Adaptation potential according to Baevsky. Adaptive potential Personal adaptation potential in extreme conditions

3. Software-adaptive module 3.1. Public initiative social movement and political party In a crowd-“elite” society and in a crowd-“elite” public organizations (movements and political parties), the program-adaptive module is entrusted with

Potential

Capacity Perhaps one of the most underestimated factors that reduces the sustainability of public administration reforms is capacity. Potential in this case means the ability (in the sense of human and financial resources) to perform

P – height in cm;

MT – body weight in kg;

B – age in years.

Sample interpretation:

8. Determination of visual acuity.

9.

10.

.

where P is a person’s height in m;

B – person’s weight in kg.

11. Determination of brush strength.

:

• right hand – 20 kg;
• left hand – 15 kg.

12.

8 hours sleep

Exercise: Fill the table

Recognition of functional states based on the analysis of data on autonomic and myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis requires certain experience and knowledge in the field of physiology and clinical practice. In order for this experience to become available to a wide range of doctors, a number of formulas have been developed to calculate the adaptive potential of the circulatory system for a given set of indicators using multiple regression equations. One of the simplest formulas, providing 71,8% -th recognition accuracy(compared with expert assessments), is based on the use of the simplest and most commonly available research methods - measuring heart rate and blood pressure levels, height and body weight:

where AP is the adaptive potential of the circulatory system in points;

HR – pulse rate in beats. in min.;

SBP – systolic blood pressure in mmHg;

DBP – diastolic blood pressure in mmHg;

P – height in cm;

MT – body weight in kg;

B – age in years.

By the AP value it is possible to determine the functional state of the patient.

Sample interpretation:

• AP below 2.60 – satisfactory adaptation of the circulatory system;
• AP 2.60-3.09 – tension of adaptation mechanisms;
• AP 3.10-3.49 – unsatisfactory adaptation;
• AP 3.50 and above – failure of adaptation.

8. Determination of visual acuity.

The Sivtsev-Golovin table is most often used for these purposes (see Fig. 1). If we look at it from a distance of 5 m, then visual acuity equal to one corresponds to a clear vision of the tenth line from the top. If a person sees only the signs of the first line, this corresponds to vision reduced by 10 times, i.e. 0.1. Visual acuity when seeing each subsequent row of signs increases by 0.1:

Are you really human?

1. Sivtsev-Golovin table.

9. Determination of minute volume of respiration.

With calm and even breathing, tidal volume (TI) is measured with a spirometer, which is calculated as the average value after recording at least six respiratory cycles. The rhythm and depth of breathing should correspond to natural values ​​(in a calm state). During the study, the respiratory rate (RR) can be assessed. Taking into account the respiratory rate and tidal volume, the minute volume of breathing (MVR) can be calculated:

where respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute, normally 14-18;

DO - tidal volume in milliliters, determined using a spirometer, normally 300-500 ml.

10. Determination of vital capacity of the lungs.

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest inhalation. Vital vital capacity is one of the main indicators of the condition of the external respiration apparatus, widely used in medicine. Together with the residual volume, i.e. the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the deepest exhalation, vital capacity forms the total lung capacity (TLC). Normally, vital capacity is about 3/4 of the total lung capacity and characterizes the maximum volume within which a person can change the depth of his breathing.

During quiet breathing, a healthy adult uses a small part of vital capacity: inhales and exhales 300-500 ml of air (the so-called tidal volume). In this case, the inspiratory reserve volume, i.e. the amount of air that a person is able to additionally inhale after a quiet inhalation, and the reserve volume of exhalation, equal to the volume of additionally exhaled air after a quiet exhalation, averages approximately 1500 ml each. During physical activity, tidal volume increases due to the use of inhalation and exhalation reserves.

Vital capacity is determined using spirography . The value of vital capacity normally depends on the sex and age of a person, his physique, physical development, and in various diseases it can decrease significantly, which reduces the body’s ability to adapt to physical activity.

To assess the individual value of vital capacity, in practice it is customary to compare it with the so-called proper vital capacity (VC), which is calculated using various formulas:

where P is a person’s height in m;

B – person’s weight in kg.

Exceeding the required VC values ​​of any degree is not a deviation from the norm; in physically developed individuals involved in physical education and sports (especially swimming, boxing, athletics), individual VC values ​​sometimes exceed VC by 30% or more. VC is considered reduced if its actual value is less than 80% of VC. A decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs is most often observed in diseases of the respiratory system and pathological changes in the volume of the chest cavity.

11. Determination of brush strength.

Hand strength is determined using a knee dynamometer. The subject takes the dynamometer in his right hand, moves his arm to the side so that a right angle is formed between the arm and the body. The subject lowers the second arm along the body. After this, the subject squeezes the fingers of his right hand with maximum force five times, taking intervals of 1-2 minutes, each time fixing the position of the arrow on the dynamometer. The greatest deflection of the dynamometer needle will correspond to the maximum strength of the hand muscles. After some time, the subject repeats this operation with his left hand.

Norm for an adult (if the leading hand is right) :

• right hand – 20 kg;
• left hand – 15 kg.

12.Analysis of daily routine and physical activity.

A rational daily routine is one of the factors that ensures high performance and good academic performance.

Every student’s daily routine must include: daily morning exercises, water treatments (rubbing, shower), walks in the fresh air, 2-3 physical education breaks of 5-7 minutes for active rest after every hour of mental activity, doing something sport, 3-4 meals a day, active daytime and evening rest, time for personal hygiene and self-care, restful sleep. It is necessary to provide 8 hours sleep . Especially great importance has sleep during intense mental and physical work, in particular during preparation for tests and exams.

Exercise: Fill the table

analyze your own daily routine, calculate the total motor activity in hours per day, identify shortcomings, offer recommendations for eliminating them.

Calculation of the index of adaptation potential of the cardiovascular system (R.M. Baevsky et al., 1987)

Recognition of functional states based on the analysis of data on autonomic and myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis requires certain experience and knowledge in the field of physiology and clinical practice. In order for this experience to become available to a wide range of doctors, a number of formulas have been developed to calculate the adaptive potential of the circulatory system for a given set of indicators using multiple regression equations. One of the simplest formulas, providing 71,8% -th recognition accuracy(compared to expert estimates), is based on the use of the simplest and most commonly available research methods - measuring heart rate and blood pressure levels, height and body weight:

where AP is the adaptive potential of the circulatory system in points;

HR – pulse rate in beats. in min.;

SBP – systolic blood pressure in mmHg;

DBP – diastolic blood pressure in mmHg;

P – height in cm;

MT – body weight in kg;

B – age in years.

