Concepts of modern natural science. Gorbachev V.V. The textbook outlines physical principles that make it possible to explain the living and inanimate nature from the standpoint of modern, including post-nonclassical, physics. General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined.
The manual contains Interesting Facts and hypotheses from various areas physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science.
Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science.
Format: djvu/zip (2nd ed., 2005, 672 pp.)
Size: 7.23 MB
Download
Format: pdf / zip (1st ed., 2003, 592 pp.)
Size: 7.2 MB
DownloadNote: Here http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook131/01/index.html the Electronic version of the printed publication is posted: Gorbachev V.V. Concepts of modern natural science. At 2 o'clock: Tutorial. - M.: Publishing house MGUP, 2000, 274 p.
CONTENT
PREFACE 3
Part one
PHYSICAL BASICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 5
Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE 5
1.1. Stages of development and formation of natural science 11
1.1.1. Plato's program 12
1.1.2. Aristotle's ideas 13
1.1.3. Model of Democritus 15
1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world 16
1.2.1.Physical rationalism 16
1.2.2. Methods of cognition 17
1.2.3. Holistic perception of the world 19
1.2.4. Physics and Eastern mysticism 20
1.2.5. The relationship between natural and humanities 26
1.2.6. Synergetic paradigm 30
1.2.7. Universal principle of natural science - Bohr's principle of complementarity 31
Control questions. .41
Literature 41
Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS 42
2.1. Three-dimensionality of space 43
2.2. Space and time 48
2.3. Features of Newtonian mechanics 54
2.4. Movement in mechanics 59
2.5. Newton's laws - Galileo 60
2.6. Conservation laws 64
2.7. Principles of optimality 68
2.8. Mechanical picture of the world 71
Test questions 73
Literature 73
Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS 73
3.1. Definition of the concept of field 73
3.2. Faraday - Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism 77
3.3. Electromagnetic field 79
3.4. Gravity field 81
3.5. Electromagnetic picture of the world 83
Test questions 84
Literature 84
Chapter 4. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY - A BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM... 85
4.1. Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) 85
4.1.1. Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT 86
4.1.2. The principle of relativity of G. Galileo 88
4.1.3. Relativity and time invariance 91
4.1.4. Constancy of the speed of light 92
4.1.5. Transformations of G. Lorentz 93
4.1.6. Changing the length and duration of time in STO 94
4.1.7. "The Twin Paradox" 96
4.1.8. Change in mass in STO 98
4.2. General theory relativity (GTR) 99
4.2.1. Postulates of GTR 99
4.2.2. Experimental verification of OTO 100
4.2.3. Gravity and space curvature 103
4.2.4. Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity 106
Test questions 107
Literature 107
Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS 107
5.1. Description of processes in the microcosm. 107
5.2. The need to introduce quantum mechanics 109
5.3. Planck's hypothesis 113
5.4. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 116
5.5. Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg 117
5.6. Quantum mechanics and time reversibility 119
5.7. Quantum electrodynamics 120
Test questions 121
Literature 121
Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE 122
6.1. Cosmological model A. Einstein - A.A. Fridman 123
6.2. Other models of the origin of the Universe 125
6.2.1. Model Big Bang 126
6.2.2. CMB 130
6.2.3. Is the Universe expanding or contracting? 131
6.2.4. Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang 133
6.2.5. Inflating Universe Model 136
6.3. Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental basis of the structure of matter in the Universe 138
6.3.1. Classification of elementary particles 140
6.3.2. Quark model 142
6.4. Fundamental interactions and world constants. ..... 145
6.4.1. World constants 147
6.4.2. Fundamental interactions and their role in nature 149
6.4.3. What does the matter of the Universe consist of? 150
6.4.4. Black holes 152
6.5. Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space - time 156
6.5.1. Possibility of multidimensional space 157
6.6. Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle 160
6.6.1. Plurality of worlds. . 161
6.6.2. Hierarchical structure of the Universe 164
6.7. Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies 167
6.8. Mechanism of star formation and evolution 169
6.8.1. Proton-proton cycle 169
6.8.2. Carbon-nitrogen cycle 171
6.8.3. Evolution of stars 172
6.8.4. Pulsars 175
6.8.5. Quasars 178
Test questions 181
Literature 181
Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM OF “ORDER-DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS 182
7.1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics 183
7.2. Dynamics of chaos and order 185
7.3. E. Lorenz model 186
7.4. Dissipative structures 187
7.5. Benard cells 187
7.6. Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions 188
7.7. Dynamic chaos 190
7.8. Phase space 191
7.9. Attractors 192
7.10. Aggravation mode 198
7.11. Poincaré model for describing changes in the state of a system 203
7.12. Dynamic instabilities 205
7.13. Energy change during system evolution 206
7.14. Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden” ratio 207
7.15. Open systems 212
7.16. The principle of producing minimum entropy 213
Test questions 215
Literature 215
Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS 216
8.1. Symmetry and conservation laws 219
8.2. Symmetry-asymmetry 221
8.3. Law of conservation of electric charge 222
8.4. Mirror symmetry 223
8.5. Other types of symmetry 224
8.6. Chirality of living and inanimate nature 227
8.7. Symmetry and entropy 229
Test questions 230
Literature 230
Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS 231
9.1. Mechanics classification 232
9.2. Modern physical picture of the world 234
Test questions 238
Literature 238
Part two
PHYSICS OF LIVING AND EVOLUTION OF NATURE AND SOCIETY 239
Chapter 10. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF LIVING PHYSICS 239
Chapter 11. FROM THE PHYSICS OF THE EXISTING TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EMERGING 241
11.1. Thermodynamic features of the development of living systems 243
11.1.1. The role of entropy for living organisms 244
11.1.2. Instability as a factor in the development of living things 247
11.2. Energy approach to describing living things 249
11.2.1. Stable disequilibrium 251
11.3. Levels of organization of living systems and systems approach to the evolution of living things 253
11.3.1. Hierarchy of levels of organization of living things 253
11.3.2. Fibonacci method as a factor of harmonic self-organization 255
11.3.3. Physical and biological methods of studying the nature of living things 257
11.3.4. The anthropic principle in the physics of living things 259
11.3.5. Physical evolution of L. Boltzmann and biological evolution of Ch. Darwin 262
11.4. Physical interpretation of biological laws 264
11.4.1. Physical models in biology 265
11.4.2. Physical factors in the development of living things 268
11.5. Space and time for living organisms >. . , 270
11.5.1. The connection between space and energy for living things 271
11.5.2. Biological time of a living system 272
11.5.3. Psychological time of living organisms 276
11.6. Entropy and information in living systems 280
11.6.1. The value of information. . 282
11.6.2. Cybernetic approach to the description of living things 285
11.6.3. The role of physical laws in understanding living things 287
Test questions 289
Literature 289
Chapter 12. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 289
12.1. From atoms to protolife 289
12.1.1. Hypotheses about the origin of life 289
12.1.2. Necessary factors for the origin of life 293
12.1.3. The theory of the abiogenic origin of life by A. I. Oparin. . .294
12.1.4. Heterotrophs and autotrophs 297
12.2. Chemical processes and molecular self-organization 299
12.2.1. Chemical concepts and definitions 300
12.2.2. Amino acids 306
12.2.3. Theory chemical evolution in biogenesis 307
12.2.4. M. Eigen's theory of molecular self-organization 308
12.2.5. Cyclic organization chemical reactions and hypercycles 310
12. 3. Biochemical components of living matter 313
12.3.1. Molecules of living nature 313
12.3.2. Monomers and macromolecules 315
12.3.3. Proteins 316
12.3.4. Nucleic acids 321
12.3.5. Carbohydrates 323
12.3.6. Lipids 327
12.3.7. The role of water for living organisms 330
12.4. Cell as an elementary particle of molecular biology.... 332
12.4.1. Cell structure 334
12.4.2. Cell processes 338
12.4.3. Cell membranes 339
12.4.4. Photosynthesis 341
12.4.5. Cell division and organism formation 342
12.5. The role of asymmetry in the emergence of living things 346
12.5.1. Optical activity of matter and chirality 347
12.5.2. Homochirality and self-organization in living organisms 349
Control questions. 353
Literature 353
Chapter 13. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING SYSTEMS 354
13.1. Information molecules of heredity 354
13.1.1. Genetic code 355
13.1.2. Genes and the quantum world 359
13.2. Reproduction and inheritance of traits 360
13.2.1. Genotype and phenotype 361
13.2.2. Laws of genetics by G. Mendel 362
13.2.3. Chromosomal theory of heredity 363
13.3. Mutagenesis processes and transmission of hereditary information 365
13.3.1. Mutations and radiation mutagenesis 365
13.3.2. Mutations and development of the organism 370
13.4. Matrix principle of synthesis of information macromolecules and molecular genetics 373
13.4.1. Transfer of hereditary information through replication. . . 373
13.4.2. Template synthesis by convariant reduplication 375
13.4.3. Transcription 375
13.4.4. Broadcast 376
13.4.5. Differences between proteins and nucleic acids 379
13.4.6. New mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and prion diseases 380
Test questions 382
Literature 382
Chapter 14. PHYSICAL UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTIONARY AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS 383
14.1. Ontogenesis and phylogeny. Ontogenetic and population levels of life organization 383
14.1.1. Haeckel's law for ontogeny and phylogeny 383
14.1.2. Ontogenetic level of life 384
14.1.3. Populations and population-species level of living things 385
14.2. Physical representation of evolution 387
14.2.1. Synthetic theory of evolution 387
14.2.2. Evolution of populations 388
14.2.3. Elementary factors of evolution 391
14.2.4. Living organism in individual and historical development 392
14.2.5. Geological evolution and the general scheme of the evolution of the Earth according to N.N. Moiseevu 393
14.3. Axioms of Biology 396
14.3.1. First axiom 397
14.3.2. Second axiom 398
14.3.3. Third axiom 400
14.3.4. Fourth axiom 402
14.3.5. Physical representations of the axioms of biology 404
14.4. Signs of living things and definitions of life 406
14.4.1. Set of signs of living things 407
14.4.2. Definitions of Life 410
14.5. Physical model of demographic development of the SP. Kapitsa 414
Test questions 419
Literature 419
Chapter 15. PHYSICAL AND INFORMATION FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 420
15.1. Physical fields and radiation of a functioning human body 420
15.1.1. Electromagnetic fields and radiation from a living organism 422
15.1.2. Thermal and other types of radiation 429
15.2. The mechanism of interaction of human radiation with the environment. . 431
15.2.1. Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation 431
15.2.2. Possibilities of medical diagnostics and treatment based on radiation from the human body 436
15.3. Memory device. Reproduction and transmission of information in the body 440
15.3.1. Physical processes transmission of an information signal in a living organism 441
15.3.2. Physical basis of memory 444
15.3.3. Human brain and computer 448
Test questions 450
Literature 450
Chapter 16. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOSPHERE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 450
16.1. Structural organization of the biosphere 450
16.1.1. Biocenoses. - 451
16.1.2. Geocenoses and biogeocenoses. Ecosystems 452
16.1.3. The concept of the biosphere 453
16.1.4. Biological cycle of substances in nature 455
16.1.5. The role of energy in evolution 456
16.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky and living matter 458
16.2.1. Living matter 458
16.2.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky 460
16.3. Physical representations of the evolution of the biosphere and the transition to the noosphere 462
16.3.1. The main stages of the evolution of the biosphere 462
16.3.2. Noosphere 463
16.3.3. Transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere. 464
16.4. Physical factors of the influence of Space on terrestrial processes 467
16.4.1. Connection between Space and Earth according to the concept of A. L. Chizhevsky 470
16.5. Physical foundations of ecology 474
16.5.1. Increased anthropogenic load on environment 474
16.5.2. Physical principles environmental degradation 479
16.6. Principles of sustainable development 481
16.6.1. Biosphere stability assessments 481
16.6.2. The concept of sustainable development and the need for environmental education 484
Test questions 486
Literature 486
Part three
CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE HUMANITIES 487
Chapter 17. GENERAL NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PICTURE OF THE WORLD 487
17.1. Basic principles of universal evolutionism 489
17.2. Universal evolutionism and the methodology of using the Darwinian triad in the evolution of complex systems of any nature. . 490
17.3. Universal evolutionism and synergetics 493
17.4. Modern rationalism and universal evolutionism. .498
17.5. Physical understanding of the theory of passionarity L. N. Gumilyov 503
Chapter 18. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TIME 505
18.1. The emergence of the information society 505
18.2. Globalization and sustainable development 512
18.3. Sociosynergetics 515
18.4. Civilization and synergetics 521
18.5. Globalization and synergetic forecast of human development 527
Chapter 19. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 533
19.1. Physical models of self-organization in economics 533
19.2. Economic model of long waves N. D. Kondratiev 537
19.3. Reversibility and irreversibility of processes in economics 540
19.4. Synergistic views of sustainability in economics 541
19.5. Physical market modeling 543
19.6. The cyclical nature of economic processes in the model of N. D. Kondratiev 544
19.7. Model of oscillatory processes in economics 548
19.8. Evolutionary Management 550
Test questions 555
Literature 555
Conclusion
EVOLUTIONARY-SYNERGISTIC PARADIGM: FROM HOLISTIC NATURAL SCIENCE TO HOLISTIC CULTURE 503
Applications
1. Newtonian ideas about time and space 566
2. Anthropic principle (AL) 567
3. Golden ratio as a criterion of harmony 570
4. Synergetic paradigm 576
5. The role of water in nature and living organisms, 580
6. The influence of radiation impacts on the environment 584
Notes 587
Literature 593
Themes coursework, abstracts and reports 600
Questions for test and exam 604
Glossary of terms 608
Attention: we inform the administrator about non-working download links through a comment below the current page, or through the contacts at the top!
