Black Sea - features and history. Economic importance of the seas Economic importance of the Black Sea

Eutrophication of water

The processes of eutrophication (blooming), i.e. the formation of zones of oxygen deficiency, are characteristic of the Black Sea. With river waters, not only heavy metals and pesticides enter it, but also nitrogen and phosphorus from the fields. Phytoplankton, receiving excess nutrients from fertilizers, multiplies rapidly, and the water “blooms.” Then the bottom microorganisms die off. During the process of decay, they use an increased amount of oxygen, which leads to hypoxia of bottom-dwelling animals: crabs, squid, mussels, oysters, and juvenile sturgeon. The kill zone reaches 40 thousand square meters. km. All coastal waters in the northwestern area have been over-fertilized.

Accumulation of solid waste

The bottom of coastal zones and the coast are polluted with a huge amount of household waste. It comes from ships, garbage dumps along rivers and washed away by floods, and from the shores of resorts. In salt water, such garbage takes decades to decompose, and plastic takes centuries. Decay (MSW) leads to the release of toxic substances into the water.

This is how we can briefly characterize the environmental problems of the Black Sea associated with human activity.

Biological pollution of the Black Sea ecosystem by alien species

As a result of the extermination of bottom biocenoses, the entire burden of purifying and filtering water fell on the rock mussel. But in 2005, it was almost completely destroyed by rapana, a predatory mollusk that came here with the ballast waters of ships. Due to the absence of natural enemies, rapana has significantly reduced the number of oysters, scallops, mussels, and sea stalks.

Another invader is the ctenophore Mnemiopsis, which feeds on young mussels and plankton. As a result, the sea does not have time to absorb organic pollution, the filtration of water by shellfish decreases, and eutrophication occurs. In addition, the ctenophore multiplied rapidly and disrupted the food supply of the inhabitants of the Black Sea, which caused a reduction in the number of fish. Environmental problems of the Black Sea are of concern to scientists around the world.

Declining biodiversity. Depletion of flora and fauna

A number of factors lead to a reduction in the number of biological species in the Black Sea. Along with biological pollution by alien species, this is pollution as a result of human activity, uncontrolled fishing, and destruction of the bottom biocenosis.

Bottom communities are destroyed for a combination of reasons, the main of which are pollution of coastal waters and trawling. Particularly great damage is caused by bottom trawling by industrial vessels, which does not allow the ecosystem to self-clean itself, as it destroys biocenoses that filter and purify water.

Also, the constant rise of the upper boundary of the hydrogen sulfide saturation zone changes the structure of the biological community: the bottom field of phyllophora algae disappears, predator fish have practically died out, the number of dolphins has significantly decreased, and many are born with serious defects. The number of aurelia jellyfish – companions of pollution – is increasing. In 1965, 23 species of commercial fish were caught in the Black Sea; at the moment there are only five species left.

Reduction of forest area and specially protected areas in coastal areas

The Black Sea coast is rich in unique broad-leaved forests and pistachio-juniper woodlands, more than half of which are relict species. Separate territories of forb-grass steppes, the richest in species diversity of eco-communities, have been preserved. The tragedy is that natural resources are located on a territory subject to active economic development.
Unfortunately, their environmental value is often not taken into account. On the territory of the reserves, during the construction of oil pipelines, hectares of juniper forests are destroyed along with the animals living there.

Ways to solve environmental problems at the state level

Problems of the Black Sea are solved in Russia at the state level. This requires a number of measures aimed at improving the environmental situation, as well as significant financial costs. Economic problems are also closely related to the environment.

• It is necessary to develop a fundamentally new concept of environmental management and create a structure responsible for the Black Sea environmental situation.
• Strict control over the use of trawling and transition to other fishing methods. Construction of “speed bumps” underwater - massive artificial reefs made of special concrete and without reinforcement inside.
• Tightening control over harmful emissions, commissioning deep-water wastewater collectors.
• Creating conditions for the life of algae, shrimp, and shellfish, which are powerful wastewater treatment plants in themselves. Construction of underwater habitats.
• Purchase of equipment to clear the coastal strip of pollution.
• Restoration of protective forest belts along the perimeter of agricultural land and reconstruction of irrigation systems to reduce the release of fertilizers from fields.
• Creation of a modern system for removal and disposal of solid waste.
• Invention of methods for calculating material damage caused to the region as a result of misuse of relict forests and coastlines for the construction of oil storage facilities and oil pipelines.

What should people do to improve the environment?

1. Take away from the coast not only their own waste, but also some of other people's waste.
2. Reduce water consumption to relieve cleaning systems.
3. Greening the territory of your locality.
4. Limit as much as possible use of non-degradable packaging.
5. Observe conditions and rules for the disposal of toxic substances and household waste.
6. Demand from the administration settlements careful control over the environmental situation.

The Black Sea is a closed water area, so pollution issues in it become particularly acute. The active participation of residents of coastal cities and concern for environmental problems can save the Black Sea and prevent a natural disaster.

Man began very early to try to tame the sea. First, people began to fish along the coast on fragile boats, then they built ports and went on long voyages to discover new lands and expand 4 territory, and, in the end, they explored the mysterious depths of the sea on submersible ships (bathyscaphes). Modern man has not lost the spirit of adventure of his ancestors, challenging crazy challenges like a solo circumnavigation of the world on a sailboat.

Use of the sea

At all times, man has used marine resources, be it huge quantities of fish, crayfish or shellfish, or, in our time, the most valuable reserves of oil and gas. But the surge in industrial fishing and the growing exploitation of oil and gas deposits since the second half of the 20th century has seriously threatened resources once thought to be inexhaustible.

Fish stocks are plummeting

From a thousand-year-old trade, fishing developed into an efficient industry after World War II. From 1950 to 2000, fish catch in the oceans increased from 18.5 million tons to 130 million tons. According to scientists, unless the catch of some endangered species is significantly reduced in the coming years, it could lead to their eventual extinction. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) sounded the alarm in March 2005: it reported in one report that 52% of fish stocks were fully exploited, up from 47% the previous year, and 25% were overfished. These actively fished species include Chilean mackerel, Atlantic herring, silver pollock, whiting, Japanese anchovy, and capelin. This primarily occurs in the North Atlantic, Black Sea and southwest Pacific.

Various fishing methods

During the second half of the 20th century, the invention of drift nets used on factory ships radically changed fishing. This is a nylon net held upright by floats, up to 60 meters long, drifting with the currents. It is used, for example, to catch salmon and squid. The main disadvantage of such a net is that it sweeps away everything in its path: thousands of dolphins and sperm whales died after being caught in such nets. In connection with the scandal that erupted over this, the European Union in 2002 banned drift nets longer than 2.5 km and completely banned their use for catching swordfish and tuna in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Unfortunately, these restrictions are not always observed. A seine is a net attached to a fishing vessel that pulls it across the surface of the water. Such nets are much less dangerous for marine mammals than drifting ones. Their maximum length is 1 km and they are used to catch tuna, herring, sardines and anchovies. Trawl nets are used to catch cod, sole, hake and langoustine. Fishing for crustaceans in shallow waters requires less equipment. It is enough to set up cages into which lobsters, lobsters, crabs, shrimp and other crayfish are stuffed. Finally, a special net with triangular or semicircular reinforcement is used to collect shellfish such as oysters, mussels or scallops. Unfortunately, sea turtles often become entangled in such nets.

Over 50 years, fish catch has increased more than 8 times.

Main fishing areas

95% of the richest commercial fish zones are located above continental shallows. There are seven main fishing zones: the northeast Atlantic, northwest Atlantic, southeast Atlantic, southwest Atlantic, northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific and Indian Ocean. In the four zones of the Atlantic Ocean, tuna, cod, herring, haddock, pollock, mackerel, halibut, hake, burbot, sole, sardine, anchovy, lobster, langoustine, crab and scallops are caught.

In the Pacific Ocean they catch sea bass, sole, cod, tuna, salmon, herring, sea ruffe, halibut, turbot, herring, whiting, pollock, eel, anchovy, squid, crabs and shrimp. The Indian Ocean is rich in tuna, mackerel, flounder, sea bass and trevally.

Fish farming is constantly growing

Marine or freshwater fish, crayfish and mollusks are grown under artificial conditions. Fish or crayfish are raised in pools or lakes, most often using intensive methods. It is fed with flour and oils derived from other fish, grains and vitamins. The most common marine fish are sea wolf, sea bream and turbot, and freshwater fish are cod, salmon and carp.

Of the shellfish, oysters are bred primarily and mussels are grown. Oysters are laid out on the bottom, or placed in cages, on low-lying shores, covered with water at high tide, or sunk to the bottom in deep-water areas. Mussels are grown in special cages.

Fish and shellfish farming is experiencing a real boom: in the United States and Asia, where it is most widespread, production should reach 31 million tons of fish, crustaceans and molluscs. The main problem is the contamination of many species by insecticides (bug repellents) and antibiotics (bacteria repellents), thus entering the food chain.

In search of black gold

These days, most offshore oil or gas drilling is done from platforms anchored to the seabed by huge piles. Geologists determine the presence of hydrocarbons in the rock by exploding a shell at a proposed deposit and then studying the blast wave. The type of wave indicates the presence of oil or gas.

In this case, layers of rock are drilled with huge drills placed at the end of a pipe that draws in hydrocarbons. They are stored in tanks and delivered to the coast via oil or gas pipelines. Major offshore oil and gas fields are located in the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf and along the entire coast of Asia and South America. Some of them, such as Britain's North Sea developments, will be depleted within the next twenty years and countries will have to look for new sources of energy.

