The First World War was forgotten during Soviet times. They tried not to mention the exploits of our great-grandfathers, who considered it the Second Patriotic War, calling it imperialist, which was only the threshold of the Civil War. Correcting the undeserved oblivion of the events of this turning point war in our history, without the lessons of which it will be difficult for us to overcome modern challenges, is the task of the whole society, and not just professional historians.

On the centenary of the First World War, the Russian Military Historical Society opened an Internet service “The Great War. People's Archive of the First World War" (pomnimvseh.histrf.ru). Anyone can create their own page on the site with documents from the family archive, memories related to the events of the First World War .

The work of the project in test mode has already shown its high demand and popularity among Internet users who are not indifferent to the history of their country. " My great-grandmother Varvara Ivanovna Dracheva, the daughter of a hereditary nobleman, served as a nurse at an evacuation hospital in 1916-1918.»… « My grandfather fought in both world wars and the Civil War. Armosov Nikolai Vasilievich was born on April 24, 1893 in the city of St. Petersburg, in the family of a landless peasant in the village of Chizhovo, Bezhetsk region, retired captain of the 145th infantry Novocherkassk Emperor Alexander III regiment" These words begin the testimonies about ancestors who participated in the First World War.

For project participants, the site is an opportunity to talk about their loved ones. Documents, diaries, postcards, postcards, photos of weapons, warships, front-line photographs, portraits and signatures - not only of relatives - are posted. The Internet project is a kind of chronicle, a place for storing any, even indirect, evidence about the First World War, about which we still know so little.

The site gathers around itself people for whom the theme of the First World War is alive and personally suffered. Over the course of a month of work in test mode, hundreds of unique photographs, rare documents, diary entries, and biographical information about real participants in hostilities appeared in the People's Archive.

The motto of the project is “Let's save history together!” The people's archive of documents from the First World War, which was kept silent for a century, is waiting for new chroniclers. At the All-Russian multimedia exhibition “Look into the eyes of war”, which will open on August 28, 2014 in the Small Manege in Moscow, there will be an information kiosk in which documents from the family archive can be posted on the website "Great War. People's Archive of the First World War" anyone who wants.

If your family archive contains evidence of the First World War, create your own page and share these documents with your descendants.

Editorial staff of the website "Western Rus'"
at the request of the project organizers
"Great War. People's Archive of the First World War"

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For many years this war remained silent. In the USSR she was considered inglorious and anti-people, and therefore unworthy of public attention. Outside the Union borders, the pages of its history were turned timidly and slowly: victories burned with death, defeats with the tears of those who only yesterday received front-line letters and urgent telegrams. After a long pause, they started talking about the war with their eyes wide open. Not only official documents emerged from the shadow of silence, but also private archives that nourish the soil great history.

In the year of commemoration of the events of a century ago, historians are eager to throw out the bloody statistics of the war: 10 million killed and 20 million wounded from 38 participating countries (or three-quarters of the world's population), which lasted 4 years, 3 months and 10 days (from August 1, 1914 to November 11 1918) were engulfed in a whirlwind of unprecedented scale and cruelty. But there is hardly a historian who would dare to say how many military documents and evidence have been classified, forgotten and lost since the fatal shot of Gavrilo Princip. An even more difficult task is to get out of closets and attics the history of one life, family or small homeland. This is the closed space that, in synthesis with official narratives, can change the punctuation marks in the main sentences printed in red letters in history textbooks.

From the world according to the document: Europeans are writing their war history

Personal archives began to be used as an alternative source of great history in the 1970s. In Britain, where there has long been a strong tradition of oral and written accounts, historian Alf Peacock recorded interviews with eyewitnesses of the First World War. Among them were participants in the Battle of Ypres, doctors saving the lives of the wounded, and even soldiers fleeing the battlefield. The historian’s work did not go unnoticed. The tapes containing the stories of 231 people were sent to staff and volunteers at the York Oral History Society. In 2012, audio recordings of eyewitnesses attracted the interest of the UK Heritage Lottery Fund, which allocated almost fifty thousand pounds for the digitization of unique materials. As a result, 250 hours of film were transferred to a book and a CD.

But the matter did not end there either. Inspired by the example of fellow historians, the British Imperial War Museum and the online community Zooniverse.org set about digitizing the diaries of English soldiers and officers. Once again, the deciphering and publication of one and a half million pages of World War I archives was not without the help of volunteers. This extensive evidence base subsequently served as the basis for over a thousand BBC radio programmes.

“Europeana 1914-1918” is a special digital resource dedicated earlier
unpublished documents of the First World War. It included about
400 thousand documents,660 hours of film recordings and 90 thousand personal files and belongings.

The enthusiasm and sense of inner duty of volunteers paved the way to one of the largest digital collections from the First World War, “Europeana 1914-1918”. This online resource, opened on January 28 this year, has already grown to global status: it brings together the collections of many organizations around the world, including archives in Canada, Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand. Initially, the collection of archival materials was created by twenty European countries. It included about 400 thousand documents, 660 hours of unique film materials and 90 thousand personal files and belongings of war participants. “This is a unique collection of historical artifacts that have never been exhibited or published anywhere before,” says Europeana executive director Jill Cousins. “Much of the content is open-licensed, allowing it to be reused over and over again, and we would love for a wide range of people to be able to use the contents of the collection in their own projects.”

Russia collects archives

After a protracted silence, Russian archives have also begun to reconstruct a small history of the big war. If we talk about very little, then we will have to return again to the European idea of creating an international collection archival documents. Few people know that the Russian State Library made a significant contribution to the creation of “Europeans 1914-1918,” providing 270 photographs from its own collections for online use. In Russian state archive There is an even richer collection of film and photo documents, numbering over a hundred albums on the history of the war. A detailed list of photographic documents from the archive can be found on the Rosarkhiv website.

The largest complex of documents on the First World War to date is stored within the walls of the Lefortovo Palace, where the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) are housed. The Lefortovo archive of military materials contains almost half a million items dating back to the period Great War. At a distance of two thousand kilometers from it, in an ancient town near Tyumen, Yalutorovsk, the digitization of documents began. By the end of 2018, the 100th anniversary of the end of the war, it is planned to scan over 7.7 million cards from the Bureau for the Accounting of Losses on the Fronts of the First World War.