So, let’s summarize today: You can always download any available material for free from our website. If you did not find on our website the planet GDZ, that material, ready-made homework, tickets for exams, tests or an essay. There are several solutions to this issue: 1. return to home planet gdz, choose the category that suits you best. 2.use smart search, but this can also be done from the current page in the right corner of the site. Enter text and search phrase. 3. if after the above procedures you still have not found the material you need, then we have a big request for you to tell our administrator what you would like to find on our planet gdz portal. And in the near future, our administrator will find the material you have not requested and publish it on the site, if copyrights are not violated! Attention: if you, dear user, notice a copyright violation, please inform the administrator, with minimal proof of the right. Good luck to everyone in their studies and graduate with excellent marks!
Free program Stdu Viewer for reading files PDF, DJVU, fb2, epub and other formats, you can here or at the top of the site in the section: program for reading files, books, gdz.
Transcript
1 Scanning and formatting: Yanko Slava (Fort/Da Library) Icq# Library: Page numbers - below update V.V. Gorbachev CONCEPTS OF MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE Recommended by the Ministry of Education Russian Federation as a teaching aid for higher education students educational institutions Moscow “ONICS 21st century” “Peace and Education” 2003 UDC 50 (075.8) BBK 20.1 G67 G67 Gorbachev V.V.
2 Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. manual for university students / V.V. Gorbachev. M.: LLC “Publishing House “ONICS 21st Century”: LLC “Publishing House “Peace and Education”, p.: ill. ISBN (Publishing House ONICS 21st Century LLC) ISBN (Publishing House Mir and Education LLC) The textbook outlines physical principles that make it possible to explain the world of living and inanimate nature around us from the standpoint of modern, including post-non-classical physics . General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined. The manual contains interesting facts and hypotheses from various fields of physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science. Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science. Author: GORBACHEV V.V. Academician-secretary of the physics section of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and full member Russian Academy cosmonautics named after. E.K. Tsiolkovsky, professor, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. Author of more than 20 monographs and textbooks. Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation. Laureate of personalized medals of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. P. L. Kapitsa and Peter I. Awarded the silver cross of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, the Order of Tatishchev “For the benefit of the Fatherland.” Laureate of the A. L. Chizhevsky Prize “For contribution to the promotion of Chizhevsky’s ideas and the development of modern natural science.” UDC 50 (075.8) BBK 20.1 ISBN (Publishing House ONICS 21st Century LLC) ISBN (Publishing House Mir and Education LLC) Gorbachev V.V., 2003 Publishing House ONICS 21st Century LLC. Decor,
3 3 Electronic table of contents... Electronic table of contents...3 Capsules (inserts)...9 PREFACE...10 This course consists of two parts...10 Part I. PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD...12 Chapter 1 GENERAL VIEWS ABOUT NATURAL SCIENCE Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky Stages of development and formation of natural science Plato's program Aristotle's ideas Model of Democritus Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world Physical rationalism Methods of knowledge Ernest Rutherford Holistic perception of the world Physics and Eastern mysticism Lao Tzu...21 Fig Interrelation of natural and humanities Sciences Werner Heisenberg Synergetic paradigm Universal principle of natural science Bohr's complementarity principle Niels Bohr...27 TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS Three-dimensionality of space Space and time Isaac Newton...37 Fig Image of the world line in the space-time frame of reference Features of Newton's mechanics Motion in mechanics Newton's laws Galileo Conservation laws Principles of optimality Mechanical picture of the world TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS Definition of the concept of field Fig Model of field lines Faraday Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism Electromagnetic field Gravitational field Electromagnetic picture of the world TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 4. THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY EY NSHTEINA BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) A. Einstein Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT Principle of relativity of G. Galileo Fig Fig Galilean transformation x "= x vt connects the position of the body P in systems
4 references K and K" Fig Change of electromagnetic forces in stationary K and moving K" reference systems Fig Theory of relativity and time invariance Constancy of the speed of light Fig "Einstein's Train" Transformations of H. Lorentz Change in length and duration of time in SRT Fig Reduction of the length of a segment in the direction displacements for a system moving with a speed ν with the “Twin Paradox” Change of mass in STR General theory of relativity (GTR) Postulates of GTR Experimental verification of GTR Fig. Deviation of light rays from a star S when passing near the Sun from a rectilinear trajectory Gravity and curvature of space Fig. Motion of subjects A and B from the equator exactly north along parallel trajectories Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity CONTROL QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS Description of processes in the microcosm First Second The need to introduce quantum mechanics Erwin Schrödinger...70 absolutely black body wave-particle dualism Louis de Broglie Planck's hypothesis Max Planck Measurements in quantum mechanics Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg Wolfgang Pauli Quantum mechanics and time reversibility Quantum electrodynamics TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE Cosmological model of A. Einstein A.A. Friedman Other models of the origin of the Universe Big Bang model Georgiy Antonovich Gamow Relict radiation Is the Universe expanding or contracting? Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang Fig Scheme of the physical history of the Universe Model of the inflating Universe Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental principle of the structure of matter in the Universe Paul Dirac Classification of elementary particles Fig Scheme of classification of elementary particles Quark model Table Table Table Fundamental interactions and world constants World constants
5 Fundamental interactions and their role in nature What does the matter of the Universe consist of? Fig Possible forms of stable matter in the Universe Black holes Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space-time Possibility of multidimensionality of space Fig Model of three-dimensional frequency space (OD optical range, visible part of the spectrum, UV ultraviolet, IR infrared) Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle Multiplicity of worlds Fig Schematic representation areas corresponding to stable regions of the Universe Hierarchy of the structure of the Universe Fig Scales of the Universe Fig Scales of the microworld Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies Mechanism of formation and evolution of stars Proton-proton cycle Fig Schematic representation of the proton-proton chain Carbon-nitrogen cycle Evolution of stars Fig Main sequence of stars of population I, k to which the Sun belongs (t C mass of the Sun) Fig Diagram of the evolution of population stars I Pulsars Fig Model of a pulsar proposed by Gold Quasars TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM “ORDER IS DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGETIC REPRESENTATIONS Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics Dynamics of chaos and order Model of E. Lorentz Dissipative structures Belousov reactions Zhabotinsky Dynamic chaos Phase space Attractors Fig. Image of attractors on phase diagrams Fig. Bifurcation diagram (A characteristic of the system, λ control parameter) Mode with aggravation Poincaré model of description of state changes systems Dynamic instabilities Changes in energy during the evolution of a system Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden ratio” Leonardo da Vinci Open systems The principle of producing a minimum of entropy TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS Symmetry and conservation laws Symmetry asymmetry Law of conservation of electric charge Mirror symmetry Other types of symmetry Chirality of living and inanimate nature Fig. Mirror symmetry of molecules of water (a) and butyl alcohol (b) Symmetry and entropy TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE
6 Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS Classification of mechanics Fig Cube of fundamentals physical theories Modern physical picture of the world TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Part II. PHYSICS OF LIVING AND EVOLUTION OF NATURE AND SOCIETY 145 Chapter 10. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF PHYSICS OF LIVING Chapter 11. FROM THE PHYSICS OF THE EXISTING TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EMERGING Thermodynamic features of the development of living systems The role of entropy for living organisms Instability as a factor in the development of living things Energy approach to the description of living things Stable disequilibrium Levels organization of living systems and a systematic approach to the evolution of living things Hierarchy of levels of organization of living things Fibonacci method as a factor of harmonic self-organization Physical and biological methods for studying the nature of living things Anthropic principle in the physics of living things Physical evolution of L. Boltzmann and biological evolution of Charles Darwin Physical interpretation of biological laws Physical models in biology Physical factors of development living Space and time for living organisms The connection between space and energy for living things Biological time of a living system Psychological time of living organisms Entropy and information in living systems The value of information Cybernetic approach to describing living things The role of physical laws in understanding living things CHECK QUESTIONS LITERATURE: Chapter 12. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY From atoms to protolife Hypotheses of the origin of life Necessary factors for the origin of life Theory of abiogenic origin of life A.I. Oparina Heterotrophs and autotrophs Chemical processes and molecular self-organization Chemical concepts and definitions Fig. Scheme of changes in free energy and chemical bond in the molecules of living organisms Amino acids Theory of chemical evolution in biogenesis Theory of molecular self-organization by M. Eigen Cyclic organization of chemical reactions and hypercycles Biochemical components of living matter Molecules of living nature Monomers and macromolecules Proteins Fig Structure of the myoglobin protein Fig Structures of 20 amino acids found in proteins Nucleic acids Fig Structure nucleotide monomer nucleic acids Fig Double helix DNA molecules Fig Construction of nucleic acid from nucleotides Carbohydrates Fig Structure of ATP Fig Scheme of obtaining free energy with the participation of ATP Fig Scheme of the formation of an ATP molecule Fig Scheme of the Lipmann cycle on the participation of phosphorus molecules in the energy processes of a living organism Lipids
7 Fig. Structure of unsaturated (a) and saturated (b) fatty acids Fig. Dissolution of the ionic end of a fatty acid in water Fig. Dissolution of hydrocarbon chains of soap in oil The role of water for living organisms The cell as an elementary particle of molecular biology Structure of the cell Fig. Structure of the cell Processes in the cell Cell membranes Photosynthesis Cell division and formation of an organism Rice Cell cycle The role of asymmetry in the emergence of living things Optical activity of matter and chirality Homochirality and self-organization in living organisms CHECK QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 13. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING SYSTEMS Information molecules of heredity Genetic code Genes and the quantum world Hierarchy and comparison elements in physical and genetic atomism Reproduction and inheritance of traits Genotype and phenotype Genome Gene pool Laws of genetics G. Mendel Chromosomal theory of heredity Processes of mutagenesis and transmission of hereditary information Mutations and radiation mutagenesis Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky Mutations and development of the organism Matrix principle of synthesis of information macromolecules and molecular genetics Transmission of hereditary information through replication Fig. DNA replication Matrix synthesis by convariant reduplication Transcription Translation Fig. Scheme of protein biosynthesis Fig. Main stages of the process of transmission of genetic information Differences between proteins and nucleic acids New mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and prion diseases CONTROL QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 14. PHYSICAL UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTIONARY AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS Ontogenesis and phylogeny. Ontogenetic and population levels of life organization Haeckel's law for ontogenesis and phylogeny Ontogenetic level of life Populations and population-species level of living things Physical representation of evolution Synthetic theory of evolution Evolution of populations Elementary factors of evolution Living organism in individual and historical development Geological evolution and general scheme of the evolution of the Earth according to H.H. Moiseev Axioms of biology First axiom Second axiom Third axiom Fourth axiom Physical representations of the axioms of biology
