available data. This made it possible to partially eliminate ambiguities, but nevertheless left a number of significant gaps.
Since our closest living relatives are the African apes, the search for the putative common ancestor of these apes and humans has focused primarily on Africa. During the Miocene (25-13 million years ago), many forested areas turned into open steppes. Apparently during this period some ape-like forms came out of the forests; One possible hominid ancestor from the Miocene deposits of Africa and Asia showed a tendency to walk on two legs.
According to anthropologists, hominids diverged from the apes 10 to 4 million years ago, but we have almost no fossil remains of hominid ancestors dating back to this period.
Currently accumulated scientific data allows us to consider North-East Africa as the “cradle of humanity”. The oldest known human ancestor, Ramapithecus, is known only from a few teeth and jaw fragments, the age of which is estimated at 9-14 million years ago. It is unknown whether he walked upright.
The initial stages of anthropogenesis began 2.5 - 3 million years ago with the emergence of Australopithecus Africanus, which was upright, had a developed brain and made tools. However, some modern experts do not consider any known species of Australopithecus to be a direct ancestor modern people, but believes that this was a side (dead-end) branch of evolution, and, therefore, Archanthropus only had a common ancestor with Australopithecus.
The first undoubted remains of hominids, aged from 4 to 3.5 million years, were found in Ethiopia and assigned to the genus Australopithecus. The almost complete skeleton of an Australopithecus, nicknamed Lucy, belongs to an adult woman who lived approximately 3.5 million years ago. During her life, she walked on two legs, i.e. standing up straight; her height reached one meter, although men belonging to the same species were larger. Whether Lucy was entirely terrestrial or spent much of her time in the trees is controversial.
The teeth of Australopithecus were very similar to the teeth of modern humans (small incisors and canines); however, large massive jaws and a brain that was marginally larger than those of living apes bring them closer to the latter. Apparently, these hominids scavenged and hunted.
Later australopithecines were undoubtedly upright and lived on the ground, so their hands were free and they could catch animals, throw stones and perform other actions. Piles of animal bones found with Australopithecus fossils dating back to about 2.5 million years ago indicate that meat became a regular part of their diet. These hominids also used crude stone tools.
One can only hypothesize that the advantages created by cooperation during hunting and group defense could cause selection that led to the development of language as a means of communication.
Homo erectus, the species from which modern humans are believed to have evolved, appeared approximately 1.5 million years ago. Its jaws, teeth and brow ridges were still massive, but the brain volume of some individuals was almost the same as that of modern man. Some bones of H. erectus have been found in caves; this suggests that he had a more or less permanent home. In addition to animal bones and fairly well-made stone tools, heaps of charcoal and burnt bones were found in some caves, so, apparently, at this time, Australopithecines had already learned to make fire. It is possible that this custom arose from the use of natural fire for warmth or cooking, as well as for splitting stones.
This stage of hominid evolution correlates with the settlement of other colder areas by people from Africa. It would be impossible to survive cold winters without developing complex behaviors or technical skills. Apparently a subhuman head Homo brain erectus was capable of finding social and technical solutions (fire, clothing, storing food and living together in caves) problems associated with the need to survive in the winter cold.
The selection pressures that drove the evolution of humans' most prominent feature, a large brain, are still unclear and widely debated. This discussion is complicated by the fact that scientists have not reached a consensus on the relationship between brain size and hand development, on the one hand, and intelligent behavior, on the other. We still have not studied our own brains well enough, not to mention the brains of ancient hominids that remained in the distant past, and therefore we can only speculate about when and under what selection pressures certain changes occurred.
The improvement of tools and human development led to the next period of anthropogenesis, represented by modern people (Homo sapiens). The modern human species includes only two subspecies: Neanderthals (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), who appeared 250-200 thousand years ago, and people of modern morphological appearance (Homo sapiens sapiens), who appeared about 40-35 thousand years ago.