By the AP value it is possible to determine the functional state of the patient.

Sample interpretation:

• AP below 2.60 – satisfactory adaptation of the circulatory system;
• AP 2.60-3.09 – tension of adaptation mechanisms;
• AP 3.10-3.49 – unsatisfactory adaptation;
• AP 3.50 and above – failure of adaptation.

8. Determination of visual acuity.

The Sivtsev-Golovin table is most often used for these purposes (see Fig. 1). If we look at it from a distance of 5 m, then visual acuity equal to one corresponds to a clear vision of the tenth line from the top. If a person sees only the signs of the first line, this corresponds to vision reduced by 10 times, i.e. 0.1. Visual acuity when seeing each subsequent row of signs increases by 0.1:

Are you really human?

1. Sivtsev-Golovin table.

9. Determination of minute volume of respiration.

With calm and even breathing, tidal volume (TI) is measured with a spirometer, which is calculated as the average value after recording at least six respiratory cycles. The rhythm and depth of breathing should correspond to natural values ​​(in a calm state). During the study, the respiratory rate (RR) can be assessed. Taking into account the respiratory rate and tidal volume, the minute volume of breathing (MVR) can be calculated:

where respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute, normally 14-18;

DO - tidal volume in milliliters, determined using a spirometer, normally 300-500 ml.

10. Determination of vital capacity of the lungs.

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest inhalation. Vital vital capacity is one of the main indicators of the condition of the external respiration apparatus, widely used in medicine. Together with the residual volume, i.e. the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the deepest exhalation, vital capacity forms the total lung capacity (TLC). Normally, vital capacity is about 3/4 of the total lung capacity and characterizes the maximum volume within which a person can change the depth of his breathing.

During quiet breathing, a healthy adult uses a small part of vital capacity: inhales and exhales 300-500 ml of air (the so-called tidal volume). In this case, the inspiratory reserve volume, i.e. the amount of air that a person is able to additionally inhale after a quiet inhalation, and the reserve volume of exhalation, equal to the volume of additionally exhaled air after a quiet exhalation, averages approximately 1500 ml each. During physical activity, tidal volume increases due to the use of inhalation and exhalation reserves.

Vital capacity is determined using spirography . The value of vital capacity normally depends on the sex and age of a person, his physique, physical development, and in various diseases it can decrease significantly, which reduces the body’s ability to adapt to physical activity.

To assess the individual value of vital capacity, in practice it is customary to compare it with the so-called proper vital capacity (VC), which is calculated using various formulas:

where P is a person’s height in m;

B – person’s weight in kg.

Exceeding the required VC values ​​of any degree is not a deviation from the norm; in physically developed individuals involved in physical education and sports (especially swimming, boxing, athletics), individual VC values ​​sometimes exceed VC by 30% or more. VC is considered reduced if its actual value is less than 80% of VC. A decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs is most often observed in diseases of the respiratory system and pathological changes in the volume of the chest cavity.

11. Determination of brush strength.

Hand strength is determined using a knee dynamometer. The subject takes the dynamometer in his right hand, moves his arm to the side so that a right angle is formed between the arm and the body. The subject lowers the second arm along the body. After this, the subject squeezes the fingers of his right hand with maximum force five times, taking intervals of 1-2 minutes, each time fixing the position of the arrow on the dynamometer. The greatest deflection of the dynamometer needle will correspond to the maximum strength of the hand muscles. After some time, the subject repeats this operation with his left hand.

Norm for an adult (if the leading hand is right) :

• right hand – 20 kg;
• left hand – 15 kg.

12.Analysis of daily routine and physical activity.

A rational daily routine is one of the factors that ensures high performance and good academic performance.

Every student’s daily routine must include: daily morning exercises, water treatments (rubbing, shower), walks in the fresh air, 2-3 physical education breaks of 5-7 minutes for active rest after every hour of mental activity, doing something sport, 3-4 meals a day, active daytime and evening rest, time for personal hygiene and self-care, restful sleep. It is necessary to provide 8 hours sleep . Sleep is especially important during intense mental and physical work, in particular during preparation for tests and exams.

Exercise: Fill the table

analyze your own daily routine, calculate the total physical activity in hours per day, identify shortcomings, and offer recommendations for eliminating them.

Calculation of the index of adaptation potential of the cardiovascular system (R.M. Baevsky et al., 1987)

Recognition of functional states based on the analysis of data on autonomic and myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis requires certain experience and knowledge in the field of physiology and clinical practice. In order for this experience to become available to a wide range of doctors, a number of formulas have been developed to calculate the adaptive potential of the circulatory system for a given set of indicators using multiple regression equations. One of the simplest formulas, providing 71,8% -th recognition accuracy(compared to expert estimates), is based on the use of the simplest and most commonly available research methods - measuring heart rate and blood pressure levels, height and body weight:

where AP is the adaptive potential of the circulatory system in points;

HR – pulse rate in beats. in min.;

SBP – systolic blood pressure in mmHg;

DBP – diastolic blood pressure in mmHg;

P – height in cm;

MT – body weight in kg;

B – age in years.

By the AP value it is possible to determine the functional state of the patient.

Sample interpretation:

• AP below 2.60 – satisfactory adaptation of the circulatory system;
• AP 2.60-3.09 – tension of adaptation mechanisms;
• AP 3.10-3.49 – unsatisfactory adaptation;
• AP 3.50 and above – failure of adaptation.

8. Determination of visual acuity.

The Sivtsev-Golovin table is most often used for these purposes (see.

METHODS OF FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Fig.1). If we look at it from a distance of 5 m, then visual acuity equal to one corresponds to a clear vision of the tenth line from the top. If a person sees only the signs of the first line, this corresponds to vision reduced by 10 times, i.e. 0.1. Visual acuity when seeing each subsequent row of signs increases by 0.1:

Rice. 1. Sivtsev-Golovin table.