8 14.4. Signs of living things and definitions of life Set of signs of living things Definitions of life Physical model of demographic development SP. Kapitsa CHECK QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 15. PHYSICAL AND INFORMATION FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES Physical fields and radiation of a functioning human body Fig. Scheme of physical fields in the human body Electromagnetic fields and radiation of a living organism Fig. Distribution around a person electric field, formed as a result of the bioelectric activity of his heart Thermal and other types of radiation The mechanism of interaction of human radiation with the environment Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation Possibilities of medical diagnosis and treatment based on radiation from the human body Memory device. Reproduction and transmission of information in the body Physical processes of information signal transmission in a living organism Fig. Structure of a neuron Fig. Electric potential of the action of a nerve impulse Physical basis of memory Human brain and computer TEST QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 16 PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOSPHERE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY Structural organization of the biosphere Biocenoses Geocenoses and biogeocenoses. Ecosystems The concept of the biosphere Biological cycle of substances in nature The role of energy in evolution Fig. Distribution of solar energy entering the Earth Biogeochemical principles V.I. Vernadsky and living matter Living matter Biogeochemical principles V.I. Vernadsky Physical representations of the evolution of the biosphere and the transition to the noosphere The main stages of the evolution of the biosphere Noosphere Transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere Physical factors of the influence of the Cosmos on earthly processes Fig General scheme of solar-terrestrial connections Fig Interaction of charged particles from the Sun with magnetic field Earth Connection between Space and Earth according to the concept of A.L. Chizhevsky Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky Physical foundations of ecology Increasing anthropogenic load on the environment Physical principles of environmental deterioration Principles of sustainable development Assessment of the sustainability of the biosphere The concept of sustainable development and the need for environmental education.284 CONTROL QUESTIONS LITERATURE Chapter 17. PHYSICAL MODELS OF SELF-ORGANIZATION IN ECONOMY Economic model of long waves N.D. Kondratyeva Reversibility and irreversibility of processes in the economy Synergetic ideas of sustainability in the economy Physical modeling of the market The cyclical nature of economic processes in the model N.D. Kondratyeva Model of oscillatory processes in the economy CHECK QUESTIONS LITERATURE CONCLUSION. EVOLUTIONARY-SYNERGISTIC PARADIGM: 8
9 FROM AN INTEGRATIVE NATURAL SCIENCE TO AN INTEGRITY CULTURE.295 LITERATURE Basic Additional TOPICS OF COURSE WORKS, ABSTRACTS AND REPORTS QUESTIONS FOR TEST AND EXAMINATION DICTIONARY OF TERMS A B C D E Ε G I K K Μ Η O Π Ρ C Τ U Φ X Ts Ch Sh E I LITERATURE CONTENTS Capsules (inserts) Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky...13 Ernest Rutherford...19 Lao Tzu...21 Werner Heisenberg...25 Niels Bohr...27 Isaac Newton...37 A. Einstein.. .56 Erwin Schrödinger...70 Louis de Broglie...71 Max Planck...72 Wolfgang Pauli...75 Georgy Antonovich Gamow...81 Paul Dirac...88 Leonardo da Vinci Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky
10 10 PREFACE The course “Concepts of modern natural science” is a synthesis of the wisdom of ancient civilizations, achievements of the natural and human sciences, paving the way to an understanding of nature, man and society. It covers a wide range of issues and is fundamental, fundamental to everything modern education. The emergence of the course “Concepts of modern natural science” is due to the problems that arose before humanity at the beginning of the third millennium. Many specific questions of a particular profession are answered by special sciences, but they do not answer global issues: How does the world around us work as a whole? What fundamental laws does nature obey? What are Life, Mind, Man and where is his place in the Universe? This is largely determined by the formation of a type of thinking and methods of cognition that make it possible to identify fundamental patterns and universal principles that govern processes in the surrounding world. They correspond to the achievements of the natural sciences, and primarily physics. However, it is now becoming increasingly clear that a holistic perception and explanation of the world only on the basis of the natural scientific method of cognition is not enough; it requires a humanitarian approach. On the other hand, in humanities education as a component of universal human culture, it is important to include the concepts, ideas and methodology of the natural sciences, to show why humanists need physics, to establish public consciousness the need for natural education, including it in the system modern culture. One of the main goals of the manual is to involve the reader in the creative process of self-knowledge, to show that without the involvement of science it is impossible to understand one’s purpose on Earth, but at the same time there are still many unknown phenomena that are beyond the control of science. The course is structured in such a way that its study is creative, forming views on the world. Moreover, it perfectly corresponds to the traditions of domestic education with its school of fundamentality and breadth of approach to explaining the essence of things. On the other hand, it is quite natural that it is impossible to embrace the immensity and sufficiently fully and equally illuminate all scientific approaches and concepts. Despite a certain selection of material and an attempt to build a paradigm of a modern natural scientific picture of the world, many interesting questions were not developed in the proposed textbook. To a certain extent, this was done deliberately: in the author’s opinion, such a course should have more questions than answers. This course consists of two parts. The first part gives an idea of the physical principles of explaining nature from the standpoint of modern (including post-non-classical) physics. Following the terminology of I. Prigogine, this is the physics of the necessary, or existing. Here we consider the general fundamental principles of the movement of material bodies within the framework of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, the foundations of the theory of relativity, the physics of the Universe and modern ideas about the structure of matter, methods of discrete and probabilistic description of nature, the use of synergetic concepts to explain the behavior of complex systems and the role of symmetry-asymmetry in various physical manifestations. The evolution of ideas about nature from the mechanical picture of the world through the electromagnetic and field to the modern natural science is given. The second part examines issues of physical understanding of the principles of biology, reproduction and development of living systems, physical factors of the influence of the Cosmos on earthly processes, the role of internal and external physical fields in the evolution of living organisms. These problems relate to the physics of what is emerging and are related to the problems of the physics of the living. As an example of the use of physical models in humanitarian applications, synergetic ideas of self-organization in economics are considered. Each chapter ends with self-test questions and a bibliography. A list of questions is provided that can be used for a test or exam; topics for essays have been developed with reference to the necessary literature.
11 A dictionary of terms used in modern natural science is very useful for students. The manual is written in living language and contains original examples that allow a deeper understanding of the problems of modern natural science. It is of undoubted interest to students of the humanities and inquisitive readers. The methodological goal of such a course is for students to gain an understanding of the holistic picture of the World within the framework of natural science and humanitarian paradigms, their understanding of the role of man in the unification of three interconnected subsystems of his habitat - natural, artificial (technosphere) and social environments. The course “Concepts of modern natural science” corresponds to the State educational standard and the program for humanitarian specialties at universities. It is intended for undergraduates, graduate students and teachers of these specialties and is useful for readers interested in the problems of modern natural science. The author is grateful to the reviewers: corresponding member. RAS, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences L. A. Gribov, Academicians of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences V.I. Fistul and Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences A. N. Georgobiani, as well as Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences K.N. Bystrov for valuable advice and discussion of the manual. Author 11
12 12 Part I. PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD Alles war gesagt, doch alles beibt zu sagen. (Everything has been said, all that remains is to say everything.) I. Goethe Two things fill my soul with ever-new and growing admiration and blessing as I think more and more deeply: the starry sky above me and the moral law within me. I. Kant Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE The term “natural science” in its semantic sense means “nature” (nature) and knowledge about it. Sometimes they use the less common phrase “natural science,” which comes from the common Slavic word “Veda” or “veda” knowledge. We still sometimes say “to know” in the sense of knowing. However, at present, natural science, especially modern science, is understood primarily as exact natural science, reflecting the general laws of nature, formulated in mathematical form, of all processes occurring in the micro- and macroworld. And natural science, similar to social science, scientific studies or environmental management, is usually associated with amorphous ideas about the subject of its own, private “knowledge”. Quite a long time ago, the Latin term natura natura, common in European countries (for example, Germany, Sweden and Holland), entered the Russian language as a synonym for the word “nature”. On its basis, the corresponding term “Naturwissenschaft” was formed, i.e. literally the science of nature, or natural history. It is combined with another definition of the subject of the study of nature “natural philosophy” (philosophy of nature). 5 Problems of the origin, structure, organization of nature, everything that is in the Universe (Cosmos), i.e. essentially all problems of natural science, cosmology and cosmogony originally belonged to “physics”. In any case, Aristotle (BC) called his predecessors and contemporaries who dealt with these problems “physicists” or “physiologists”, for the ancient Greek word “physis”, or “fuzis”, is very close in Russian to the word "nature". Modern natural science touches not only natural scientific problems, but also humanitarian ones, because it examines scientific methods and ways of man’s knowledge of nature. The study of these paths is also the subject of philosophy as a science of thinking and cognition, sociology as a science of development human society, psychology as a science of human intelligence and biology as the science of living things. Therefore, natural science is, to a certain extent, the basis of all knowledge, both natural science, technology, and the humanities. In general, modern natural science as a scientific worldview paradigm is based on physical concepts. This is determined by the fact that, having a scientific method and formulating ideas about nature at a quantitative level in the form of fundamental laws and principles, physics has created a basis for explaining the real physical world. At the same time, having rejected after R. Descartes () attempts to understand the spiritual life of man scientific methods, physics subsequently began to lose its position, encountering those unknown and unexplained phenomena that do not fit into the framework of physical concepts alone. Currently, we understand that at a fundamental level, nature is one, the boundaries in it are very arbitrary, and the various sciences studying it only reflect the consistent approach of the collective mind of humanity to the truth of our ideas about the world. In addition, just as it is impossible to comprehend the laws that govern human life and activity through acquaintance only with the anatomy of its individual organs, it is also impossible, by studying individual natural sciences separately, to understand nature as a whole. Therefore, modern natural science as a set of many sciences about the world is itself a generalized integrative whole.