Once these racks with a total length of 1120 meters were part of a unit for conducting “special office work for collecting and recording information about those who retired due to death or injury, as well as missing military ranks.” In a few years, an inventory of scanned documents will be posted on the website of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, and the archives will be available on the basis of an electronic application. However, today archivists in Yalutorovsk are already working on requests from individuals and institutions: if the required name is on the lists, the applicant receives a copy of it. With great gratitude, the Tyumen branch of the RGVIA is ready to accept personal (family) archives dating back to the war period.

TSAMO.ORG is an online archive of German documents from the First World War.
He combined 465 cases with a total volume of 36,142 sheets, which are provided
on an open access basis.

Another extensive archival and historical project of TSAMO.ORG is a child Central Archives Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (TsAMO). Since 1953, it has housed a large collection of German documents from the First World War. For many years, these materials had neither annotations nor translations and were inaccessible to visitors to the archive. With the support of the German Historical Institute in Moscow, the electronic collection “German Documents of the First World War” was born in mid-July of this year, which contains 465 files with a total volume of 36,142 pages. Most of the digital archive of TsAMO are maps and diagrams (787!), orders and instructions, combat logs military units, personal files of military personnel and other documents on personnel records, special propaganda materials in the enemy army, information reports, personal correspondence, photographs, etc. Electronic versions of digitized documents are publicly available on the website tsamo.org.

The authors of a special project designed with creative inspiration and painstaking work by Lenta.ru and Rambler Infographics claim the title of an alternative textbook of domestic and world history. This site, which is not devoid of aesthetic pretensions, contains facts, thoughts, things and documents about the First World War, which still connect us with the events of the First World War. “Time is often compared to water, and its course to the flow of a river. You can drown in time, you can disappear without a trace, but it also brings the most unexpected artifacts to the surface,” the authors of the special project warn the reader. We can readily agree with them. In order for the cruel rapids of this winding river to leave living marks in the hearts of contemporaries, people, events, things and documents must not remain silent, for silence gives birth to oblivion, and oblivion is a direct path to mistakes.

THE FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918): DOCUMENTS OF THE ERA.

RUSSIA (1914-1917).

Leading department employee

military literature

Ilya Baushev

2014 marks the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, one of the largest military conflicts in human history. 38 states took part in the hostilities that took place on earth, in the skies and on water, and lasted more than four years (from August 1, 1914 to November 11, 1918). More than 74 million people fought on the battlefields, of whom 10 million died and 20 million were wounded and maimed.

In terms of its scale, human losses, military weapons used (tanks, armored vehicles, machine guns, etc.) and communications, as well as socio-political consequences, the First World War had no equal in all previous history. It had a huge impact on the economy, politics, ideology, and the system of international relations, leading to the collapse of a number of powerful European states and the emergence of a new geopolitical situation in the world.

Unevenness played a decisive role in the beginning of the war economic development countries that had developed by the twentieth century, its spasmodic nature, which led to rivalry between the world's largest powers and sharp political and economic contradictions between them. In particular, between Germany (the main organizer of the military-political bloc “Triple Alliance”, which included Austria-Hungary and (until 1915) Italy) and Great Britain (a member of the military-political bloc of the Entente created in opposition to the “Triple Alliance”, which included also France and Russia).

Germany's strategic plans included the desire to defeat its main enemy Great Britain, weaken France and Russia (by separating Poland, the Baltic states and Ukraine from it) and, together with Austria-Hungary, establish itself in the Balkans and the Middle East.

The murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by Serbian nationalists on June 28, 1914 in the city of Sarajevo (Bosnia) became the reason for the outbreak of the First World War. Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum with obviously unacceptable conditions for resolving the conflict, which the Serbs rejected. On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Fulfilling allied obligations to Serbia, Russia began general mobilization on July 30. The next day, Germany, in the form of an ultimatum, demanded that Russia stop mobilization. The German ultimatum was left unanswered by Russia, and on August 1 Germany declared war on Russia.

« Germany declared war on Russia and began military operations. We must defend our homeland and the honor of our weapons. This is not the first time our troops have had to fight the Germans: they tested our weapons in 1757 and 1812, and we always remained victorious.

I am convinced that the troops entrusted to me will show their inherent valor in the coming war and, as always, will honestly and selflessly fulfill their duty.”

(From Order No. 2 to troops Northwestern Front dated July 20 (Old Style), 1914, Commander-in-Chief of the North-Western Front, Warsaw).

The main land fronts in Europe, on which the outcome of the First World War was decided, were the Western (French) and Eastern (Russian) (for Russia - the North-Western Front, created on August 1, 1914, from August 17, 1915, divided into the Northern and Western Fronts ).

More than 130 volumes, over 20 thousand documents from the era of the First World War are presented, perhaps for the first time, so widely, consistently and completely in this microfilm collection.

Military documents 1914-1917. present a fairly complete picture of the activities of the Russian high command, the central bodies of military control of that period (orders and orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (uncle of Emperor Nicholas II); orders for the Main Directorate of the General Staff, orders for the Military Department, Circulars of the General Staff etc.), as well as commanders of fronts and armies during the period of combat operations in the theaters of military operations of the First World War (including in the northwestern direction, against the German Empire and its ally Austria-Hungary).

Among them, documents relating to the activities of the North-Western, Western and Northern Fronts (orders of the commanders-in-chief of the fronts, commanders of the armies of the fronts: 1st, 2nd, 5th, 10th, etc.) that took part may be of particular interest in such military operations against German and Austro-Hungarian troops as East Prussian, Warsaw-Ivangorod, Lodz, Augustow, Prasnysh, Vilna, Mitau, etc.

What are these documents about? What can you learn from them?