9. Determination of minute volume of respiration.

With calm and even breathing, tidal volume (TI) is measured with a spirometer, which is calculated as the average value after recording at least six respiratory cycles. The rhythm and depth of breathing should correspond to natural values ​​(in a calm state). During the study, the respiratory rate (RR) can be assessed. Taking into account the respiratory rate and tidal volume, the minute volume of breathing (MVR) can be calculated:

where respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute, normally 14-18;

DO - tidal volume in milliliters, determined using a spirometer, normally 300-500 ml.

10. Determination of vital capacity of the lungs.

Vital capacity (VC) is the maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest inhalation. Vital vital capacity is one of the main indicators of the condition of the external respiration apparatus, widely used in medicine. Together with the residual volume, i.e. the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the deepest exhalation, vital capacity forms the total lung capacity (TLC). Normally, vital capacity is about 3/4 of the total lung capacity and characterizes the maximum volume within which a person can change the depth of his breathing.

During quiet breathing, a healthy adult uses a small part of vital capacity: inhales and exhales 300-500 ml of air (the so-called tidal volume). In this case, the inspiratory reserve volume, i.e. the amount of air that a person is able to additionally inhale after a quiet inhalation, and the reserve volume of exhalation, equal to the volume of additionally exhaled air after a quiet exhalation, averages approximately 1500 ml each. During physical activity, tidal volume increases due to the use of inhalation and exhalation reserves.

Vital capacity is determined using spirography .

The value of vital capacity normally depends on the sex and age of a person, his physique, physical development, and in various diseases it can decrease significantly, which reduces the body’s ability to adapt to physical activity.

To assess the individual value of vital capacity, in practice it is customary to compare it with the so-called proper vital capacity (VC), which is calculated using various formulas:

where P is a person’s height in m;

B – person’s weight in kg.

Exceeding the required VC values ​​of any degree is not a deviation from the norm; in physically developed individuals involved in physical education and sports (especially swimming, boxing, athletics), individual VC values ​​sometimes exceed VC by 30% or more. VC is considered reduced if its actual value is less than 80% of VC. A decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs is most often observed in diseases of the respiratory system and pathological changes in the volume of the chest cavity.

11. Determination of brush strength.

Hand strength is determined using a knee dynamometer. The subject takes the dynamometer in his right hand, moves his arm to the side so that a right angle is formed between the arm and the body. The subject lowers the second arm along the body. After this, the subject squeezes the fingers of his right hand with maximum force five times, taking intervals of 1-2 minutes, each time fixing the position of the arrow on the dynamometer. The greatest deflection of the dynamometer needle will correspond to the maximum strength of the hand muscles. After some time, the subject repeats this operation with his left hand.

Norm for an adult (if the leading hand is right) :

• right hand – 20 kg;
• left hand – 15 kg.

12.Analysis of daily routine and physical activity.

A rational daily routine is one of the factors that ensures high performance and good academic performance.

Every student’s daily routine must include: daily morning exercises, water treatments (rubbing, shower), walks in the fresh air, 2-3 physical education breaks of 5-7 minutes for active rest after every hour of mental activity, doing something sport, 3-4 meals a day, active daytime and evening rest, time for personal hygiene and self-care, restful sleep. It is necessary to provide 8 hours sleep . Sleep is especially important during intense mental and physical work, in particular during preparation for tests and exams.

Exercise: Fill the table

analyze your own daily routine, calculate the total physical activity in hours per day, identify shortcomings, and offer recommendations for eliminating them.

Adaptation is the process of adapting a system to external and internal environment. 1

Personal adaptation under stress occurs through two mechanisms: 2

Psychological defenses are a system of personality stabilization aimed at protecting consciousness from unpleasant, traumatic experiences.

Coping mechanisms are methods of psychological activity and behavior developed consciously and aimed at overcoming a stressful situation.

Adaptation potential is an indicator of the level of adaptability of the human body to various and changing environmental factors. This is the most important physiological indicator of vital activity, the formation of the level of which is carried out by the entire complex of changes in the physiological systems of the body (hormones of the pituitary gland and adrenal glands, the state of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems) under the influence of stress factors (physical, mental work, changes in atmospheric pressure, temperature and so on.). At the same time, a new adaptive behavior of the individual is formed, ensuring the most favorable adaptation of the body to these factors.

Adaptation potential is divided into three levels: individual, personal and subject-activity.

Individual adaptive potential includes the following components:

Energy(psychophysiological characteristics that determine the energy and dynamic response ranges)

Cognitive(level of development of cognitive processes, cognitive flexibility)

The following components belong to the subject-activity level:

Instrumental(abilities, skills and abilities)

Creative(creative abilities, ability to creatively resolve emerging adaptation problems)

Personal adaptation potential includes the following components:

Motivational(hierarchy of the motivational sphere, curiosity, interests and inclinations, intensity of motivation)

Communicative(communicative personality traits, system of relationships)

According to A.G. Maklakov, these psychological characteristics of a person constitute his personal adaptive potential, which includes the following characteristics:

neuropsychic stability, the level of development of which ensures tolerance to stress;

self-esteem of the individual, which is the core of self-regulation and determines the degree of adequacy of perception of the conditions of activity and one’s capabilities;

feeling social support, which determines a sense of self-worth for others;

level of personality conflict, experience of social communication/

I.A. Korotkova, V.A. Kulganov, L.S. Schoenberg assess the adaptive potential of an individual as a set of individual psychological characteristics, the level of development of which, accordingly, determines the boundaries of the potential and the likelihood of successful adaptation to a wide range of environmental factors.

S.T. Posokhova suggests that adaptive potential is an integral formation that combines into a complex system socio-psychological, mental, biological properties and qualities that are updated by the individual to create and implement new behavior programs in changed living conditions.

A.M. Bogomolov considers personal adaptation potential as a systemic property, as the individual’s ability to make structural and level changes (under the influence of adaptogenic factors) of qualities and properties, which increases its organization and stability.

ADD ABOUT ADAPTATION, CONDUCT A POTENTIAL ANALYSIS FOR SEVERAL BOOKS ON WHOSE OPINION I WILL RESIST

One of the main criteria for the successful adaptation of an employee is the success rate of his activities. Some new employees quickly and successfully adapt to the organization and its requirements, while others have difficulty entering the new environment. Knowledge of the psychological factors that ensure the success of an employee’s adaptation and the success of his activities will make it possible to more differentiated the construction of a system of psychological support for an employee at the initial stage of his professionalization. The further well-being of the future specialist in his chosen field of activity depends on the success of adaptation.