Wind turbines in the middle of the sea

A growing number of wind farms are being built offshore. There is nothing strange about this, because there are many strong winds blowing in the oceans. In addition, their huge masts do not spoil the landscape, as sometimes happens on land, and the noise of the equipment does not bother anyone.

The world's largest producer of this renewable (the wind never stops blowing) energy is Denmark. Wind farms, offshore and onshore, supply 12-15% of all electricity consumed in the country. In the long term, the Danes aim to produce half of their electricity this way.

Geological past of the Black Sea

A turbulent geological past befell the region where the Black Sea is now located. Therefore, in the modern appearance of the reservoir, no, no, but traces of certain distant events are visible.

Before the beginning of the Tertiary period, that is, at a time distant from us by 30-40 million years, a vast ocean basin stretched across Southern Europe and Central Asia from west to east, which connected with the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and with the Pacific Ocean in the east. It was the salt sea of ​​Tethys. By the middle of the Tertiary period, as a result of the uplift and subsidence of the earth's crust, Tethys was separated first from the Pacific Ocean, and then from the Atlantic.

In the Miocene (from 3 to 7 million years ago), significant mountain-building movements occurred, the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, and Caucasus Mountains appeared. As a result, the Tethys Sea shrinks in size and is divided into a series of brackish basins. One of them is the Sarmatian Sea - stretches from present-day Vienna to the foot of the Tien Shan.

At the end of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene (2-3 million years ago), the Sarmatian basin decreases to the size of the Meotic Sea (basin). In the Pliocene (1.5-2 million years ago), an almost fresh Pontic lake-sea appeared in place of the salty Meotic Sea. At the end of the Pliocene (less than 1 million years ago), the Pontic lake-sea decreased in size to the boundaries of the Chaudin lake-sea.

As a result of the melting of ice at the end of the Mindel glaciation (about 400-500 thousand years ago), the Chaudin Sea is filled with meltwater and turns into the Ancient Euxinian basin. In outline it resembled the modern Black and Azov Seas.

During the Ris-Würm interglacial (100-150 thousand years ago), the so-called Karangat basin, or Karangat Sea, was formed. Its salinity is higher than that of the modern Black Sea. 18-20 thousand years ago, on the site of the Karangata Sea, there was already a New Euxin lake-sea. This coincided with the end of the last Würm glaciation. This went on for about 10 thousand years or a little more, after which the newest phase in the life of the reservoir began - the modern Black Sea was formed. Analyzing various periods of the history of the Black Sea, we can conclude that the current phase is just an episode between the past and future transformations. One would have to completely agree with this, if not for one essential circumstance: Man. The evolution of man was so rapid that from now on he can successfully resist the elements. Therefore, today the Black Sea is under the growing influence of human economic activity and, in accordance with this anthropogenic factor, is changing its outline, salinity, fauna, flora and other indicators.

The Black Sea is a fairly large body of water with an area of ​​420,325 square kilometers. Its average depth is 1290 liters and its maximum depth reaches 2212 liters and is located north of Cape Inebolu on the Turkish coast. The calculated volume of water is 547015 cubic kilometers. The seashores are little indented, with the exception of the northwestern part, where there are a number of bays and bays. There are few islands in the Black Sea. One of them - Zmeiny - is located about forty kilometers east of the Danube Delta, the other - Schmidt Island (Berezan) - is located near Ochakov and the third, Kefken - not far from the Bosphorus Strait. The area of ​​the largest island, Snake Island, does not exceed one and a half square kilometers. The Black Sea exchanges waters with two other seas: through the Kerch Strait in the northeast with the Azov Strait and through the Bosphorus Strait in the southwest with the Marmara Strait.

The bottom of the Black Sea resembles a plate in its relief - it is deep and smooth with shallow edges along the periphery. The Black Sea contains the entire periodic table. Even gold in the amount of about 100 thousand kilograms could be mined if you evaporate the entire Black Sea and manage to extract the metal from 10,940,000,000 tons of various salts that will remain in the sediment. The Black Sea also has other marine properties. It is transparent to a depth of 30 meters, casts a real ocean blue, and explodes with storms. The waves rise to a height of 6-8 meters.

In summer, the water off the coast warms up to a temperature of 25-28 degrees, and in the center of the sea at the surface to 23-24 degrees. At a depth of 150 meters, the temperature remains 6,7,8 degrees throughout the year. Deeper it rises slightly - up to 9 degrees. During the winter months, the surface water temperature fluctuates between 12-13 degrees.

A significant difference between the Black Sea is that the Black Sea water, according to marine concepts, is very under-salted. Each kilogram of water contains barely 18 grams of salt (it should be 35-36 grams), and in the northwestern and northeastern regions - even less. Even at the very bottom, salinity does not exceed 22.4%. And this is explained by the fact that the Black Sea is very constrained by the narrow Bosporus, fresh waters of many rivers flow in: the Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, and the deep rivers of the Caucasus. The total volume of river flow into the Black Sea exceeds 300 cubic kilometers per year.

Many features of the Black Sea constitute, in fact, its main wealth. These are such different categories as reserves of biological, chemical, mineral and other raw materials valuable for the natural economy, favorable climatic conditions, which have turned the shores into virtually a continuous health resort, the beauty of sea and seaside landscapes is a source of relaxation and inspiration.

The Black Sea is home to plants and animals representing all levels of the “ladder” of living beings on our planet: from the most primitive - bacteria, to the most advanced - mammals. The number of species that are found in the Black Sea is relatively small. Scientists count up to 2,000 species of animals here, including one and a half hundred species of fish. And yet, the species poverty of the Black Sea does not mean the poverty of its biological resources or biomass. In terms of the mass of living matter per unit surface and in terms of biological productivity, that is, in terms of the rate of reproduction of this biomass, the Black Sea, although inferior to the same North or Barents Seas, may well compete with the Mediterranean, or even surpass it. The advantages of the Black Sea as a body of water are already mentioned here and, in particular, the fact that it is abundantly fertilized with the waters of large lowland rivers - the Danube, Dniester, Dnieper and those that flow into the Sea of ​​Azov - the Kuban and Don. The nutrients supplied by these rivers compensate for the slow vertical mixing of water masses, which in other seas serves as the main mechanism ensuring their high fertility.

All animals and plants living in the sea, according to their structure and way of life, are divided into several life forms. The main ones are benthos, plankton, nekton and neuston.

Benthos (ancient Greek "benthos" - depth) is all the animals and plants that live at the bottom of the sea. They can attach to rocks and other hard objects, like algae and mussels, burrow into sand and mud, like various worms, or crawl along the bottom, like crabs.

Plankton (from the ancient Greek “planktos” - floating), unlike benthos, inhabits the water column rather than the seabed. These are basically microscopic animals and plants, which are united by the fact that they float in water at different depths and move along with the water according to the will of currents. They are unable to swim against the current and choose paths in the sea. Of the plankton, only jellyfish are of substantial size and have some autonomy in movement.

Nekton (from the ancient Greek "nektos" - floating) - unites actively swimming creatures such as fish, dolphins, whales and other large organisms. They also inhabit the water column, but, unlike plankton, they can move at will over long distances along horizons, including against the current.

Neuston (from the ancient Greek "nein" - to swim) inhabits the surface film of the seas and oceans. These are small creatures, mainly the larvae of many marine animals, which are attracted by the sea-atmosphere interface with its favorable feeding and other conditions, especially useful for young organisms. Neuston is divided into hyponeuston and epineuston. The first consists of animals and plants that live under a film of surface tension of water. Such organisms are the majority. Epineuston unites those species that live on the airy upper side of the surface film. These are some insects, as well as the microscopic population of foam flakes: bacteria, protozoa, algae and others.

Another part of sea plants is more familiar to everyone who has been to the sea. These are algae that grow on rocks, stones and other underwater objects and form plant benthos, or phytobenthos. Many animals feed on them, in them they find shelter from enemies and a place to lay eggs.

The Black Sea is home to 277 species of algae, which are divided into three large groups - green, brown and red.

The bulk of the algae grows at depths of 5-10 meters, but occasionally they are found at a depth of 125 meters. In addition to algae, which are classified as low plants, several species of higher plants also grow in the Black Sea. Among them, the first place in terms of distribution and explored reserves belongs to zoster or sea grass. Zostera feeds on both sea creatures and waterfowl.

The world of bacteria is very abundant and diverse in the Black Sea. This is the only group of living creatures that live here from the surface to the very depths. True, deeper than 200 meters, where there is no oxygen, only so-called anaerobic bacteria are found, capable of developing in the complete absence of free oxygen in the water. Anaerobic bacteria of the Black Sea depths, reducing sulfuric acid compounds (sulfates), produce hydrogen sulfide. It saturates almost 87% of the water mass of the entire Black Sea.

Above 200 meters live other groups of bacteria that require oxygen. In the northwestern part of the Black Sea in summer, there are 60-110 thousand bacteria per cubic centimeter of sea water, and if you take the water at the very surface of the film, in the neuston, in the same volume there will be from 1 to 75 million copies!

Thanks mainly to bacteria, the sea does not rot, and organic residues undergo biological oxidation and mineralization to a state that makes it possible for them to be consumed by plants.

Above sea level, content with the surf that periodically wets them, clinging closely to the surface of stones and rocks, live mollusks - limpet or patella and littorina. These mollusks are especially widespread off the coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus.

Sea acorns or balanuses are extremely numerous on hard underwater soils.