13 new science. The concept of modern natural science should be created on a holistic basis of the relationship between natural and humanitarian cultures, an unbiased objective view of the environment and inner world person. As the Austrian physicist E. Schrödinger () noted, “all natural sciences are connected with universal human culture,” and the American physicist I. Rabi () also emphasized that “physics forms the core of the humanities education of our time.” The word “concept” means a certain way of understanding, interpretation of an object, phenomenon, process, the main point of view on these entities, the guiding idea for their systematic presentation and illumination. On the other hand, a concept is a system of associations and concepts that is formed in the process of development of our consciousness. The very acquisition and construction of a concept is also the development of consciousness. As Academician N. said. N. Moiseev (), a situation arises when the Mind knows itself. As a result of constructing the concept of modern natural science, a scientific picture of the world or a scientific paradigm is created. By it the author means whole system scientific views about general patterns development of nature, society and living things, which arises as a result of not only the synthesis and generalization of natural scientific ideas, concepts and terms, but also understanding and description based on modern physical models of the origin and development of life in general, its specific manifestations in living nature, as well as the essence of socio-economic, and including historical, development of society. This should also include philosophy, which in relation to science has always performed the function of a methodology of knowledge and which Aristotle defined as the doctrine of the first causes, first principles, and the most general principles of being. Currently, successful attempts are being made to describe such categories as morality, ethics, conscience, and other spiritual and aesthetic values through the concepts exact science. Note that a physical model is created essentially for the same reason why an architect constructs a model of a group of buildings: to visually represent the relationship and proportionality between buildings, the free spaces between them and the passages or streets connecting them. In physics, they usually strive to make a mathematical model to describe phenomena, the process 7 Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky 13 The great Russian scientist and encyclopedist V.I. Vernadsky () studied issues of origin and development chemical elements on Earth and in Space, the reasons for the origin of “living matter”, the interaction of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and noosphere of the Earth and their connection with Space. His works essentially laid the foundations of modern natural science. V. I. Vernadsky was born in St. Petersburg in 1863, in the family of a professor of political economy, a typical representative of the Russian liberal intelligentsia of the last century. Vladimir Ivanovich received an excellent education in a classical gymnasium and then graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. He was greatly influenced by the famous Russian soil scientist V.V. Dokuchaev (), who taught a course in mineralogy at this university. Vernadsky knew 15 languages, was interested in history, philosophy, global problems human
14 societies. In 1897, Vernadsky defended his doctoral dissertation and became a professor at Moscow University. In 1906 he was elected a member of the State Council from Moscow University. On the initiative of V.I. Vernadsky and under his chairmanship in 1915, a commission was created to study the natural productive forces of Russia at the Academy of Sciences. At the end of 1921, Vernadsky founded the Radium Institute in Moscow and was appointed its director. In 1926, his famous work “Biosphere” was published. He conducted research on natural waters, the cycle of substances and gases of the Earth, cosmic dust, and problems of time and space. But the main topic for him remains the topic of the biosphere, the region of life and the geochemical activity of living matter. For Vernadsky, science was a means of understanding nature. He was not an expert in any one science or even in several sciences. He brilliantly knew a good dozen sciences, but he studied nature, which is immeasurably more complex than all individual sciences. Like many natural scientists who have achieved outstanding success in special fields, Vernadsky came to his philosophical conclusions in his declining years, seeing in them a natural generalization of the fundamental principles underlying the universe. But even among the luminaries of natural science, he stands out for his innovation, breadth of views, depth of ideas and their amazing modernity. V.I. Vernadsky is the founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiochemistry. Being a professor at Moscow University in 2010, he resigned in protest against the harassment of students. In 1919 he was the first president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. or object in quantitative language. To create a physical model, three starting points are used: all natural phenomena (and now, within the framework of synergetic concepts of complex open systems, these include processes and organization of socio-economic and living systems) can be explained by physical laws expressed in mathematical form; these physical laws are universal and do not depend on time and space; all basic laws should be simple. Many humanists, and even more people far from science, believe that their lives have nothing to do with abstract mathematical theories and fundamental physical laws, and if mathematics is needed, then only then 8 to count money. In reality, fundamental mathematical and physical ideas, the dominant physical and mathematical paradigms (including the synergetic one) leave their mark both on the thinking style of scientists not only in the natural sciences, but also in the humanities, and on the everyday thinking of all people without exception. They penetrate into language as figures of speech, into logic, psychology, politics, into moral ideas and value systems, into ethics and aesthetics. Man at all times strives to live and act in accordance with his inner nature and, if possible, in accordance with external Nature, by which is meant what we know about it and can express in terms and symbols modern science. Teaching a person to navigate correctly (“scientifically”) in the real world, to realize his place in it, is one of the tasks of modern natural science. In addition, according to I. R. Prigogine (b. 1917), “natural science is a dialogue with nature. And as it should be in a real dialogue, the answers are often unexpected, and sometimes simply amazing.” Therefore, modern natural science is not just interdisciplinary training course, A real science knowledge of the world, life and man. Man is an essential object of nature with cosmological significance. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras (5th century BC) began one of his works (“On Nature”) with the words: “Man is the measure of all things, the existence of existing ones and the non-existence of non-existent ones.” This prophetic saying of Protagoras anticipated the so-called anthropic principle, which was first consciously introduced into the foundations of cosmology and analyzed in detail already in 14
15 our time. Having adjusted the famous Protagoras saying in his own way, V.I. Vernadsky seemed to anticipate, following Protagoras himself, the anthropic cosmological principle: “ thinking man there is a measure for everything." V. I. Vernadsky was fully aware of the vital necessity of a philosophical worldview and the fundamental importance of the metaphysical principles of natural science, about which he wrote back in 1902: “In the history of the development of scientific thought, one can clearly and accurately trace the importance of philosophy as the roots and vital atmosphere of scientific research.” . And in another of his works he noted: “In our time, the framework of a separate science into which scientific knowledge, cannot accurately determine the field of scientific thought of the researcher, or accurately characterize it scientific work. The problems that occupy him increasingly do not fit into the framework of a separate, defined, established science. We specialize not in sciences, but in problems.” At the same time, V.I. Vernadsky considered it fundamentally necessary and possible to strive for extremely complete coverage natural phenomena and nature itself in general. At the same time, the differentiation of special sciences continues, and now there are already up to 500 natural sciences and 300 humanities. According to V.I. Vernadsky, the provisions of these sciences should be reflected conceptually in modern natural science. The famous philosopher and specialist in the field of logic K. Popper () in his book “Logic scientific discovery" wrote: "There is at least one philosophical problem in which all thinking humanity is interested. This is a problem of cosmology, a problem of understanding the world, including ourselves, and our knowledge as part of the world.” Let us consider, within the framework of modern scientific ideas, how this problem was specifically solved and how a scientific picture of the world is created. Stages of development and formation of natural science If you want to know nature and appreciate its beauty, then you need to understand its language, which it speaks. 0na provides information in only one form, and we have no right to demand from it. for her to change her language to get our attention. Ρ. Feynman Learning rarely bears fruit for anyone other than those. who are predisposed to this, but they hardly need it. Gibbons' statement quoted by R. Feyman in his lectures on physics The science of nature originated in Ancient Greece more than 2500 years ago as a single natural philosophy. The natural basis for its emergence and development was the observations of inquisitive people over the world around them. From these observations, conclusions and generalizations were made and theories were built. Since in the initial period of the formation of a unified science there were no measurements, but only observations and reasoning, the first observers clothed their conclusions in certain philosophical categories. All natural scientific knowledge and ideas about nature at that time were not divided into separate areas of knowledge and thus constituted a single science, the basis of which was logical reasoning and conclusions about what was observed. This is where the name natural philosophy comes from, i.e. wise reasoning about nature (nature is nature, philosophy is love of wisdom). These theoretical ideas were naive and often wrong. But along with the accumulation of knowledge, there was an analysis of it, and many ideas were formed in the form of prophetic guesses, which are now confirmed in the modern natural scientific picture of the world. One has to be surprised at the genius of the guesses of the Greek philosophers, given the level of development of science of those times. Thus, the founder of the Ionian philosophical school Thales (BC) 11 taught that the stars consist of the same substance as the Earth. Anaximander (BC) argued that worlds come into being and are destroyed. In the materialist philosophical school of Epicurus (BC), they taught the plurality of inhabited worlds, and considered these worlds to be similar to our Earth. For example, the Epicurean Metrodorus argued that “to consider the Earth the only inhabited world in infinite space would be the same blatant absurdity as to assert that in a huge sown field 15
16 only one ear of wheat.” Representatives of the natural philosophy of Ancient Greece are considered the first naturalists in understanding the unity of the world as a whole. In ancient natural science, the idea of the material fundamental principle of all things and eternal motion was strengthened. The following were proposed as the fundamental principles of what the world and all things consist of: fire, water, air and a certain principle “aiperon”. Thus, Heraclitus of Ephesus (5th century BC), who considered fire to be the beginning of everything in the world, formulated the idea of the unity of the world and its variability (“everything flows, everything changes, nothing lasts forever except change”). . The idea of continuity of motion (“the world is one, was, is and will be forever new”) generally agrees well with modern ideas about moving matter. Plato’s Program In the development of ancient Greek natural science, three scientific programs can be distinguished: the idealistic Plato (BC) and two materialistic Aristotle and Democritus (BC). Scientific program Plato can be called mathematical, because in the sense of understanding the role of quantitative calculations in scientific study world, it largely determined the path of development of natural science. It is based on the idea of Pythagoras (VI century BC) that “numbers are the essence of things.” Plato argued that "God is a geometer." Despite the fact that Plato recognized the material world as consisting of four substances: fire, air, water and earth, he attributed different geometric shape in the form of polyhedra: for fire, tetra-12 hedra, for air, octahedra, for water, icosahedrons, for earth, cubes, i.e., he introduced abstract topological concepts. This was due to Plato’s idealistic ideas that the material world of existence is only a reflection of the world of human ideas, his ideas, and not really existing matter. Therefore, the mathematical constructions and numerical abstractions of Plato’s Pythagoras program were assigned an almost mystical role, which is manifested to this day in religious canons, astrology and magic, and in science in some “mysterious” mathematical numbers: 3, ; 1/137; 1, etc., the meaning of the values of which (why they are exactly like that) is still not clear. This program also put forward the idea of rotating all celestial bodies, including the Sun, in spheres around the central fire. It arose from observations of the starry sky and the periodic changes of day, night, winter, summer and reflected the then existing ideas about the world. Note that in the 3rd century. BC. Aristarchus of Samos (IV-III centuries BC) proposed the idea of the heliocentric structure of the Universe and the movement of all celestial bodies around the Sun. This idea was revived by N. Copernicus () later, in the Middle Ages. Aristotle's ideas Common feature The continuum program of Aristotle and the atomistic program of Democritus is their materialism. According to the continuum approach, the entire material world consists of a continuous substance that is in constant motion. All objects of nature (“existing things”) neither arise nor are destroyed, but exist forever and appear in various forms this substance, transforming from one form to another. This inherently physical program of Aristotle’s Anaxagoras is also consonant with modern ideas about the forms of existence and movement of matter also because it assumed the presence in each object of all “things” (“everything in everything” or “everything has a part of everything”). On modern scientific language this is the structure of matter from elementary particles. Aristotle believed that the world is a rotating Cosmos and its movement began in some small volume of space from the initial push, and this agrees well with one of modern theories the origin of the Big Bang Universe and the Expanding Universe. Space itself is a kind of limited sphere, in the center of which the Earth is located. Space and time exist only within this Cosmos and are filled with “primary matter”. Primary matter, under the influence of a combination of “primary forces” of hot, cold, dry and wet, transforms into one of 16