A.G. Maklakov introduced a concept characterizing a person’s adaptive abilities, calling it personal adaptive potential. Personal adaptation potential (as an integral characteristic of mental development) is interconnected psychological characteristics personalities that determine the success of adaptation and the likelihood of maintaining professional health. Characteristics of personal adaptive potential can be obtained by assessing the level of behavioral regulation, communicative potential and the level of moral normativity.

Behavioral regulation is a concept that characterizes a person’s ability to regulate his interaction with the environment. It is carried out in the unity of energetic, dynamic and content-semantic aspects. The main elements of behavioral regulation are self-esteem, the level of neuropsychic stability, as well as the presence of social approval (social support) from others. All these structural elements are not the primary basis for regulating behavior. They only reflect the relationship between needs, motives, emotional background of mood, self-awareness, self-concept, etc. Therefore, the regulation system is a complex, hierarchical formation, and the integration of all its levels into a single complex ensures the stability of the process of behavior regulation.

Another characteristic that determines the effectiveness of the process of socio-psychological adaptation and acts as one of the main components of personal adaptation potential is a person’s communicative qualities. Since a person is almost always in a social environment, his activities involve the ability to build relationships with other people. Communication capabilities (or the ability to achieve contact and mutual understanding with others) are different for all people. They are determined by the presence of experience and the need for communication, as well as the level of conflict.

No less important side adaptation process is compliance with moral standards of behavior that ensure the individual’s ability to adequately perceive the specific social role. The level of moral normativity of an individual reflects two main components of the socialization process - the perception of moral standards of behavior and attitude towards the requirements of the immediate social environment.

Personal adaptation potential determines the effectiveness of activities in extreme conditions, which include the period of an employee’s entry into a new environment for him.

A.G. Maklakov emphasizes that adaptation is not only a process, but also a property of any living self-regulating system, which consists in the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The level of development of this property determines the interval of change in conditions and nature of activity, within which adaptation is possible for a particular individual. Turning to the role of the individual in adaptation, he writes that the adaptive abilities of an individual largely depend on the psychological characteristics of the individual, which determine the possibility of adequate regulation of the functional state of the body in various conditions of life and activity. The more significant the adaptive abilities, the higher the likelihood of normal functioning of the body and effective activity with increasing intensity of exposure to psychogenic environmental factors.

Table 1. Characteristics of basic scales of personality adaptation potential

Source: Maklakov A.G. Personal adaptation potential: its mobilization and forecasting in extreme conditions // Psychological Journal. - 2001. - T.22, No. 1. - P.21.

The peculiarity of social adaptation is that it is not the physical body and its functions, but a system of human social behavior. Hence, social adaptation can be defined as the process and result of establishing a relative mutual correspondence between the needs of the individual and the requirements of the social environment.

In this situation, S.A. Larionova identifies the following levels of adaptation:

effective adaptation - high degree adaptability;

incomplete adaptation, unstable adaptation - decreased degree of adaptation in certain social situations;

maladaptation - violation of adaptation.

The psychological content of an adapting personality is determined by:

awareness of the changing environment;

reflection of oneself in a new picture of the environment;

self-regulation of adaptive potential necessary to transform interaction with environment and yourself;

transformation of ways of interaction with the environment;

pronounced ego-orientation as a possible consequence of an increased need for self-disclosure;

changing the image of the Self as an element of the Self-concept.

Consideration of the content and essence of the phenomenon of adaptation leads to the need to clarify concepts derived from the term “adaptation”, which have their own specificity of subject areas. These are the concepts of “adaptiveness” and “non-adaptiveness”, as well as “adaptive resources”, “adaptive capabilities”, “adaptive abilities”, combined into the semantic category of “adaptive potential”.

According to T.V. Rogacheva, if adaptability is a personality’s tendency to realize and reproduce in activity already existing aspirations aimed at carrying out those actions, the expediency of which has been confirmed by previous experience, then non-adaptation is a contradiction between the goal pursued by the subject and the result of his activity. In all cases it is necessary to talk about various options adaptations, which are like a scale, at one end of which there is constructive self-preserving behavior, at the other - unconstructive, self-destructive behavior.

When clarifying the understanding of the essence of an individual’s adaptive resources in the work of S.A. Larionova, it turns out that this is a series of psychological and individual characteristics that determine the degree of socio-psychological adaptation of the individual in specific social conditions. Adaptive resources of an individual constitute its specific psychological characteristics (the main factors of socio-psychological adaptation):

value orientations, personality orientation (positive social attitudes);

high degree of self-acceptance (absence of a large discrepancy between the real Self and the ideal Self);

high level of reflection;

high level of empathy, goodwill;

developed volitional control over impulses, affect, impulses;

a fairly high level of development of adaptive properties of intelligence (stylistic properties of intelligence, high representational abilities), which are not determined by traditional psychometric methods;

efficiency psychological defenses(absence of inadequate expression and stereotyping of certain types of defenses);

presence of a sense of humor, a positive attitude towards paradoxes.

As for adaptive and adaptive abilities, adaptive capabilities, these concepts are used extremely limitedly in the literature studied and, as a rule, in the context of adaptive potential, which is the subject of further consideration.

In psychology, the origins of the concept of an individual’s adaptive potential (personal potential) go back to the works of A.G. Maklakova, S.T. Posokhova, D.A. Leontyev.

A.G. Maklakov believes that an individual’s adaptive capabilities can be assessed through assessing the level of development of psychological characteristics that are most significant for the regulation of mental activity and the adaptation process. The higher the level of development of these characteristics, the higher the likelihood of successful adaptation, the greater the range of environmental factors to which an individual can adapt. These psychological characteristics of the individual are interconnected and constitute one of the integral characteristics of the mental development of the individual - personal adaptation potential, the indicators of which contain information about the compliance or non-compliance of the psychological characteristics of the individual with generally accepted norms.