An important group of animals attached to stones and rocks are sponges. The Black Sea is home to 26 species of sponges. Sponges are active biofilters. One individual with a volume of about 10 cubic centimeters can filter from 100 to 200 liters of sea water per day.

Sea anemones, or sea flowers, are very effective.

Animals attached to hard substrates also include himaniums, ascidians, the bulbul mollusc, and the famous oyster.

Among the attached animals and algae of hard soils there are always many mobile species crawling and swimming in these “wilds”. Isopods, or sea cockroaches, are very common. There are up to 30 species of them in the Black Sea.

Among the organisms clinging to underwater rocks and stones are ordinary graceful shrimp. Nowadays, there are more than a dozen species of shrimp, but most of them are small, with a body length of up to 3-4 centimeters.

Everyone who visits the sea is attracted to crabs. Almost two dozen species of crabs are found in the Black Sea. Of course, the mussel is a commercial object and a tasty “seafood”, but in places of mass bathing its main purpose is biofiltration.

Communities, or biocenoses, of sandy soil are found mainly in shallow water, near rivers and flat shores. They are most common in the northwestern part of the sea, characterized by a poverty of algae and an abundance of sand-burrowing species. The permanent “vagrants” of this biocenosis are hermit crabs (diogenes crab and clibanaria).

On sandy soils mixed with silt, you can find a lot of nass gastropods. In different places on the Black Sea coast they are also called “ram” or “navadia”. On coarse sand, at depths of 10-30 meters or more, lives an organism very interesting for science - the lancelet. In its own way internal organization it occupies an intermediate position between invertebrates and fish and can serve as a classic illustration of the history of the development and origin of the phylum of vertebrates. The Black Sea is the only one of our seas where the lancelet is found.

The list of inhabitants of sandy soils can be completed with the sand shell or mya. Like rapana, it somehow, regardless of the will of man, settled in the Black Sea in the late fifties.

The main part of the nekton is formed by fish. There are up to 180 species of them in the Black Sea.

By their origin, they well reflect the geological past and modern connections of the reservoir. IN scientific literature It is customary to divide fish species in the Black Sea into four groups.

The first group is represented by people from fresh waters. As a rule, they end up in the sea against their own will; the current carries them into a foreign element. Near the mouths of rivers, most often in the spring you come across carp, bream, pike perch, ram, and saberfish.

The second group consists of species that lived in once desalinated reservoirs that were on the site of the present Black Sea and have survived to this day. They are called relict species, or pontic relics. These fish remain attached to desalinated areas and brackish estuaries, and most of them enter rivers to spawn. These are sturgeon, most species of herring, gobies - more than two dozen species in total. Among the sturgeon in the Black Sea, the most famous is the beluga - the largest fish in our sea (weight does not exceed 200-300 kilograms). These fish grow slowly and mature for spawning late. Therefore, all changes in the water regime of rivers associated with the construction of dams, water consumption for irrigation, its pollution with various wastes, etc. affect the natural reproduction of fish in the Black Sea.

To maintain and increase their numbers, special factories are built and operate in Russia, where artificial fertilization of eggs, their incubation and rearing of larvae are carried out.

The third group of Black Sea fish (eight species) also consists of relics of bygone times. In confirmation of their northern origin, these fish have retained their attachment to cold water, therefore they remain mainly in the bottom layers. Their representatives include sprat, whiting, glossa and katran.

The fourth largest group of fish in terms of number is made up of Mediterranean migrants. There are over a hundred species of them. These are fish that entered here over the past 5-6 thousand years through the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. They are content at all stages of life with depths of no more than 150-180 meters.

Mediterranean invaders include such well-known fish as anchovy, garfish, mullet, bluefish, mackerel, mackerel, mackerel, flounder and others.

So, fish form the third step of the Black Sea ecological pyramid, because they feed on invertebrates, which make up its second step. The last stage is represented by fish consumers - dolphins and some birds.

In fact, there are at least three main ecological pyramids in the Black Sea - for the bottom, for the water column, and for the surface film. One of the important tasks of science is to determine the clear qualitative and numerical characteristics of these pyramids, since the protection of the living resources of the sea and their increase comes down to a large extent to the “repair” or superstructure of the stages of the pyramids. Moreover, any deterioration in living conditions in a reservoir is reflected, first of all, on the upper steps of the pyramid, since highly organized creatures, in general, are more vulnerable than lowly organized ones, but if some factor affects the base of the pyramid, then big changes overtake the entire pyramid.

The main wealth of the Black Sea is its climatic factors, which have brought the warmest of the seas of our country the well-deserved fame of an all-Union health resort, and the reserves of biological raw materials must be exploited to such an extent as not to jeopardize the normal existence of the reservoir. This, in fact, is the main essence of the principle of rational use of natural resources, which is given much attention in Russia’s national economic plans.

The Black Sea is also a rich storehouse of all kinds of minerals and metals. IN sea ​​water they are found mainly in the form of salts.

The main components of the salt composition of the Black Sea water can be depicted as follows:

All other components taken together account for less than one and a half percent of the total mass.

Gas and oil exploration is underway on the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea. The exploitation of these subsoil resources is usually associated with significant water pollution and corresponding damage to the biological resources of the sea and resort use. Therefore, in the interests of complying with the principle of rational environmental management, the need to extract raw materials such as oil in the Black Sea must be strictly and comprehensively considered.

Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide occurs mainly in the layer of its existence with oxygen (C-layer), which is the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone of the Black Sea. Although the rates of hydrogen sulfide oxidation by thionic bacteria in the bottom layer and in the chemosynthesis zone at a depth of 150-500 meters have not been estimated, apparently they constitute only a small part of the rate of hydrogen sulfide oxidation in the C-layer. The thickness of the C-layer, the depth of its boundaries, the shape of their relief, the nature of the distribution of oxygen in it and the rate of oxidation of the latter depend on the fine stratification of waters, hydrodynamic conditions of the intensity of mass transfer, the rate of sulfate reduction and can be used as indicators of the state and trends of the oxygen regime of anaerobic zones of change in oxygen concentration at the standard horizon of 50 m - the upper boundary of the main pycnocline. A generalization of observation materials on the oxygen regime of the open sea showed that the range of annual changes in oxygen concentration at a horizon of 50 m is 1.79 ml. l -1, its average content by month of the year ranged from a minimum in April (4.73 ml. l -1) to a maximum in September (6.98 ml l -1), depths with a relative oxygen content in water of 10% (less 1 ml.l -1) were 70-150 m and remained almost constant throughout the year. Research on modeling the oxidative transformation of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide compounds in the Black Sea was primarily associated with the study of the topical issue of the rise of the upper boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone and the influence of many environmental factors on the position of this boundary in the sea. In the early stages of research into the problem, attention was paid to:

Studying the mechanism of oxidation of sulfur and hydrogen sulfide forms in sea water and developing a mathematical model of the oxidative transformation of sulfur compounds.

Modeling of the fine chemical structure and distribution of sulfur and oxygen forms in the layer of existence of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide (C-layer).

Solving the inverse problem and calculating the reaction rates and mass transfer from the vertical distribution of reagents, as well as the variability of the concentration of substances in the c-layer in the shallow part of the marine ecosystem.

Formalization of the dependence of the rate of hydrogen sulfide oxidation on the ratio of oxygen: hydrogen sulfide for the correct calculation of the dynamics of the C-layer and the position of the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone.

To identify the impact of the main factors (the intensity of oxygen consumption, the power of sources of hydrogen sulfide and vertical exchange) on the dynamics of the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone and to study the possibility of its reaching the surface.

Analysis of the socio-ecological aspects of the problem of the dynamics of the hydrogen sulfide zone in the Black Sea.

Analysis of factors determining the vertical position of the C-layer in shallow areas of the sea.

The main goal of current research is related to the formalization of existing theoretical ideas about the conditions for the formation of the anaerobic zone and imitation using mathematical modeling of a retrospective picture of its development and evolution. The solution to this issue will allow us to consider many controversial issues at a qualitatively new level (the time scale of the formation of the anaerobic zone in the Black Sea; the severity and significance of the main hydrological and hydrochemical processes during the formation of the anaerobic zone; the main flows of reagents and their balance), as well as to predict the short- and long-term dynamics of the upper boundary of the anaerobic zone under changing natural environmental conditions and existing anthropogenic influences.

Results obtained on the problem under study: a mathematical model was constructed to study the retrospective picture of the formation of the anaerobic zone of the Black Sea based on all known information on the formation of the salinity structure of the sea, the rates of sulfate reduction processes and the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in deep waters. The changes in seawater salinity calculated in the model, which have been occurring in the sea since the formation of the Lower Bosphorus Current, change the vertical distribution of the turbulent diffusion coefficient, which determines the vertical distribution of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide. Calculated profiles of variability in oxygen and hydrogen sulfide concentrations have been obtained and analyzed, reflecting the dynamics of formation processes in the geological past (over the last 10 thousand years) at different stages of the formation of the anaerobic zone of the Black Sea. Based on the results of these calculations, the main flows are analyzed.

People use the natural resources of the Black Sea in different ways. Some resources have been exploited for a long time and so thoroughly that we urgently need to slow down and help nature restore what it has lost. Others, on the contrary, are mined on a much more modest scale than is acceptable. And the third is still waiting for its turn.

The resort potential of the Black Sea coast is still far from being fully utilized.

If we turn to the exploitation of biological resources, then mainly phylloflora is produced from algae, from which agaroid is obtained, which is widely used in the food, medical industry and for other purposes.

