List of topics of scientific works on history. Themes of design and research work on history. What were the opposing forces

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Main part: "No one is forgotten, Nothing is forgotten"

4. Conclusion

5. List of used literature.

annotation

For scientific work to a student of the 11th grade of the Ulyanovsk secondary school, the village of Ulyanovskoye, Romashka Kristina on the topic "The Great Patriotic War in the fate of my fellow countrymen." The project is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. Participation in the work on this project is a tribute of gratitude and respect to the living veterans of that terrible war. The problematic questions proposed for the study allow us to touch those tests that have fallen to the lot of all Soviet people. When studying them, it is necessary to conduct their own research and draw appropriate conclusions. The purpose of the study: To perpetuate the memory of the fallen fellow countrymen - participants in the Great Patriotic War and home front workers. To revive the creative and search and research activity of students through project activities. Create an album about the participants and workers of the home front of the Great Patriotic War - relatives and fellow countrymen: “I remember, I am proud ...” and a stand in the library “Our fellow countrymen - Heroes of the Soviet Union” Hypothesis: The relevance of this project is dictated by the desire to preserve the memory of fellow countrymen - participants in the Great Patriotic War the war, the dead and the need to form in children patriotism and a sense of love for the Motherland, a sense of pride for their small Motherland, for their fellow countrymen. Research stages:

Statement of research objectives

Hypothesis Research

Implementation of the idea:

a) study of sources

b) event analysis

Experiment methods:

Acquisition Method of Factual Material

The method of processing the actual material

Methods of rational presentation of results

Research novelty: the novelty lies in the fact that it is the personal contact of the younger generation with the historical and up-to-date information about people who glorified the name of their native country with their labor and military exploits. It will allow you to think about the measures of your involvement in the need to preserve and preserve peace. Results of the work and conclusions: knowledge about the Great Patriotic War has been comprehensively studied and systematized. On the contribution of countrymen to the Victory.

Area of ​​practical application of the results: The project being created involves the promotion of patriotic education by involving schoolchildren, parents, and the public in joint events for patriotic and spiritual and moral education. The results of the research can be used in conducting history lessons, thematic class hours and Lessons of Courage for the rising generation. The current generation is indebted to those who remained on the battlefields, to those who returned, providing us with a peaceful, calm life on Earth. That is why it is our duty to remember those harsh days and the heroes of the war. Time is moving faster and faster away from the horrors of war. And the more significant for us, the young generation of the XXI century, the living memories of the witnesses of that harsh era.

This topic intrigued me. I wanted to learn more about wartime, about the people who made their invaluable contribution to the Victory over fascism, who live next to us, about their destinies, because we know almost nothing about their lives in the pre-war and war years. I decided to learn from relatives of living witnesses of that time about the life of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War on the example of my countrymen, to acquaint students of our school with my research. This is the practical significance of my work.

The object of study of this work are graduates of my school.

The subject of the study is the life path of veterans.

The purpose of this research work is to perpetuate in the memory of the younger generation the feat of our countrymen during the Second World War.

Introduction

My research work is connected with the solution of a creative task in the field of anti-fascist propaganda, patriotism, the development of a reverent attitude to the history of one's country, one's people, one's family, through the preservation of the memory of the ancestors who participated in the struggle for the freedom and independence of their Fatherland.

The scientific significance of the work lies in identifying the living conditions of people, their survival in the harsh years of the war, hard work during the war years, the sacrifices made in the name of Victory. People living near us, analyze their lives and the cost of victory. Search, study and systematization of documentary materials about the participants of the Great Patriotic War.

The main stages of the project.

Joint activities in the preparation of materials with the teacher of history Lidzhieva Z.L, and the rural library;

Study of literature and periodicals;

The choice of research methods under the guidance of a history teacher.

Independent work with data on the Great Patriotic War;

Analysis of own data, their comparison;

Objective: explore the relationship of the history of the small Motherland with the heritage of the whole country; deepen and expand their knowledge of the Second World War based on the fate of their fellow countrymen.

Based on the goals, the following tasks were set:

Expand your knowledge of WWII

Attract the attention of the younger generation to the study of the history of their native land

From local newspapers, encyclopedias, I learned about fellow countrymen - participants in the war

Met with families of WWII veterans

Recorded their memories

studied the literature on the topic

Conducted a survey among school students about the availability of knowledge about the heroes of the Second World War

Subject of study: The life story of my fellow countrymen - participants in the Second World War.

Object of study: My countrymen - participants in the Second World War

Sources of research work were:

Memoirs and materials from the personal archive of the participants of the Great Patriotic War, V. T. Biefeld

Memoirs and materials from the personal archive of the participants of the Great Patriotic War, I. Emelianenko

Memoirs and materials from the personal archive of WWII participants, K. Shemet

Soldiers of Victory 1941-1945.

Main part

“No one is forgotten. Nothing is forgotten."

Most importantly, I realized that everything goes down in history. The suffering of people, devastation, famine in the war and post-war years. Our generation only has the opportunity to touch the last war in the memoirs of witnesses of that time, the surviving documents of that time. This is what I want to show in my work.

The events of the Great Patriotic War go further and further into the past. More than one new generation has grown up that knows about the war only from books and films. But the feat of Soviet soldiers will never fade for centuries. Villages and streets are named after them.

In our village Ulyanovskoe there is a street named after the hero of the Great Patriotic War, Wilhelm Teodorovich Biefeld. In the park on the square of our village, on a high pedestal, there is a bronze figure of the “Liberator Soldier”; on a granite pedestal, the names of the heroes of the winners who died in the Great War are carved. Among them is the name of Wilhelm Biefeld, born in 1918 in our village of Ulyanovsk, which was then called Nemkohaginka. He grew up in a peasant family. Then he started teaching German at school, later entered the Elista Pedagogical School, after graduating from it, was sent to work at the Solenovskaya secondary school. From here he was drafted into the ranks of the Red Army. In the last letter that his parents received on June 9, 1941, he said that he had become an officer and would soon be on vacation. The war has begun. Immediately Wilhelm Teodorovich fell into the line of fire. In the autumn of 1941, in one of the battles, he was shell-shocked and taken prisoner. The Nazis were delighted that the Soviet German officer was from the Volga region, dreaming that he would help them identify communists in the concentration camp. They were even allowed to wear Soviet uniforms. But their dreams did not come true. Biefeld did not become a traitor, he was a patriot of his Motherland, secretly organized escapes, got documents. With his help, 290 people fled from the camp, who went to partisan detachments in the Smolensk region. Together with Biefeld in the concentration camp was the Leningrad writer Sergei Golubkov, who in his book "Behind the Barbed Wire" spoke about the feat of our fellow countryman. At the beginning of 1942, Wilhelm was arrested, and on the second day he was shot. Biefeld behaved courageously. He calmly took off, folded his uniform, shouted at the muzzle of a machine gun: “Damn Hitler!” In 1995, one of the streets of our village was named after him.

I also want to tell you about my countryman Emelianenko Ivan Ivanovich. Born on September 21, 1921 in the village of Voznesenovskoye, Don Region. There were four children in the village and Ivan was the youngest. Finished four classes, began to work in a sheep-breeding team. The war began and Ivan Emelianenko went to build a defensive line on the Don. Then he participated in the construction of an irrigation canal in Stavropol and delivered horse-drawn vehicles to the defenders of Stalingrad. They called Ivan Ivanovich in 1942, sent him to guard military facilities. He fought on the second Ukrainian front, in Hungary, Austria, where he met with victory.

In May 1946, he returned to his parents, who lived at that time in Esto-Altai. In the same year, Ivan Ivanovich married Lyubov Nikolaevna, with whom he raised three children. In 1947, the young family moved to the village of Ulyanovsk. Ivan Ivanovich worked as a tractor driver on the Karl Marx collective farm, as an electrician in the district industrial plant, at a sawmill, and at a brick factory. 1969-1996 worked at a mill. For excellent success in work, conscientious attitude to work was awarded with certificates of honor and gratitude. Ivan Ivanovich has seven grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. Emelianenko Ivan Ivanovich was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War II degree and commemorative medals.

Victory Day is celebrated in Russia quite widely and solemnly. In honor of this event, a monument to General Lembit Pern stands on the square of the district military registration and enlistment office. Lembit Pern was born in Esto-Khaginsky, Medvezhensky district of the Stavropol province in the family of Abram Yuryevich Pern on June 21, 1903, the third son, who was named Lembit.

At the age of eleven, he graduated from a three-year rural school. Later he began to study at the Vorontsov-Nikolaev progymnasium. In those years, the time was hard, the first World War and the Pern family made ends meet. Lembit had to interrupt his studies and go to work. But the dream of getting an education remained, and in the seventeenth year he left for Stavropol, where he studies during the day and works in a bar at night. In the summer of 1920, Lembit was elected secretary of the volost revolutionary committee. In March 1921, Lembit was offered to study at a military school, he agreed and soon became a student of the 3rd International Military School in Petrograd. The young officer understood that the military school is a military educational program, and already in 1928, having passed the exams externally, he receives a certificate of secondary education. In the spring of 1931, Lembit, already deputy chief of staff of the regiment, filed a report on enrollment in the M. Frunze Academy. In 1934, after graduating, Major L. Pern was appointed to the post of deputy chief of staff of the 85th Order of Lenin of the Chelyabinsk Rifle Division. For high performance in combat and political training, he was awarded the first order - the Badge of Honor.