17 four “elements”: fire, air, water and earth. The elements, in turn, can either move from one to another or enter into various compounds and form “substances”: stones, metals, meat, blood, clay, wool, etc. And as a logical result, bodies are created from substances. Aristotle also introduced the concept of natural and violent movements of bodies. It is natural for terrestrial bodies to move either down (“heavy” bodies) or up (“light” bodies), and it was believed that the reason for natural movements lies in their nature. It was natural for celestial bodies to assume their circular motion around the Earth as the center of the Cosmos. Violent movement was explained by the action of forces on bodies, and it stopped if the force ceased to act. Ideas about natural and violent forces and the movements caused by them arose from everyday practice and observations of the movement of bodies in real life and were accepted in science until the 18th century. By this time, the idea of force as the cause of motion became the basis of the classical mechanics of Galileo Newton. Note that it was Aristotle who first introduced the term “physics” to designate the study of nature. Therefore, from a formal point of view, Aristotle is the first physicist, although the first physicists include Anaxagoras with his idea of moving matter, and Pythagoras, since he was the first to study and describe the appearance of different sounds depending on the length of the string. Aristotle wrote 61 books, and in the history of science up to our time, it is likely that you will not find a single figure equal to Aristotle in the breadth of coverage of the areas of knowledge he explored, the level of novelty and depth of research in each of these areas and the degree of influence on the subsequent development of science. thoughts. He is rightfully considered an ancient classic and not only of natural history. Let's not forget that Aristotle was also the teacher of the outstanding commander Alexander the Great (BC) Model of Democritus The atomic program of Leucippus Democritus (5th century BC) was based on the idea of the existence of the smallest, more indivisible particles of atoms, which make up the entire material world. Atoms move in emptiness and are varied in shape; during collisions they adhere and form bodies, and the diversity of bodies was explained by the diversity of atoms. Here too one can see a naive, but generally correct view of the world from the point of view of modern science. In this atomistic world there was a place for the Gods. They were also made of atoms, but inaccessible to human senses. Naturally, the Gods were credited with a higher intelligence, which governs the whole world. This atomistic program was characterized by rigid determinism, which was later preserved in the mechanics of Galileo Newton, i.e. any movement of matter was assumed to be necessary, due to some reasons. Randomness was completely excluded from the picture of the world. It was considered subjective and explained by the lack of human knowledge. At the same time, Epicurus, a follower of Democritus, suggested the existence of objective chance. The atomic theory, like the earlier one, was supplanted by the continuum theory. Its rehabilitation began only in the 17th century. We also note that back in the 1st century. BC. Lucretius Carus (99 55 BC) in his book “On the Nature of Things,” dedicated to Epicurus, in poetic form outlined many ideas about the materiality of the world, the connection between space, time and matter, the discreteness of matter and the relativity of motion. In conclusion of a brief consideration of the stages of development of ancient natural science, we note that in the poem by Lucretius Cara, in addition to natural scientific issues, general humanitarian problems of life, death, spirituality, ethics and morality were considered, and the main thing in this attempt to understand the world there was integrity of perception, the idea that the world is one; and the description of its structure was based on precisely this, holistic, as they say now, approach. Further development understanding of the world during the transition to a quantitative description of the processes of movement of matter proceeded through mechanistic ideas about nature. This was associated with the name of G. Galileo (), who combined physics and mathematics, introduced the concepts of inertia, frame of reference, acceleration as the cause of motion, the principle of relativity and a number of other parameters of motion
18 1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world What you do not understand does not belong to you. I. Goethe Not what you think, nature is not a cast, not a soulless face, it has a soul, it has freedom, it has love, it has language. F. Tyutchev The explanation of natural phenomena from the point of view of physics and its various applications in technology is based on some fundamental physical concepts and principles. The most general, important, fundamental principles or concepts in the physical description of nature include matter, motion, space and time. Revealing their content, we note, first of all, the structure of matter, i.e. what the world around us consists of, including ourselves. This is the theory of elementary particles in its modern representation and the movement of matter in the broad sense of the word, as well as the interaction of particles and fields with each other. Other fundamental principles include the following concepts: conservation laws, symmetry, asymmetry, order, disorder, discreteness, continuity, probabilistic, i.e. statistical approach to describing phenomena. Classical physics gave an almost universal recipe for describing and understanding simple motion and explained the action and construction of technical mechanisms and machines based on the ideas of Galileo Newton. But this applied specifically to mechanical movement, and not to changes in general, for example in a living organism. Physical rationalism An idea was formed (and for a long time about 200 years!) that classical mechanics, as a part of physics, can explain all possible phenomena in nature. This view led to the emergence in the 18th century. a rational scientific approach that logically and correctly described, as it seemed, the world around us. This position exalted physics as a science, and allowed Rutherford to later jokingly say: “All sciences are divided into two groups: physics and stamp collecting.” 16 Based on a rational scientific approach, “physicalism” arose, a general scientific paradigm that explains any processes in living and inanimate nature, society, and society as a whole by analogy and in accordance with the physical principles developed in classical mechanics. It is known that the French diplomat Talleyrand () used the mechanics of D'Alembert (), believing that on its basis he could logically and indisputably convince his colleagues that he was right. Another example, which became a classic: when Napoleon became familiar with the cosmological theory of Laplace (), classic of that mechanics, he noted to the author that there is no place for God in this mechanics. To which Laplace replied: “Sire, je n" avais pas besoin de cette hypothese” (“My emperor, I did not need this hypothesis”). French utopian thinkers C. Saint-Simon () and C. Fourier () applied the ideas of mechanics to use them in social sciences. Essentially, it was an attempt to reduce the natural science of that time to the sum of the then known physical laws. Philosophical basis This approach, leading to strict determinism of cause-and-effect relationships, including in quantitative values, was the fundamental distinction between the world and man, introduced by R. Descartes. As a consequence of this distinction, confidence arose in the possibility of an objective description of the world, devoid of references to the personality of the observer, and science saw its ideal and purpose in such an objective description of the world. Of course, now we understand that this is not true: classical mechanics works only within certain limits, at velocities of interaction propagation less than the speed of light, and masses greater than a gram. Another, humanitarian approach to explaining the world on the basis of anthropocentrism, according to which inanimate objects, plants, animals and even gods in ancient times were likened to humans, is also incorrect. Subsequently, it turned out that this rather naive approach is closer and more understandable to humans and in modern natural science it was revived in the form of the anthropic principle. 18
Gorbachev V.V. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. manual for university students / V.V. Gorbachev. M.: 000 “Publishing house “ONICS 21st century”: 000 “Publishing house “Peace and Education”, 2003. 592 p. ill.
Concepts of modern natural science. Gorbachev V.V. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M.: ONICS 21st century, World and Education", 2005. 672 p. The textbook outlines physical principles that help explain the environment
Contents Introduction...9 Chapter 1. Subject and structure of natural science... 12 1.1. The science. Functions of science... 12 Science as a branch of culture...13 Science as a way of understanding the world...15 Science as a social institution...17
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION NOU HPE "MOSCOW ACADEMY OF ECONOMICS AND LAW" Institute of Economics Department of Mathematics and Informatics APPROVED Vice-Rector for educational work Doctor of Economics, Professor
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal state budgetary educational institution higher vocational education"SAMARA STATE ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY"
STANDARD OF SECONDARY (FULL) GENERAL EDUCATION IN NATURAL SCIENCE BASIC LEVEL Study of natural science at basic level secondary (full) general education is aimed at achieving the following goals:
Contents Introduction... 9 Chapter 1. NATURAL SCIENCE AS A UNIFIED SCIENCE ABOUT NATURE... 13 1.1. Natural science and humanitarian cultures... 13 1.2. The place of science in the cultural system and its structure... 14 1.3. Characteristics
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR THE CSE EXAM for full-time students 1. Science. The meaning of science. Classification of sciences according to the subject of knowledge and the tasks to be solved. Integration and differentiation in modern science.
Concepts of modern natural science. Bochkarev A.I., Bochkareva T.S., Saksonov S.V. Togliatti: TGUS, 2008. 386 p. The textbook is written in strict accordance with the State educational standard for the discipline
CONTENTS Introduction... 8 Section I. Natural science and humanitarian cultures, methods of scientific knowledge Chapter 1. Concepts and culture of modern natural science 1.1. Two cultures in the life of one society:
Erilova T.V. Concepts of modern natural science [Electronic resource]: electronic training and metodology complex. Part 1 / T.V. Erilova, S.I. Konev; Sib. state industrial univ. - Novokuznetsk: SibGIU, 2010.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION State educational institution of higher professional education “Ural State University named after. A.M. Gorky" Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics
ABSTRACT OF THE WORK PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE In the field of preparation 03/09/03 Applied informatics Profile “Applied informatics in management” “Concept of modern natural science” 1. Goals and objectives
1. Goals and objectives of the discipline Goals: Based on the study of the concept of global evolutionism, to form in students: - a holistic view of the development of the objective world as an inextricable unity of nature and society
Appendix QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION AT SEMINARS, TOPICS OF REPORTS AND ABSTRACTS Topic 1 RELATIONSHIP OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY 1. Natural philosophical concept of the relationship between philosophy and natural science: essence, basic
Thematic study plan academic discipline for students of specialty 080109.65 “Accounting, analysis and audit” full-time study section of the topic Name of sections and topics Number of hours
Mansurov A.N. Mansurov N.A. Guidelines to the educational complex “Physics 10.11” Mansurova A.N., Mansurova N.A. when studying physics in classes high school with humanitarian and socio-economic profile
1. The purpose of studying the academic discipline “Modern scientific picture of the world” is: To develop in students an understanding of the essence of the fundamental laws of nature that make up the framework of modern natural
1 Goals and objectives of the discipline: The goal of the academic discipline “Concepts of modern natural science” is the formation of a scientific worldview among students, increasing the general cultural status and level of erudition in the field
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "SIBERIAN STATE GEODETIC ACADEMY"
2 1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF DISCIPLINE. Concepts of modern natural science (CSE) is a mandatory component in the training of bachelors and specialists in the humanities. This is fundamentally new
Biology 10 11 classes Working programm the subject “Biology” for grades 10-11 was developed in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Education in the Russian Federation” (dated December 29, 2012 273-FZ); Federal State Educational
Autonomous non-profit professional educational organization"KUBAN INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION" ANNOTATIONS ON DISCIPLINES OF THE TRAINING PROGRAM FOR MIDDLE-LEVEL SPECIALISTS 02/38/06
1. List of competencies indicating the stages (levels) of their formation. STUDENT COMPETENCIES FORMED AS A RESULT OF MASTERING THE DISCIPLINE (PLANNED LEARNING RESULTS) GPC-1 - ability to use
1. THE PLACE OF DISCIPLINE IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM One of the main problems that any person has to deal with throughout his life is the problem of mutual understanding.