Phylloflora production today exceeds 20 thousand tons per year, which is less than what reserves allow. The reserves of brown algae, cytosira and sea grass - zostera - are little used.

1500-2000 tons of mussels are harvested per year. This is a very minor withdrawal. Shrimp are produced at a rate of 1,000 tons per year. In the Black Sea, all countries today catch about 250,000 tons of fish. This is not so little, keeping in mind that by 1940 the catch of the Black Sea countries, including dolphins, was at the level of 86,000 tons per year.

In September 1972, the Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On measures to further improve nature conservation and rational use of natural resources” also provided for the protection of the seas. In the course of implementing this Resolution, the authorities are carrying out extensive work aimed at weakening and eliminating harmful effects to the Black Sea, to improve and improve the health of the marine environment, to increase the biological resources of the reservoir. Great attention to security issues environment devoted to the XXV Congress of the CPSU and the XXV Congress of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Much is already being done to implement these wise and positive decisions.

In order to clean the sea from such common substances - pollutants as oil and oil products, as well as from all kinds of garbage, in our country, oil waste collection vessels (NMS) have been designed and used in the Black Sea ports. Some of the NMSs operate on the principle of adhesion - sticking and absorbing oil; others act on the principle of sedimentation. All of them quite reliably clean the surface of the sea. Ship ballast water treatment stations have been put into operation in the ports. Therefore, our fleet practically no longer pollutes the Black Sea with oil products.

We also carry out a lot of work to clean and dilute industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as rain and melt water entering the sea.

Scientifically based Fishing Rules have been introduced and are constantly being improved. In extreme cases, fishing or fishing stops completely, as was the case with Black Sea dolphins. The Regulations on sport underwater hunting have been approved, obliging underwater shooters to know and strictly comply with the Fishing Rules established for the given area. All international efforts aimed at improving the environmental situation in the basin are extremely diverse. New species of fish are being actively introduced into the Black Sea to replenish the ichthyofauna and commercial resources. Thus, work on the acclimatization of American striped bass, steelhead salmon and other species has recently begun and is successfully continuing. Some useful organisms, such as the mia mollusk, entered the Black Sea, albeit with the help of man, but against his will.

Various scientific organizations Black Sea countries are implementing a broad research program in order to obtain an objective picture of the current state of the Black Sea, changing in last years much faster than before to develop effective methods for the rational use, protection and reproduction of its living wealth. There is a large and diverse propaganda of environmental knowledge of the population through the press, radio, television, cinema, and popular science literature.

All this human activity in relation to the sea will develop and improve. This is the spirit of the times. However, the very diverse and increasingly intense economic activities of people on Earth have unintended and undesirable biological consequences. They affect the state of the environment, including the seas and oceans, which until recently were considered vast and inexhaustible.

Semi-isolated seas, which receive significant river flows but do not have free water exchange with other seas, are in a particularly difficult situation. This is the position of the Black Sea. The Danube, Dnieper, and Dniester river basins alone occupy a drainage area of ​​about 1,400 thousand square kilometers, which is more than three times the area of ​​the Black Sea itself. Close dependence on rivers is one of the most important features of the Black Sea, which today plays almost the main role in the formation of new conditions for the existence of its pelagic and bottom communities. In addition, there are other, although not so specific, forms of negative human impact on the Black Sea and other seas. These are untreated wastewater from settlements, industrial enterprises and agricultural lands entering the sea by gravity, as well as liquid and solid substances from atmospheric precipitation. And the very movement of ships at sea, even if they do not release any pollutants overboard, causes harm by destroying the neuston. Strengthening sea shores, if carried out without taking into account the biology of coastal communities of aquatic organisms, can also have a negative impact. The accumulation of swimmers on a limited area of ​​​​the coast and many other forms of “man-sea” connections, at first glance completely harmless for both sides, are not so harmless if you approach them with high standards modern requirements nature conservation. Let us consider the essence of voluntary and involuntary cases of human influence on the “well-being” of the Black Sea.

Let's start with the rivers, because with insufficiently active mixing of waters from top to bottom, the main source of fertilizers entering the Black Sea has always been rivers, especially lowland ones - the Danube, Dniester, and Dnieper, flowing into its northwestern part. It is no coincidence that this area has long been called the Black Sea granary, storing large reserves of algae, mussels, fish and other riches. It is clear that any quantitative and qualitative changes in river flow have a significant impact on the biology of the Black Sea. Meanwhile, this stage of the scientific and technological revolution is characterized by a serious impact on river systems. On the one hand, the consumption of river water for the needs of the national economy has increased sharply. A large amount of it is spent on irrigating arid lands, to supply livestock farms, industrial enterprises, settlements, energy facilities, etc. Thus, one of the foundations on which the life of the Black Sea rested, forming over the past millennia, is affected.

There are oil, mercury, and pesticides in river waters. It would seem that the abundance of organic substances, so necessary for life in the Black Sea, is a positive phenomenon. But this abundance is harmful. What is the essence of this paradox? The fact is that the entire “mechanism” for the use and transformation of river gifts of fertility by marine animals and plants was “programmed” by nature based on the same amounts of organic substances that are acceptable for the normal conditions of existence of the rivers themselves. And nitrogen-containing substances alone in the Danube water have increased several times over the past 10 years. This process of “overfertilization” of water bodies (eutrophication) is happening today all over the world and most affects inland water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs), as well as isolated and semi-isolated seas or certain areas thereof.

Excess organic matter continues to decompose in the sea, consuming oxygen dissolved in the water and causing, depending on the degree of eutrophication, a deficiency of this vital gas, or even its complete disappearance.

Serious interference in the life of coastal communities of marine organisms occurs as a result of the implementation of coastal protection structures.

These measures are necessary to stop landslides and curb the destructive power of waves. They include the reclamation of sandy beaches, the construction of concrete walls of traverses and breakwaters, and other work.

Cleaning and neutralization of wastewater that does not enter the sea through river systems.

It happens that polluting wastewater enters the sea and does not come from rivers at all. I had to see how pipes were extended into the sea at one or another distance from the shore, through which sewage water or wastewater from some enterprise was constantly or from time to time pouring out. Today it is clear that these sources of pollution are unacceptable, especially near populated areas and resort areas. Of course, there are still industries where not all waste can be neutralized. In most cases, acceptable forms of coexistence between nature and industry can be found. Specialists of the Odessa branch of InBYUM have positive experience"reconciliation" of chemical industry enterprises and sea inhabitants. Based on a large volume of experiments, calculations and expeditionary research, the degree of need for treatment and dilution of the enterprise’s wastewater, and the conditions for their release into the sea, under which they do not have a harmful effect on the inhabitants of the water column and bottom, are determined.

As for municipal wastewater - a source of bacterial, organic and other types of pollution, it must undergo complete (including biological) treatment before being released into the sea.

Real success has already been achieved in reducing marine pollution with petroleum products, and there is reason to hope that this type of negative impact on the life of the seas and oceans will be neutralized as much as possible.

The isolation of the Black Sea basin makes it particularly vulnerable. The development of industry in the Black Sea states, the increase in urban settlements, and the expansion of resort complexes are increasingly increasing industrial and domestic pollution. The increase in the volume of oil transportation by sea, the growth of shipping, and underwater oil production cannot but affect the cleanliness of the waters, bottom, coastal zone of the Black Sea and coastal reservoirs. The most dangerous is oil pollution of the Black Sea waters.

It is known that one drop of oil can form a film on a surface with an area of ​​0.25 m 2.7 5 and 100 liters of oil poured into water creates a film with an area of ​​1 km 2. Oil has a strong toxic effect. Fish living in water that contains 0.6 mg of petroleum products per liter acquire the smell of oil within one day. The maximum permissible level for fish is the oil content in water in the proportion of 1: 10,000. Under the influence of hydrocarbons contained in oil, some organs are affected. Changes occur in the nervous system, liver, and blood; the amount of vitamins B and C changes. Industrial and domestic pollution of the Black Sea is constantly increasing. Rivers and wastewater contribute significant amounts of various chemicals and organic substances. The main cause of river pollution is industrial wastewater, household waste, pesticides and mineral fertilizers used in agriculture. Of the toxic substances that enter the sea, the most toxic are compounds of some heavy metals (lead, mercury, zinc, nickel), cyanide, and arsenic compounds.

The main problems that need to be solved in the Black Sea are:

Prevention of marine pollution.

Conservation of biological resources.

Studying and mastering methods of artificial fish breeding in the sea.

Increasing the biological productivity of the marine environment.

Regulation of harvesting of traditionally exploited resources.

Study and development of fishing areas that are still underutilized.

Development of a coordinated, international approach to the use of biological resources.

The fight against pollution of the Black Sea waters has national, regional and international aspects. A rational approach is determined by the desire to preserve and rationally use natural conditions and resources of the shelf and covering waters, to one degree or another, subject to the jurisdiction of the coastal state. At the same time, the problem of protecting the marine environment from pollution is inherently international, which is determined by a single subject of labor common to all peoples. This problem is complex, complex, and includes political, economic, legal, social, technical and other issues.

What is the significance of the Black Sea for people and nature, you will learn by reading this article.

The meaning of the Black Sea

The Black Sea belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin. It is connected to Sea of ​​Azov Kerch Strait and the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Bosphorus Strait. Even the ancient Greeks knew about it, and it was called Pont Aksinsky, that is, “inhospitable sea.” Modern name this sea received its name in the 13th century and scientists are still at a loss as to why it was named.