Neanderthals lived 250-40 thousand years ago during the Ice Age. These people were widely distributed over the earth, lived in different climatic and natural conditions and were divided anthropologically into different groups, but these groups do not correspond to modern races. Previously, scientists assumed that modern people originated from one of the groups of Neanderthals in the subsequent era. Now Neanderthals are considered as a kind of side branch of Homo sapiens. In the Don and North Caucasus, the appearance of people is associated precisely with Neanderthals.
Transition human society to the Upper Paleolithic
The birthplace of modern humanity was most likely Western Asia and the adjacent regions. About 20 thousand years ago, modern people spread widely across Europe, Asia and Africa. The Cro-Magnons developed articulate speech and the appearance of fine art. At this time, the material culture of primitive man changed significantly - stone processing technology reached a high level, horn and bone were widely used, and the primitive herd was replaced by a new form of organization of human society - the clan.
The Neanderthal, whose brain was the same size as that of a modern person, but whose skull was still heavy, is sometimes classified as Homo sapiens. Neanderthals appeared approximately 100,000 years ago. The remains of a completely modern representative of N. sapiens were first discovered in 40,000-year-old sediments.
Neanderthals are paleoanthropes, they are much closer to to modern man than the archanthropes that preceded them. Neanderthals spread very widely. Their sites on the territory of our country were discovered in the Caucasus, Crimea, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, in the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Don, near Volgograd. Big role Glaciation begins to play a role in human development, changing the composition of animals and the appearance of flora. Neanderthals learned to make fire, which was a huge achievement for emerging humanity. Apparently, they already had the first rudiments of ideological ideas. In the Teshik-Tash cave in Uzbekistan, the dead man was surrounded by the horns of a mountain goat. There are burials in which the bodies of the dead are oriented along the east-west line.
For many years, the question of where the Neanderthals place on the evolutionary tree and whether interbreeding could have occurred between them and Homo sapiens during the period of their coexistence for tens of millennia. If crossing was possible, then modern Europeans might have some Neanderthal genes. The answer - although not definitive - came only recently from a study of Neanderthal DNA. Geneticist Svante Paebo is the same one who studied DNA from Egyptian mummies and extracted DNA from the remains of a Neanderthal man, several tens of thousands of years old. Despite the fact that the DNA was highly fragmented, scientists were able to use the most modern DNA analysis method - the polymerase method chain reaction(PCR) - establish the nucleotide sequence of a small section of mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA was chosen for the study because its molar concentration in cells is hundreds of times higher than the concentration of nuclear DNA.
DNA extraction was carried out under extremely sterile conditions - scientists worked in suits resembling spacesuits in order to prevent accidental contamination of the studied samples with foreign, modern DNA. Under normal conditions, using the polymerase chain reaction method used by scientists, it is possible to “read” DNA fragments up to several thousand nucleotide pairs in length. In the samples studied, the maximum length of “read” fragments was about 20 nucleotide pairs.
Having received a set of such short fragments, scientists used them to reconstruct the original nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial DNA. Comparing it with the DNA of modern humans showed that they are significantly different. The findings suggest that Neanderthals were a separate, albeit related, species to humans.
Most likely, crossing these two species was impossible - the genetic differences between them were too great. Consequently, there are no genes derived from Neanderthals in the human gene pool. Based on the DNA sequence, the divergence time of the Neanderthal and modern human branches was estimated to be 550-690 thousand years.
In the Late Paleolithic (40-35 thousand years ago), a modern type of man (Cro-Magnon man) was formed. These people have already significantly improved the technique of making stone tools: they are becoming much more diverse, sometimes miniature. A throwing spear appears, which significantly increased the efficiency of hunting. Art is born. Rock paintings served magical purposes. Images of rhinoceroses, mammoths, horses, etc. were painted on the walls of caves using a mixture of natural ocher and animal glue. (for example, Kapova Cave in Bashkiria). During the Paleolithic era, the forms of human communities gradually changed. From the primitive human herd - to the tribal system, which arose in the Late Paleolithic.