In turn, S.T. Posokhova introduces the special concept of “personal adaptation syndrome”, which characterizes the manifestations of adaptive potential common to different ways of interaction with changing social, subject-technological and natural-climatic conditions of the environment, which are associated with the activation of personal regulation. Personal regulation ensures the creation internal conditions to transform existing relationships with the environment and obtain the necessary independence from environmental influences. The activity of personal regulation is determined by a combination of objective signs of the environment, their personal meaning and the prevailing way of interaction with a changing reality.

YES. Leontyev defines personal potential as the core of personality - the basic individual characteristics, which qualitatively characterizes the level personal maturity, and considers the self-determination of the individual to be the main phenomenon of personal maturity and the form of manifestation of personal potential. Personal potential reflects the extent to which a person overcomes given circumstances and the person overcomes himself, as well as the extent of the efforts he makes to work on himself and on the circumstances of his life.

A.M. Bogomolov defines adaptation potential as an individual’s ability to make structural and level changes (under the influence of adaptogenic factors) of qualities and properties, which increases its organization and stability. Adaptation potential is an integral concept that includes specific resources presented in various levels personality organization (individual, personal, subject-activity). Important components of adaptation potential are mechanisms, methods of use and transformation of adaptation resources, their quantitative and qualitative components (deployment, accumulation, replenishment, etc.). These processes serve as connecting links between the capabilities and abilities of an individual and their actual implementation in a purposeful adaptation process.

In the definition of L.E. Kuznetsova, personal adaptation potential is an integral variable characterized by a set of individual characteristics that determine the effectiveness of a person’s mental adaptation, in particular in extreme situations.

The adaptive potential of an individual is also described as:

an integrative personal property expressed in a person’s attitude (position, attitude, orientation) to the world;

a system of knowledge and beliefs on the basis of which human activity is built and regulated, a developed sense of the new, the ability to quickly change methods of action in accordance with new conditions of activity;

a set of real opportunities, abilities and skills that determine the level of their development;

psychological orientation towards unconventional resolution of contradictions of objective reality;

characteristic property the individual, which determines the extent of his capabilities in creative self-realization and self-realization;

a system of personal abilities that make it possible to optimally change methods of action in accordance with new conditions, and knowledge, skills, beliefs that determine the results of activity and encourage the individual to creative self-realization and self-development;

one of the spheres of a creative personality, its axiological potential.

From a scientific point of view N.A. Nekrasova, O.A. Gubareva, adaptation potential represents the degree of open creative and personal opportunities of an individual to be included in new changing conditions of the social environment (including crisis ones). On this basis, they, following S.T. Posokhova describes five components of an individual’s adaptive potential:

bioplastic - reflects evolutionarily fixed appropriate forms of life activity human body and innate energy resources;

biographical is an individual history of a person’s life. It accumulates the microsociety and the microculture where a person is born and where he is immersed. early stages his life path;

the mental component of adaptation potential, which is provided by the hidden and real capabilities of a person, allowing him to reflect objective reality in all its diversity and regulate various relationships with it and with himself, maintain his own integrity, self-improvement and self-education;

an established system of personal regulation (personal-regulatory component), which makes it possible not only to manage one’s behavior in accordance with the normative requirements of society, but also to achieve the required level of success in professional activity, but also to develop and improve;

creative possibilities of the individual.

IN in practical terms Adaptive potential is often understood as a set of qualitatively unique individual psychological properties, the set of which is not the same in various studies. The conclusion about the state of personal adaptation potential is drawn as a result of an analysis of the level characteristics of these properties combined into a group.

A.G. Maklakov, developing psychodiagnostic tools for determining the adaptive potential of an individual in an extreme situation, identified the following important for its objectification: psychological characteristics:

neuropsychic stability, the level of development of which determines tolerance to stress;

self-esteem of the individual, which is the core of self-regulation and determines the degree of adequacy of perception of the conditions of activity and one’s capabilities;

a feeling of social support, which determines a sense of personal significance for others (personal reference);

features of building contact with others, characterizing the level of conflict of the individual;

experience of social communication, identifying the need for communication and the possibility of building contacts with others based on existing experience;

moral normativity of an individual, characterizing the degree of orientation towards existing norms and rules of behavior in society;

orientation towards compliance with the requirements of the team (level of group identification).

The main features of personal adaptive potential include the following:

it is considered as an integral variable characterizing a set of individual psychological characteristics that determine the effectiveness of mental adaptation;

has the properties of a complex system and, accordingly, system analysis is the main approach to its study;

includes not only existing manifestations of adaptive abilities, but also latent properties that can appear when the content, strength and direction of influence of adaptogenic factors change;

determines the boundaries of an individual’s adaptive capabilities and resistance to influencing factors, contains the prerequisites for a certain range of adaptive responses;

is associated with age-psychological characteristics, while the individual’s own activity acts as a condition regulating the degree of realization of potential opportunities.

As an analysis of literary sources shows, in modern research problems of human health, two groups of approaches can be distinguished in the study of the adaptive potential of the individual - medical-biological and psychological. If, according to the first group of approaches, adaptive potential correlates with the functional state of the body, which has certain capabilities for adequately responding to unfavorable factors, then the basis of psychological concepts of adaptive potential is an appeal to diverse combinations of individual psychological characteristics of the individual. Many authors also characterize adaptive potential as an integral concept of personality.

Thus, adaptation work occupies an important place in health research in patients and healthy people. When studying mental health problems and their prevention, of particular importance is the study of the adaptive potential of the individual, taking into account the characteristics of his regulatory activity, his adaptive resources and specifics living conditions, in which the personality is located, i.e. everything that characterizes its ability to form, correct and transform life experience, which determines a person’s experience and behavior in a specific situation.

ADAPTATION AND ADAPTATION POTENTIAL OF PERSONALITY: RELATIONSHIP OF MODERN RESEARCH APPROACHES

E.L. Nikolaev, E.Yu. Lazarev

Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanova,

Cheboksary

Adaptation is one of the key concepts in the field of knowledge that studies humans from the standpoint of natural science, humanitarian and social scientific approaches. That is why in scientific, especially Russian-language, literature there are a large number of views and opinions on what is considered adaptation. In a situation of such interdisciplinary discrepancy, it seems important to clarify the essence of the concept of adaptation and related concepts that characterize personal characteristics.