Economic use of the Black Sea

The Black Sea is rich in resources that are used by humans. There are large deposits of natural gas and oil, chemical and mineral raw materials near the coastlines and on the shelf.

The Black Sea is also famous for its biological resources: algae, fish, shellfish. They are widely used in the food industry. Laminaria and phyllophora are extracted from algae here, from which they are made medications. Cystoseira (brown algae) and zostera (sea grass) reserves are used less.

Every year people catch tons of shrimp and mussels, fish and even dolphins. All this goes to the food industry.

The types of economic activities of people associated with the Black Sea are not limited to fishing and oil production. Today its pool is actively exploited by people. Its importance as a transport route is especially important: freight transport, transport corridors and ferry crossings take place across the Black Sea every day. It is also used as a recreational area, which brings good profits to the country, washed by the sea, during the season.

The most important ports of the Black Sea

Among the largest ports of the Black Sea are:

• Evpatoria, Sevastopol, Kerch, Yalta (Crimea)
• Sochi and Novorossiysk (Russia)
• Odessa, Ukraine)
• Varna (Bulgaria)
• Sukhum (Georgia)
• Trabzon and Samsun (Türkiye)
• Constanta (Romania)

Environmental problems of the Black Sea

Human activity in the Black Sea has led to an unfavorable environmental situation. It is heavily polluted with petroleum products and waste. Mutated due to anthropogenic influence animal world seas.

The waste mostly comes with the waters of the Danube, Prut and Dnieper. The most pollution of the Black Sea with oil film is observed near the Caucasian coast and the Crimean Peninsula. Along the coast there are areas with an excess of toxic substances: cadmium, copper ions, lead and chromium.

Also in the Black Sea there is a process of water bloom due to lack of oxygen. Metals and pesticides, nitrogen and phosphorus enter it with river waters. Phytoplankton, absorbing these elements, multiply too quickly and the water “blooms”. In this case, bottom microorganisms die. When they rot, they cause hypoxia in mussels, juvenile sturgeon, squid, crabs, and oysters.

The coast and the bottom of coastal zones are polluted with household garbage, which can decompose in salt water for decades, or even centuries. This releases toxic substances into the water.

We hope that from this article you learned the importance of the nature of the Black Sea.

Extracurricular activity

Subject: The riches of the Black Sea and the problems of its economic use

Goals:

Systematize students’ knowledge about the natural resource potential of the sea, teach the culture of public discussion;

Develop the ability to analyze, draw conclusions, scientifically argue your point of view;

To educate a communicatively competent person who knows how to structure his speech in accordance with the rules of effective communication;

Form of the event - debate.

Debate is a type of discussion intellectual game, in which two teams defend opposing statements according to some complex problem to convince you that you are right. “I am deeply hostile to your opinion, but for your right to express it I am ready to sacrifice my own life.”

Equipment: Interactive whiteboard, debate rules written on whatman paper (during debates they should always be in front of your eyes), poster presentations, folders with team projects, video material on the project, magnetic board with magnets, map of the Black Sea, physical map Ukraine, team attributes, signs on tables, demonstration material “Seafood”, student notebooks.

Preliminary work . Over the course of a month, students collected material on their topic, prepared project folders, poster presentations, collected demonstration material, and prepared attributes (two-color ties). The classes were divided into groups for in-depth study of the material - biogeographers, geochemists, ecologists, lawyers, geologists, doctors.

Progress of the event

1. Organizing time. Presentation of participants.

Hello guys! Today we are holding a joint extracurricular activity. There are students from two classes - 8a and 8b. Over the course of the month, we have been developing projects in two areas:

The Black Sea is the pearl of Ukraine. In this project, 8b grade students collected material about the richness and uniqueness of the Black Sea.

The Black Sea sends a signalSOS. In this project, 8a grade students assessed the degree of change in the Black Sea ecosystem under the influence of human economic activity.

2. Announcing the theme of the event (slide 1)

Theme of our event:

The riches of the Black Sea and the problems of its economic use.

3. Familiarity with the form of the event and the rules of debate.

Our event will take the form of a debate. This is a new uniform for you guys. The word debate (according to explanatory dictionary) means public debate when discussing something, exchange of opinions on any issues. This is a type of debate in which two teams argue opposing claims about a complex issue.

“Your opinion is deeply hostile to me, but for your right to express it I am ready to sacrifice my own life.”

Here are the rules of debate. Let's get to know them (read the debate rules written on whatman paper).

Guys! We must decide whether we accept these rules or not. Let's vote (children vote).

The rules have been accepted. Now each of you must strictly adhere to them.

4. Motivation for learning and cognitive activity (sound of the surf)

Any sea, its mysterious power has attracted man since ancient times. The wonderful poet Valery Bryusov dedicated the following lines to the sea:

“For months the electric light in the sea trembles and wriggles

Powered by magical power, the sea boils and swells.

The waves rush up stubborn, wild and captive rush about,

The rebellious ones die in the struggle, the broken and foamy ones go out.”

The sea is a constant mystery that disturbs people with all its manifestations. Among the seas of our planet, the Black Sea is special. Amazingly beautiful nature and picturesque landscapes have always inspired artists and writers.

In recent decades, the balance of the Black Sea has been seriously disrupted due to the increasing needs of countries that take away from the sea Natural resources, and also due to the methods used in marine fishing. Today the name Black Sea is synonymous with the phrase “Polluted Sea”. According to some scientists, if attitudes towards the sea do not change, it will exist as an ecosystem for no more than 10 years (slide 2).

Purpose Our event is to study the natural resources of the sea, as well as the degree of change in the sea ecosystem as a result of human economic activity.

Objectives of the event (slide 3)

Study the biological, geological, recreational, and economic possibilities of the sea.

Study the causes of ecosystem destruction.

Assess the general ecological state of the Black Sea.

Determine ways to preserve and improve the marine ecosystem.

5. Updating knowledge.

What do we know about the Black Sea?

Define true statement (slide 4)

A) The Black Sea is the largest sea in Europe by area

B) The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, washing the shores of Ukraine in the south.

C) The Black Sea is an inland sea that washes the territory of Ukraine in the east.

Distribute the bays of the Black Sea into contour map according to their location (slide 5)

1. Dzharylgachsky

2. Karkinitsky

3. Kalamitsky

4. Feodosiya

Establish a correspondence between the names of the Black Sea and the peoples who used these names (slide 6)

1. Meotian tribes A. Temarun

2. Scythians of B. Ashkhaen

3. Greeks V. Pont Aksinsky

4. Arabs G. Russian Sea

Match geographical objects with their names (slide 7)

Snake A. Island

Crimean B. Peninsula

Sarych V. Cape

Bosphorus G. Strait

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the sea and their values (slide 8)

1271 A. average depth

2245 B. maximum depth

422 W. sea area

4090 G. coastline length

Finish the sentence (slide 9)

The average salinity of the Black Sea is………..

The Black Sea is located in two climatic zones……………..

The Black Sea washes the shores of six countries…………………

In winter, only …………….part of the sea freezes.

The Black Sea has a hydrogen sulfide layer that starts from the depths......

6. The main part of the extracurricular activity

Guys! We have refreshed our knowledge about the Black Sea. And now we move directly to the debate. (slide 1)

The Black Sea is the pearl of Ukraine. This is a unique natural and important economic object of Ukraine (analysis of poster presentation)

The Black Sea sends a signalSOS, in recent decades the load on the sea ecosystem has sharply increased and it is asking for help (analysis of the poster presentation)

During our joint research, we examined the biological richness of the Black Sea and the current state of biological resources. Biologists will tell us about their research.

Biologists 8b(slides 10, 11, 12)

Vegetable world The sea includes 270 multicellular green, brown, and red algae (cystoseira, phyllophora, zostera, cladophora, etc.). The phytoplankton of the Black Sea contains at least 600 species. As in other seas, aquatic plants are the basis of life. By performing photosynthesis, they form the first strand of the food chain. Among them are flagellates, including dinoflagellates, various diatoms, and coccolithophorids.

The fauna of the Black Sea is noticeably poorer than that of the Mediterranean. In particular, there are no starfish here, sea ​​urchins, sea lilies, octopuses, corals, squids, but the Black Sea is home to 2500 species of animals (500 species of unicellular organisms, 160 species of vertebrate fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, and invertebrates different types)

The main reasons that the Black Sea has less species diversity than the Mediterranean:

Low water salinity (18%)

The constant presence of hydrogen sulfide from a depth of 150-200 m.

Among the planktonic algae that live in the Black Sea, there is such an interesting species as noctiluca (night light) - a predator algae that feeds on ready-made organic substances and has the ability to phosphoresce (the glow of the sea is observed in August).

At the bottom of the Black Sea live mussels, oysters, crabs, shrimp, sea anemones, sponges, and jellyfish.

Among the fish found in the Black Sea: different kinds gobies, Azov anchovy, Black Sea anchovy, katran shark, glossa flounder, flounder, ruffe, red mullet, mackerel, horse mackerel, herring, sprat, seahorse. There are sturgeons (beluga, stellate sturgeon, Black Sea-Azov and Atlantic sturgeons, Black Sea salmon). Birds include seagulls, petrels, diving ducks, cormorants, etc.

Mammals are represented by two species of dolphins – common dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. Azov-Black Sea (Azov dolphin), as well as the white-bellied seal.

In 1997, the Red Book of the Black Sea was created to preserve flora and fauna.