In the fall of 1940, L. Pern was appointed chief of staff of the 2nd Special Rifle Corps. In the summer of 1941, the corps was relocated to the Minsk region on June 21, on the day of its birth. He met him at the hotel, it was the last quiet night. On June 22, 1941, the Nazis treacherously attacked the Soviet Union. Before Lembit Abramovich had time to give the order, fascist planes appeared over the city. And the very next day, the Nazis bombed the city. There were dead and wounded. The 100th Rifle Division of the Order of Lenin, Major General I. Russiyanov, defending the Northern Steps to the city, repelled attacks during the day and was able to push the Nazis 15 km from the city. But the forces were not equal and they were forced to retreat. In this difficult situation, the headquarters under the command of L. Pern also showed itself. awards in the early years of the war were extremely rare. But it was in August that Colonel L. Pern was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

I also want to point out. Kuzma Grigorievich Shemet. Born in Novogorlykskaya - the neighboring Salsky district. Moved to the Proletarsky district. From here he was drafted into the Red Army. But after 2 months they were commissioned - did not fit for health reasons. He returned to a peaceful life again, married Lydia Ivanovna. When the war began, they already had 3 sons. “They called me among the first,” recalls a veteran of July 1, “40 people left our collective farm. K. Shemet was assigned to the training division of communications and intelligence. The first aircraft appeared in mid-August, but there were no strong raids. Later on the outskirts of Rostov were already fighting. The regiment of K. Shemet was based in the village of Pavlovskaya. During one of the raids, he was shell-shocked. In mid-December they were transferred to Maikop. After graduating from the Rostov Military-Political School. In 1942, he passed the exams and was awarded the rank of political instructor of the company. Then they were sent to Mazdok to the 26th training rifle brigade, which was engaged in the preparation of marching companies. At the end of June, he was appointed commissar of the echelon and, together with the chief, to march companies near Kharkov. On his way he reached Prussia. February 4, 1945 was seriously injured and was in the hospital. During this time, he managed to find a wife and three sons. But he saw them only in March 1946.

Your whole chest shines with orders,

Heroically you passed through the smoke of war

Let your head be gray-haired for a long time, but you are strong in thought and spirit,

So let the hardships of life not break you,

Health happiness to you for a long time.

I wish you well with all my heart,

Beloved Veteran...!

But the best monument to the heroes - countrymen and all those who died in that war - is MEMORY. Preserving it for posterity.

In history lessons, we study the history of our Motherland. Including topics related to the Great Patriotic War. This is not enough. I would like to know more about wartime, about the people who made their invaluable contribution to the Victory over fascism. We know almost nothing about the people who live next to us, about their fate, about life in the pre-war and war years. This was dictated by my desire to learn from living witnesses of that time about the life of the people during the Great Patriotic War, to acquaint as many people as possible with my research. This is the practical significance of my work.

Conclusion

The research work helped to collect and study information about the participants of the Great Patriotic War, home front workers, about their contribution to the victory over the German invaders, to systematize the collected material, to replenish the school local history corner. this work reflects the life of fellow countrymen on the example of specific people, develops interest in the history of the city; fosters respect for the workers of the region, a sense of pride in their small homeland. We can say that the example of our senior comrades influenced the choice life path. A monument has been erected in the school yard, where the names of graduates who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War are carved in gold letters. Most importantly, I realized that everything goes down in history: the suffering of people, devastation, famine in the war and post-war years. Our generation still has the opportunity to learn about the war from the memories of living witnesses of that time. This is the main thing that I wanted to show in my work.

Based on the results of the research work, a stand was designed in the library: "Faces of Victory". On the class hour, dedicated to the labor and military exploits of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, I introduced my classmates to the results of the work.

The dead live among the living

The departed left to return.

In all hearts in all human homes

Their inaudible steps are heard.

To forget them is to betray them!

Being indifferent is worse than being a killer

And not cast iron, not bronze, not granite,

Who have been deceitful more than once

And the memory of generations keeps them

That is why posthumously they are alive!

Worthy of admiration is the feat of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. Soldiers, officers, workers and collective farmers, children and adults carried the unbearable burden of hardship and suffering on their shoulders.

List of used literature:

Memories of the family of I. Emelianenko

memoirs of the K. Shemet family.

Newspaper "Zori Manycha" dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the Great Patriotic War.

Soldiers of Victory 1941-1945.

Website shalkar/ru

School materials.

Archived data .

Memoirs of members of the family of V. Biefeld

Municipal budgetary educational institution "Ulyanovsk secondary school"

Research work on the topic:

"The Great Patriotic War in the fate

my countrymen"

Completed by: 11th grade student

Chamomile Christina

Leader: Lidzhieva. Z.L

MOU "Nikolo-Polomskaya secondary school" Research work on history on the topic: "The role of a historical figure in the fate of Russia." The presentation was prepared by Tatiana Serebryakova, a student of the 10th grade. Supervisor: Falina L.V. 2010.

Topic of research work: The role of a historical personality in the fate of the country. Problem: There are many outstanding personalities in our country, but the country still lags behind the advanced states in development.

Hypothesis. Maybe the individual is not allowed to influence the socio-political development of the country. Purpose of scientific work. Determine the role of Russian historical figures of the XX century in the fate of our fatherland.

The urgency of the problem. The complexity and ambiguity of understanding the problem of the role of the individual in history is seen in the example of the same Marxism, despite the fact that, as is known, it most consistently defends the primacy of social laws over other factors of historical development. So, is any person capable of becoming the most important independent factor that changes society (epoch, dominant views) depending on his understanding of the matter, or is he only realizing what was laid down by previous development and inevitably should manifest itself? In other words, would the course of history change in some cases if there were no one or another person, or, on the contrary, if the right figure appeared at the right time? The answers to these questions are still of interest to society. Personality is not a simple "cast" from society, but nevertheless has a completely definite attitude towards it with their active mutual influence on each other. In my opinion, this problem is still relevant today.

Plan of scientific work. Description of the problem. Determination of the view of historical science on this issue. Search for information about prominent personalities. Fixing information. Generalization of the received data. Scientific report. Protection of a scientific project.

Research methods. Empirical (generalization and systematization, finding new facts). Theoretical (analysis, synthesis, logical conclusion, formulation general patterns, inductive method - inference from facts to general statements).

Description of the problem. As you know, the role of the most outstanding personality is always a fusion of previous development, a mass of random and non-random events, and its own characteristics. There are many ways to organize society, and therefore, there will be many options for the manifestation of personality, and their amplitude can be huge. Consequently, depending on a variety of conditions and circumstances, taking into account the characteristics of the place under study, time and individual personality traits, its historical role can range from the most inconspicuous to the most enormous. Sometimes personality plays a decisive role. But it is impossible not to notice that in some epochs even the most outstanding people turn out to be powerless in the face of circumstances. But on the other hand, it is the actions of leaders (and sometimes ordinary people) that determine the outcome of the confrontation and the fate of different tendencies. Any person can have, by the very fact of his existence, his ideas, actions or inaction, directly or indirectly, during his life or even after death, such an impact on his own or other societies that can be considered important, since they left a noticeable mark in history. and further development of societies (positive, negative or some other).

View of historical science. S.N. Bulgakov on the role of personality in history. L.P. Krasavin on the role of personality in history. S.L. Frank about the "superman". N.A. Berdyaev on the role of personality in history. LN Tolstoy on the role of personality.

L.P. Krasavin on the role of personality in history. Based on the idea of ​​unity, Krasavin argues (1993) that universal human development, according to his terminology, is “constrictedly” reflected in the development of the “last historical individuality,” that is, in personality. Consequently, the study of history as a state of the socio-psychological sphere of a given epoch necessarily presupposes the study of personality and its significance. Krasavin reveals that the very “influence of a person comes down to the influence of her ideas and words on contemporaries who perceive, understand, are fascinated by or reject these words.” He seeks to show that an “outstanding personality” individualizes the trends of time, nationality, culture, it is “indicative”, symbolic, characteristic for them.

S.N. Bulgakov on the role of personality in history. Bulgakov also considers the question of the role of the individual in history in connection with the problem of causality in history and the possibility of scientific prediction of the development of society. Bulgakov explains the reason for the impossibility of historical predictions not only by the fact that the course of history is determined, along with the sociological reasons already known to us, by the general conditions of historical development, but also by the activity of individuals. And since “every human personality is something absolutely new in history, not amenable to any foresight”, in this sense, Bulgakov considers it possible to assert that the creation of the world cannot be considered complete and continues uninterruptedly. He admits that the influence that can be exerted on the course of development by each individual person can be imperceptibly small (although for great people it reaches tangible proportions), the very possibility of the appearance of certain individuals at different points in history makes predictions of the course of historical development fundamentally impossible.

S.L. Frank about the "superman". According to Frank, struggle and creativity, becoming the main task of the individual, should be devoted to creating conditions for the free development of all the spiritual abilities of a person and for the free satisfaction of his spiritual claims.

N.A. Berdyaev on the role of personality in history. Berdyaev believes that each person has his own purpose in life, and it is impossible, Berdyaev believes, to regard individual goals from the point of view of the generally useful. This changes the role of the individual in the historical process, in which until now the best people the most useful and adapted, the creators of everyday life.

LN Tolstoy on the role of personality. Tolstoy believes that personality does not play a role in history. It is only included in the general movement of historical processes and can have some influence on the top of the historical tsunami, but it has never been initiated by a person. One of the people who, taking advantage of “every moment of freedom”, not only directly participates in events, but is also gifted with the ability, instinct and mind to penetrate into the course of events and grasp, comprehend their common meaning, who is one with the people, deserves the name of a truly great man, genius. There are few of them. Kutuzov belongs to them, and Napoleon is his antipode.

Historical figures Outstanding personalities in the economic sphere. Outstanding personalities in the social sphere. Outstanding personalities in the political sphere. Outstanding personalities in the spiritual realm.

Outstanding personalities in the economic sphere. Witte S.Yu. Stolypin P.A. Kosygin A.N. Pavlov V.S.

Witte.S.Yu Witte S.Yu. Russian statesman, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The main achievements of Sergei Witte: Manifesto on October 17, 1905. With his active participation, state reforms were carried out, including the creation of the State Duma, the transformation of the State Council, the introduction of electoral legislation and editing the Basic State Laws of the Russian Empire. Actively contributed to the construction Trans-Siberian Railway and CER. Carried out a monetary reform in 1897. Developed a reform program implemented by P. A. Stolypin. He was a supporter of the accelerated development of industry and the development of capitalism. Carried out reform of the taxation of industry. Contributed to the introduction of the state "wine monopoly" on alcohol. He showed outstanding diplomatic skills (the Alliance Treaty with China, the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace with Japan, the trade agreement with Germany).

Stolypin.P.A. Stolypin P.A. (1862-1911), Minister of the Interior and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Russian empire(since 1906). In 1903-06, the governor of Saratov, where he led the suppression of peasant unrest during the revolution of 1905-07. Main achievements, Stolypin: In 1907-11 he determined government policy. In 1906 he proclaimed a course of socio-political reforms. He began the implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reform. Stolypin's agrarian reform provided great opportunities for the prosperous peasantry: he offered to provide state loans to wealthy peasants and sought to eliminate the system of communal land tenure.