The basic unit of human society becomes the clan community, which is characterized by common ownership of the main means of production. The transition to the Middle Stone Age - Mesolithic on our territory began in the XII-X millennia BC, and ended in the VII-V millennia BC. At this time, humanity made many discoveries. The most important invention was the bow and arrow, which led to the possibility of not driven, but individual hunting, and for small animals. The first steps were taken towards cattle breeding. The dog was tamed. Some scholars suggest that pigs, goats and sheep were domesticated at the end of the Mesolithic. Cattle breeding as a species economic activity formed only in the Neolithic, when agriculture began. The transition to a productive economy has such extraordinary significance for humanity and, on the scale of the Stone Age, occurred so quickly that it allows scientists to even talk about the Neolithic “revolution.”
The range of stone tools is expanding and improving, but fundamentally new materials are also appearing.
Thus, in the Neolithic, the production of ceramics, still molded, without a potter's wheel, was mastered. Weaving was also mastered. The boat was invented and the beginning of shipping was laid. In the Neolithic, the tribal system reached a higher stage of development - large associations of clans - tribes - were created, intertribal exchange and intertribal connections appeared.
Municipal budget educational institution
Znamenskaya average comprehensive school №1
Minusinsk district, Krasnoyarsk region
TEST
DIAGNOSTIC WORK
on this topic
"MAN ON EARTH"
5th grade
Developed
teacher of biology and chemistry
Zhukova I.M.
Test work
on this topic " MAN ON EARTH."
Item : Biology
Class : 5
Subject: MAN ON EARTH
Explanatory note
Goal of the work : check the level of mastery by 5th grade students of subject and meta-subject results on this topic « Man on Earth."
Subject knowledge and skills are:
- human ancestors, their character traits, Lifestyle;
- basic ecological problems, facing modern humanity;
- rules of human behavior in dangerous situations of natural origin;
- the simplest methods of providing first aid for burns, frostbite, etc.
Students should be able to:
- explain the reasons for the negative impact of human economic activity on nature;
- explain the role of plants and animals in human life;
- justify the need to take measures to protect wildlife;
- observe the rules of behavior in nature;
- distinguish species of plants and animals that are dangerous to human life on living objects and tables;
- lead a healthy lifestyle and fight the bad habits of your comrades.
Meta-subject learning outcomes:
General education UUD :
The ability to compare and highlight the characteristics of human ancestors, their characteristic features, way of life; the main environmental problems facing modern humanity;
Compare the properties of living organisms;
Conduct a simple classification of poisonous plants and animals;
Explain the role of plants and animals in human life;
Analyze and explain the basic rules of behavior in nature;
Find and use cause-and-effect relationships;
- Transform sign-symbolic means,draw logical conclusions
Regulatory UUD :
Create an implementation plan educational task;
Check and make corrections
Communication UUD :
Reflect inwritten results of their activities.
Specification
Test work on the topic " MAN ON EARTH."
1. Purpose of work – check the level of mastery by 5th grade students of subject and meta-subject results on the topic “MAN ON EARTH”
2. The main content of the test is oriented for the maintenance of the Federal State educational standard main general education(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 1897 dated December 17, 2010) and corresponds to the Model programs for academic subjects. Biology grades 5-9. (N.I. Sonin and A.A. Pleshakov)
3. Characteristics of work.
Form of control: test test
Number of options -1
Number of tasks in the test work - 16
The test includes questions to test your knowledge of the following: educational material: “How man appeared on Earth”, “How man changed the Earth”, “Life is under threat. Will the Earth become a desert”, “Human health and life safety”.
4. Characteristics of tasks. The sequence of presentation of tasks corresponds to the difficulty levels: basic, advanced, high.The work uses tasks: with the choice of one answer, with the choice of several answers, with correspondence, with the choice of correct judgments, with a short answer, with a detailed answer.