Biologists 8a(slides)

Yes, we agree with you. But previously the main types of commercial Black Sea fish were stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, flounder, turbot, and mackerel. Now these valuable varieties have practically disappeared. There are only the last 3 species of fish left in the sea, the population of which still more or less exists - these are sprat, sprat and anchovy. Moreover, anchovy leaves 90% of all living creatures that are found in the Black Sea.

Biologists name the main reasons for the dying state of the sea ecosystem:

Uncontrolled bottom etching. Until the 90s. XX century The use of trawler vessels was prohibited in the Black Sea. Now there is no such law in Ukraine and barbaric bottom etching is carried out everywhere by fishing companies in attempts to economically survive or make a profit. Everything on the bottom is destroyed, including traditional spawning sites. A striking example– north- West Side seas where the unique red Phyllophora algae used to grow. Now this is no longer the case: the algae have died, and so have the populations of marine communities. After the passage of one trawl, a strip 30 m wide and several kilometers long remains on the bottom, where all living things are removed.

Reproduction of emigrant mollusks.
Ships arriving in Crimea discharge tens of thousands of tons of ballast water (they are collected in other bodies of water to balance the vessel). As a result, marine organisms enter the water, which under natural conditions should not be found in the Black Sea. These organisms destroy colonies of Black Sea mussels - the main orderlies of the ecosystem. The most aggressive alien is the rapana mollusk, which has no natural enemies here. It appeared at sea in 1947. In 1982, jellyfish-like creatures were discovered in the Black Sea. It turned out to be an immune ctenophore - Mnemiopsis. Its active reproduction led to the death of a number of species - from fish to dolphins. In addition to these species, other random invaders of the Black Sea should be noted: hydromedusa, blackfordia, Dutch and blue crabs, etc.

Massive development of the Black Sea coast with villas, boarding houses and sanatoriums. The sea ecosystem is being transformed without coping with the huge amount of household waste: the bottom is covered with a gray-brown coating, which contains the remains of concrete, cement dust and various chemical materials.

IN Lately The volumes of incoming nitrogen and phosphorus, which come with industrial and domestic wastewater, have increased. Nitrogen and phosphorus are plant nutrients. The oversaturation of water with these elements causes a process called eutrophication (overfeeding). Algae multiply intensively. Almost all the oxygen soluble in water is used. Animals, left without oxygen, simply suffocate.

5. Uncontrolled fishing.
The number of species of fish and marine mammals has sharply decreased. Thus, from 1980 to 2000, the number of Black Sea bottlenose dolphins decreased from 56 thousand to 7 thousand individuals. Turkey annually catches 340,000 tons of fish, Ukraine – 63,000 tons, Russia – 25,000 tons. In 2012, 86 users of Ukraine’s living resources fished in the Black Sea (162 small fleet units and 59 fishing vessels).
Currently, sonars are used to search for fish - this also leads to the death of fish. Dolphins getting caught in nets. also leads to a decrease in the number and species diversity of animals.

In order to prevent the movement of marine organisms along with ballast water, in 2004 a number of states under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization signed the Ballast Water Management Convention. However, it has not yet entered into force, since several countries, including Ukraine, have not ratified it.

In recent years, fishing has declined significantly due to overfishing and deteriorating ecological conditions of the sea. Poaching is a significant problem, especially for sturgeon. In 2012 alone, 65 cases of poaching were stopped.

In 2010, 1,909 violations of fisheries protection legislation were detected in Crimea, and 33 tons of fish caught with illegal fishing gear or in prohibited places were seized.

Currently, the adoption of resolutions on the protection and rational use of the Black Sea is carried out formally.

In general, the legislation is imperfect.

There is no single approach to solving problems in fisheries management.

There is no fisheries data processing system.

The Black Sea is an important part of the entire World Ocean. This is an irreplaceable national economic object for many countries, an important area for passenger and tourist shipping. Now economists from two classes will tell us about the economic importance of the Black Sea and how human activity affects the ecosystem.

Economists 8b (slide)

The Black Sea is an important transport area, as well as one of the largest resort areas in Eurasia. In addition, the Black Sea retains important strategic and military significance. In Sevastopol and Novorossiysk there are the main military bases of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, and in Sevastopol and Novoozerny - the Ukrainian Navy, in Sinop and Samsun the ships of the Black Sea group of the Turkish Navy are based, in Varna - the Bulgarian Navy, in Poti and Batumi - the Georgian Navy (currently - the ship composition of the Coast Guard Department of the Georgian Border Police , in Constanta and Mangalia - the Romanian Navy.

The Black Sea is of great transport importance for the economies of the states washed by this body of water. A significant volume of maritime traffic consists of tanker flights that ensure the export of oil and petroleum products from the ports of Russia (primarily from Novorossiysk and Tuapse) and the ports of Georgia (Batumi). Novorossiysk oil terminals are capable of receiving supertankers. However, the volumes of hydrocarbon exports are significantly limited by the limited throughput capacity of the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. An oil terminal was built in the city of Yuzhny to receive oil as part of the Odessa-Brody oil pipeline. There are also projects for the construction of the Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline (at the end of 2011 its construction was postponed indefinitely due to the refusal of Bulgaria) and Samsun-Ceyhan bypassing Black Sea Straits. The Blue Stream deep-sea gas pipeline was laid along the bottom of the Black Sea, connecting Russia and Turkey. Length of the underwater part of the gas pipeline,

running between the village of Arkhipo-Osipovka on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the coast of Turkey 60 km from the city of Samsun, - 396 km. There are plans to expand the capacity of the gas pipeline by laying an additional branch of the pipe, as well as building a new underwater gas pipeline "South Stream"

An international transport corridor passes through the Black SeaTRACECA (TransportCorridorEurope – Caucasus – Asia, Europe-Caucasus-Asia). The Black Sea ports are the end points of a number of Pan-European transport corridors.

At the turn of the twentieth and twentiethIcenturies, more than half of transportation in the Azov-Black Sea basin was carried out foreign trade. In addition to the main oil and petroleum products, ores, metals, and cement were exported (in recent years, grain has become one of the main export goods; previously, on the contrary, it was imported through the Black Sea ports). The main import volumes are non-ferrous metal ores, metal, sugar and other food products, machinery and equipment. Container transportation is widely developed in the Black Sea basin, and there are large container terminals. Transportation is being developed using the ferry crossings Ilyichevsk (Ukraine) - Varna (Bulgaria) and Ilyichevsk (Ukraine) - Batumi (Georgia).

Marine passenger transportation is also developed in the Black Sea (however, after the collapse of the USSR, its volume decreased significantly).

The largest ports on the Black Sea by cargo turnover (data for 2010): Novorossiysk sea trade port (Russia 76.2 million tons), Constanta (Romania, 36.4 million tons), oil port of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (Russia, 34.9 million tons), Odessa sea trade port (Ukraine, 24.7 million tons), Tuapse sea trade port (Russia, 18.5 million tons), Southern sea trade port (Ukraine, 18.2 million tons), Mariupol

sea ​​trade port (Ukraine, 15.9 million tons), Ilyichevsk sea trade port (Ukraine, 15.0 million tons), Erdemir (Turkey, 13.0 million tons).

Along the Don River, which flows into the Sea of ​​Azov, there is a river waterway, connecting the Black Sea with the Caspian Sea (via the Volga-Don Shipping Canal and the Volga), with the Baltic Sea and the White Sea (via the Volga-Baltic Waterway and the White Sea-Baltic Canal). The Danube River is connected to the North Sea through a system of canals.

The following large rivers flow into the Black Sea: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller Yu. Bug, Rioni, etc. The annual river flow into the Black Sea is about 310 km, and 80% of these waters are carried to the northwestern shelf, mainly the Danube and Dnieper. The total flow of fresh water into the Black Sea is 300-35 km per year. 57% comes with the waters of the Danube, 15% - the Dnieper, 2.3% - the Dniester, 8.2% - the Don, 3.1% - the Kuban. Approximately 14.4% of fresh water comes from the rivers of the Caucasus.

Economists 8a .(slide)

Shipping brings a lot of problems to the Black Sea.

The main problem is water pollution with oil and petroleum products. The most polluted areas are the western part of the sea, which accounts for the largest volume of tanker traffic, as well as port waters. As a consequence, this leads to the death of marine animals caught in oil spills, as well as atmospheric pollution due to the evaporation of oil and petroleum products from the surface of the water. Oil pollution leads to the death of eggs and fry. It is very dangerous for birds. Crude oil sticks to the tail and destroys the insulation. Birds die from hypothermia.

According to reports from the International Tanker Owners Association at the beginning ofXXIcentury, the Black Sea ranked first in terms of oil pollution. While in the open part of the Black Sea the level of pollution is low, in coastal waters, especially near ports, it often exceeds the maximum permissible standards. Oil comes from planned or emergency discharges from ships, as well as from land-based sources. Currently, accidental spills amount to 110 tons per year. However, these figures will increase due to the increasing volumes of oil and petroleum products transportation and the construction of new oil terminals. Significant damage to the waters and coastline of the northwestern part of the Black Sea and, especially Kerch Strait, caused an accident on November 1, 2007, as a result of which a tanker and several bulk carriers transporting sulfur sank. At least 1,600 tons of fuel oil and 7,000 tons of sulfur got into the water. The total area of ​​water pollution exceeded 660 km 2 , total length The coastline contaminated with oil products was 183 km. 100 tons of oil products ended up in the sea. Approximately 50 thousand ships pass through the Black Sea annually. Each one pollutes the sea a little, and in the event of an accident, a lot. In 2010 alone, 110 thousand tons of oil ended up in the sea.