Kosygin. A. N. Kosygin A. N. (1904-80), Soviet statesman and politician, twice hero of socialist labor (1964, 1974). In 1948-54 Minister (Finance, Light Industry, etc.) In 1959-60 Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Achievements Kosygin: industrial reform 1965-1970, aimed at strengthening economic incentives and expanding the independence of enterprises. The reform provided for the introduction, along with gross indicators, of the cost of sales, the general fund wages, the total amount of centralized capital investments.

Pavlov.V.S. Pavlov v. C. Russian statesman and politician. In 1958 he graduated from the Moscow Financial Institute. He worked in the Ministry of Finance. In 1981 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Financial plans and balances in the system of economic management. He went down in history as the author of the confiscation reform, which was carried out in January 1991. In August 1991, he supported the so-called State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP), who was trying to carry out a coup d'état. brought to criminal responsibility; released from custody under the amnesty of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly Russian Federation in 1994. Since the late 1990s. He headed the Institute for Research and Promotion of the Development of Regions and Industries under the International Union of Economists.

Outstanding personalities in the social sphere. Trotsky L.D. Brusilov A.A. Frunze M.V. Budyonny S.M. Chapaev V.I. Zhukov G.K. Panfilov I.V. Shoigu S.K.

Trotsky L.D. Trotsky L.D (1879-1940), Russian politician. In the social democratic movement since 1896. From 1904 he advocated the unification of the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. In 1905, he basically developed the theory of "permanent" (continuous) revolution. de facto leader of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies, editor of its Izvestiya. In 1917, chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, one of the leaders of the October armed uprising. One of the creators of the Red Army, personally led its actions on many fronts of the civil war.

Brusilov A.A. Brusilov A.A. (1853-1926), Russian military leader, cavalry general (1912). In World War I, commander of the 8th Army in the Battle of Galicia, from 1916 commander in chief southwestern front, conducted a successful offensive (so-called Brusilovsky breakthrough). In May - July 1917 the supreme commander. From 1920 in the Red Army, in 1923-1924 cavalry inspector.

Frunze M.V. Frunze M.V. (1885-1925), Russian and Soviet political and military figure. In 1905 he led the Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike. In 1909-10 he was twice sentenced to death. During the civil war, the commander of the army, the southern group of troops eastern front, eastern, Turkestan fronts. In 1924-25, deputy chairman and chairman of the RVS of the USSR, deputy people's commissar and people's commissar for military and naval affairs, at the same time chief of staff of the Red Army and head of the military academy. Under the leadership of Frunze, a military reform was carried out in 1924-25. Works in the field of military science, was engaged in the formation of the Soviet military doctrine. Since 1921 a member of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), since 1924 a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee.

Budyonny S.M. Budyonny S.M. Soviet military and statesman; Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), three times Hero of the Soviet Union (1958, 1963, 1968). In February 1918, he created the Platovsky cavalry detachment, at the head of which he fought with the Whites, he showed himself well in the battles near Tsaritsyn, where he was noticed by I.V. Stalin, who began to patronize the cavalry commander. Subsequently, many commanders who served under Budyonny would become Stalin's personnel support in the army. During the Soviet-Polish war, the first cavalry army, led by Budyonny, broke through the front near Zhitomir on June 5-6 and then successfully advanced to Lvov as part of the southwestern front. The first cavalry also acted against N. I. Makhno and in Transcaucasia.

Chapaev V.I. Chapaev V.I. Soviet military leader, hero of the civil war. Since 1918, he commanded a detachment, a brigade and the 25th rifle division, which played a significant role in the defeat of the troops of A.V. Kolchak in the summer of 1919. Wounded during a raid by the Ural Cossacks, he drowned while trying to swim across the Urals. The image of Chapaev is captured in the story of D. A. Furmanov "Chapaev" and the film of the same name.

Zhukov G.K. Zhukov G.K. (1896-1974), Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), four times Hero of the Soviet Union (1939, 1944, 1945, 1956). Member of the battle on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). Since 1940, the commander of the Kiev Military District. In January - July 1941 Chief of the General Staff - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. During the Great Patriotic War, he proved himself as a talented commander, who played a crucial role in the defeat of Nazi German troops in the battles of Leningrad and Moscow (1941-42), during the breaking of the blockade of Leningrad, in the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk (1942-43), during the offensive on the right-bank Ukraine and in the Belarusian operation (1943-44), in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations ( 1944-45). On behalf of the Supreme High Command on May 8, 1945, he accepted the surrender Nazi Germany. Author of the book "Memories and Reflections"

Panfilov I.V. Panfilov IV (1892/93-1941), Major General (1940), Hero of the Soviet Union (1942, posthumously). During the Great Patriotic War, the commander of the 316th Infantry Division, which fought heroically in the Battle of Moscow (see Panfilovites). Killed in battle.

Shoigu S.K. Shoigu S.K. Russian statesman and public figure, lieutenant general (1995). Hero of Russia (1999). While still a builder, he created voluntary rescue teams that traveled to areas of natural disasters. In 1991, he became chairman of the Russian rescue corps. In 1993, he headed the Russian part of the joint commission for the settlement of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. In 1993, he headed the Russian part of the joint commission for the settlement of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict. In 2000, he was appointed Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters.

Outstanding personalities in the political sphere. Nicholas II Plehve.V.K. Zinoviev.G.E. Kamenev.L.B. Lenin.V.I. Stalin.I.V. Khrushchev.N.S. Brezhnev.L.I. Gorbachev.M.S. Yeltsin.B.N. Putin.V .IN

Nicholas II Nicholas II Alexandrovich was the last Russian emperor (1894-1917). His reign coincided with the rapid industrial and economic development of the country. During the reign of Nicholas, Russia turned into an agrarian-industrial country, cities grew, railways, industrial enterprises. Nicholas supported decisions aimed at economic and social modernization countries: the introduction of the gold circulation of the ruble, the Stolypin agrarian reform, laws on workers' insurance, universal primary education, religious tolerance. When a strong social movement in favor of political reforms, he signed a manifesto on October 17, 1905, proclaiming democratic freedoms. In 1906, the State Duma, established by the tsar's manifesto, began to work. For the first time in Russian history, the emperor began to rule in the presence of a representative body elected by the population. Russia gradually began to transform into a constitutional monarchy. In 1907 Russia became a member of the Entente, in which it entered World War I. Shot with his family. In 2000 he was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

VK Pleve VK Pleve (1846-1904), Russian statesman. Since 1902, Minister of the Interior and chief of a separate corps of gendarmes. He pursued a policy of disintegrating the revolutionary movement from within, suppressing strikes and peasant uprisings. One of the active supporters Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. Killed by the Socialist-Revolutionary E. S. Sozonov.

Zinoviev.G.E. Zinoviev G.E. Soviet politician. Member of the revolution of 1905-1907. In 1923-1924, together with I. V. Stalin and L. B. Kamenev, he fought against L. D. Trotsky. In the agitational whirlwind of that period, Zinoviev, an orator of exceptional power, occupied a large place. His high tenor voice at first surprised, and then bribed with a peculiar musicality. Zinoviev was a born agitator... ... at party meetings he knew how to convince, conquer, bewitch when he came with a ready-made political idea, tested at mass rallies and, as it were, saturated with the hopes and hatred of workers and soldiers. In 1936 he was sentenced to death in the case of the “anti-Soviet united Trotskyist-Zinoviev center” and shot.

Kamenev.L.B. Kamenev L.B. Russian and Soviet politician, revolutionary; in October 1917 opposed an armed uprising. In 1925-27 he was a member of the "new" (Leningrad) opposition. The role of Kamenev in the rise of Stalin, starting from the first months of 1917, is very noticeable. In 1935, he was sentenced to 15 years in the Moscow Center case, then 10 years in the Kremlin case.

Lenin. V.I. Lenin (Ulyanov) V.I. Russian political and statesman; founder of the communist party and the Soviet state. One of the first steps of the Leninist government was the ban on freedom of the press. The economy was sacrificed to class interests, which met with a fierce rebuff from the countryside. Lenin decided to create committees of the poor in the countryside. His program was to break the old state structure was practically completed, but the creation program new Russia cracks one after another: war, a standing army on a mobilization basis, a one-party system. To save the situation, Lenin introduced compulsory (for evasion - execution) labor service. As a result, the Russian economy was collapsed - stagnation of production, theft, hunger, trade was prohibited .

Stalin.IV Stalin IVSoviet statesman and politician, the highest leader of the USSR. Stalin formulated a new strategy for accelerated industrialization and collectivization. Powerful industrial enterprises were created at the cost of ruining agriculture in the course of forced collectivization and dispossession. In 1934 a new repressive body (NKVD) was created. As a result of the Second World War, which fell during the reign of Stalin, the territory of the USSR expanded significantly. The name of Stalin remains a factor in the ideological and political struggle. For some people, he is a symbol of the power of the country. For others, a bloody dictator.

Khrushchev.NS Khrushchev.NS (1894-1971), Soviet state politician, hero of the Soviet Union, hero of socialist labor. From 1909 he worked as a mechanic at a factory and mines in the Donbass. In 1928 he was the head of the organizational department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, from 1929 he studied at the industrial academy. One of the initiators of the "thaw" in domestic and foreign policy, the rehabilitation of victims of repression; made an attempt to modernize the party-state system, limit the privileges of the party and state apparatus, improve the financial situation and living conditions of the population, make society more open. other states (armed intervention in Hungary, 1956, etc.), the aggravation of military confrontation with the West (Berlin, 1961, and the Caribbean, 1962, crises, etc.), promises to build communism by 1980 - made his policy inconsistent. The dissatisfaction of the state and party apparatus led to the removal of Khrushchev from all his posts in 1964.

Brezhnev. L. I. Brezhnev L. I. Soviet statesman and political figure, since 1964 the first, since 1966 - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Brezhnev took over the country at the moment of the highest tension in international relations. After Caribbean Crisis the danger of an attack by NATO led by the United States on the USSR was still very great, and our armed forces were greatly weakened by Khrushchev's cuts and disarmament. And here Brezhnev, without resorting to any threats to "show Kuz'kin's mother", quietly and imperceptibly achieved the restoration of strategic parity with the United States, which ensured the preservation of Soviet power for several more years. The country denied itself everything, if only its security was ensured. This great feat of our people, which required gigantic efforts and expenses, was accomplished under the leadership of L.I. Brezhnev. It was necessary to liquidate the economic councils and restore the ministries and state committees for the branches of the economy, to eliminate the division of the regional party committees into industrial and agricultural ones, to cancel the ridiculous restrictions on the development of personal subsidiary farms of collective farmers and state farm workers.