About combat operations, the situation at the front, about the quartermaster supply and the life of the troops, about military successes and fatal mistakes that became the causes of military defeats (such as, for example, described in Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the North-Western Front No. 39 dated August 21 (Old Style) 1914.). The documents cover issues of conducting combat operations against the enemy:

"The battles that took place Lately V East Prussia in the troops of the front entrusted to me, they showed that the Germans successfully use machine guns mounted on armored vehicles. Such machine guns..., taking advantage of the abundance of highways and the speed of their movement, appearing on the flanks and in the rear of our position, fired at not only our troops, but also the convoys with real fire.” In order to ensure the protection of troops from machine gun fire, the Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the Northwestern Front ordered “send forward teams of mounted sappers to damage those highways that could serve... the enemy for movement...” (From Order No. 35 of the Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the North-Western Front dated August 19 (Old Style) 1914, Bialystok).

and rules of conduct in the territories occupied by him:

“By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the North-Western Front, I order, when occupying German cities, to take from 6 to 10 hostages from among the inhabitants (exclusively of German origin); in addition, take an indemnity from them... to subsequently pay those affected by German atrocities in our cities. Contributions should be imposed only on the German population, and not on the Polish... Money must be handed over, against a receipt, to field treasuries.” (From Order No. 33 to the troops of the 1st Army of August 10 (Old Style), 1914, von Rennenkampf).

Of interest are documents that reveal the composition of the fronts, their structural changes, personnel appointments, changes (recall and appointments) of their commanders-in-chief.

In general, the documents give an unvarnished idea of the daily routine of the First World War, in all its manifestations: from courage and heroism (award lists indicating the names and military merits of Russian soldiers and named award lists of persons of the Red Cross Society at the armies of the fronts), to egregious cases of violation of military discipline, punishable by execution (order to the troops of the 1st Army No. 34 of August 10 (Old Style) 1914).

The First World War served as a catalyst for revolutionary processes in Russia, leading to the October Revolution of 1917. After the October Revolution, Russia actually left the war, signing an armistice agreement with the German-Austrian bloc on December 2, and later began peace negotiations (Brest-Litovsk Peace).

In the fall of 1918, Germany's allies (Bulgaria, Turkey, Austria-Hungary) concluded a truce with the Entente member countries.

Defeat at the fronts, as well as an unfavorable economic situation, accelerated the maturation of revolutionary events in Germany. On November 9, 1918, the monarchy in Germany was overthrown.

On November 11, Germany capitulated, and in the Compiègne forest, at the Retonde station (France), the German delegation signed an armistice. Germany admitted itself defeated. Final terms peace treaties with Germany and its allies were worked out at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920. On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending the First World War.

It remains to express the hope that thanks to this publication on microfilm, many interesting and to this day little-known materials, documents and sources on the First World War of 1914 - 1918 will be available. will become available to the general public, will serve to create new historical works, and will attract the attention of everyone who is interested in world and domestic military history, as well as army and regimental historiography.

First World War 1914-1918. Data. Documentation. Shatsillo Vyacheslav Kornelievich

Documentation

1. The truce between the RSFSR, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the other hand, concluded in Brest-Litovsk on December 2/15, 1917.

Between the plenipotentiary representatives of the High Commands of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other, the following truce is concluded to achieve a long-lasting and honorable peace for all parties.

1. The truce begins on December 17, 1917 at noon (December 4, 1917 at 2 p.m. Russian time) and will last until January 14, 1918 at noon (January 1, 1918 at 2 p.m. Russian time). The contracting parties have the right to denounce the truce on the 21st day for a period of seven days. If this does not follow, the truce will automatically continue to operate until one of the parties denounces it within a seven-day period.

2. The truce applies to all ground and air forces of the named powers on the land front, on the Russian Black Sea and on the Baltic Sea. In the Russian-Turkish military theaters in Asia, the truce comes into force simultaneously. The contracting parties undertake not to strengthen the military units located on these fronts... Further, the contracting parties undertake... not to make operational movements of troops from the front from the Baltic to the Black Sea...

4. To develop and strengthen friendly relations between the peoples of the contracting parties, organized communication of troops is permitted under the following conditions:

1) Communication is permitted for parliamentarians, for members of the truce commissions and for their representatives... 2) In each sector of the Russian division, organized communication can take place in approximately two or three places. To do this, in the neutral zone, by agreement with the opposing division, points for communication between the demarcation lines must be established, and these points must be marked with white flags. Communication is allowed only during the day from sunrise to sunset. No more than 25 persons from each side without weapons can be present in communication areas at the same time. Exchange of information and newspapers is permitted. Open letters can be forwarded for further delivery. The sale and exchange of everyday goods is permitted at public meeting points…

9. The contracting parties will immediately begin peace negotiations after signing the armistice agreement.

10. Based on the principle of freedom, independence and territorial integrity of a neutral Persian state, the Turkish and Russian high command declare their readiness to withdraw troops from Persia. They will immediately enter into relations with the Persian government in order to settle the details of the recall and those measures that would still be necessary to consolidate the above principle.

(Klyuchnikov Yu. V., Sabanin A. V. International policy of modern times in treaties, notes and declarations. Part 2. M., 1926. WITH. 97–98. Next: International politics.)

2. Declaration made by the Commissioner of the RSFSR L. D. Trotsky at a meeting of the political commission of the peace conference in Brest-Litovsk on January 28 / February 10, 1918.

...We believe that after lengthy debate and comprehensive consideration of the issue, the hour for decisions has come. The peoples are eagerly awaiting the results of the peace negotiations in Brest-Litovsk. People ask when will this unprecedented self-destruction of humanity, caused by the self-interest and lust for power of the ruling classes of all countries, end? If ever a war was waged for the purposes of self-defense, it has long ceased to be so for both camps. If Great Britain takes possession of the African colonies, Baghdad and Jerusalem, then this is not yet a defensive war; if Germany occupies Serbia, Belgium, Poland, Lithuania and Romania and captures the Moonsund Islands, then this is also not a defensive war. This is a struggle for the division of the world. It's clear now: clearer than ever.

We no longer wish to take part in this imperialist war, where the claims of the propertied classes are clearly paid for in human blood. We are equally uncompromising about the imperialism of both camps, and we no longer agree to shed the blood of our soldiers in defense of the interests of one camp of imperialists against the other.