Every year, up to 60 thousand ships pass through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. The intensity of shipping in the Black Sea is increasing due to countries that transit through Odessa, Varna (Bulgaria), Constanta (Romania), Batumi (Georgia), Samsun (Turkey).

Tourist shipping is also very developed, which also contributes to the pollution of the Black Sea. So, along with the profit from shipping, we have considerable damage.

The Black Sea is Ukraine's pantry. We studied the geological resources of the sea. The floor is given to a group of geologists of class 8b.(slide)

Geologists 8b.

Among the main mineral resources, deposits of which are found on the seabed: oil and natural gas, on the northwestern shelf, coastal placers of titanium-magnesium sands (Taman Peninsula, Caucasus coast). Methane reserves in the form of gas hydrates in deep-sea sediments of the Black Sea were discovered in 1972 and according to modern estimates can reach 25-49 trillion m of gas.

Sea water contains everything chemical elements of our planet. If you evaporate the water, you can get 100 thousand kg of gold.

The composition of the rocks that make up the seabed in the coastal zone is dominated by coarse sediments: pebbles, granite, sand, and with distance from the coast they are replaced by fine-grained sands and silts. In the northwestern part of the Black Sea, shell rocks are widespread; pelitic silts are common on the slope and bed of the sea basin.

What can a group of 8a class geologists answer to this?( slide)

Geologists 8a.

We must note the fact that mining in the Black Sea is a very environmentally polluting activity. Gas and oil are actively extracted in the Black Sea, so cargo flows of water transport have increased sharply. At depths of 20-22 m, vessels weighing 100 thousand tons move, the propellers of which stir up this sediment, and this carries currents over long distances. As a result, water transparency deteriorates, solar radiation passes through worse and the ecosystem dies. A striking example of this: in August 2012, after a one-day cruise in the northwestern region of the Ukrainian industrial gas production flotilla, a massive death of fish was recorded off the coast of the Kherson region. Then, in a week, more than a million dead fish washed ashore. According to the “Marine Red Book” and the results of a study of marine pollution with oil products, in the map of dangerous regions the Black Sea ranks one of the first places in terms of the amount of waste from the mining industry. About 160 species of fauna living in the Black Sea are on the verge of extinction due to the excessive content of oil products in the waters of the Black Sea. As a result of pollution, the fish catch has decreased by 5 times in recent years. So on the one hand we are extracting resources, and on the other hand we are destroying the ecosystem.

The Black Sea coast has a favorable climate. On its banks there is a huge number of historical and cultural values. Everyone who has visited the Black Sea at least once remembers the azure sky, warm water blue color, coastal gardens, medieval palaces and much more. The Black Sea is an important area for people’s health and recreation. A group of doctors who studied the possibilities and problems of the Black Sea as a recreational region will now tell us about their research.

Doctors 8b(slide)

Favorable climatic conditions in the Black Sea region determine its development as an important resort region. The largest resort areas on the Black Sea include: the Southern Coast of Crimea (Yalta, Alushta, Koktebel, Feodosia) in Ukraine, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (Anapa, Gelendzhik, Sochi) in Russia, Pitsunda, Gagra in Abkhazia, Batumi in Georgia, the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria (Golden Sands and Sunny Beach). Black Sea coast of Romania (Mamaia, Eforie).

Sea water is very similar in composition to some mineral waters. Doctors often prescribe it for functional diseases nervous system, myocardial dystrophy, respiratory diseases, cardiosclerosis, heart defects, diseases of the stomach and intestines, metabolic disorders. Sea water contains all the chemical elements, as well as various salts, biogenic stimulants, hormone-like substances, and provitamins.

For a long time, people have been using natural sand baths for various diseases: dropsy, scrofula, gout, paralysis, rheumatism, rickets. During sand baths, heated sand is used to cover the body, except for the heart area.

It is known that insufficient exposure of the body to ultraviolet light disrupts vitamin synthesis and cell function. American scientists recently suggested that insufficient exposure to sunlight increases the incidence of cancer.

The American scientist Grant identified a pattern of increasing the number of diseases of breast, colon, and ovarian cancer if there is a lack of solar radiation. So the recommendation to be exposed to sunlight as little as possible indicates a one-sided approach.

As for the relationship between solar and Chernobyl radiation, the influence of the latter is minimal. In the Chernobyl zone, the level of radiation in the air is lower than on the central streets of Kyiv. Only those who experienced the Chernobyl impact in 1986 need to be afraid of the sun.

The combination of bathing and swimming in sea water is very beneficial for health. The presence of trace elements and salts in sea water has a very beneficial effect on humans. Swimming in the sea helps with rickets, hysteria, anemia, general fatigue, obesity, and chronic colds.

Air baths are very beneficial for the body. White color Even in the time of Homer, skin was considered a sign that all was not well with one’s health. And Hippocrates considered the sun to be a medicine for everyone. It is necessary to be in the sun for those who have residual effects of pneumonia, wounds that heal slowly, hematomas that slowly resolve, open and closed fractures, and anemia.

Doctors 8a(slide)

In coastal states, outbreaks of infectious diseases such as hepatitis A and cholera are repeatedly observed. Now the naked eye can see how much the ecological situation in sea water has deteriorated. Visually, you can see a huge amount of suspensions in the form of white lumps, strings, rags, and snot. Every liter of water is filled with carriers of bacteria, including pathogenic ones. According to sanitary and epidemiological services, in 2012 there was a 30% increase in the number of infectious diseases among vacationers. In the bays of Sevastopol and Feodosia, the concentration of mercury exceeds the maximum permissible standards by 5 times, arsenic by 50 times, and toxic chemicals by 500 times. This is no longer sea water, but poison! In addition, the seabed is saturated with pesticides. Marine mammals unwittingly accumulate harmful compounds. The skin of the dolphins that washed up off the coast of Crimea was covered with ulcers, and their internal organs were damaged.

At the bottom of the Black Sea, half a thousand barrels with chemical weapons were found, which were most likely sunk in 1941 before the offensive. fascist troops. The banks were designed for 70 years, i.e. their service life has expired. Barrels with toxic substances lie along the coast of Crimea. The contents of one barrel are enough to destroy all living things within a radius of 40 km.

Among the factors that negatively affect the immune system, solar radiation is one of the main ones. The sun strongly suppresses immune reactions and also modifies them. People pay for an excess of solar radiation with premature skin aging, as well as cancer. After an active holiday by the sea, arthritis, lupus erythematosus, thyroid diseases, intestinal polyps, fibroids in women, nodules in the mammary glands, and leukemia begin to progress. Many of these diseases appear only in adulthood, even if they were exposed to the negative effects of the sun in childhood and adolescence. The risk of getting skin cancer is higher in adults. Usually this serious diagnosis is given to those who have spent many years in the sun. Another danger of excess ultraviolet radiation is the risk of melanoma, a malignant skin tumor. Sunburn also leads to disturbances in the structure of the skin and thereby creates a predisposition to the development of cancer.

Swimming in sea water is contraindicated for those who suffer from diseases of the blood vessels, heart, kidney disease, and radiculitis. This is due to the fact that the water temperature is much lower than the human body temperature, which leads to hypothermia and thereby aggravates these diseases. So the big question is: will we improve our health on the Black Sea coast?

A special problem of the Black Sea is hydrogen sulfide contamination. This question worries scientists in many countries. Various theories have been put forward about the origin of hydrogen sulfide, the danger of its presence in the sea and possible ways to solve this problem. Groups of our geochemist specialists also studied this problem.

Geokhimiki 8a (slide)

As a result of a large-scale oceanographic expedition carried out back in 1890, it was found that about 90% of the volume of the sea is filled with hydrogen sulfide and only 10% with clean water, not contaminated with poisonous gas. In the lower layer of the sea, neither animals nor plants can survive, and only certain types of bacteria can exist. A deadly gas fills a huge space, killing all living things in its path. The entire volume of sea water is divided into two parts; surface water can only reach the bottom of the sea after hundreds of years. This property is unique; in the whole world there is not a single sea without a hard bottom. The upper 100 m of water is predominantly fresh river water, which has low density. In the lower part of the sea, heavy salty water with salinity up to 30 ppm and high density. Therefore, for water from the upper layer (enriched with oxygen) to flow into the lower layer, at least 130 years must pass.

The maximum depth of the Black Sea is just over two kilometers. The top layer of water, where marine life is concentrated, is only 100 meters deep, and in some places the thickness of the layer of clean water barely reaches 50 meters. Beneath it there is a liquid lens of “dead” water, which periodically breaks out and reveals its destructive essence. Major breakthroughs occur quite rarely, but each of them causes a lot of harm to marine life. According to experts, the explosion of all the hydrogen sulfide can be comparable to the Earth meeting with an asteroid with half the mass of the Moon.