Gorbachev.MS Gorbachev MS Soviet and Russian statesman and public figure. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1985-91, President of the USSR in 1990-91. The initiator of perestroika, which led to significant changes in the life of the country and the world (glasnost, political pluralism, ending " cold war" and etc.). Nobel Prize peace (1990). It is difficult to overestimate the role of Gorbachev in history modern Russia and deceased in the Bose of the Soviet Union. I'm not sure that without such a personality, the events would have passed in the same sequence and without a lot of blood. Grandiose social, political, cultural changes took place - in all spheres of life, a complete disassembly of the totalitarian state.

Yeltsin. B.N. Yeltsin B.N. The first president of the Russian Federation (1991-1999). Despite numerous mistakes, the role of Boris Yeltsin in the history of Russia is very great. One of the most important achievements of Boris Yeltsin is the adoption of a new democratic constitution. Yeltsin was the guarantor of democratic reforms. President Yeltsin decided to dissolve the Supreme Council of Russia. However, the members of the Supreme Council announced their decision to stay and work in the "White House", they called on the people to go and defend the "White House" and provoked armed actions. In fact, they pushed the people into a civil war. The only way out of this situation was to resolve the conflict by force, the troops completely surrounded the house of the Supreme Council and continued tank shelling until the middle of the day. Thus, Yeltsin did not allow the outbreak of civil war in Russia. As a result, he returned to Russia its weight as a great power in world politics.

Putin.V.V. PutinV.V. Russian statesman, President of the Russian Federation since 2000. Putin's merits: the restoration of Russian statehood, which did not exist from 1989 to 2002; the awakening of the self-consciousness of the Russian (and primarily Russian, which the frightened ruler immediately began to suppress and discredit) people and a sense of self-worth Russia; incomplete and inconsistent, but still a return to rationality, most noticeable in the awareness of the unconditional hostility of the external environment. ; Creation of an extremely aggressive state-commercial mechanism aimed at covert internal and external expansion. Finally, attention should be paid to Putin's humanism. Putin's merits are indisputable.

Outstanding personalities in the spiritual realm. Education and science. Prose and poetry. Art. Music . Theatre. Cinema. Sport.

Education and science. Popov A.S. Zhukovsky N.E. Pavlov I.P. Timiryazev K. A. Tsiolkovsky K. E.

Popov A.S. POPOV A.S., Russian physicist and electrical engineer, one of the pioneers in the use of electromagnetic waves for practical purposes, including radio communications.

Zhukovsky N.E. Zhukovsky N.E (1847-1921), Russian scientist, founder of modern aerodynamics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1894). Works on the theory of aviation, many studies on mechanics solid body, astronomy, mathematics, hydrodynamics and hydraulics, applied mechanics, the theory of control of machines and mechanisms, etc. Member of the creation of the aerodynamic institute in Kuchino, near Moscow (1904), etc. Organizer and first head (since 1918) of the central aerohydrodynamic institute (TsAGI).

Pavlov I.P. Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, creator of the materialistic doctrine of higher nervous activity, the largest physiological school of our time, new approaches and methods of physiological research, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1907, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917). Classical works on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion (Nobel Prize, 1904). He introduced into practice a chronic experiment, which allows studying the activity of a practically healthy organism. With the help of the method of conditioned reflexes developed by him, he established that the basis of mental activity is physiological processes occurring in the cerebral cortex.

Timiryazev K. A. Timiryazev K. A. (1843-1920), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of the Russian scientific school of plant physiologists, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1890). Professor of the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy (since 1871) and Moscow University (1878-1911), resigned in protest against the harassment of students. Deputy of the Moscow City Council (1920). Revealed the patterns of photosynthesis as a process of using light to form organic matter in a plant. Proceedings on the methods of research of plant physiology, the biological foundations of agronomy, the history of science. One of the first promoters of Darwinism and materialism in Russia.

Tsiolkovsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky K.E. (1857-1935), Russian scientist and inventor, founder of modern cosmonautics. Proceedings in the field of aero- and rocket dynamics, the theory of aircraft and airship. In 1879 he passed the exam for the title of teacher externally, he taught physics and mathematics all his life (since 1892 in Kaluga). For the first time, he substantiated the possibility of using rockets for interplanetary communications, indicated rational ways for the development of astronautics and rocket science, and found a number of important engineering solutions for the design of rockets and a liquid-propellant rocket engine. Tsiolkovsky's technical ideas find application in the creation of rocket and space technology.

Prose and poetry. Mayakovsky V. V. Sholokhov M. A. Solzhenitsyn A. I. Tvardovsky A. T. Polevoy B. N.

Mayakovsky V. V. MAYAKOVSKY V. V. Russian poet, one of the brightest representatives of the avant-garde art of the 1910-1920s. A cloud in pants", 1915; "Flute-spine", 1916; "Man" 1916-1917). After 1917, the creation of a socialist myth about the world order (the play Mystery Buff, 1918; the poems 150,000,000, 1921; Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, 1924; Good!, 1927) and the tragically growing sense of its viciousness (from the poem ", 1922, before the play "Bath", 1929). Reformer of poetic language, had a great influence on the poetry of the 20th century.

Sholokhov M. A. Sholokhov M. A. (1905-84), Russian writer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1967, 1980). The book "Don stories" (1926). In the novel "Quiet Don" - the dramatic fate of the Don Cossacks during the 1st World War and civil wars, the tragic doom of the hero, plunged into the chaos of historical cataclysms, the problems of the people and the individual in the revolution. In the novel "Virgin Soil Upturned", the image of collectivization is marked by the predetermined ideological attitudes. The unfinished novel "They fought for the Motherland" (chapters in 1943-44, 1949, 1954, 1969) and stories, including "The Fate of a Man" (1956-57), is dedicated to the Great Patriotic War. Publicism. Nobel Prize (1965).

Solzhenitsyn A.I. SOLZHENITSYN A.I. (b. December 11, 1918, Kislovodsk), Russian writer, full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1997) .. The preservation of the human soul under totalitarianism and internal opposition to it is a cross-cutting theme of the stories “One Day in Ivan Denisovich" (1962), "Matryona Dvor" of the stories "In the First Circle", "Cancer Ward", absorbing Solzhenitsyn's own experience: participation in the Great Patriotic War, arrest, camps (1945-1953), exile (1953-1956). "The Gulag Archipelago" (1973; distributed illegally in the USSR), - "the experience of artistic research" of the state system of extermination of people in the USSR; In the articles "Repentance and self-restraint as a category of national life", "Living not by lies", "Letter to the leaders of the Soviet Union" (all - 1973), Solzhenitsyn predicted the collapse of socialism

Tvardovsky A. T. Tvardovsky A. T. (1910-71), Russian poet, editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine (1950-54, 1958-70). The poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-45) is a vivid embodiment of the Russian character and popular feelings of the era of the Great Patriotic War. In the poem "For the distance - the distance" (1953-60; Lenin Prize, 1961) and lyrics (the book "From the lyrics of these years. 1959-1967", 1967) - reflections on the movement of time, the artist's duty, about life and death. In the poem "Terkin in the Other World" (1963) - a satirical image of the bureaucratic deadening of being. In the final poem-confession "By the Right of Memory" (published 1987) - the pathos of the uncompromising truth about the time of Stalinism, about the tragic inconsistency of the spiritual world of a person of this time. Tvardovsky enriched and updated the traditions of Russian classical poetry.

Field B. N. FIELD B. N. (1908-81), Russian writer, Hero of Socialist Labor (1974). The Tale of a Real Man (1946) is based on the feat of the pilot A.P. Maresyev. The novel "Gold" (1949-50), novels, short stories. Diaries of the war years, including the book about the Nuremberg trials "In the end" (1968); memories. Chief editor of the magazine "Youth" (since 1962). State Prize of the USSR (1947, 1949).

Art. Vasnetsov V.M. Repin I.E. Surikov V.I. Nesterov M.V. Serov V.A.

Vasnetsov V.M. V. M. Vasnetsov (1848-1926), Russian painter. Brother of A. M. Vasnetsov. Wanderer. Genre paintings (“From Apartment to Apartment”, 1876), lyrical or monumental-epic canvases on the themes of Russian history, folk epics and fairy tales (“After the Battle”, 1880, “Alyonushka”, 1881, “Bogatyrs”, 1881-98) . He acted as a theater artist (The Snow Maiden by A. N. Ostrovsky, 1882, 1886) and a muralist (murals in the Vladimir Cathedral in Kyiv, 1885-96).

Repin I.E. Repin I.E. (1844-1930), Russian painter, Wanderer. He revealed the contradictions of reality (“The procession in the Kursk province”, 1880-83), worked on the theme of the revolutionary movement (“The arrest of a propagandist”, 1880-92; “They did not wait”, 1884-88). In historical canvases he revealed tragic conflicts (“Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”, 1885), created vivid freedom-loving images (“The Cossacks write a letter Turkish sultan", 1878-91). In the portraits of his contemporaries, he revealed the personality in psychological and social terms (“M. P. Mussorgsky”, 1881).

Surikov V.I. SURIKOV V.I. (1848-1916), Russian painter. Wanderer. In monumental canvases dedicated to turning points, tense conflicts in Russian history, he showed the main character of the masses, rich in bright personalities, full of strong feelings. Deep in understanding the contradictions of the historical process, Surikov’s works (“Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, 1881; “Menshikov in Berezov”, 1883; “Boyar Morozova”, 1887; “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak”, 1895) are distinguished by the breadth and polyphony of the composition, brightness and saturation of color . Portraits, watercolors.