In anticipation of that - we hope, near - hour when the oppressed working classes of all countries will take power into their hands, like the working people of Russia, we are withdrawing our army and our people from the war. Our soldier-plowman must return to his arable land in order to peacefully cultivate the land this spring, which the revolution transferred from the hands of the landowner to the hands of the peasant. Our soldier-worker must return to the workshop to produce there not instruments of destruction, but instruments of creation, and, together with the plowman, build a new socialist economy.

We are leaving the war. We inform all peoples and their governments about this. We give the order for the complete demobilization of our armies, now opposing the troops of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria. We expect and firmly believe that other nations will soon follow our example. At the same time, we declare that the conditions offered to us by the governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary are fundamentally contrary to the interests of all peoples. These conditions are rejected by the working masses of all countries, including the peoples of Austria-Hungary and Germany. The peoples of Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Courland and Estland consider these conditions to be violence against their will; For the Russian people, these conditions mean a constant threat. The popular masses of the whole world, guided by political consciousness or moral instinct, reject these conditions in anticipation of the day when the working classes of all countries will establish their own standards for the peaceful coexistence and friendly cooperation of peoples. We refuse to sanction the conditions that German and Austro-Hungarian imperialism are writing with a sword on the bodies of living peoples. We cannot put the signature of the Russian revolution under conditions that bring oppression, grief and misery to millions of human beings.

The governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary want to own lands and peoples by right of military conquest. Let them do their work openly. We cannot sanctify violence. We are leaving the war, but we are forced to refuse to sign a peace treaty.

In connection with this statement, I convey to the joint allied delegations the following written and signed statement:

In the name of the Council of People's Commissars, the government of the Russian Federative Republic hereby brings to the attention of the governments and peoples of the allied and neutral countries at war with us that, refusing to sign the annexationist treaty. Russia, for its part, declares a state of war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Turkey and Bulgaria terminated. Russian troops are simultaneously given an order for complete demobilization along the entire front.

L. Trotsky - A. Ioffe. M. Pokrovsky, A. Litsenko In Karschi (International Politics. Part 2. P. (112–114)

3. Peace treaty between the RSFSR, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the other hand, concluded in Brest-Litovsk on March 3/17, 1918.

(Representatives: RSFSR - Sokolnikov, Karakhan, Chicherin and Petrovsky; Germany - Kyadman, Rosenberg, Goffman and Gorn; Austria-Hungary - Chernin. Merey von Kaios Mere and Chicherich von Bachann; Bulgaria - Toshev, Ganchev and Anastasov; Turkey - Hakki Pasha and Zeyusi Pasha.)

Article I. Russia, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey - With the other, declare that the state of war between them has ceased; They decided to henceforth live among themselves in peace and friendship.

Article 2. The contracting parties will refrain from any agitation or propaganda against the government or state or military institutions of the other party. Since this obligation concerns Russia, it also applies to the areas 1 occupied by the powers of the Quadruple Alliance.

Article 3. Areas lying west of ... line [starting from the strait separating the islands of Dago and Ezel from the mainland, through the Gulf of Riga, east of Riga through Frilrichstadg and Dvinsk, Sventsyany, Oshmyany, east of Lida, through Volkovysk, Pruzhai , Kamenets-Litovsk and north of Brest-Litovsk] and previously lying before Russia, God will not be under its supreme power... For the designated regions will not entail any obligations towards Russia from their former affiliation with Russia.

Russia refuses any interference in the internal affairs of these regions. Germany and Austria-Hungary intend to determine the future fate of these areas in relation to their population.

Article 4. Germany is ready, as soon as general peace has been concluded and Russian demobilization has been completely carried out, to clear the territory lying east of the line indicated in paragraph I of Article 3, since Article 6 does not stipulate otherwise. Russia is doing everything in its power to ensure the speedy cleansing of the provinces of eastern Anatolia and their orderly return to Turkey.

The districts of Ardahan, Kars and Batumi are also immediately cleared of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the new organization of state-legal and international legal relations of these districts, but will allow the population of the districts to establish a new system in agreement with neighboring states, especially Turkey.

Article 5, [Russia's obligation to carry out the complete demobilization of its army, including military units newly formed by the Soviet government. Transfer of Russian military ships to Russian ports and leaving them in the din until a general peace is concluded. Removal of minefields in the Baltic Sea and in Russian-controlled parts of the Black Sea. The immediate resumption of commercial shipping in these seas and its announcement free]

Article 6. Russia undertakes to immediately conclude peace with the Ukrainian People's Republic and recognize the peace treaty between this state and the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. The territory of Ukraine is immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

Estland and Lifland are also immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard. The eastern border of Estonia generally runs along the Narova River Eastern border

Livlandin generally passes through lakes Peipus and Pskov... then through Lake Lyubanskoye in the direction of Livenhof Est-land and Livonia will be occupied by the German police power until public safety is ensured there by the country's own institutions and until it is established there public order. Russia will immediately release all arrested or deported residents of Estonia and Lnfland and ensure the safe return of all deported Estonians and Livonians.

Finland and the Åland Islands will also be immediately cleared of Russian troops and the Russian Red Guard, and the Finnish ports of the Russian fleet and Russian naval forces... Russia ceases all agitation or propaganda against the government or public institutions of Finland.

The fortifications erected on the Åland Islands must be demolished as soon as possible. As for the prohibition from future erecting fortifications on these islands, as well as their general position in relation to military and navigation technology, a special agreement must be concluded regarding them between Germany, Finland, Russia and Sweden. The parties agree that, at Germany's request, other states adjacent to the Baltic Sea may also be involved in this agreement.

Article 7. Based on the fact that Persia and Afghanistan are free and independent states, the contracting parties undertake to respect the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of Persia and Afghanistan.

Article 8. [Establishment of mutual exchange of prisoners of war.]

Article 9: [Proclamation of mutual renunciation of reimbursement of military expenses and compensation for war losses.]

Article 10. Diplomatic and consular relations between the contracting parties will resume immediately after the ratification of the peace treaty... Regarding the admission of consuls, both parties reserve the right to enter into special agreements.