Test consists of three parts:
Part 1 : contains 10 tasks basic level difficulty choosing one correct answer out of four proposed.
Part 2 : 4 tasks of increased difficulty level. Of these tasks: 1 task with choosing and writing down three correct options out of six; 1 task to establish compliance; 1 task to select the correct judgments; 1 for sequencing biological processes, phenomena.
Part 3 : contains 2 tasks of increased difficulty level. Of these tasks: 1 task for working with a text of biological content, in which it is necessary to correct biological errors in the given text, 2 task with a detailed answer.
Part 1 includes 10 basic level tasks (A1 – A10). For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. For each correct answer 1 point is given. Maximum score for 1 part – 10 points.
Part 2
For each correct answer 2 points. The maximum score for part 2 is 8 points.
Part 3 contains 2 of the most complex, voluminous tasks. C1 and C2 - require a complete answer, for correct completion of the task 3 points.
The maximum score for part 3 is 6 points.
A total of 21 points for the work.
on the topic: “Man on Earth”
Level A assignments.
You are taking one correct answer out of four suggested:
1. This man found himself a wonderful helper who became his most devoted friend - a dog...
1) Neanderthal
2) Cro-Magnon
3) a skillful person
4) homo erectus
2. The common ancestors of humans and apes were...
1) chimpanzee
2) gorillas
3)australopithecus
4) dryopithecus
3. The tall grass of the savannas and steppes prevented him from examining the surroundings, and he stood up...
1) a skillful person
2) Cro-Magnon
3) Australopithecus
4) a reasonable person
4. All people living on Earth now belong to the species...
1) a skillful person
2) a reasonable person
3) homo erectus
4) family man
5.The negative significance of cattle breeding for nature lies in
1) receiving meat2) development of the dairy industry
3) depletion of pasture lands
4)breeding new breeds
6.Acid rain is formed as a result of
1) breeding domestic animals2) distribution of agricultural plants
3) forest clearance
4) emissions of industrial waste into the atmosphere
7. Desertification is:
1) gradual swamping of dry lands
2) gradual overgrowing of abandoned lands with forests
3) gradual transformation of dry lands into deserts
4) gradual overgrowing of dry lands with grasses
8. Can lead to global changes in nature
1) increase in the number of certain species of animals and plants
2) desertification of territories
3) heavy rainfall
4) overgrowing of land with forests after a forest fire
9.The plant is on the verge of extinction
1) sequoia
2) spruce
3) pine
4) poplar
10. During a hurricane, a person should
1) hide under a tree
2) take cover under the balcony
3) monitor what is happening on the street
4) close windows and doors tightly in the room.
Level B assignments.
Choose three correct answers out of six
Q1.Choose three correct answers. Harmful effects man to nature led to the formation
6)greenhouse effectAT 2. Match the terms :
Answer:________________________________________________________
AT 3. Are the following statements true?
A. Deforestation leads not only to the destruction of plants, but also to desertification of lands.
B. With a large number of domestic animals on pastures, the growth and density of grass stands increases due to increased soil fertility.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer____________________________
AT 4. “ Timeline " Arrange the numbers of cards with pictures according to the development of man on Earth.
Insert: Timeline
Answer:_______________________________________________
Level C assignments.
1. Find errors in the given text and correct them.
(indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them)
1. All people inhabiting the Earth at present belong to the species Homo sapiens.
3. The common ancestor of humans and gorillas is Dryopithecus.
5. Neanderthals ate almost exclusively meat, made complex tools of labor and hunting from stone, and clothing from skins.
2. Study the diagram. Based on its content, give short written answers to the questions.
1. What is the most common reason for land destruction throughout the world?
2. Besides land destruction, what other consequences could there be from deforestation?
3. What problem can you participate in solving right now?
Standard for performing assessment material
Answers:
B4 – 3,1,5,6,2,4
C1- 2. The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 2-3 million years ago and were more like humans. (The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 4-5 million years ago and were more like a monkey than like a human).