Nesterov M.V. NESTEROV M.V., Russian painter, Honored Artist of Russia (1942). State Prize of the USSR (1941). An outstanding representative of Russian symbolism and modernism, a leading master of religious painting of the Silver Age, who managed to organically continue the characteristic lines of his style in Soviet period. He created poetic religious images associated with the ethical searches of the 1880-1910s. (“Vision to the youth Bartholomew”, 1889-1890, “In Russia”, 1916); painted deep, sharp-character portraits of figures

Serov V.A. SEROV V.A. Russian painter and graphic artist. Son of A. N. Serov. Wanderer, member of the World of Art. Early works (“Girl with Peaches”, 1887) are distinguished by vital freshness, richness of plein-air coloring. -1911); works on the themes of rural life ("October. Domotkanovo", 1895), historical compositions ("Peter I", 1907). Some later works are close to the Art Nouveau style ("Ida Rubinstein", 1910). Master of drawing (" Krylov's Fables", 1895-1911. His work masterfully and artistically expressed almost all the most important aspirations of Russian painting and graphics (primarily the trend towards impressionism and modernity) on the eve of the avant-garde.

Music . Rimsky-Korsakov N. A. Rachmaninov S. V. Vysotsky V. S. Chaliapin F. I. Shostakovich D. D.

Rimsky-Korsakov N. A. RIMSKY-KORSAKOV N. A. (1844-1908), Russian composer, conductor, musician and public figure. Member of the Mighty Bunch. The picturesque and pictorial nature of music, the special purity of the lyrics are inherent in works connected with the world of fairy tales, with the poetry of Russian nature, and pictures of folk life; the role of the images of the East is also important. Rimsky-Korsakov is a master of instrumentation, an innovator of harmony. 15 operas (epic, fairy tale, historical and everyday), including The Maid of Pskov (1872), May Night (1879), The Snow Maiden (1881), Sadko (1896), The Tsar's Bride (1898) ), "Kashchei the Immortal" (1902), "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ..." (1904), "The Golden Cockerel" (1907); "Spanish Capriccio" (1887), "Scheherazade" (1888) and other compositions.

Rachmaninov S. V. RACHMANINOV S. V. Russian composer, pianist, conductor. In 1904-1906 conductor Bolshoi Theater. From December 1917 he lived abroad. The theme of the motherland is embodied in the work of Rachmaninov with particular force. Romantic pathos is combined in his music with lyrical-contemplative moods, inexhaustible melodic richness, breadth and freedom of breathing - with rhythmic energy. 4 concertos, "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" (1934) for piano and orchestra, preludes, etudes-pictures for piano, 3 symphonies (1895-1936), fantasy "Cliff" (1893), poem "Isle of the Dead" (1909), "Symphonic Dances" (1940) for orchestra, cantata "Spring" (1902), poem "The Bells" (1913) for choir and orchestra, operas "Aleko" (1892), "The Miserly Knight", "Francesca da Rimini" (both 1904), romances.

Vysotsky V. S. VYSOTSKY V. S. (January 25, 1938, Moscow - July 25, 1980, ibid.), Russian poet, actor, songwriter and performer. Tragic-confessional poems, romantic-lyrical, comic and satirical songs, ballads (collections "Nerv", 1981, "I, of course, will return ..." 1988). In songwriting, he repelled the traditions of Russian urban romance. Since 1964 at the Moscow Theater of Drama and Comedy on Taganka (Khlopusha - "Pugachev" by S. A. Yesenin; Hamlet - "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare; Lopakhin - "The Cherry Orchard" by A. P. Chekhov and others). He acted in films: "Vertical" (1967), "Short Meetings" (1968), TV films "The meeting place cannot be changed" (1979), etc.

Chaliapin F. I. SHALYAPIN F. I. (1873-1938), Russian singer (bass), People's Artist of the Republic (1918). Most of the parties were first performed on the stage of the Moscow Private Russian Opera (1896-99), he sang at the Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters. Representative of Russian realistic performing arts. Created a gallery of diverse images, revealing the complex inner world hero.

Shostakovich D. D. SHOSTAKOVICH D. D., Russian Soviet composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1954), Doctor of Arts, Hero of Socialist Labor (1966), Lenin Prize (1958), State Prize of the USSR (1941, 1942, 1946, 1950, 1952, 1968), State Prize of the RSFSR (1974), International Prize Peace (1954), Sibelius Prize, honorary member of the academies and doctorate of universities in many countries of the world.

Theatre. Stanislavsky K. S. Danchenko S. V.

Stanislavsky K. S. STANISLAVSKY K. S. (1863-1938), Russian director, actor, teacher, theater theorist. The activities of Stanislavsky had a significant impact on the Russian and world theater of the 20th century. In 1898, together with V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, he founded the Moscow Art Theater. For the first time, he approved the principles of the director's theater on the Russian stage. He sought to create a poetic atmosphere of the performance, to convey the "mood" of each episode, the authenticity of the images, the authenticity of the actor's experience. He staged plays by A.P. Chekhov, where he played roles. Stanislavsky's fantasy was clearly manifested in the productions: The Blue Bird, The Hostess of the Inn, Hot Heart, etc. He developed the methodology of acting creativity, the technique of organic transformation into an image. Since 1918, he headed the Opera Studio of the Bolshoi Theater.

Danchenko S. V. DANCHENKO S. V. (b. 1937), Ukrainian director, People's Artist of the USSR (1988). Since 1978, the main director of the Ukrainian Theater. Franko (Kyiv). State Prize of the USSR (1980).

Cinema. Orlova L.P. Ladynina M.A. Bondarchuk S.F.

Orlova L.P. ORLOVA L.P. (1902-75), Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1950). In 1926-33 at the Musical Theatre. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Since 1955 at the Theater. Moscow City Council. She starred in the musical comedies of her husband, director G. V. Aleksandrov: “Merry Fellows” (1934), “Circus” (1936), “Volga-Volga” (1938) and others. USSR State Prize (1941, 1950).

Ladynina M. A. LADYNINA M. A. (June 28, 1908, the village of Nazarovo, now the Achinsk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - March 10, 2003, Moscow), Russian film actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1950). The fame of the actress was brought by the main female roles in the films: “The Rich Bride”, “Tractor Drivers”, “Pig and Shepherd”, “At Six P.M. After the War”, “The Legend of the Siberian Land”, “Kuban Cossacks”).

Bondarchuk S.F. BONDARCHUK S.F. Russian film actor and director, People's Artist of the USSR (1952), Hero of Socialist Labor (1980). He acted in films: "Taras Shevchenko", "Jumper", "Unfinished Tale", "Father Sergius". Master of epic cinema, battle scenes. Staged films: "The Fate of a Man" (1959, the main role), "War and Peace" (1966-67, "Oscar", 1969), "They Fought for the Motherland" (1975), "The Steppe" (1979), a dilogy "Red Bells" (1982). Professor of VGIK (since 1974). Lenin Prize (1960), USSR State Prizes (1952, 1984).

Sport. Tretyak V. A. Kasparov G. K. Kharlamov V. B. Yashin L. I.

Tretyak V. A. TRETYAK V. A. (b. April 25, 1952, village of Orudyevo, Dmitrovsky district of Moscow region), Russian athlete (ice hockey); Honored Master of Sports (1971), goalkeeper of the CSKA team (1969-84) and the USSR national team (1970-84). Olympic champion (1972, 1976 and 1984), world (1970-71, 1973-75, 1978-79, 1981-83), European (1970, 1973-75, 1978-79, 1981-83), USSR (1970) -73, 1975, 1977-84). Member of a series of meetings with Canadian professionals (1972, 1974). Challenge Cup winner (1979). Canada Cup winner (1981).

Kasparov G.K. KASPAROV G.K. (b. 1963), Russian chess player, international grandmaster (1980), Honored Master of Sports (1985). 13th world champion (since 1985), champion of the USSR (1981, 1988). Eight-time Olympic champion (1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2002). 13-time Chess Oscar winner (1982, 1983, 1985-90, 1996), World Cup (1989). Won St. 60 major international competitions (classic timing), incl. approx. 20 super tournaments.

European football player and awarded the Golden Ball prize (1963).

Research result. The influence of the individual on the state of society in different phases of historical development varies from minimal in eras of stability and strength of society to key in eras of a radical breakdown of social foundations. At the same time, a person is able to accelerate or delay the solution of urgent problems, to give the solution special features, to use the given opportunities with talent or mediocrity. If a certain person managed to do something, then there were already potential opportunities for this in the depths of society. No individual is capable of creating great epochs if there are no accumulated conditions in society. Moreover, the presence of a person more or less corresponding to social tasks is something predetermined, rather accidental, although quite probable. Consequently, in a normally functioning state, there must be mechanisms that do not bring things to a social explosion and, moreover, severely limit the role of the individual as a sometimes poorly controlled force. This, on the one hand, gives much greater opportunities to manifest itself, and on the other hand, it reduces the dependence of the development of society on the individual “benefactor”, guarantees against excessively harmful influence.

Conclusions. In the process of research, I learned how to work with archival documents, publications and other sources. I have gained experience in research work, I have a deeper understanding of the role of the individual, people, events in the development of the country. This work (presentation) can be used for educational purposes as an additional material.

According to the Federal State Educational Standard, history projects can be completed by schoolchildren individually or in a group of 3-4 people. Such activities are mandatory after the introduction of new educational standards in domestic schools.

Modern Requirements

At present, modern society urgently needs creative, educated, caring young people.

It presents the school with a social order for the education of a mobile, literate person who is aware of his cultural, historical, spiritual belonging to the country, understands his duties and rights.

Significance of research activities

Any creative project in history involves the application of standard knowledge in new conditions. not only learns to use a variety of historical sources, but also forms the skills of conducting a scientific discussion.

The topics of projects on history can be general, relating to certain stages of human development, and also have a narrow focus - on the study of individual events, periods, people. Regardless of the type of activity, any research work involves serious and lengthy preparation, systematization of the material.

Work structure

Topics for projects on history can be proposed by the supervisor, chosen by the students themselves. Despite the fact that the content of the works differs significantly, there are certain general rules that need to be taken into account.

Start your scientific activity it is necessary to think over the algorithm of actions, the choice of the topic and the purpose of the study. At this stage, the help of a teacher is allowed, the success of all subsequent work of the child directly depends on him.

First example

For example, if a student is interested in toy history, it is important to choose a specific object for study. It is impossible to mention all their types in one work, to collect information about appearance, use. Toy Story can be limited in its work to one city, family, time period. This gives the material great importance and significance, increases the uniqueness.