In the traditions of the Russian school of physiology since the time of I.M. Sechenova, I.P. Pavlova and A.A. Ukhtomsky adaptation is considered in the context of a system-dynamic approach as a single, holistic, integrative reaction of the body, aimed at maintaining its vital activity in a constantly changing external environment (Soroko S.I., Aldasheva A.A., 2012).

The inclusion of an activity component in the content of the concept of adaptation significantly deepened its essence and brought it closer to the tasks of psychological research and practice. From the standpoint of this view, adaptation is understood not simply as a process and result of human interaction with the environment, but as a systemic response of the body to prolonged and repeated exposure to the external environment, aimed at such a change in the structure of homeostatic regulation that ensures its life and activity by forming a primary system adequate to the external factor. response and minimum board response (Medvedev V.I., 2003).

Indeed, research shows that characteristic feature interaction in the “man-environment” system is that a person acts as its active side, modeling a variety of adaptation strategies, using both genetically fixed and acquired mechanisms adaptive behavior(Soroko S.I., Aldasheva A.A., 2012). It can be stated that adaptation is defined as the process of interaction between a person and the environment, as a result of which he develops models and strategies of behavior that are adequate to the conditions changing in this environment (Dobryak S.Yu., 2004).

Regarding psychophysiological and psychological foundations adaptation, it is necessary to dwell on the views of F.B. Berezin (1988), according to which mental adaptation can be defined as the process of establishing an optimal match between the individual and the environment in the course of carrying out human activities that allow satisfying current needs and realizing significant goals associated with them, ensuring compliance of mental activity and behavior with the requirements of the environment.

Thus, mental adaptation, in addition to maintaining mental homeostasis, implies optimizing the constant interaction of the individual with the environment and establishing an adequate correspondence between mental and physiological characteristics in the formation of certain and relatively stable psychophysiological relationships (Berezin F.B., 1988).

A.G. Maklakov (2001) emphasizes that adaptation is not only a process, but also a property of any living self-regulating system, which consists in the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The level of development of this property determines the interval of change in conditions and nature of activity, within which adaptation is possible for a particular individual. Turning to the role of the individual in adaptation, he writes that the adaptive abilities of an individual largely depend on the psychological characteristics of the individual, which determine the possibility of adequate regulation of the functional state of the body in various conditions of life and activity. The greater the adaptive abilities,

the higher the probability of normal functioning of the body and effective activity with increasing intensity of exposure to psychogenic environmental factors (Maklakov A.G., 2001).

The content of the concept of adaptation is closely related to the phenomenon of stress, the development of the concept of which is based on the ideas of W. Cannon and G. Selye. Despite the fact that the problem of stress is devoted a large number of works in various areas knowledge, the fundamental monograph by L.A. deserves special attention from psychologists. Kitaev-Smyk “Psychology of stress. Psychological anthropology of stress” (2009), in which, along with a generalization of the phenomenology of stress, the author analyzes stress as an interdisciplinary category. He divides the stress syndrome into four specific subsyndromes - emotional-behavioral, vegetative, cognitive and psychosocial, within each of which general (nonspecific) patterns are identified, associated with both developmental mechanisms and areas of prevention.

In the understanding of A.A. Reana et al. (2008) adaptation phenomena and personal development complement each other, forming different directions for self-actualization. It is personal characteristics that largely determine the success or failure of adaptation, and adaptation itself is a powerful stimulus for personal development (Rean A.A., Kudashev A.R., Baranov A.A., 2008).

M.A. Berebin (2009) proposes the concept of functional systems, which sets the main content of modern theoretical ideas about mental adaptation, the cornerstone of which is the idea of ​​the phenomenon of a “functional system of mental adaptation.”

Features of the socio-psychological discourse of personality adaptation, its socio-psychological adaptability can be characterized as a state of relationship between the individual and the group, in which the personality, without long-term external and internal conflicts productively carries out his leading activities, satisfies his basic sociogenic needs, fully meets role expectations

yams presented to her by the reference group, experiences states of self-affirmation and free expression of her creativity(Nalchadzhyan A.A., 1988).

The peculiarity of social adaptation is that it is not the physical body and its functions that undergo adaptive changes in order to achieve the specified state, but rather the system of human social behavior. Hence, social adaptation can be defined as the process and result of establishing a relative mutual correspondence between the needs of the individual and the requirements of the social environment (Rozum S.I., 2006).

In this situation, S. A. Larionova (2002) identifies the following levels of adaptation: effective adaptation - high degree of adaptation; incomplete adaptation, unstable adaptation - decreased degree of adaptation in certain social situations; maladaptation is a violation of adaptation.

It is worth noting that in the scientific literature, when describing the category of adaptation, they often operate with similar, but not analogous, but narrower concepts. These include stress resistance, resilience, coping, self-efficacy, etc.

Thus, it is proposed to consider coping competence, which is an analogue of the domestic concept of stress resistance, considered as a result of the interaction of various components (psychophysiological, emotional, intellectual, volitional) in the context of common system adaptation. The following components can be distinguished in coping competence: adequacy in the interpretation and assessment of various parameters of the situation, both at the level of a general tendency and in relation to specific stressors; adequacy of perception of external and internal resources for overcoming stress; a rich repertoire of coping strategies and well-developed skills in choosing the most effective behavioral strategies in accordance with the parameters of the situation; adequacy of coping results, according to

the consequences of the actions taken, their effectiveness, the possibility and need for correction (Trifonova E.A., 2013).

Another factor in personality adaptation is resilience (“Hardy”), which is an integrative psychological quality of a person, including the ability to accept the challenge of fate, and an internal (internal) locus of control with the acceptance of responsibility for occurring events, and purposefulness, purposefulness of actions (involvement into current events). To a certain extent, the property of resilience can be formed in the process of educating the individual, stimulating independence, entrepreneurship, teaching mastery of one’s emotions and the ability to mobilize in difficult times. life situations(Solovieva S.L., 2010).

Self-efficacy is also associated with the adaptation processes of the individual and is understood as an individual’s confidence in the ability to perform certain actions and achieve a certain result (Trifonova E.A., 2013).

Taking into account the current tasks of psychology and in light of the fact that psychology declares the human psyche as its subject, the subject psychological research human adaptation becomes the mechanisms of the psyche, manifested in mental processes, states and properties. In this aspect, according to

A.N. Alyokhina (2010), human adaptation is the process of forming such ways of responding that are adequate to reality and provide optimal conditions for his existence.