D. Lesson 5. 3 hours Topic: Evolution of ideas about space and time. Special and general theories of relativity. Principles of symmetry, conservation laws. Main questions of the topic: 1. Space and time
1.Goals and objectives of the discipline. 3 4 1. Purpose and objectives of the discipline 1.1. The goal of the discipline is to form ideas about the basic laws of natural science within the framework scientific paradigms from the moment of the birth of the Universe,
BASIC LEVEL WILL LEARN To give examples of the role of natural science in the formation of a scientific worldview based on the evolution of the natural scientific picture of the world (physical, mechanical, electrodynamic, quantum field),
Ã. À. BUSINESS RESEARCH GUIDE FOR ACADEMIC BACHELORATE 3rd edition, revised and expanded RE kommania about the world in the world
PHYSICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD The physical picture of the world is a system of the most general ideas about the structure, interaction and movement of matter from the level of elementary particles to galaxies, described as universal,
A.I. Bochkarev, T. S. Bochkareva, S. V. Saksonov Approved by the Scientific and Methodological Council on Physics of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions studying technical
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY (MIIGAIK) Abstract of the work program of the discipline Concepts of modern natural science
Extract from the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the field of training of a certified specialist 061100 - "Organization Management" Concepts of modern natural science Index Discipline and its main sections Total hours EN.F
Dubnischeva T.Ya. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. aid for students universities / Tatyana Yakovlevna Dubnischeva. 5th ed., revised. and additional M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003. 608 p. In the manual via
The textbook is written in accordance with the State Standard of the Russian Federation in the discipline “Concepts of modern natural science,” which is part of the cycle of general mathematical and natural science disciplines, and is intended
A.A. Gorelov Concepts of modern natural science Lecture notes Textbook KNORUS MOSCOW 2013 UDC 50 (075.8) BBK 20ya73 G68 Reviewers: A.M. Gilyarov, prof. Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University. M.V.
Guarantor of discipline: Yagafarova G.A. and about. Head of the Department of Ecology, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Ecology of the Sibay Institute (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State University"
1. Fund of assessment funds for conducting intermediate certification of students in the discipline. General information 1. Department of Mathematics, Physics and information technologies 2. Direction of training 03/44/05
Lecture 1 INTRODUCTION. PHYSICS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY. MATTER. BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER IN MODERN PHYSICS. SPACE AND TIME ARE THE BASIC FORMS OF EXISTENCE OF MATTER.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL EDUCATIONAL PRIVATE INSTITUTION PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION COLLEGE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT WORK PROGRAM OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE OP.19 “CONCEPTS”
Specialty code: 09.00.01 Ontology and theory of knowledge Specialty formula: The content of specialty 09.00.01 “Ontology and theory of knowledge” is the development of a modern scientific and philosophical worldview
WORK PROGRAM BIOLOGY at the level of secondary general education (FSES SOO) (basic level) PLANNED SUBJECT RESULTS OF MASTERING THE SUBJECT "BIOLOGY" As a result of the study academic subject
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Tyumen State Oil and Gas University"
1. General provisions As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should be able to: Orientate himself in the most general philosophical problems of being, knowledge, values, freedom and the meaning of life as the basis
Biology grades 10-11 As a result of studying a biology course at the level of secondary general education: The graduate will learn at a basic level: to reveal with examples the role of biology in the formation of modern scientific
E.I. Petrova Symmetry in nature The process of cognition of the laws of nature has led humanity to the conclusion that evolution consists in the coexistence of two opposing tendencies: on the one hand, this is the desire for
Genkin B.I. PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MECHANICS Textbook. St. Petersburg: http://auditori-um.ru, 2012 INTRODUCTION The word “physics” comes from the Greek word physis nature. Physics is the science of the most common
Work program in biology Class: 10-11 Teacher: Solovyova V.M. Number of hours: 68 hours total. 10th grade only 34 hours; per week: 1 hour. 11th grade only 34 hours; per week: 1 hour. Samara 2018 Explanatory
Topic 8. ONTOLOGY: “BEING” AND “MATTER” AS ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHICAL CATEGORIES Goals and objectives of the lecture: - to comprehend the essence of the philosophical doctrine of the existence of the world; - identify the content of the main categories of philosophical ontology;
Abstract of the work program in natural science for grades 10-11 The work program is compiled on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education. (Order of the Ministry
L.A. Sergeeva Modern physical picture of the world: philosophical aspect Physics terminologically originates from the Greek “physis” “nature”, and in this sense physics in the ancient world was identical
2 The approximate program of the academic discipline is developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard (hereinafter referred to as the Federal State Educational Standard) for the specialty(s) of secondary vocational education
The beginnings of modern natural science. Concepts and principles. Savchenko V.N., Smagin V.P. Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2006. 608 p. This manual examines in detail the main natural history
2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: ONIX 21st century, World and Education", 2005. -672 p. The textbook outlines physical principles that make it possible to explain the world of living and inanimate nature around us from the standpoint of modern, including post-nonclassical, physics. General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined. The manual contains interesting facts and hypotheses from various fields of physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science. Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science. CONTENT
Part one
PHYSICAL BASICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 5
Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE 5
1.1. Stages of development and formation of natural science 11
1.1.1. Plato's program 12
1.1.2. Aristotle's ideas 13
1.1.3. Model of Democritus 15
1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world 16
1.2.1.Physical rationalism 16
1.2.2. Methods of cognition 17
1.2.3. Holistic perception of the world 19
1.2.4. Physics and Eastern mysticism 20
1.2.5. The relationship between the natural sciences and the humanities 26
1.2.6. Synergetic paradigm 30
1.2.7. Universal principle of natural science - Bohr's principle of complementarity 31
Control questions. .41
Literature 41
Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS 42
2.1. Three-dimensionality of space 43
2.2. Space and time 48
2.3. Features of Newtonian mechanics 54
2.4. Movement in mechanics 59
2.5. Newton's laws - Galileo 60
2.6. Conservation laws 64
2.7. Principles of optimality 68
2.8. Mechanical picture of the world 71
Test questions 73
Literature 73
Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS 73
3.1. Definition of the concept of field 73
3.2. Faraday - Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism 77
3.3. Electromagnetic field 79
3.4. Gravity field 81
3.5. Electromagnetic picture of the world 83
Test questions 84
Literature 84
Chapter 4. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY - A BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM... 85
4.1. Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) 85
4.1.1. Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT 86
4.1.2. The principle of relativity of G. Galileo 88
4.1.3. Relativity and time invariance 91
4.1.4. Constancy of the speed of light 92
4.1.5. Transformations of G. Lorentz 93
4.1.6. Changing the length and duration of time in STO 94
4.1.7. "The Twin Paradox" 96
4.1.8. Change in mass in STO 98
4.2. General Theory of Relativity (GTR) 99
4.2.1. Postulates of GTR 99
4.2.2. Experimental verification of OTO 100
4.2.3. Gravity and space curvature 103
4.2.4. Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity 106
Test questions 107
Literature 107
Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS 107
5.1. Description of processes in the microcosm. 107
5.2. The need to introduce quantum mechanics 109
5.3. Planck's hypothesis 113
5.4. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 116
5.5. Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg 117
5.6. Quantum mechanics and time reversibility 119
5.7. Quantum electrodynamics 120
Test questions 121
Literature 121
Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE 122
6.1. Cosmological model of A. Einstein - A.A. Fridman 123
6.2. Other models of the origin of the Universe 125
6.2.1. Big Bang Model 126
6.2.2. CMB 130
6.2.3. Is the Universe expanding or contracting? 131
6.2.4. Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang 133
6.2.5. Inflating Universe Model 136
6.3. Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental basis of the structure of matter in the Universe 138
6.3.1. Classification of elementary particles 140
6.3.2. Quark model 142
6.4. Fundamental interactions and world constants. ..... 145
6.4.1. World constants 147
6.4.2. Fundamental interactions and their role in nature 149
6.4.3. What does the matter of the Universe consist of? 150
6.4.4. Black holes 152
6.5. Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space - time 156
6.5.1. Possibility of multidimensional space 157
6.6. Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle 160
6.6.1. Plurality of worlds. . 161
6.6.2. Hierarchical structure of the Universe 164
6.7. Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies 167
6.8. Mechanism of star formation and evolution 169
6.8.1. Proton-proton cycle 169
6.8.2. Carbon-nitrogen cycle 171
6.8.3. Evolution of stars 172
6.8.4. Pulsars 175
6.8.5. Quasars 178
Test questions 181
Literature 181
Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM OF “ORDER-DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS 182
7.1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics 183
7.2. Dynamics of chaos and order 185
7.3. E. Lorenz model 186
7.4. Dissipative structures 187
7.5. Benard cells 187
7.6. Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions 188
7.7. Dynamic chaos 190
7.8. Phase space 191
7.9. Attractors 192