Themes research work in history, concerning toys, are aimed at forming in the younger generation a sense of patriotism, pride in their city, family, country.

Among the methods that will be required to carry out such work, we note: conducting a sociological survey, reviewing literary sources, processing the results. Special attention must be paid to the design of the work.

Second example

If a student decided to develop a project on the history of the city, this indicates his indifferent attitude to the past of his country. What can be taken to work? For example, the main historical monuments of the city, the time of their creation are considered as an object. If the work is carried out by a group of schoolchildren, they can develop a route that will include the main attractions locality, their detailed description.

Features of work

History project topics may be related to folk traditions, national rituals, family photos.

Such works allow us to connect several generations at once with a single thread, to develop in the growing Russians a sense of pride in their country. The children learn to independently plan their activities, make decisions, establish contacts with other participants in the educational process.

The topics of history projects that younger students choose mainly relate to a particular family, city. High school students have a large store of knowledge, so their work has a more global scale.

Material for work

We offer you topics of research papers on history. Perhaps they will be of interest to the younger generation of enthusiastic, caring Russian schoolchildren.

• Macedonian in the Hellenistic era.
• What do we know about Alfred Nobel?
• Fortresses and castles of England.
• Past and present of the English alphabet.
• Socio-economic development of Greece.
• Atlantis is a civilization worth learning more about!
• Attica during the collapse of the slave-owning democracy in the work of Aristophanes.
• The history and significance of balloons and airships in Russia before 1918.
• The uniqueness of China.
• History
• Combat equipment in Russia during the X-XVI centuries. and the nature of its creation.
• Martial arts in the period of Ancient Russia.
• Boris Godunov: life and meaning for the country.
• What's happened Time of Troubles?
• Life of peasants in the Middle Ages.
• The fate of the family in the history of the country.
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Bogatyrs past and present.
• Battle of Borodino through the eyes of the French.
• Gods ancient rome And Ancient Greece.

Examples of research papers related to Russia

For example, the history of the creation of the Slavic alphabet can become the basis of several works at once:

• Life of the Slavs.
• Culture and religion.
• Beliefs of the Slavs.
• The magical world of ancient Russian myths and legends.
• Slavs and Vikings: features of relations.
• Armament of the Slavs.
• The appearance of the first writing.

Fans of the 17th-20th centuries may well study interesting facts associated with these historical milestones:

• Great personalities in national history.
• virtual trip across the USSR.
• The influence of time on the popularity of the historical personality I. V. Stalin.
• The influence of historical processes on the formation of Soviet power.
• The impact of epidemics on the events that took place in Russia.
• The emergence of Russian humanism.
• War of 1812.
• Electoral power as a factor in raising the standard of living of Russian citizens.
• History of names and surnames.
• Heraldry: an inflorescence of history, knowledge and art.
• Cities of Russia in legends and traditions.
• Public holidays as a reflection of the peculiarities of the political regime in our country.
• Welcome to Moscow!
• History of chess.
• Friendship since ancient times.
• Women in the history of our country.
• Life of Lenin.
• Forgotten Pomeranian Russian games.
• Life of Queen Catherine II.
• How did the Moscow region and Moscow.
• The conquest of Siberia.
• Ivan IV the Terrible - the first tsar of Russia.
• Ivan the Terrible: a portrait of a personality based on an era.
• Ivan Susanin is a true patriot of the Russian land.
• The importance of the adoption of Christianity in Russia.
• Iconography in Russia.
• History of the Moscow Kremlin.
• How coins appeared in Russia.
• Russian pancakes - interesting facts.
• History of Russian pancakes.
• Sailing fleet in Russia.

Finally

Modern realities require young people logical thinking, teamwork skills, planning independent activities. Project and research activities fully contribute to the formation of a harmoniously developed personality who is ready to be responsible for his actions, will not experience difficulties in searching and processing the flow of information.

Today there is a constant increase in the flow of information in various fields of knowledge. It is important to acquire the skills to quickly respond to all changes, including political and historical areas. Such skills are formed in the younger generation in the course of project and research activities. That is why, after the introduction of new educational standards in Russian primary and secondary education, it became an obligatory stage for schoolchildren to conduct independent research or joint, collective creative projects.

Such activities allow teachers to solve certain educational and educational tasks:

• development of critical and analytical thinking of schoolchildren in the course of creative activity and implementation of educational projects;
• searching for talented and gifted schoolchildren and creating optimal conditions for their full development;
• fostering a sense of patriotism in the younger generation of Russian citizens.

Project activities help children choose their future professional activities, avoid problems in social adaptation to achieve success in educational and various extracurricular activities.

Approximate names of topics on which work can be done by students of ordinary general education schools, are given above. They, at the discretion of young researchers and their supervisors, can be changed or supplemented.

Any projects related to the search for historical information about the city, country, era, outstanding personality, allow teachers to fully fulfill the state order.

New realities place special demands on the content and forms of national education, including the study of the foundations of history. Projects carried out within the framework of individual topics will be an excellent way for self-improvement and self-development of the younger generation.

Alexander the Great. The era of Hellenism.
Alfred Nobel
English castles and fortresses.
English alphabet past and present.
Arabic calligraphy
Archaic Greece VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Socio-economic development of Greece.
Chinese architecture
Architecture. Culture and buildings.
Atlantis - a civilization that does not exist!
Atlantis - myth or reality?
Attica during the collapse of the slave-owning democracy in the works of Aristophanes.
Achilles and his image in art.
Balloons and airships: history and service in the Russian army until 1918.

Combat equipment in medieval Russia X-XVI centuries. and features of its manufacture.
Martial arts of ancient Russia.
Martial arts of Ancient Russia.
Boris Godunov
Was there an alternative in the development of Russian society in late XVI- the beginning of the XVII century. during the Time of Troubles?
Was Ivan IV the most cruel ruler in the 16th century?
Life of peasants in the XVI century.

Bestiary

Wormwood does not grow without a root, or the history of one kind.
Berezina. Mysteries of Napoleon's Treasures.
Berlin Wall. How much of this word...
Fearless Sky Knight
Battle of Thermopylae
Bogatyrs past and present.
Gods ancient egypt
Gods of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Gods and myths of ancient Greece
War machines of the past
battle of Borodino French eyes.
Struggle between patricians and plebeians
Brandenburg Gate
Is the British Royal Family a relic of the past?
Buddhism as a religion.
Buchenwald
Was there a global flood?
Life of the inhabitants of ancient Egypt
Life and everyday life of the Evenks at the end of the 20th century.
Life, religion and culture of the Aztec civilization.

Grand Duke Alexander Nevskiy.
Beliefs of the Eastern Slavs
Beliefs of the ancient Slavs. Paganism.
The beliefs of the Slavs as the superstitions of modern man.
Vikings and Slavs: the history of relationships.
Influence of Norman culture on development Old Russian state.
Influence of the policy of Ivan III on the historical development of Russia in the 15th century.
The emergence and formation of the Moscow principality as a center of statehood and spiritual culture.
The emergence of writing among the Slavs.
The magical world of the legends of Ancient Russia.
Wars of the ancient Slavs.
Armament of the Slavic warriors.

In the valley of the pyramids
In Search of the Holy Grail: From the Beginnings to the Present Day.
UK currency
Vandalism.
Vatican. State within a state.
Great French revolution 1789-1799
Great Bulgars
Great personalities in history.
Great discoveries. Christopher Columbus.
Great rulers of the Middle Ages
Great Civilizations of the East
Great Britain in the 19th century
Relations between the Russian and Byzantine churches.
The Vikings are the creators of the history of navigation.
Virtual tour of Egypt.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
The influence of ancient Egypt on modern times
The influence of time and religion on the popularity of the historical personality of A. Macedonian.
Influence of historical processes on lexical borrowings.
The influence of the Celts on the language and culture of Great Britain.
The impact of epidemics on historical events that took place on Earth.
Military sports training in Ancient Greece.
Origin of life on earth
The emergence and development of writing.
The emergence and evolution of writing.
The rise of Italian humanism.
The emergence of a new religion - Christianity. Chronology of events in time and space.
Warriors and knights of the Middle Ages
War of 1812
War of the Scarlet and White Rose
Wars in Ancient Greece in the 1st century BC
Rise of Spartacus
It all started with a wheel.
The global flood as a projection of earthly cataclysms and catastrophes.
Following Anna Yaroslavna - Queen of France ...
Electoral power as a condition for raising the standard of living of citizens.
Higher education in the UK

Heroes of Russian history - Russian Columbuses.
Heroes of Russian epics and their real prototypes.

Geisha
Genealogical tree. History of names and surnames.
Genealogy. The story of my family
Henry VIII is an English monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Heinrich Vogeler (on the occasion of the 135th anniversary of the artist's birth).
Heinrich Schliemann: polyglot and successful man.
Heraldry: an inflorescence of history, art and knowledge.
Heraldic monsters
Heroes of Greek mythology in the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".
A city forgotten by history. Tragedy of Troy.
City from dust
Cities of Germany in legends and traditions.
State and national symbols of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland.
Public and religious holidays in the Arab world.
Public holidays as a reflection of the political regime in the country.
Gothic cathedral as a symbol of the universe.
"Grail" - fact or fiction?
American Civil War
Greco-Persian Wars
Hun Attila.

Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy - the savior and guardian of Russia.
Armor of a warrior of Ancient Russia.
Old Russian school
Old Russian names.
Ancient Russia
Ancient Slavic deities in Russian fairy tales. History and fiction.
Ancient symbolism in the artistic decoration of a peasant hut.

In the bag. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. A hat trick.
Dynasties of English kings (Anglo-Saxon dynasty).
Welcome to Paris!
Dolmens of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Dolmens are an ancient mystery of our time.
Ancient Babylonian society according to the laws of Hammurabi.
Ancient Greek myths about Troy and the Trojan War.
The ancient Greek Argonaut Jason is the first industrial spy.
The ancient Greek city of Chersonese-Magadan. historical parallels.
Ancient Egyptian costume.
Ancient states: facts of history.
ancient inventions. History of chess.
ancient ships
Ancient Civilizations of North America.
Ancient Egypt and its sights.
Ancient China. Qin Empire.
Ancient China: mythology and reality.
Ancient Rome
Ancient myth and modernity.
Ancient Armenia: origins, traditions, culture.
Ancient Greece in the modern world.
ancient india
Ancient Maya civilization.
Friendship since ancient times
Uncle Ben. The history of the creation of one of the towers of parliament.