In the context of the theory of relationships, understood as a complex system of meanings and meanings formed in the process of life experience, determining the behavior and experiences of a person in specific situations mental adaptation seems to be a process of formation, correction and transformation of experience in the process of experiencing. The process of mental adaptation is possible only when a person has reflected (realized) the experience that determines his experiences - only under this condition is it possible to form a new experience. A reliable criterion of mental adaptability in psychological aspect is the quality of a person's experiences.

A fairly accurate measure here can be the degree of satisfaction (with oneself, the world and people), which reflects the degree of compliance of a person’s individual experience with the current situations of life (Alekhin A.N., 2010).

Summarizing existing theoretical and methodological ideas about adaptation in various fields of science, S.T. Posokhova (2001) identifies the following semantic content of the concept of adaptation: adaptation as life activity in changing conditions of existence, adaptation as adaptation to changed environmental conditions, adaptation as achieving sustainability in a changed environment. Based on the above generalizations, she writes that adaptation is a mechanism for self-discovery of personality, ensuring the transformation of environmental changes into internal conditions for the creation of new ways of interacting with reality and with oneself, necessary to preserve one’s own integrity. The psychological content of an adapting personality is determined by: awareness of the changing environment; reflection of oneself in a new picture of the environment; self-regulation of adaptive potential necessary to transform interaction with the environment and oneself; transformation of ways of interaction with the environment; pronounced ego-orientation as a possible consequence of an increased need for self-disclosure; changing the image of the Self as an element of the Self-concept (Posokhova S.T., 2001).

Consideration of the content and essence of the phenomenon of adaptation leads to the need to clarify concepts derived from the term “adaptation”, which have their own specificity of subject areas. These are the concepts of “adaptability” and “non-adaptiveness”, as well as “adaptive resources”, “adaptive capabilities”, “adaptive abilities”, combined into the semantic category of “adaptive potential”.

According to T.V. Rogacheva (2004), if adaptability is a personality’s tendency to realize and reproduce in activity existing aspirations aimed at implementing those actions, the appropriateness of which has been confirmed by previous experience, then non-adaptation is a contradiction between the pursued

subject, the goal and the result of his activity. In all cases, it is necessary to talk about various adaptation options, which are like a scale, at one end of which there is constructive self-preserving behavior, at the other - unconstructive, self-destructive behavior.

IN AND. Rozov (1993) examined the features structural organization adaptability in extreme conditions. He revealed that the adaptive psychodynamic property of a personality is activity, and the non-adaptive property is emotionality. The central place in the adaptive group is occupied by the indicator of social energy. In the maladaptive group, this indicator is not associated with any of the psychodynamic characteristics. The structural-forming signs of adaptability in extreme conditions are indicators of personal self-control, individual self-regulation, sensitivity, self-realization, intellectual activity, psychodynamic endurance and flexibility, and the ability to achieve.

An unexpected look at the problem of personality adaptation is given in the monograph by V.A. Petrovsky “Psychology of non-adaptive activity” (1992), which focuses not on the adaptability of the individual, but on its maladaptation. At the categorical level of analysis, “adaptability-nonadaptation,” as it seems to the author, can be revealed as tendencies in the functioning of a goal-oriented system, determined by the correspondence or inconsistency between its goals and the results achieved. Then adaptability is expressed in the coordination of goals and results of its functioning, and non-adaptiveness consists in the fact that contradictory relationships develop between the goal and the result of an individual’s activity: intention does not coincide with the action, the plan does not coincide with the implementation, the incentive to action does not coincide with its outcome. This contradiction is the source of the dynamics of personality, its existence and development.

Further, V. A. Petrovsky explains that the signs of non-adaptation, be it “adaptability as inevitability” or “actively non-adaptive” tendencies, can be traced in all spheres of human existence: in his relationships with nature, the objective world, other people and himself, and also in the interpenetration of these spheres. Non-adaptiveness serves as a moment of dynamic

mics of the personality and at the same time ensures its integrity (Petrovsky V. A., 1992).

When clarifying the understanding of the essence of an individual’s adaptive resources in the work of S. A. Larionova (2001), it turns out that this is a number of psychological and individual characteristics that determine the degree of socio-psychological adaptability of an individual in specific social conditions. Adaptive resources of an individual constitute its certain psychological characteristics (the main factors of socio-psychological adaptation): value orientations, personality orientation (positive social attitudes); high degree of self-acceptance (absence of a large discrepancy between the real Self and the ideal Self); high level of reflection; high level of empathy, goodwill; developed volitional control over impulses, affect, impulses; a fairly high level of development of adaptive properties of intelligence (stylistic properties of intelligence, high representational abilities), which are not determined by traditional psychometric methods; the effectiveness of psychological defenses (the absence of inadequate expression and stereotyping of certain types of defenses); presence of a sense of humor, a positive attitude towards paradoxes (Larionova S.A., 2001).

As for adaptive and adaptive abilities, adaptive capabilities, these concepts are used extremely limitedly in the literature we have studied and, as a rule, in the context of adaptive potential, which is the subject of our further consideration.

From a medical and biological point of view, adaptation potential is a quantitative expression of the level of the functional state of the body and its systems, characterizing its ability to adequately and reliably respond to a complex of unfavorable factors with an economical waste of functional reserves, which helps prevent the development of a premorbid state. And then health is the body’s ability to maintain the necessary compensatory and protective properties, a certain level of functional reserves, optimal ability to adapt to the conditions of the external and internal environment (Ushakov I.B., Sorokin O.G., 2004).

In psychology, the origins of the concept of an individual’s adaptive potential (personal potential) go back to the works of A.G. Maklakova (2001), S.T. Posokhova (2001), D. A. Leontyev (2002).

A.G. Maklakov (2001) believes that an individual’s adaptive capabilities can be assessed through assessing the level of development of psychological characteristics that are most significant for the regulation of mental activity and the adaptation process. The higher the level of development of these characteristics, the higher the likelihood of successful adaptation, the greater the range of environmental factors to which an individual can adapt. These psychological characteristics of the individual are interconnected and constitute one of the integral characteristics of the mental development of the individual - personal adaptation potential, the indicators of which contain information about the compliance or non-compliance of the psychological characteristics of the individual with generally accepted norms.