Article 13. When interpreting this treaty, the authentic texts for relations between Russia and Germany are Russian and German, between Russia and Austria-Hungary - Russian, German and Hungarian, between Russia and Bulgaria - Russian and Bulgarian, between Russia and Turkey - Russian and Turkish.

Appendix No. 1. [Map.]

Appendix No. 2. [Economic relations between Russia and Germany.]

…1. The Russian-German trade agreement of 1894/1904 no longer comes into force.

The contracting parties undertake to begin, as soon as possible after the conclusion of general peace between Germany, on the one hand, and the European states currently at war with it, the United States of America and Japan, on the other, negotiations regarding the conclusion of a new trade agreement.

2. The basis for Russian-German trade relations is the first addition to Appendix 2, valid until January 1, 1920, with the right of denunciation six months in advance...

[Appendix 1 to Appendix 2 reproduces the text of the Russian-German trade agreement of 1894/1904 with some changes in favor of Germany, in particular with the provision of transit to the East.]

Appendix 3. [Economic relations between Russia and Austria-Hungary.]

[Same provisions as Appendix 2; restoration of the actual validity of the Russian-Austrian trade agreement of 1906.]

Appendix 4. [Economic relations between Russia and Bulgaria.]

1. [After the conclusion of universal peace, the

conclusion of a new trade agreement.]

2. [Until January 1, 1920, mutual granting of most favored nation rights followed by the right of denunciation six months in advance.]

Appendix 5. [Economic relations between Russia and Turkey. Contents are the same as Appendix 4.]

(International Politics. Part 2. pp. 123–126.)

4. Declaration of the Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers of the countries of the Concord in connection with the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. March 19, 1918

London

The prime ministers and foreign ministers of the countries of the Concord, gathered in London, consider it their indispensable duty to state the political crime that was committed against the Russian people under the name of the German peace.

Russia was unarmed. Forgetting that for four years Germany fought against the independence of peoples and the rights of mankind, Russian government in a fit of strange credulity, it expected to achieve through persuasion a “democratic peace” that it could not achieve through war. The result was that the truce that followed in the meantime had not yet expired when the German command, although obliged not to change the disposition of its troops, transferred them en masse to the Western Front, and Russia was so weak that it did not even dare to raise a protest against this blatant violation of Germany's word.

What followed when the “German peace” became reality was of the same nature. It turned out that [this peace] contained an invasion of Russian territory, the destruction or seizure of all defensive means of Russia and such an organization of Russian land that was beneficial to Germany. These methods are no different from the concept of "annexation", although this word itself was carefully avoided.

Meanwhile, those Russians who had made military operations impossible saw that diplomacy was powerless. Their representatives were forced to declare that, refusing to read the treaty presented to them, they had no choice but to sign it; they signed it, not knowing whether its true meaning was peace or war, and not considering how much the national life of Russia was reduced to a ghost by this world.

For us, the Governments of the Concord, the judgment that will be pronounced by the free peoples of the world on these actions will never be in doubt. Why waste time on Germany's assurances when we see that at no time in the history of its conquests - neither at the moment when it invaded Silesia, nor when it divided Poland - did it show such cynicism in destroying national independence, was it merciless an enemy of human rights and the dignity of civilized nations.

Poland, whose heroic spirit has survived the cruellest of all national tragedies, is threatened by a fourth partition, and in order to increase its misfortunes, the premises by which the last vestiges of its independence are to be destroyed are based on false promises of freedom.

What is true of Russia and Poland is no less true of Romania, which, like them, is a victim of the merciless desire for domination.

They talk loudly about peace, but under the mask of verbal slogans the brutal truths of war and the cruel law of powerless power are hidden.

We will not and cannot recognize peace treaties such as these. Our own goals are completely different. We are fighting and intend to continue to fight to put an end to this policy of robbery once and for all and to establish in its place the peaceful reign of organized justice.

As the events of this long war unfold before our eyes, we see more and more clearly that the manifestations of the struggle for freedom are everywhere interconnected; that these latter do not need special enumeration and that in any case the only, but completely exhaustive, call is the call to justice and right.

Will justice and right win? Since the issue depends on the battles still to come, the peoples whose destinies are at stake can freely place their trust in their armies, which, under conditions even more difficult than the present, have shown that they are more than equal to the great task entrusted to their valor.

(International Politics. Part 2. pp. 135–137.)

5. Rules of the Paris Peace Conference, adopted at the plenary meeting of the conference on January 18, 1919.

Section I. The Conference, assembled for the purpose of fixing the terms of peace, first by peaceful preliminaries, and then by a final treaty of peace, will be composed of representatives of the belligerent Allied and Associated Powers.

The belligerent powers having interests of a common nature - the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan - will participate in all meetings and commissions.

Belligerent Powers with interests of a private nature - Belgium, Brazil, the British Dominions and India, China, Cuba, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Gejas, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Siam and the Czechoslovak Republic, - will participate in those meetings at which issues affecting them are discussed.

The powers that are in a state of severance of diplomatic relations with the enemy powers - Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay - will participate in meetings at which issues affecting them will be discussed.

Neutral powers and states in the process of formation may be heard either orally or in writing in those cases when they are invited by powers having interests of a common character to meetings devoted specifically to the consideration of questions directly affecting them, but only insofar as these issues are raised.

Division II. The Powers will be represented by plenipotentiary delegates: five - from the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan; three - from Belgium, Brazil and Serbia; two - from China, Greece, the king of Hejas. Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siam and the Czechoslovak Republic; one - from Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia,

Nicaragua and Panama; one from Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Uruguay.

The British Dominions and India will be represented as follows: two delegates each from Australia, Canada, South Africa and India, including the native states, and one delegate from New Zealand.

Although the number of delegates will not exceed the figures mentioned above, each delegation will have the right to request the use of the panel system. Representation of the Dominions, including Newfoundland and India, may be included in the representation of the British Empire on a panel system.

Montenegro will be represented by one delegate, but the rules regarding the appointment of this delegate will not be established until the political situation of that country is clarified.

The conditions for the representation of Russia will be established by the conference at the time when cases concerning Russia are considered.