Egypt - the gift of the Nile
Egyptian pyramids - a treasure trove scientific knowledge.

The life of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky as an example of serving the fatherland.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his legacy.
Joan of Arc - a saint or a witch?
Joan of Arc is the national heroine of France.
Woman - pharaoh of ancient Egypt.
Women in history
Women and Politics
Ruler women.
The cruel kings and queens of Britain.
Life path of Confucius
Life of Queen Victoria.
The life of primitive people
The life of the pharaohs
Dwellings of ancient nomads.

Forgotten old Russian games.
The conquest of Siberia.
Yermak's riddle
Mysteries of the Battle of Kulikovo.
The origin of the Moscow region and Moscow.
The meaning of the adoption of Christianity in Russia
Forgotten about Turkey
Mystery of Loch Ness.
Mysteries of Ancient Egypt
Mysteries of the tomb of Tutankhamen.
Mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids.
Glass Mysteries

Mysterious Templars
Castles of England.
Castles of Bavaria.
UK castles.
Castles of the Loire, the history of occurrence.
Castles of Japan
Castles and palaces of Germany, their legends.
Hever Castle in England
Castle on the rock
Zeus from Mount Olympus
Acquaintance with Serge
Significance of the discoveries of Christopher Columbus.

Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible: personality and statesman.
Ivan IV the Terrible - the first Russian tsar.
Ivan the Terrible: a psychological portrait of a personality against the backdrop of an era.
Ivan Susanin is a patriot of the Russian Land.
Iconography. Russian icon
Ilya Muromets
The name of St. George the Victorious in Novgorod history.
The historical reality of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener", "Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh" and other works of ancient Russian literature.
History of the Moscow Kremlin (architectural chronicle).
The history of the emergence of coins in Russia.
History of Russian baths
History of Russian pancakes.
History of Russian surnames

From the history of paper
From the history of numismatics
From the history of the locomotive
From the history of the horseshoe
From the Exupery tribe
Images of birds in various cultures.
The invention of the wheel is a revolution in the development of mankind.
Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci
Imperial features in the philosophical and religious ideas of the ancient Incas.
India
The Institute of Monarchy in Modern Europe.
US Presidency Institute: Past and Present.
Interesting facts from the life of the Indians.
Interesting facts from the life of spoons
Interesting facts about national flags.
Johannes Gutenberg and his "black" art of typography.
Art of Ancient India.
The art of primitive man.
The Art of the Tea Ceremony
Islam: past, present, future.
Islamic factor in US foreign policy (1980-1990s).
Study of the Greek influence on the Scythian culture.
Study of the history of cities founded by Alexander the Great.
Study of nicknames of Russian and Byzantine rulers in the 10th-12th centuries.
Historical and cultural heritage of Ancient Egypt
Historical and linguistic significance of French fashion.
Historical and psychological portrait of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
historical figure
Historical reconstruction of the battle on Vokhna.
History of England in the Middle Ages
The history of England in the mirror of architecture.
History of the Igrimskie schools.
History of Olympic Games.
History of Halloween
History of the Eiffel Tower
History of English holidays.
History of monetary units.
History of architectural styles.
History of ballet
History of the British royal dynasties and their contribution to the development of Britain.
Bicycle history
History of things. Phone
History of the Olympic Games.
History of the rise and spread of Christianity.
The history of the origin of the doll.
History of heraldry
History of ancient England
Railway history
History of the Life of Queen Victoria.
The history of the dwelling: from the past to the future.
History and culture of Norway.
History and culture of the peoples of the North: bone carving art.
History and legends of the Nevyansk tower.
Cinema history
History of the bell
History of the crusaders and their campaigns.
History of the spoon
History of the Tower of London.

History of medicine
History of the Museum
History of the German currency.
History of public transport in England.
History of weapons
Glasses history
History of piracy.
History of the lost village.
History of writing. Origin and development.
History of the Intercession Church: epochs, events, people.
The history of the accession of Wales and Northern Ireland to the United Kingdom.
The history of the development of ancient Egyptian civilization.
History of development international relations USA.
The history of the development of sailing ships.
History of postal development
The history of the development of machine tool building.
History of the Memorial.
The history of the creation of dishes.
The history of the sundial
History of matches.
The history of terrorism and methods of combating it.
History of the iron
History of the piano.
History of football
History of chemical weapons.
History of edged weapons.
History of shamanism
History, language and culture of the American Indians.
Disappeared land
Lost monuments.
Disappeared Civilizations.

K. Minin and D. Pozharsky are an example of unity and heroism of the Russian people in defense of the Fatherland.
How did people dress in the old days?
How did the names of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin.
How they built in Russia

Stone architecture of Ancient Russia.
Stone chronicle.
Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy - defender of the Fatherland.
Prince Oleg is the first all-Russian ruler.
Princely congresses of the XII-XIII centuries. and their real meaning.
Red Sun over Russia (life and deeds of Grand Duke Vladimir).
Fortress Koporye on the northwestern line of defense of Russia.
Fortress Oreshek on the northwestern line of defense of Russia.
Fortress Staraya Ladoga on the northern line of defense of Russia.
The Peasant War of 1773-1775.
Peasant clothes in Russia
Baptism of Russia: legend and facts.
Kulikovo field - the first military field in Russia.
Battle of Kulikovo: contentious issues historiography.
Battle of Kulikovo: strategy and tactics of Dmitry Donskoy.
Culture of Ancient Russia before the Mongol invasion.
How people learned to count time.
How do humans master fire?
How cars appeared
How did telephone communication develop?
How did you study in ancient Egypt?
How did the bread come to the table?
What are sweets and where did they come from?
What were the first books?
Time calendars
Calendar and its history.
Cardinal Richelieu.
Carinthia is a federal province of Austria.
China. Is globalization coming from the East?
Cleopatra VII
Cowboys: myth and reality
When and where is the New Year celebrated.
Wells
Bells and bell ringing.
War assignments. According to the memoirs of participants in military operations in Chechnya.
Queen Victoria and her era.
Queen Elizabeth II
The British Royal Family is a symbol of power.
King Arthur: Reality or Legend?
bullfighting
Corruption is a social evil.
Crusades
Peasant and farmer: power of the land or power over the land?
Cryptography. The basics of encryption and the history of development.
Who are the gladiators.
19th century culture
Culture of Ancient Egypt.
Culture of Ancient Greece
Kurgan through the eyes of children.

Chroniclers about the beginning of the Russian state.
The legend of Joan of Arc
The legend of the Scythians and Sarmatians.
Legendary Joan of Arc
Legendary and historical figure - Toyon Legoy.
Legends of the Vishera stones.
Battle on the Ice
Personalities in the history of cryptography.
London past and present.
London is a city of 20 centuries of history. Landmarks of London and the main tourist sites.

London: past and present.
Tower of London.

Maslenitsa: history, games and rituals.
The World of Rock Art on the Lower Amur.
Worldview of the Old Believers.
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov
Myths and symbols of the ancient Slavs.

Maya: The Lost Civilization of Pre-Columbian America.
Small nations in the modern world
International conflicts: Iran and Iraq.
Between the past and the future (From the history of high school).
Medieval man's menu
Mesopotamia
Metal from Atlantis
Metro yesterday, today, tomorrow.
Japanese sword and European sword: a long road to nowhere.
Mycenaean civilization
The world of everyday life of a worker in an industrial enterprise (on the materials of the enterprises of our city).
World terrorism
The global financial crisis and the Great Depression in the United States.
The myth of Osiris
mythical animals
Mythical inhabitants of the waters.
Mythological dictionary. Ancient Greece.
Myths of Ancient Greece. Gods and deities.
Myths and legends of Ancient Greece
Myths and legends of the English-speaking peoples.
Myths and legends about animals different peoples peace.
Myths and legends about constellations
Myths and reality in the riddles of the pyramids.
Fashion of ancient Egypt
Cheese forge model.
My favorite English holidays.
Monarchy
Shaolin Monastery.
Mongolian empire of Genghis Khan.
Mongol invasion of the XII-XIII centuries. and the death of the ancient Khakassian state.
Coins are witnesses of history.
Sea robbers
Bridge connecting Europe and Asia.
Museums and galleries in London

The national hero of Russia is Alexander Nevsky.
The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is an example of Russian military architecture of the 15th-16th centuries.
Nizhny Novgorod - the center of the formation of the people's militia in 1611.
Novgorod letters
New Year and Christmas holidays in Russia.
The Norman theory of the origin of the Old Russian state and its criticism

At the dawn of mankind... (All about the Stone Age).
Napoleon Bonaparte - the great leader
Napoleon. The role of personality in history.
rock chronicle
Science and education in Ancient Greece.
Our view of the war in Spain 1936-1939.
Skyscrapers: yesterday and today.
A true story about the past and present of our family.
unknown Golden Horde
German car firms
Unusual secrets of China.
The complex history of a simple pencil.
Unsolved mysteries of Batu Khan
Ninjas are spies of the Middle Ages.

amulets
Image of Ivan the Terrible.
Images of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky in Chronicles XVII century.
Images of monarchs of the 18th century (Peter I, Catherine II, Paul I) in Russian journalism of the 19th–20th centuries, school textbooks.
Oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible
Oprichnina and controversy around her in historical science.
Weapons of Ancient Russia according to historical sources and Russian folklore.
Melee weapons among the Slavs in the 9th-11th centuries.
Weapons of the ancient Slavs
"From chain mail to uniform". History of the Russian military costume.
Where did the Russian stove and kerosene lamp come from in peasant life?
Deification of animals in the religion of the Egyptians.
Defense of Sevastopol
The image of the dragon in Chinese mythology.
The image of a female goddess in Greek mythology.
The image of a horse in the culture of the Indo-European peoples.
The Education of the American Nation.
Petrified Witnesses
Olympic gods
Olympic Games in Ancient Greece.
Olympic Games in antiquity
Olympic Games: history of origin.
Olympic symbols
Features of the burial ceremony in ancient Egypt.
Saipan Island - a wonderful corner of the USA
The Patriotic War of 1812 through the eyes of the French.
What the book of orders of the school told about.
Napoleon's mistake

Easter.
Characters of Slavic mythology.
Correspondence of Ivan IV the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky.
The political system of the medieval republics (Novgorod, Pskov).
Political symbolism: crowning the kingdom, coronation celebrations, inaugurations.
Campaign of Yermak's squad in Siberia.
The reign of Ivan IV - the pros and cons.
Ivan Kupala holiday.