Disputes over the cause of the appearance of hydrogen sulfide at the bottom of the Black Sea have not subsided to this day. The toxic gas could have come from cracks in the seabed or could have been caused by specific bacterial actions. Without oxygen, only anaerobic bacteria that participate in the decomposition of the remains of living organisms can survive in the deep layers of the Black Sea. As a result of this decomposition, hydrogen sulfide may be formed. According to another version, the poisonous gas could have been formed as a result of a specific connection between the sea and the World Ocean through the narrow Bosphorus Strait. A certain amount of water penetrates from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, turning it into a kind of sump, which has accumulated a large amount of hydrogen sulfide over many years. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide increases from a depth of 150 m, amounting to 0.19 mg/1 l to a depth of 2000 m, where it reaches 9.6 mg/l. If we consider the average concentration of hydrogen sulfide to be 5.73 mg/l, then the approximate amount of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea is 3.1 billion tons. Some studies in recent years allow us to speak of the Black Sea as a giant reservoir of not only hydrogen sulfide, but also methane, which is most likely released , also during the activity of microorganisms, as well as from the bottom of the sea. Possible explosion

1 reason. Oil and gas companies lay pipelines under the sea. The difficulty of repairing and maintaining structures will sooner or later lead to their breakdown, and as a result, to an explosion in the hydrogen sulfide layer. Innocent people will pay for someone's rash actions.:

2 The cause of the explosion may be the vagaries of nature. The last explosion occurred in 1927 during a strong earthquake in Yalta. Eyewitnesses testified that disturbances in the earth's crust were accompanied by disgusting flashes directed from the surface of the sea to the sky. The Black Sea was burning, the smell of rotten eggs was in the air.

Reason 3. Seorhydrogen rises to the surface of the sea. According to scientists, in a few years the thickness of the protective layer of water will be no more than 15 meters... An explosion is possible as a result of the interaction of hydrogen sulfide with atmospheric air. An explosion can lead to strong tectonic shifts and release into the atmosphere large quantity sulfuric acid. Acid rain, poisoned air, a series of earthquakes - this is what the population of coastal areas can expect.

Geochemists 8b (slide)

Yes! This problem exists. But experts say the tragedy can be avoided. It is enough to act competently and coordinatedly for the benefit of the Black Sea. Scientists are not sitting idle - they already have some money in reserve, the main idea of ​​which is to use Black Sea hydrogen sulfide as fuel, because the poisonous gas releases a huge amount of heat during combustion. It sounds tempting, but how do you extract hydrogen sulfide from the seabed? According to a group of scientists from Kherson, this is not difficult to do: it is enough to lower a strong pipe to a depth of 80 m and lift water through it once. Due to the pressure difference, a fountain consisting of gas and water is formed. Simply put, the effect will be similar to opening a bottle of champagne. In 1990, the authors of the idea carried out an experiment proving the possibility of such a fountain operating for a long period until hydrogen sulfide was released.

Another method of raising hydrogen sulfide to the sea surface has been developed. Scientists have proposed putting fresh water through pipes with a lower density than sea water. Several such pipes, creating the effect of artificial aeration, would make it possible to stop the spreading process and gradually eliminate it completely. Such manipulations are already being effectively carried out for cleaning aquariums and small bodies of water.

Protection of the Black Sea ecosystem is an important problem of our time. By the beginning of the 21st century, the ecological state of the Black Sea was defined as a crisis. But the Black Sea is part of our common home. A group of 8a grade ecologists will tell us about how we, coastal residents, contribute to the destruction of the ecosystem.

Ecologists 8a(slide)

. More than 170 million people live in the Black Sea basin and wastewater from 17 countries directly flows into the sea. The northwestern part of the sea is home to 120 million people, which is 70% of the total population of the Black Sea basin. The area of ​​the basin is almost 5 times larger than the sea area. Thus, 20 European countries discharge untreated wastewater into the Black Sea, including through the Danube, Prut, and Dnieper. Moreover, the main burden falls on the northwestern part of the sea, where 65% of all living organisms originate and the main spawning grounds are located.

Every year the Danube alone brings 1000 tons of chromium, 4500 tons of lead, 6000 tons of zinc, and 58.9 liters of mercury into the sea.

Every year, 111,000 tons of oil enter the sea, 47% with the flow of the Danube. 10 million people dump their waste directly into the sea without prior treatment. At the bottom of the Black Sea there are 16 official dumpings (garbage dumping sites), and 10% of the total sea pollution is caused by these dumps.

Rivers bring 55,000 tons of phosphates, 340,000 tons of nitrates, and 10,700,000 tons of other organic substances to the sea.

Large cities and ports are also sources of pollution.

After the Chernobyl accident, the Black Sea was subjected to radioactive contamination (especially the northwestern part, where the Dnieper flows).

Diving studies show that the bottom of coastal waters is literally littered with household garbage. These are bottles, cans, plastic waste, pieces of fishing nets, etc. The same garbage is present everywhere on the shore. Solid household waste has become a real scourge of the coast in recent years. The following main sources of municipal solid waste can be identified:

They are thrown into the sea from ships;

Often landfills are made along the banks of rivers, and during floods the waste is poured into the rivers, then the sea;

During the holiday season there is a huge amount of garbage on the beaches.

In seawater, household waste can decompose over years, decades, while plastic can take centuries. At the same time, toxic decomposition products enter the water. Floating plastic debris is often swallowed by animals and thus die.

In resort towns, some Dolphinariums and marine aquariums open. Very often, alien species of animals end up in the open sea and this is also dangerous for the Black Sea ecosystem.

As a result of the fact that domestic, industrial and agricultural waters enter the sea, the population of phytoplankton in it increases. The life cycle becomes very short. Organisms die, sink to the bottom and decompose. The water becomes opaque, photosynthesis becomes difficult, and the amount of oxygen decreases 2, As a result, living organisms die. This leads to a decrease in biodiversity. The Black Sea is gradually turning into a swamp.

From 1990 to 2000, 60 million tons of organisms died due to O deficiency 2

Military bases located on the coast dump chromium, lead, copper, and zinc into the sea along with waste. These elements accumulate in marine organisms (for example, in mussels) and have a harmful effect on the human body, causing chronic poisoning.

Large animals swallow debris on the shore. For example, plastics have been found in the stomachs of mammals washed ashore.

Millions of people from different regions and countries come here for a seaside holiday. They have the right to enjoy the natural beauty of the sea without putting their health and the health of their children at risk due to its pollution. The Black Sea ecosystem is still alive. A lot is being done to stop the destruction of sea flora and fauna, reduce pollution and preserve natural resources for future generations. The floor is given to ecologists of class 8b.(slide).

Ecologists 8b

The main international document regulating the protection of the Black Sea is the Convention for the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution, signed by six Black Sea countries - Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine in 1992. in Bucharest (Bucharest Convention)

Also in June 1994. Representatives of Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine and the European Union signed the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Danube River in Sofia. As a result of these agreements, the Black Sea Commission (center Istanbul) and the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (center Vienna) were created. These bodies perform the function of coordinating environmental programs implemented within the framework of the conventions.

October 31, 1996 Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine have adopted a strategic action plan for the protection and restoration of the Black Sea, where one of the issues is the protection of dolphins and whales.

Every year on October 31, all countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day.

City administrations plan to build a modern waste disposal system. The plan consists of several stages:

1. Construction of a safe landfill with a processing plant.

2. The introduction of separate waste collection - this technology appeared a long time ago, but as practice shows, not everyone is ready for this.

3.The next important element of organizing waste recycling is promoting environmental protection.

4. As part of the fight against eutrophication, in some cities (eg Anapa), deep-water collectors for releasing treated wastewater into the Black Sea have been commissioned, which significantly improve the ecology of cities.

5.On special beaches technical means The coastal strip is being cleaned of rotting algae.

6. Regarding oil pollution: during the operation of oil ports, there are always acceptable oil losses. According to expert calculations, this allowance ranged from 2,000 to 4,000 thousand tons of oil per year. But, of course, strict strict compliance with environmental standards, permanent technological equipment of oil pumping and transportation facilities, and installation of these barriers along the path of a possible oil spill with a view to its immediate elimination are required.

Nature reserves are being created to preserve the nature of the Black Sea. One of the unique reserves of the Black Sea is the Lebyazhy Islands reserve.

VIDEO FRAGMENT “SWAN ISLANDS”

Ecologists 8a(slide)

All these environmental protection measures are carried out at the national level. But we, students, also contribute to the destruction of the Black Sea ecosystem and therefore, by taking some measures, we will reduce the harmful impact on the Black Sea and help in preserving nature. We have to

Try to conserve water so as not to overload treatment systems.

Do not pour oil, paints or chemicals onto the ground or down drains, but dispose of them in an environmentally friendly manner.

Plant trees, shrubs and flowers around your home and in public places

Limit the use of plastic bags and choose products in environmentally safe packaging.

Follow the rules for disposal of solid household waste.

After visiting the beach and seashore, take your trash with you.

Only with the active position of coastal residents can growth be prevented environmental problems and save the Black Sea.

7. Summarizing .

We have now come to the end of our discussion. Today we talked about the Black Sea from two positions. The first position of grade 8b is that the Black Sea will survive the crisis, people will solve its problems and this ecosystem has a great future. Second position - position 8a class - that the Black Sea is dying. Yes, it's still alive. But the barbaric attitude of people will lead to his death.

Let's summarize. Is it possible to restore the sea ecosystem? How close is the sea to destruction? Or are the tragic forecasts exaggerated? Each of you must now think, decide and vote. In front of you is a magnetic board with an outline of the sea and magnets. If you think that everything will be fine, that people and states will be able to restore the loss of the ecosystem and will continue to enjoy the beauty and richness of the sea, then place your magnet within the sea. And if, in your opinion, the Black Sea will perish and there is no chance of saving it, then place the magnet outside the sea. (slide).

Well. The results of your vote are visible on the magnetic board. The Black Sea ecosystem will live. That's what the majority decided. It is very correct that young people vote for a prosperous future. After all, you are the future of our country and the entire planet Earth. And therefore, it is in your hands to make sure that the Black Sea really is the pearl of Ukraine, and the signalsSOSnever served.

This concludes our event. Thank you all very much for your work and attention. Goodbye!