Division III. Each delegation of commissioners may be accompanied by duly appointed technical delegates and two stenographers.

Technical delegates may attend meetings to provide information when required. They will be allowed to speak to give any clarification required.

Division IV. Delegates are ranked by seniority based on the alphabetical order of powers in French.

Section V. The Conference will be declared open by the President of the French Republic. The Chairman of the French Council of Ministers will assume the presidency temporarily immediately thereafter.

A commission consisting of one commissioner from each of the great allied or associated powers will immediately begin to examine the credentials of all members present.

Section VI. During the first meeting of the conference, the latter will proceed to elect a permanent chairman and four vice-chairmen, chosen from among the delegates of the Great Powers in alphabetical order.

Section VII. The Secretariat, not appointed from among the delegates, and composed of one representative each from the United States of America, one from the British Empire, one from France, one from Italy, one from Japan, will be submitted to the approval of the conference by the chairman, who will be the controlling authority. responsible for his work.

This secretariat will be entrusted with the responsibility of editing the minutes of meetings, classifying the archives, taking care of the conduct of the conference and its organization, and generally ensuring the regular and accurate progress of the work entrusted to it. The head of the secretariat will have the responsibility and responsibility for protocols and archives. The archives will always be open to conference members.

Section VIII. Publicity of the work will be ensured by official communiqués drawn up by the secretariat and published. In case of disagreement regarding the editing of these communiqués, the matter will be resolved by the Chief Commissioners or their representatives...

Section X. All documents intended to be entered into the minutes must be served in writing by the representatives presenting them. No document or proposal may be submitted except by or on behalf of one of the authorized persons.

Section XI. Commissioners wishing to make motions unrelated to the item on the agenda or not arising from the debate must give 24 hours' notice to facilitate the debate. However, exceptions to this rule may be made in cases of amendments or minor issues, but not in cases of significant proposals.

Section XII. Petitions, memoranda, observations or documents submitted to the conference by persons other than delegates shall be received and classified by the secretariat. Those of these messages which are purely political will be summarized in a list which will be distributed to all commissioners. This list will be updated as similar messages are received. All such documents will be stored in archives.

Section XIII. The discussion of the issue to be resolved will consist of a first and second reading. The first will consist of general discussion to reach agreement on important issues. This will be followed by a second reading for more detailed consideration.

Section XIV. The Plenipotentiaries will have the right, subject to the consent of the conference, to permit their technical delegates to submit technical explanations on such points as may be deemed appropriate.

If the conference considers it useful, the technical consideration of individual issues may be entrusted to committees of technical delegates, whose duty it will be to report and propose solutions.

Section XV. The minutes drawn up by the secretariat will be printed and proofread to delegates as soon as possible.

term. To speed up the proceedings of the conference, forward messages made in this way will replace the reading of minutes at the beginning of each meeting. If no changes are proposed by the authorized representatives, the text will be considered approved and archived.

If any change is proposed, the text will be read out by the chairman at the beginning of the next meeting. In any case, the protocol must be read out in full at the request of any authorized person.

Department XVI. A commission will be formed to edit the adopted resolutions. This commission will deal only with those issues that have been resolved. Her only task will be to develop the text decision taken and submitting it for approval to the conference.

It will be composed of five members who are not plenipotentiary delegates, and will consist of one representative from the United States of America, one from the British Empire, one from France, one from Italy, one from Japan.

(International Politics. Part 2. pp. 216–219.)

6. Treaty of Versailles

Statute of the League of Nations

High Contracting Parties,

Whereas, in order to develop cooperation between peoples and to guarantee their peace and security, it is important to accept certain obligations not to resort to war,

keep in full publicity international relationships based on justice and honor,

strictly observe the requirements of international law, which are now recognized as a valid rule of conduct for governments,

establish the rule of justice and faithfully observe all obligations imposed by the Treaties in the mutual relations of organized peoples, accept this Statute, which establishes the League of Nations.

The original members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories whose names appear in the Annex to this Statute, as well as the States likewise named in the Annex, which shall enter into this Statute without any reservation, by means of a declaration lodged with the Secretariat within two months of their accession to force of the Statute, of which notification will be made to other Members of the League.

All states, dominions or colonies which are freely governed and which are not specified in the Annex may be made members of the League if two-thirds of the assembly vote in favor of their admission, since they have given valid guarantees of their sincere intention to comply with international obligations and because they have accepted the provisions established League regarding their military, naval and air force and weapons.

Any member of the League may, after two years' prior warning, withdraw from the League, provided that by that time it has fulfilled all its international obligations, including obligations under this Statute...

Article 11.

It is expressly declared that every war or threat of war, whether it directly affects any member of the League or not, is of interest to the League as a whole and that the latter must take measures capable of effectively protecting the peace of nations. In such a case general secretary immediately convenes the Council at the request of any member of the League.

It is further declared that every member of the League has the right, in a friendly manner, to call the attention of the Assembly or Council to any circumstance likely to affect international relations, and therefore threatening to disturb the peace or good concord between nations, on which peace depends.

Article 12.

All members of the League agree that if a dispute arises between them that could lead to a rupture, they will subject it either to arbitration or consideration by the Council. They also agree that in no case should they resort to war before the expiration of a period of three months after the decision of the arbitrators or the report of the Council.

In all cases provided for in this article, the decision of the arbitrators must be rendered within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council must be drawn up within six months, counting from the date of submission of the dispute to it for consideration.

Part III. POLICY PROVISIONS CONCERNING EUROPE

Division 1. Belgium

Article 31.

Germany, recognizing that the Treaties of April 19, 1839, which established the Belgian regime before the war, do not correspond to existing circumstances, agrees to the abolition

of these Treaties and undertakes henceforth: to recognize and comply with all any agreements which the Principal Allied and Associated Powers or any of them may conclude with the Governments of Belgium or the Netherlands for the purpose of replacing the said Treaties of 1839. If its formal accession to these Conventions or to some of their provisions is required, Germany henceforth undertakes to give it.

Article 32.

Germany recognizes the full sovereignty of Belgium over the entire disputed territory Morenet (called Neutral Morenet).