Rulers of Russia and Russia. Myths, legends, facts.
Signs and superstitions

Fall of Constantinople
Parisian Commune
The Parliament of Great Britain and its main characteristics.
Steam locomotive: how it all began

Sailboats: history, principle of movement.
Peloponnese in the VIII-VI centuries. BC
World War I: subjectivism in assessing historical events and phenomena.
The first state in the Nile Valley - myth or reality?
First cars
Feast of Belshazzar
Pyramid of Cheops - one of the seven wonders of the world
Pyramids of Egypt
Pyramids past, present and future
pyramids of the world
Pyramids are a source of coded information or a conversation with eternity.
Pirates in history and literature
Pirates past, present and future.
Letters in the absence of writing
Ancient Egyptian writing
In the footsteps of ancient civilizations. Egypt.
In the footsteps of lost civilizations
Labors of Hercules
Princess Olga's trip to Constantinople.
The search for the disappeared concentration camp.
Political portrait of Otto von Bismarck.
The political aspect of Russian-Chinese relations in the 90s of the XX century. - the beginning of the XXI century.
Why did Ancient Egypt and the states of Western Asia submit to the young Persian State?
Why do the military salute.
Why do Chinese people eat with chopsticks?
Why are mummies well preserved?
Why did the Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations in 1939 fail?
Legal regulation of relations in the Frankish society in the Merovingian period.
Holidays of Ancient Rome
Prerequisites for the heyday of the Arab Caliphate.
President is a dangerous profession.
The reason for the re-flourishment of the Shinto religion in Japan in the 13th century.
Reasons for the cessation of the conquest of new territories by the armies of the Roman Empire.
Causes of the dawn and sunset of the era of condottieri in the XIV-XVI centuries.
Origin and development of ancient Greek theater.
Origin of writing
Origin of law
The origin of the nicknames of the states of North America.
Curse of the pharaohs
Phoenix bird: fact or legend?
Punic Wars

Real and mythological images of ancient Russian princes.
The role of Ivan IV the Terrible in the centralization of power.
The role of the people in the Time of Troubles 1611-1612. in the estimates of famous Russian historians.
The role of Slavic amulets in the life of the Slavs.
Russian diplomacy in the X-XVI centuries.
Russian porridge
Russian folk hut

Russian folk clothes.
Russian heroes: myth or reality?
Russian armor X-XVII centuries
Russian lands in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars.
Russian nesting dolls
Russian folk sundress
Russian wedding ceremony
Russian medieval monastery as a landowner and intellectual center.
Russian hospitality
Russia and the Golden Horde: relationship problems.
Russia and the Crusaders

The development of democracy in Athens in the VI-V centuries. BC. and in medieval Europe in a comparative aspect.
Has the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids been solved?
Revolution in the Netherlands
Religion of the ancient Greeks
Religion of the ancient Slavs and Egyptians: a comparative analysis.
The religion of the Slavs before the adoption of Christianity
Roman army in antiquity
Role of Oliver Cromwell in the Long Parliament.
The role of traditions in the culture of Scotland.
Knights of the Middle Ages
Knight culture.
Knighthood in the Middle Ages
Knight - who is he: a robber or a model of nobility?

Imposture at the beginning of the 17th century. False Dmitry I.
Wedding ceremonies in Russia
Holy hero Ilya Muromets. An epic hero or a real historical figure?
Sergius of Radonezh
Time of Troubles. History in faces. History of the Godunov family.
Collective portrait of Russian impostors of the 17th-18th centuries.
Medieval castles in Russia
Ancient Russian measures in the history and speech of the people.
vintage games
Pages of the history of ancient Russia. Prince Vladimir: from paganism to Christianity.
Sevens are the guardian spirits of the peoples of the Amur region.
S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin - reformers of the beginning of the 20th century.
Samurai in the sociocultural space of Japan.
Wedding rites of the peoples of the world.
Holy Fast Ramadan
Secrets of the Tower
How old is the samovar?
Treasures of the Silk Road
Socio-psychological analysis of the personalities of Alexander I and Napoleon.
Are the laws of Hammurabi fair?
Comparative characteristics of the ancient Sumerian, ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek religions.
Comparative analysis of weapons and equipment of medieval warriors.
Medieval edged weapons.
medieval castles
Samurai steel.
Old castles of Great Britain: their past and present.
Stonehenge - the legend of England
Stonehenge: history and legend.
Pages of British history
Sphinx - the great mystery of the desert

Traditions and customs of Ancient Russia
The mysterious stones of Stonehenge
Secrets of the Great Wall of China
Secrets of the ancient Egyptians
Secrets of the ancient peoples of the British Isles.
Secrets of ancient civilizations. Egypt
Secrets and mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids. Who built them and why?
Mayan secrets
Secrets of Queen Hatshepsut.
Templars
Tartan as the main element of the Scottish national costume.

Terracotta army of Qin Shi Huang.
The tragedy of September 11, 2001. Results and consequences.
tradition of chivalry
Triumphal arches of Russia and France, devoted to the war 1812.
Trojan War. Truth or fiction?
Tutankhamun - a living image of Amon

Jewelry of Ancient Russia
Winston Churchill: the man of legend

Form of government under Ivan the Terrible: absolutism or class-representative monarchy?

Pharaohs of ancient Egypt
Fascism as a socio-political trend of the XX century.
A phenomenal rise to worldwide fame for the Barbie doll.
Philosophers of antiquity: about society and man.
Enlightenment philosophers of the 18th century.
Phoenician purple
Florence Nightingale
Formation of the polis system in Attica.
Francesco Petrarca - great humanist

Melee weapons of Russian soldiers.
Khomus is an ancient musical instrument of the Yakuts.

Temples of Russia
Christianization of Russia

Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear Armageddon.
Steel arms

Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Personality and destiny.
Civilization of Minoan Crete
Mayan civilization

What did they write in the old days?
English tea traditions
Charlie Chaplin
Watches are a great invention of mankind.
man underwater
Genghis Khan - barbarian or creator?
What do we know about chocolate?
wonders of the world ancient world

Chess art.
Checkers
Scottish Order of the Thistle.

E. Che Guevara as a symbol of freedom in youth culture.
The evolution of automobile engines.
The evolution of the human dwelling
The evolution of writing tools
The evolution of the costume from ancient times to the present day.
Watch evolution
Eiffel Tower: construction history, design features, interesting facts.
Ethnic traditions of China.
Ethiopia is the oldest Christian country, a stronghold of Orthodoxy on the Black Continent.
Sea of ​​Japan in history.

Pagan mythology of the Slavs.
Yakut creations from birch bark.

Approximate topics of research papers.

Alexander the Great. The era of Hellenism.
Alfred Nobel
English castles and fortresses.
English alphabet past and present.
Arabic calligraphy
Archaic Greece VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Socio-economic development of Greece.
Chinese architecture
Architecture. Culture and buildings.
Atlantis - a civilization that does not exist!
Atlantis - myth or reality?
Attica during the collapse of the slave-owning democracy in the works of Aristophanes.
Achilles and his image in art.
Balloons and airships: history and service in the Russian army until 1918.

Combat equipment in medieval Russia X-XVI centuries. and features of its manufacture.
Martial arts of ancient Russia.
Martial arts of Ancient Russia.
Boris Godunov
Was there an alternative in the development of Russian society at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries? during the Time of Troubles?
Was Ivan IV the most cruel ruler in the 16th century?
Life of peasants in the XVI century.

Bestiary

Wormwood does not grow without a root, or the history of one kind.
Berezina. Mysteries of Napoleon's Treasures.
Berlin Wall. How much of this word...
Fearless Sky Knight
Battle of Thermopylae
Bogatyrs past and present.
Gods of Ancient Egypt
Gods of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Gods and myths of ancient Greece
War machines of the past
Battle of Borodino through the eyes of the French.
Struggle between patricians and plebeians
Brandenburg Gate
Is the British Royal Family a relic of the past?
Buddhism as a religion.
Buchenwald
Was there a global flood?
Life of the inhabitants of ancient Egypt
Life and everyday life of the Evenks at the end of the 20th century.
Life, religion and culture of the Aztec civilization.

Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.
Beliefs of the Eastern Slavs
Beliefs of the ancient Slavs. Paganism.
The beliefs of the Slavs as the superstitions of modern man.
Vikings and Slavs: the history of relationships.
Influence of Norman culture on the development of the Old Russian state.
Influence of the policy of Ivan III on the historical development of Russia in the 15th century.
The emergence and formation of the Moscow principality as a center of statehood and spiritual culture.
The emergence of writing among the Slavs.
The magical world of the legends of Ancient Russia.
Wars of the ancient Slavs.
Armament of the Slavic warriors.

In the valley of the pyramids
In Search of the Holy Grail: From the Beginnings to the Present Day.
UK currency
Vandalism.
Vatican. State within a state.
Great French Revolution 1789-1799
Great Bulgars
Great personalities in history.
Great discoveries. Christopher Columbus.
Great rulers of the Middle Ages
Great Civilizations of the East
Great Britain in the 19th century
Relations between the Russian and Byzantine churches.
The Vikings are the creators of the history of navigation.
Virtual tour of Egypt.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
The influence of ancient Egypt on modern times
The influence of time and religion on the popularity of the historical personality of A. Macedonian.
Influence of historical processes on lexical borrowings.
The influence of the Celts on the language and culture of Great Britain.
The impact of epidemics on historical events that took place on Earth.
Military sports training in Ancient Greece.
Origin of life on earth
The emergence and development of writing.
The emergence and evolution of writing.
The rise of Italian humanism.
The emergence of a new religion - Christianity. Chronology of events in time and space.
Warriors and knights of the Middle Ages
War of 1812
War of the Scarlet and White Rose
Wars in Ancient Greece in the 1st century BC
Rise of Spartacus
It all started with a wheel.
The global flood as a projection of earthly cataclysms and catastrophes.
Following Anna Yaroslavna - Queen of France ...
Electoral power as a condition for raising the standard of living of citizens.
Higher education in the UK