7.10. Aggravation mode 198
7.11. Poincaré model for describing changes in the state of a system 203
7.12. Dynamic instabilities 205
7.13. Energy change during system evolution 206
7.14. Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden” ratio 207
7.15. Open systems 212
7.16. The principle of producing minimum entropy 213
Test questions 215
Literature 215
Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS 216
8.1. Symmetry and conservation laws 219
8.2. Symmetry-asymmetry 221
8.3. Law of conservation of electric charge 222
8.4. Mirror symmetry 223
8.5. Other types of symmetry 224
8.6. Chirality of living and inanimate nature 227
8.7. Symmetry and entropy 229
Test questions 230
Literature 230
Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS 231
9.1. Mechanics classification 232
9.2. Modern physical picture of the world 234
Test questions 238
Literature 238
PHYSICS OF LIVING AND EVOLUTION OF NATURE AND SOCIETY 239
Chapter 10. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF LIVING PHYSICS 239
Chapter 11. FROM THE PHYSICS OF THE EXISTING TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EMERGING 241
11.1. Thermodynamic features of the development of living systems 243
11.1.1. The role of entropy for living organisms 244
11.1.2. Instability as a factor in the development of living things 247
11.2. Energy approach to describing living things 249
11.2.1. Stable disequilibrium 251
11.3. Levels of organization of living systems and a systems approach to the evolution of living things 253
11.3.1. Hierarchy of levels of organization of living things 253
11.3.2. Fibonacci method as a factor of harmonic self-organization 255
11.3.3. Physical and biological methods of studying the nature of living things 257
11.3.4. The anthropic principle in the physics of living things 259
11.3.5. Physical evolution of L. Boltzmann and biological evolution of Ch. Darwin 262
11.4. Physical interpretation of biological laws 264
11.4.1. Physical models in biology 265
11.4.2. Physical factors in the development of living things 268
11.5. Space and time for living organisms >. . , 270
11.5.1. The connection between space and energy for living things 271
11.5.2. Biological time of a living system 272
11.5.3. Psychological time of living organisms 276
11.6. Entropy and information in living systems 280
11.6.1. The value of information. . 282
11.6.2. Cybernetic approach to the description of living things 285
11.6.3. The role of physical laws in understanding living things 287
Test questions 289
Literature 289
Chapter 12. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 289
12.1. From atoms to protolife 289
12.1.1. Hypotheses about the origin of life 289
12.1.2. Necessary factors for the origin of life 293
12.1.3. The theory of the abiogenic origin of life by A. I. Oparin. . .294
12.1.4. Heterotrophs and autotrophs 297
12.2. Chemical processes and molecular self-organization 299
12.2.1. Chemical concepts and definitions 300
12.2.2. Amino acids 306
12.2.3. Theory of chemical evolution in biogenesis 307
12.2.4. M. Eigen's theory of molecular self-organization 308
12.2.5. Cyclic organization of chemical reactions and hypercycles 310
12. 3. Biochemical components of living matter 313
12.3.1. Molecules of living nature 313
12.3.2. Monomers and macromolecules 315
12.3.3. Proteins 316
12.3.4. Nucleic acids 321
12.3.5. Carbohydrates 323
12.3.6. Lipids 327
12.3.7. The role of water for living organisms 330
12.4. Cell as an elementary particle of molecular biology.... 332
12.4.1. Cell structure 334
12.4.2. Cell processes 338
12.4.3. Cell membranes 339
12.4.4. Photosynthesis 341
12.4.5. Cell division and organism formation 342
12.5. The role of asymmetry in the emergence of living things 346
12.5.1. Optical activity of matter and chirality 347
12.5.2. Homochirality and self-organization in living organisms 349
Control questions. 353
Literature 353
Chapter 13. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING SYSTEMS 354
13.1. Information molecules of heredity 354
13.1.1. Genetic code 355
13.1.2. Genes and the quantum world 359
13.2. Reproduction and inheritance of traits 360
13.2.1. Genotype and phenotype 361
13.2.2. Laws of genetics by G. Mendel 362
13.2.3. Chromosomal theory of heredity 363
13.3. Mutagenesis processes and transmission of hereditary information 365
13.3.1. Mutations and radiation mutagenesis 365
13.3.2. Mutations and development of the organism 370
13.4. Matrix principle of synthesis of information macromolecules and molecular genetics 373
13.4.1. Transfer of hereditary information through replication. . . 373
13.4.2. Template synthesis by convariant reduplication 375
13.4.3. Transcription 375
13.4.4. Broadcast 376
13.4.5. Differences between proteins and nucleic acids 379
13.4.6. New mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and prion diseases 380
Test questions 382
Literature 382
Chapter 14. PHYSICAL UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTIONARY AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS 383
14.1. Ontogenesis and phylogeny. Ontogenetic and population levels of life organization 383
14.1.1. Haeckel's law for ontogeny and phylogeny 383
14.1.2. Ontogenetic level of life 384
14.1.3. Populations and population-species level of living things 385
14.2. Physical representation of evolution 387
14.2.1. Synthetic theory of evolution 387
14.2.2. Evolution of populations 388
14.2.3. Elementary factors of evolution 391
14.2.4. Living organism in individual and historical development 392
14.2.5. Geological evolution and the general scheme of the evolution of the Earth according to N.N. Moiseevu 393
14.3. Axioms of Biology 396
14.3.1. First axiom 397
14.3.2. Second axiom 398
14.3.3. Third axiom 400
14.3.4. Fourth axiom 402
14.3.5. Physical representations of the axioms of biology 404
14.4. Signs of living things and definitions of life 406
14.4.1. Set of signs of living things 407
14.4.2. Definitions of Life 410
14.5. Physical model of demographic development of the SP. Kapitsa 414
Test questions 419
Literature 419
Chapter 15. PHYSICAL AND INFORMATION FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 420
15.1. Physical fields and radiation of a functioning human body 420
15.1.1. Electromagnetic fields and radiation of a living organism 422
15.1.2. Thermal and other types of radiation 429
15.2. The mechanism of interaction of human radiation with the environment. . 431
15.2.1. Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation 431
15.2.2. Possibilities of medical diagnostics and treatment based on radiation from the human body 436
15.3. Memory device. Reproduction and transmission of information in the body 440
15.3.1. Physical processes of information signal transmission in a living organism 441
15.3.2. Physical basis of memory 444
15.3.3. The human brain and the computer 448
Test questions 450
Literature 450
Chapter 16. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOSPHERE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 450
16.1. Structural organization of the biosphere 450
16.1.1. Biocenoses. - 451
16.1.2. Geocenoses and biogeocenoses. Ecosystems 452
16.1.3. The concept of the biosphere 453
16.1.4. Biological cycle of substances in nature 455
16.1.5. The role of energy in evolution 456
16.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky and living matter 458
16.2.1. Living matter 458
16.2.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky 460
16.3. Physical representations of the evolution of the biosphere and the transition to the noosphere 462
16.3.1. The main stages of the evolution of the biosphere 462
16.3.2. Noosphere 463
16.3.3. Transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere. 464
16.4. Physical factors of the influence of Space on terrestrial processes 467
16.4.1. Connection between Space and Earth according to the concept of A. L. Chizhevsky 470
16.5. Physical foundations of ecology 474
16.5.1. Increasing anthropogenic load on the environment 474
16.5.2. Physical principles of environmental degradation 479
16.6. Principles of sustainable development 481
16.6.1. Biosphere stability assessments 481
16.6.2. The concept of sustainable development and the need for environmental education 484
Test questions 486
Literature 486
Part three
CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE HUMANITIES 487
Chapter 17. GENERAL NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PICTURE OF THE WORLD 487
17.1. Basic principles of universal evolutionism 489
17.2. Universal evolutionism and the methodology of using the Darwinian triad in the evolution of complex systems of any nature. . 490
17.3. Universal evolutionism and synergetics 493
17.4. Modern rationalism and universal evolutionism. .498
17.5. Physical understanding of the theory of passionarity L. N. Gumilyov 503
Chapter 18. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TIME 505
18.1. The emergence of the information society 505
18.2. Globalization and sustainable development 512
18.3. Sociosynergetics 515
18.4. Civilization and synergetics 521
18.5. Globalization and synergetic forecast of human development 527
Chapter 19. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 533
19.1. Physical models of self-organization in economics 533
19.2. Economic model of long waves N. D. Kondratiev 537
19.3. Reversibility and irreversibility of processes in economics 540
19.4. Synergistic views of sustainability in economics 541
19.5. Physical market modeling 543
19.6. The cyclical nature of economic processes in the model of N. D. Kondratiev 544
19.7. Model of oscillatory processes in economics 548
19.8. Evolutionary Management 550
Test questions 555
Literature 555
Conclusion
EVOLUTIONARY-SYNERGISTIC PARADIGM: FROM HOLISTIC NATURAL SCIENCE TO HOLISTIC CULTURE 503
Applications
1. Newtonian ideas about time and space 566
2. Anthropic principle (AL) 567
3. Golden proportion as a criterion of harmony 570
4. Synergetic paradigm 576
5. The role of water in nature and living organisms, 580
6. The influence of radiation impacts on the environment 584
Notes 587
Literature 593
Topics of term papers, essays and reports 600
Questions for test and exam 604
Glossary of terms 608
2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2005. -672 p.
The textbook outlines physical principles that make it possible to explain the world of living and inanimate nature around us from the standpoint of modern, including post-nonclassical, physics. General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined.
The manual contains interesting facts and hypotheses from various fields of physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science.
Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science.
Format: djvu (2- e ed., 200 5, 672 pp.)
Size: 7.23 MB
Download: yandex.disk
Format: pdf (1- ed., 2003, 592 p. )
Size: 7.8 MB
Download: yandex.disk
Note: Here http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook131/01/index.htmlposted Electronic version of the printed publication: Gorbachev V.V. Concepts of modern natural science. At 2 o'clock: Tutorial. - M.: Publishing house MGUP, 2000, 274 p.