Article 33.

Germany renounces in favor of Belgium all rights and title to the territory of the Prussian Morenet, located to the west of the road from Liege to Aachen; the part of the road bordering this territory will belong to Belgium.

Article 34.

Germany renounces, in addition, in favor of Belgium, all rights and title to the territory comprising the entire counties (Kreise) of Eupen and Malmedy.

During the six months following the entry into force of this Treaty, records will be opened at Eupen and Malmedy by the Belgian authorities and the inhabitants of the said territories will have the right to express in writing their desire to see these territories, in whole or in part, remaining under German sovereignty. […]

Division II. Luxembourg

Article 40.

Germany refuses, so far as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is concerned, the benefit of any provisions made in its favor in the Treaties of February 8, 1842, April 2, 1847, October 20–25, 1865, August 18, 1866, February 21, and May 11, 1867 years, May 10, 1871, June 11, 1872, November 11, 1902, as well as in any Conventions that followed the said Treaties.

Germany recognizes that the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ceased to be part of the German Customs Union on January 1, 1919, and renounces all rights to exploit railways, adheres to the abolition of the regime of neutrality of the Grand Duchy and accepts in advance any international agreements concluded by the Allied and Associated Powers regarding the Grand Duchy. […]

Division III. Left bank of the Rhine

Article 42.

Germany is prohibited from maintaining or constructing fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhine or on the right bank of the Rhine west of a line drawn 50 kilometers east of this river.

Article 43.

Equally prohibited in the zone defined in Article 42 is the maintenance or concentration of armed forces, whether permanent or temporary, as well as all military maneuvers of whatever kind, and the retention of any material means for mobilization.

Article 44.

If Germany were to violate in any way the provisions of Articles 42 and 43, she would be regarded as having committed an act of hostility towards the Signatories to the present Treaty and as seeking to disturb the world peace.

Division IV. Saar basin

Article 45.

As compensation for the destruction of the coal mines in the north of France and on account of the amount of reparations due for war losses due from Germany, the latter cedes to France full and unlimited ownership, free and clear of all debts or obligations and with the exclusive right to exploit the coal mines located in Saar Basin, within the boundaries specified in Article 48. […]

Division V. Alsace-Lorraine

Article 51.

The territories ceded to Germany by virtue of the Preliminary Peace signed at Versailles on February 26, 1871, and the Treaty of Frankfurt of May 10, 1871, returned to French sovereignty as of the Armistice of November 11, 1918.

The provisions of the Treaties establishing the outline of the border before 187] will again come into force. […]

Section VI. Austria

Article 80.

Germany recognizes and will strictly respect the independence of Austria within the limits to be fixed by the Treaty concluded between that State and the Principal Allied and Associated Powers; it recognizes that this independence will be inalienable unless the consent of the Council of the League of Nations follows.

Section VII. Czecho-Slovak State

Article 81.

Germany recognizes, as the Allied and Associated Powers have already done, the complete independence of the Czecho-Slovak State, which will include the autonomous territory of the Rusyns south of the Carpathians. She declares her consent to the boundaries of this State as determined by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and others interested states.

Article 82.

The border between Germany and the Czecho-Slovak state will be determined by the former border between Austria-Hungary and the German Empire as it existed on August 3, 1914.

Section VIII. Poland

Article 87.

Germany recognizes, as the Allied and Associated Powers have already done, the complete independence of Poland and renounces in favor of Poland all rights and title to the territories bounded by the Baltic Sea, eastern borders to Germany, as defined in Article 27 of Part II (German Borders) of this Treaty, to a point approximately 2 kilometers east of Lorzendorf, then by a line extending to acute angle, formed by the northern border of Upper Silesia, approximately 3 kilometers north-west of Simmenau, then the border of Upper Silesia until it meets the former border between Germany and Russia, then this border to the point where it crosses the course of the Neman, after which the northern border of East Prussia, as defined in Article 28 of the above-mentioned Part II.

However, the provisions of this article do not apply to the territories of East Prussia and the Free City of Danzig, as their boundaries are defined in the said article 28 of part II (Borders of Germany) and in article 100 of section XI (Danzig) of this part.

The frontiers of Poland not designated by this Treaty will be established subsequently by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers.

A commission consisting of seven members, of whom five shall be appointed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, one by Germany and one by Poland, shall be constituted fifteen days after the coming into force of this Treaty to fix on the spot the boundary line between Poland and Germany.

The decisions of this commission will be made by majority vote and will be binding on interested parties. […]

Department X. Memel

Article 99.

Germany renounces, in favor of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, all rights and title to the territories between the Baltic Sea, the north-eastern border of East Prussia, described in Article 28 of Part II (Borders of Germany) of this Treaty, and the former borders between Germany and Russia.

Germany undertakes to recognize the provisions which the Principal Allied and Associated Powers shall make concerning these territories, in particular as regards the nationality of the inhabitants. […]

Article 102.

The Principal Allied and Associated Powers undertake to form a Free City from the city of Danzig with the territory specified in Article 100. It will be placed under the protection of the League of Nations. […]

Section XV. Russia and Russian states

Article 116.

Germany recognizes and undertakes to respect, as permanent and inalienable, the independence of all territories that formed part of the former Russian Empire by August 1, 1914.

In accordance with the provisions included in Articles 259 and 292 of Parts IX (Financial Provisions) and X (Economic Provisions) of this Treaty, Germany finally recognizes the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk Treaties, as well as any other treaties, agreements or conventions concluded by it with the Maximalist Government in Russia.

The Allied and Associated Powers formally stipulate the rights of Russia to receive from Germany all restitutions and reparations based on the principles of this Treaty.

Article 117.

Germany undertakes to recognize the full force of all treaties or agreements which the Allied and Associated Powers may conclude with States which have been or are being formed in all or part of the territories of the former Russian Empire as it existed on 1 August 1914, and to recognize the boundaries of these States as they will be set accordingly.

Part IV. GERMAN RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OUTSIDE GERMANY

Article 118.