In turn, S.T. Posokhova (2001) introduces the special concept of “personal adaptation syndrome”, which characterizes manifestations of adaptive potential common to different ways of interaction with changing social, subject-technological and natural-climatic conditions of the environment, which are associated with the activation of personal regulation. Personal regulation ensures the creation of internal conditions for transforming existing relationships with the environment and obtaining the necessary independence from environmental influences. The activity of personal regulation is determined by a combination of objective signs of the environment, their personal meaning and the prevailing way of interaction with a changing reality.

YES. Leontiev (2002) defines personal potential as the core of personality - a basic individual characteristic that qualitatively characterizes the level of personal maturity - and considers the self-determination of the individual to be the main phenomenon of personal maturity and the form of manifestation of personal potential. Personal potential reflects the extent to which a person overcomes given circumstances and the person overcomes himself, and

also the measure of the efforts she makes to work on herself and on the circumstances of her life (Solovieva S.L., 2010).

A.M. Bogomolov (2008) defines adaptive potential as an individual’s ability to make structural and level changes (under the influence of adaptogenic factors) of qualities and properties, which increases its organization and stability. Adaptation potential is an integral concept that includes specific resources presented at various levels of personality organization (individual, personal, subject-activity). Important components of adaptation potential are mechanisms, methods of use and transformation of adaptation resources, their quantitative and qualitative components (deployment, accumulation, replenishment, etc.). These processes serve as connecting links between the capabilities and abilities of an individual and their actual implementation in a purposeful adaptation process.

In the definition of L.E. Kuznetsova (2011), personal adaptation potential is an integral variable characterized by a set of individual characteristics that determine the effectiveness of a person’s mental adaptation, in particular in extreme situations.

The adaptive potential of a person is also described as an integrative personal property, expressed in the attitude (position, attitude, orientation) of a person to the world; a system of knowledge and beliefs on the basis of which human activity is built and regulated, a developed sense of the new, the ability to quickly change methods of action in accordance with new conditions of activity; a set of real opportunities, abilities and skills that determine the level of their development; psychological orientation towards unconventional resolution of contradictions of objective reality; a characteristic property of an individual that determines the extent of his capabilities in creative self-realization and self-realization; a system of personal abilities that make it possible to optimally change methods of action in accordance with new conditions, and knowledge, skills, beliefs that determine the results of activity and encourage the individual to creative self-realization and self-development; one of

spheres of a creative personality, its axiological potential (Tolstykh Yu.I., 2011).

From a scientific point of view N.A. Nekrasova, O.A. Gubareva (2011), adaptation potential is the degree of open creative and personal capabilities of an individual to be included in new changing conditions of the social environment (including crisis ones). On this basis, they, following S.T. Posokhova (2001) describe five components of an individual’s adaptive potential. The first component - bioplastic - reflects the evolutionarily fixed appropriate forms of life activity of the human body and innate energy resources. The second is biographical - this is the individual history of a person’s life. It accumulates the microsociety and the microculture where a person is born and where he immerses in the early stages of his life journey. The third is the mental component of adaptive potential, which is provided by the hidden and real capabilities of a person, allowing one to reflect objective reality in all its diversity and regulate various relationships with it and with oneself, maintain one’s own integrity, self-improvement and self-education. The fourth component of personal adaptive potential is the established system of personal regulation (personal-regulatory component), which makes it possible not only to manage one’s behavior in accordance with the normative requirements of society, to achieve the required level of success in professional activities, but also to develop and improve. The fifth component is the creative potential of the individual.

In practical terms, adaptation potential is often understood as a set of qualitatively unique individual psychological properties, the set of which varies in different studies. The conclusion about the state of personal adaptation potential is drawn as a result of an analysis of the level characteristics of these properties combined into a group (Tolstykh Yu.I., 2011).

A.G. Maklakov (2001), developing psychodiagnostic tools for determining adaptive potential

personality in an extreme situation, identified the following psychological characteristics that are important for its objectification: neuropsychic stability, the level of development of which determines tolerance to stress; self-esteem of the individual, which is the core of self-regulation and determines the degree of adequacy of perception of the conditions of activity and one’s capabilities; a feeling of social support, which determines a sense of personal significance for others (personal reference); features of building contact with others, characterizing the level of conflict of the individual; experience of social communication, identifying the need for communication and the possibility of building contacts with others based on existing experience; moral normativity of an individual, characterizing the degree of orientation towards existing norms and rules of behavior in society; orientation towards compliance with the requirements of the team (level of group identification).

The main features of personal adaptation potential include the fact that it is considered as an integral variable characterizing a set of individual psychological characteristics that determine the effectiveness of mental adaptation; has the properties of a complex system and, accordingly, system analysis is the main approach to its study; includes not only existing manifestations of adaptive abilities, but also latent properties that can appear when the content, strength and direction of influence of adaptogenic factors change; determines the boundaries of an individual’s adaptive capabilities and resistance to influencing factors, contains the prerequisites for a certain range of adaptive responses; is associated with age-psychological characteristics, while the individual’s own activity acts as a condition regulating the degree of realization of potential opportunities (Bogomolov A.M., 2008).

As an analysis of literary sources shows, in modern studies of human health problems, two groups of approaches to the study of the adaptive potential of an individual can be distinguished - medical-biological and psychological. If, according to the first group of approaches, the adaptive potential

tial correlates with the functional state of the body, which has certain capabilities for adequately responding to unfavorable factors, then the psychological concepts of adaptive potential are based on an appeal to diverse combinations of individual psychological characteristics of the individual. Many authors also characterize adaptive potential as an integral concept of personality.

Work on adaptation occupies an important place in health research in patients and healthy people (Nikolaev E.L. et al., 2010; Lazareva E.Yu., Nikolaev E.L., 2012; Romanov S.N. et al., 2012) . When studying mental health problems and their prevention, the study of the adaptive potential of the individual, taking into account the characteristics of his regulatory activity, his adaptive resources and the specifics of the living conditions in which the individual finds himself, is of particular importance. everything that characterizes its ability to form, correct and transform life experience that determines a person’s experience and behavior in a specific situation.

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