4. Neanderthals used natural shelters - caves - for housing. (Cro-Magnons).
6. The relatives of man who lived in Africa in ancient times are called Homo habilis. (Australopithecus)
C2.
Correct answer:
1. Most often, lands are destroyed due to overgrazing of livestock.
2. The consequences of deforestation can also be the death of animals, which will lose their home and place to obtain food; the amount of oxygen entering the atmosphere will decrease.
3. I can participate in forest planting.
Evaluation criteria:
11-14 points - mark"3" (51%-65%)
15–18 points – mark “4” (66%-84%)
19 -21 points – mark “5” (85%-100%)
10 points and below mark« 2" (0%-50%)
Instructions for students to complete the test
Part 1 includes 10 basic level tasks (A1 – A10). For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. For each correct answer 1 point is given. The maximum score for part 1 is 10 points.
Part 2 consists of higher level tasks.
For each correct answer 2 points. The maximum score for part 2 is 8 points.
Part 3 contains 2 of the most complex, voluminous tasks. C1 and C2 - require a complete answer, 3 points for correct completion of the task.
The maximum score for part 3 is 6 points.
A total of 21 points for the work.
Biology test for 5th grade
Illustration copyright Thinkstock
Does the Earth have enough resources to support its rapidly growing human population? Now it is more than 7 billion. What is the maximum number of inhabitants, beyond which the sustainable development of our planet will no longer be possible? The correspondent set out to find out what researchers think about this.
Overpopulation. Modern politicians wince at this word; It is often referred to as the "elephant in the room" in discussions about the future of planet Earth.
The growing population is often spoken of as the greatest threat to the existence of the Earth. But is it correct to consider this problem in isolation from other modern global challenges? And is there really such an alarming number of people living on our planet now?
- What ails giant cities
- Seva Novgorodtsev about the overpopulation of the Earth
- Obesity is more dangerous than overpopulation
It is clear that the Earth is not increasing in size. Its space is limited, and the resources necessary to support life are finite. There may simply not be enough food, water and energy for everyone.
It turns out that demographic growth poses a real threat to the well-being of our planet? Not at all necessary.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption The earth is not rubbery!“The problem is not the number of people on the planet, but the number of consumers and the scale and pattern of consumption,” says David Satterthwaite, senior research fellow at the London International Institute on environmental and development issues.
In support of his thesis, he cites the consonant statement of the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, who believed that “there are enough [resources] in the world to satisfy the needs of every person, but not everyone’s greed.”
The global effect of increasing the urban population by several billion may be much smaller than we think
Until recently, the number of representatives of the modern human species (Homo sapiens) living on Earth was relatively small. Just 10 thousand years ago, no more than several million people lived on our planet.
It wasn't until the early 1800s that the human population reached a billion. And two billion - only in the 20s of the twentieth century.
Currently, the world's population is over 7.3 billion people. According to UN forecasts, by 2050 it could reach 9.7 billion, and by 2100 it is expected to exceed 11 billion.
Population has only begun to grow rapidly in the last few decades, so we do not yet have historical examples on which to make predictions about possible consequences this growth in the future.
In other words, if it is true that by the end of the century there will be more than 11 billion people living on our planet, our current level of knowledge does not allow us to say whether sustainable development is possible with such a population - simply because there are no precedents in history.
However, we can get a better picture of the future if we analyze where the largest population growth is expected in the coming years.
The problem is not the number of people living on Earth, but the number of consumers and the scale and nature of their consumption of non-renewable resources
David Satterthwaite says that most of the demographic growth in the next two decades will occur in the megacities of those countries where the level of income of the population is currently assessed as low or average.
At first glance, an increase in the number of inhabitants of such cities, even by several billion, should not have serious consequences on a global scale. This is due to historically low levels of consumption among urban residents in low- and middle-income countries.
Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases are a good indicator of how high consumption may be in a given city. “What we know about cities in low-income countries is that they emit less than a tonne of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide equivalents per person per year,” says David Satterthwaite. high level income, the values of this indicator range from 6 to 30 tons."
Residents of more economically prosperous countries pollute the environment to a much greater extent than people living in poor countries.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Copenhagen: high standard of living, but low gas emissions greenhouse effectHowever, there are exceptions. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark, a high-income country, while Porto Allegre is in upper-middle-income Brazil. Both cities have a high standard of living, but emissions (per capita) are relatively low in volume.
According to the scientist, if we look at the lifestyle of one individual person, the difference between rich and poor categories of the population turns out to be even more significant.
There are many low-income urban residents whose consumption levels are so low that they have little effect on greenhouse gas emissions.
Once the Earth's population reaches 11 billion, the additional burden on its resources may be relatively small.
However, the world is changing. And it's possible that carbon dioxide emissions will soon begin to rise in low-income metropolitan areas.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption People living in high-income countries must do their part to preserve sustainable development Land with a growing populationThere is also concern about the desire of people in poor countries to live and consume at a level that is now considered normal for high-income countries (many would say that this would be in some way a restoration of social justice).
But in this case, the growth of the urban population will bring with it a more serious burden on the environment.
Will Steffen, Professor Emeritus, Fenner School environment and society at State University Australia, says this is in line with a general trend over the last century.
According to him, the problem is not population growth, but the growth - even more rapid - of global consumption (which, of course, is unevenly distributed around the world).
If so, then humanity may find itself in an even more difficult situation.
People living in high-income countries must do their part to keep the Earth sustainable as populations grow.
Only if richer communities are willing to reduce their consumption levels and allow their governments to support unpopular policies will the world as a whole be able to reduce Negative influence person per global climate and more effectively address challenges such as resource conservation and waste recycling.
In a 2015 study, the Journal of Industrial Ecology tried to look at environmental issues from a household perspective, with consumption as the focus.
If we adopt smarter consumer habits, the environment can improve dramatically
The study found that private consumers account for more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions, and their share in the use of land, water and other raw materials is up to 80%.
Moreover, scientists have concluded that environmental pressures vary from region to region and that, on a per-household basis, they are highest in economically prosperous countries.
Diana Ivanova from Trondheim University of Science and Technology, Norway, who developed the concept for the study, explains that it changed the traditional view of who should be responsible for industrial emissions associated with the production of consumer goods.
“We all want to shift the blame to someone else, to the government or to businesses,” she says.
In the West, for example, consumers often argue that China and other countries that produce consumer goods in industrial quantities should also be held accountable for the emissions associated with their production.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Modern society depends on industrial productionBut Diana and her colleagues believe that an equal share of responsibility lies with consumers themselves: “If we adopt smarter consumer habits, the environment can significantly improve.” According to this logic, radical changes are needed in the basic values of developed countries: the emphasis must move from material wealth to a model where what is most important is personal and social well-being.
But even if favorable changes occur in mass consumer behavior, it is unlikely that our planet will be able to support a population of 11 billion people for long.
So Will Steffen proposes stabilizing the population somewhere around nine billion, and then starting to gradually reduce it by reducing the birth rate.
Stabilizing the Earth's population involves both reducing resource consumption and expanding women's rights
In fact, there are signs that some stabilization is already taking place, even if statistically the population continues to grow.
Population growth has been slowing since the 1960s, and fertility studies conducted by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs show that the global fertility rate per woman has fallen from 4.7 children in 1970-75. years to 2.6 in 2005-10.
However, for any truly significant changes to occur in this area, it will take centuries, says Corey Bradshaw of the University of Adelaide in Australia.
The trend towards increasing birth rates is so deeply rooted that even a major catastrophe will not be able to radically change the situation, the scientist believes.