Outside her frontiers in Europe as established by this Treaty, Germany renounces all rights, titles or privileges to all territories belonging to or relating to itself or its allies, as well as all rights, title and privileges. privileges which might belong to it, on whatever legal basis whatsoever, in relation to the Allied and Associated Powers.

Germany henceforth undertakes to recognize and accept all orders which have been or will be taken by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers, in agreement, if necessary, with third Powers, in order to settle the consequences of the above resolution.

In particular, Germany declares that it accepts the provisions of the following articles concerning certain special subjects.

Division I, German Colonies

Article 119.

Germany renounces in favor of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers all its rights and title to its overseas possessions. […]

Part V. MILITARY, SEA AND AIR PROVISIONS

With a view to making possible the preparation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes to strictly observe the provisions laid down below - military, naval and air.

Section I. Martial Law

Chapter I. NUMBER AND PERSONNEL OF THE GERMAN ARMY

Article 159.

The German military forces will be demobilized and reduced under the conditions stated below.

Article 160.

1. From March 31, 1920 at the latest, the German army will not have to consist of more than seven infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions.

From now on, the total strength of the army of the states forming Germany should not exceed one hundred thousand people, including officers and non-combatants, and will be exclusively intended for maintaining order in the territory and for border police.

The total number of officers, including headquarters personnel, whatever their formation, will not exceed four thousand.

2. Divisions and headquarters of army corps will be built in accordance with Table No. 1 attached to this department.

The number and numerical composition of infantry, artillery, engineer and technical service units and troops provided for in the said table constitute maximums which must not be exceeded.

The following units may have their own non-combatant units: Infantry Regiment, Cavalry Regiment. Field Artillery Regiment, Sapper Battalion.

3. Divisions cannot be distributed among more than two army corps headquarters.

The maintenance or formation of otherwise grouped forces or other bodies of command or preparation for war is prohibited.

The German Great General Staff and all other similar formations will be dissolved and cannot be restored in any form.

Officers or equivalent personnel of the military ministries of the various states of Germany and the departments under them will not exceed three hundred officers included in the maximum number of four thousand provided for by this article. […]

Article 163.

The reduction of Germany's military forces established in Article 160 can be carried out gradually as follows.

During the three months following the entry into force of this Treaty, the total strength shall be reduced to 200,000 men, and the number of units shall not exceed more than twice the number provided for in Article 160.

At the expiration of this period and at the end of each subsequent three-month period, the Conference of Military Experts of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers will determine for the next three-month period reductions to be made in such a way that, by 31 March 1920 at the latest, the German total strength will not exceed the maximum figure of 100,000 people provided for in Article 160. With these gradual reductions, the same ratios that are provided for in the said article must be maintained between the number of soldiers and officers and between the number of various types of units. […]

Recruitment and military training

Article 173.

All types of compulsory military service will be abolished in Germany.

The German army can only be built and recruited through voluntary recruitment.

Article 174.

The hiring of non-commissioned officers and soldiers must be for twelve years without interruption.

The proportion of men leaving the service for any reason before the expiration of their period of employment shall not exceed annually five percent of the total strength established by this Treaty. […]

Article 177.

Educational institutions, universities, ex-military societies, shooting and sports or tourist associations and, in general, associations of any kind, whatever the age of their members, should not be involved in any military matters.

They will be especially prohibited from instructing or training their members or causing them to learn or practice in the art of war or in the use of weapons of war.

These societies, associations, educational establishments and the universities should have no connection with the War Departments or with any other military authority.

Article 178.

Any measures for mobilization or tending toward mobilization are prohibited.

In no case should troop units, services or headquarters employ additional personnel. […]

Chapter IV. Fortifications

Article 180.

All land fortifications, fortresses and fortified places located on German territory west of the line drawn fifty kilometers east of the Rhine will be disarmed and demolished.

Within two months from the date of entry into force of this Treaty, those land fortifications, fortresses and fortified places that are located in the territory not occupied by the Allied and Associated Forces must be disarmed and within a second four-month period must be demolished. Those of them located in the territory occupied by the Allied and Associated Forces must be disarmed and demolished within the time limits established by the Allied High Command.

The construction of any new fortifications, whatever their type or significance, is prohibited in the zone specified in the first section of this article.

The system of fortifications of the southern and eastern borders of Germany will be maintained in its current state. […]

Article 183.

After a period of two months from the date of entry into force of this Treaty, the total number of persons involved in the German navy and employed both in fleet crews, in coastal defense, in the semaphore service, and in coastal administration and coastal services, including officers and personnel of every rank and of every kind, should not exceed fifteen thousand people.

The total number of officers and "warrant officers" should not exceed one thousand five hundred.

Within two months from the entry into force of this Treaty, personnel exceeding the number indicated above will be demobilized.

No naval or military formation, no reserve formations, can be created in Germany for the services involved in the fleet in excess of the numerical strength established above. […]

Part VII. sanctions

Article 227.

The Allied and Associated Powers publicly charge Wilhelm II of Hohenzollern, former German Emperor, with a supreme insult to international morality and the sacred power of treaties.

A special court will be constituted to try the accused, providing him with substantial guarantees of defense.

It will consist of five judges appointed by each of the five following powers, namely: the United States of America, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan.

The Court will judge from the motives inspired by the highest principles of international politics and from a concern for ensuring respect for solemn duties and international obligations, as well as for international morals. It will be for him to determine the punishment which in his judgment should be inflicted.

The Allied and Associated Powers will petition the Government of the Netherlands to deliver the former Emperor into their hands to face trial. […]

Part VIII. REPARATIONS

Division 1. General regulations

Article 231.

The Allied and Associated Governments declare, and Germany acknowledges, that Germany and her allies are responsible for all losses and all damages suffered by the Allied and Associated Governments and their citizens in consequence of the war which was forced upon them by the attack of Germany and her allies. […]

Article 233.

The amount of the said damages that Germany is obliged to compensate will be established by the Inter-Allied Commission, which will take the name of the Reparations Commission and will be constituted in the form and with the rights indicated below and in Appendices II to VII included herein,

This Commission will examine the claims and give the German Government a fair opportunity to be heard.

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