CONTENT
PREFACE 3
Part one
PHYSICAL BASICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 5
Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE 5
1.1. Stages of development and formation of natural science 11
1.1.1. Plato's program 12
1.1.2. Aristotle's ideas 13
1.1.3. Model of Democritus 15
1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world 16
1.2.1.Physical rationalism 16
1.2.2. Methods of cognition 17
1.2.3. Holistic perception of the world 19
1.2.4. Physics and Eastern mysticism 20
1.2.5. The relationship between the natural sciences and the humanities 26
1.2.6. Synergetic paradigm 30
1.2.7. Universal principle of natural science - Bohr's principle of complementarity 31
Control questions. .41
Literature 41
Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS 42
2.1. Three-dimensionality of space 43
2.2. Space and time 48
2.3. Features of Newtonian mechanics 54
2.4. Movement in mechanics 59
2.5. Newton's laws - Galileo 60
2.6. Conservation laws 64
2.7. Principles of optimality 68
2.8. Mechanical picture of the world 71
Test questions 73
Literature 73
Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS 73
3.1. Definition of the concept of field 73
3.2. Faraday - Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism 77
3.3. Electromagnetic field 79
3.4. Gravity field 81
3.5. Electromagnetic picture of the world 83
Test questions 84
Literature 84
Chapter 4. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY - A BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM... 85
4.1. Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) 85
4.1.1. Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT 86
4.1.2. The principle of relativity of G. Galileo 88
4.1.3. Relativity and time invariance 91
4.1.4. Constancy of the speed of light 92
4.1.5. Transformations of G. Lorentz 93
4.1.6. Changing the length and duration of time in STO 94
4.1.7. "The Twin Paradox" 96
4.1.8. Change in mass in STO 98
4.2. General Theory of Relativity (GTR) 99
4.2.1. Postulates of GTR 99
4.2.2. Experimental verification of OTO 100
4.2.3. Gravity and space curvature 103
4.2.4. Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity 106
Test questions 107
Literature 107
Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS 107
5.1. Description of processes in the microcosm. 107
5.2. The need to introduce quantum mechanics 109
5.3. Planck's hypothesis 113
5.4. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 116
5.5. Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg 117
5.6. Quantum mechanics and time reversibility 119
5.7. Quantum electrodynamics 120
Test questions 121
Literature 121
Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE 122
6.1. Cosmological model of A. Einstein - A.A. Fridman 123
6.2. Other models of the origin of the Universe 125
6.2.1. Big Bang Model 126
6.2.2. CMB 130
6.2.3. Is the Universe expanding or contracting? 131
6.2.4. Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang 133
6.2.5. Inflating Universe Model 136
6.3. Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental basis of the structure of matter in the Universe 138
6.3.1. Classification of elementary particles 140
6.3.2. Quark model 142
6.4. Fundamental interactions and world constants. ..... 145
6.4.1. World constants 147
6.4.2. Fundamental interactions and their role in nature 149
6.4.3. What does the matter of the Universe consist of? 150
6.4.4. Black holes 152
6.5. Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space - time 156
6.5.1. Possibility of multidimensional space 157
6.6. Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle 160
6.6.1. Plurality of worlds. . 161
6.6.2. Hierarchical structure of the Universe 164
6.7. Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies 167
6.8. Mechanism of star formation and evolution 169
6.8.1. Proton-proton cycle 169
6.8.2. Carbon-nitrogen cycle 171
6.8.3. Evolution of stars 172
6.8.4. Pulsars 175
6.8.5. Quasars 178
Test questions 181
Literature 181
Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM OF “ORDER-DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS 182
7.1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics 183
7.2. Dynamics of chaos and order 185
7.3. E. Lorenz model 186
7.4. Dissipative structures 187
7.5. Benard cells 187
7.6. Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions 188
7.7. Dynamic chaos 190
7.8. Phase space 191
7.9. Attractors 192
7.10. Aggravation mode 198
7.11. Poincaré model for describing changes in the state of a system 203
7.12. Dynamic instabilities 205
7.13. Energy change during system evolution 206
7.14. Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden” ratio 207
7.15. Open systems 212
7.16. The principle of producing minimum entropy 213
Test questions 215
Literature 215
Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS 216
8.1. Symmetry and conservation laws 219
8.2. Symmetry-asymmetry 221
8.3. Law of conservation of electric charge 222
8.4. Mirror symmetry 223
8.5. Other types of symmetry 224
8.6. Chirality of living and inanimate nature 227
8.7. Symmetry and entropy 229
Test questions 230
Literature 230
Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS 231
9.1. Mechanics classification 232
9.2. Modern physical picture of the world 234
Test questions 238
Literature 238
Part two
PHYSICS OF LIVING AND EVOLUTION OF NATURE AND SOCIETY 239
Chapter 10. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF LIVING PHYSICS 239
Chapter 11. FROM THE PHYSICS OF THE EXISTING TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EMERGING 241
11.1. Thermodynamic features of the development of living systems 243
11.1.1. The role of entropy for living organisms 244
11.1.2. Instability as a factor in the development of living things 247
11.2. Energy approach to describing living things 249
11.2.1. Stable disequilibrium 251
11.3. Levels of organization of living systems and a systems approach to the evolution of living things 253
11.3.1. Hierarchy of levels of organization of living things 253
11.3.2. Fibonacci method as a factor of harmonic self-organization 255
11.3.3. Physical and biological methods of studying the nature of living things 257
11.3.4. The anthropic principle in the physics of living things 259
11.3.5. Physical evolution of L. Boltzmann and biological evolution of Ch. Darwin 262
11.4. Physical interpretation of biological laws 264
11.4.1. Physical models in biology 265
11.4.2. Physical factors in the development of living things 268
11.5. Space and time for living organisms >. . , 270
11.5.1. The connection between space and energy for living things 271
11.5.2. Biological time of a living system 272
11.5.3. Psychological time of living organisms 276
11.6. Entropy and information in living systems 280
11.6.1. The value of information. . 282
11.6.2. Cybernetic approach to the description of living things 285
11.6.3. The role of physical laws in understanding living things 287
Test questions 289
Literature 289
Chapter 12. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 289
12.1. From atoms to protolife 289
12.1.1. Hypotheses about the origin of life 289
12.1.2. Necessary factors for the origin of life 293
12.1.3. The theory of the abiogenic origin of life by A. I. Oparin. . .294
12.1.4. Heterotrophs and autotrophs 297
12.2. Chemical processes and molecular self-organization 299
12.2.1. Chemical concepts and definitions 300
12.2.2. Amino acids 306
12.2.3. Theory of chemical evolution in biogenesis 307
12.2.4. M. Eigen's theory of molecular self-organization 308
12.2.5. Cyclic organization of chemical reactions and hypercycles 310
12. 3. Biochemical components of living matter 313
12.3.1. Molecules of living nature 313
12.3.2. Monomers and macromolecules 315
12.3.3. Proteins 316
12.3.4. Nucleic acids 321
12.3.5. Carbohydrates 323
12.3.6. Lipids 327
12.3.7. The role of water for living organisms 330
12.4. Cell as an elementary particle of molecular biology.... 332
12.4.1. Cell structure 334
12.4.2. Cell processes 338
12.4.3. Cell membranes 339
12.4.4. Photosynthesis 341
12.4.5. Cell division and organism formation 342
12.5. The role of asymmetry in the emergence of living things 346
12.5.1. Optical activity of matter and chirality 347
12.5.2. Homochirality and self-organization in living organisms 349
Control questions. 353
Literature 353
Chapter 13. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING SYSTEMS 354
13.1. Information molecules of heredity 354
13.1.1. Genetic code 355
13.1.2. Genes and the quantum world 359
13.2. Reproduction and inheritance of traits 360
13.2.1. Genotype and phenotype 361
13.2.2. Laws of genetics by G. Mendel 362
13.2.3. Chromosomal theory of heredity 363
13.3. Mutagenesis processes and transmission of hereditary information 365
13.3.1. Mutations and radiation mutagenesis 365
13.3.2. Mutations and development of the organism 370
13.4. Matrix principle of synthesis of information macromolecules and molecular genetics 373
13.4.1. Transfer of hereditary information through replication. . . 373
13.4.2. Template synthesis by convariant reduplication 375
13.4.3. Transcription 375
13.4.4. Broadcast 376
13.4.5. Differences between proteins and nucleic acids 379
13.4.6. New mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and prion diseases 380
Test questions 382
Literature 382
Chapter 14. PHYSICAL UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTIONARY AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS 383
14.1. Ontogenesis and phylogeny. Ontogenetic and population levels of life organization 383
14.1.1. Haeckel's law for ontogeny and phylogeny 383
14.1.2. Ontogenetic level of life 384
14.1.3. Populations and population-species level of living things 385
14.2. Physical representation of evolution 387
14.2.1. Synthetic theory of evolution 387
14.2.2. Evolution of populations 388
14.2.3. Elementary factors of evolution 391
14.2.4. Living organism in individual and historical development 392
14.2.5. Geological evolution and the general scheme of the evolution of the Earth according to N.N. Moiseevu 393
14.3. Axioms of Biology 396
14.3.1. First axiom 397
14.3.2. Second axiom 398
14.3.3. Third axiom 400
14.3.4. Fourth axiom 402
14.3.5. Physical representations of the axioms of biology 404
14.4. Signs of living things and definitions of life 406
14.4.1. Set of signs of living things 407
14.4.2. Definitions of Life 410
14.5. Physical model of demographic development of the SP. Kapitsa 414
Test questions 419
Literature 419
Chapter 15. PHYSICAL AND INFORMATION FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 420
15.1. Physical fields and radiation of a functioning human body 420
15.1.1. Electromagnetic fields and radiation of a living organism 422
15.1.2. Thermal and other types of radiation 429
15.2. The mechanism of interaction of human radiation with the environment. . 431
15.2.1. Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation 431
15.2.2. Possibilities of medical diagnostics and treatment based on radiation from the human body 436
15.3. Memory device. Reproduction and transmission of information in the body 440
15.3.1. Physical processes of information signal transmission in a living organism 441
15.3.2. Physical basis of memory 444
15.3.3. The human brain and the computer 448
Test questions 450
Literature 450
Chapter 16. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOSPHERE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 450
16.1. Structural organization of the biosphere 450
16.1.1. Biocenoses. - 451
16.1.2. Geocenoses and biogeocenoses. Ecosystems 452
16.1.3. The concept of the biosphere 453
16.1.4. Biological cycle of substances in nature 455
16.1.5. The role of energy in evolution 456
16.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky and living matter 458
16.2.1. Living matter 458
16.2.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky 460
16.3. Physical representations of the evolution of the biosphere and the transition to the noosphere 462
16.3.1. The main stages of the evolution of the biosphere 462
16.3.2. Noosphere 463
16.3.3. Transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere. 464
16.4. Physical factors of the influence of Space on terrestrial processes 467
16.4.1. Connection between Space and Earth according to the concept of A. L. Chizhevsky 470
16.5. Physical foundations of ecology 474
16.5.1. Increasing anthropogenic load on the environment 474
16.5.2. Physical principles of environmental degradation 479
16.6. Principles of sustainable development 481
16.6.1. Biosphere stability assessments 481
16.6.2. The concept of sustainable development and the need for environmental education 484
Test questions 486
Literature 486
Part three
CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE HUMANITIES 487
Chapter 17. GENERAL NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PICTURE OF THE WORLD 487
17.1. Basic principles of universal evolutionism 489
17.2. Universal evolutionism and the methodology of using the Darwinian triad in the evolution of complex systems of any nature. . 490
17.3. Universal evolutionism and synergetics 493
17.4. Modern rationalism and universal evolutionism. .498
17.5. Physical understanding of the theory of passionarity L. N. Gumilyov 503
Chapter 18. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TIME 505
18.1. The emergence of the information society 505
18.2. Globalization and sustainable development 512
18.3. Sociosynergetics 515
18.4. Civilization and synergetics 521
18.5. Globalization and synergetic forecast of human development 527
Chapter 19. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 533
19.1. Physical models of self-organization in economics 533
19.2. Economic model of long waves N. D. Kondratiev 537
19.3. Reversibility and irreversibility of processes in economics 540
19.4. Synergistic views of sustainability in economics 541
19.5. Physical market modeling 543
19.6. The cyclical nature of economic processes in the model of N. D. Kondratiev 544
19.7. Model of oscillatory processes in economics 548
19.8. Evolutionary Management 550
Test questions 555
Literature 555
Conclusion
EVOLUTIONARY-SYNERGISTIC PARADIGM: FROM HOLISTIC NATURAL SCIENCE TO HOLISTIC CULTURE 503
Applications
1. Newtonian ideas about time and space 566
2. Anthropic principle (AL) 567
3. Golden proportion as a criterion of harmony 570
4. Synergetic paradigm 576
5. The role of water in nature and living organisms, 580
6. The influence of radiation impacts on the environment 584
Notes 587
Literature 593
Topics of term papers, essays and reports 600
Questions for test and exam 604
Glossary of terms 608