Based on the results of a study conducted in 2014, Corey concluded that even if the world's population were reduced by two billion tomorrow due to increased mortality, or if the governments of all countries, following the example of China, adopted unpopular laws limiting the number of children, by 2100 The number of people on our planet would, at best, remain at its current level.
Therefore, it is necessary to look for alternative ways to reduce the birth rate, and to look for them without delay.
If some or all of us increase our consumption, the upper limit on the sustainable (sustainable) population of the world will fall
One relatively simple way is to raise the status of women, especially in terms of their educational and employment opportunities, says Will Steffen.
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that 350 million women in the poorest countries did not intend to have their last child, but had no way to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
If the basic needs of these women in terms of personal development, the problem of overpopulation of the Earth due to excessively high birth rates would not be so acute.
Following this logic, stabilizing the population of our planet involves both reducing resource consumption and expanding women's rights.
But if a population of 11 billion is unsustainable, how many people – theoretically – can our Earth support?
Corey Bradshaw believes it is almost impossible to give a specific number as it will depend on technology in areas such as Agriculture, energy and transport, as well as on how many people we are ready to sentence to a life full of deprivation and restrictions, including in food.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Slums in Indian city Mumbai (Bombay)It is a fairly common belief that humanity has already exceeded the acceptable limit, given the wasteful lifestyle that many of its representatives lead and which they are unlikely to want to give up.
Environmental trends such as global warming, reduction in biodiversity and pollution of the world's oceans are cited as arguments in favor of this point of view.
Comes to the rescue social statistics, according to which currently one billion people in the world are actually hungry, and another billion suffer from chronic malnutrition.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the population problem was associated equally with female fertility and soil fertility
The most common option is 8 billion, i.e. slightly more than the current level. The lowest figure is 2 billion. The highest is 1024 billion.
And since assumptions regarding the permissible demographic maximum depend on a number of assumptions, it is difficult to say which of the given calculations is closest to reality.
But ultimately the determining factor will be how society organizes its consumption.
If some of us - or all of us - increase our consumption, the upper limit on the sustainable (sustainable) population size of the Earth will fall.
If we find opportunities to consume less, ideally without giving up the benefits of civilization, then our planet will be able to support more people.
The acceptable population limit will also depend on the development of technology, an area in which it is difficult to predict anything.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the problem of population was associated equally with both female fertility and the fertility of agricultural land.
In his book The Shadow of the Future World, published in 1928, George Knibbs suggested that if the world's population reached 7.8 billion, humanity would be required to be much more efficient in cultivating and using land.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Rapid population growth began with the invention of chemical fertilizersAnd three years later, Carl Bosch received Nobel Prize for his contribution to the development of chemical fertilizers, the production of which became, presumably, the most important factor in the demographic boom that occurred in the twentieth century.
In the distant future, scientific and technological progress may significantly raise the upper limit of the permissible population of the Earth.
Since people first visited space, humanity is no longer content with observing the stars from Earth, but is seriously talking about the possibility of moving to other planets.
Many prominent scientific thinkers, including physicist Stephen Hawking, have even stated that the colonization of other worlds will be critical to the survival of humans and other species present on Earth.
Although NASA's exoplanet program, launched in 2009, discovered a large number of planets similar to Earth, they are all too distant from us and little studied. (As part of this program, the American space agency created the Kepler satellite, equipped with an ultra-sensitive photometer, to search for Earth-like planets outside solar system, so-called exoplanets.)
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption The earth is our only home, and we need to learn to live in it eco-friendlySo relocating people to another planet is not a solution yet. For the foreseeable future, the Earth will be our only home, and we must learn to live in it environmentally.
This implies, of course, an overall reduction in consumption, in particular a shift to a low-CO2 lifestyle, as well as an improvement in the status of women around the world.
Only by taking some steps in this direction will we be able to roughly calculate how many people planet Earth can support.
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